Specifecation For Civil Works

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
ETHIOPIAPRIVATE
SOMALI REGIONAL STATE
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT BUREAU
Jijiga Town Water Supply Project

Civil Work Construction
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
VOLUME II: SPECIFICATION
December, 2011.GC
Jijiga
SRS Water Resource Development Bureau
Dec.2011
SPECIFICATION
Contents
SECTION 1 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTSS1-ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.
1.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................... S1-1
1.2 LOCATION OF THE WORKS......................................................................................................................... S1-1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE WORKS UNDER THIS CONTRACT........................................................................................S1-1
1.4 OTHER ASSOCIATED CONTRACTS AND WORKS........................................................................................... S1-2
1.5 PROGRAMME OF WORKS............................................................................................................................ S1-2
1.6 EXTENT OF THE SITE.................................................................................................................................. S1-3
1.7 ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE SITE............................................................................................................... S1-3
1.8 ENTRY ONTO THE SITE............................................................................................................................... S1-4
1.9 DRAWINGS................................................................................................................................................. S1-4
1.10 CLIMATIC DATA.................................................................................................................................... S1-4
1.11 TESTING FACILITIES............................................................................................................................... S1-4
1.12 SOILS INVESTIGATION............................................................................................................................ S1-5
1.13 SERVICES FOR THE ENGINEER................................................................................................................ S1-5
1.14 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR'S SERVICES.....................................................................S1-6
1.15 SITE SIGN BOARD.................................................................................................................................. S1-7
1.16 PROVISIONAL SUMS............................................................................................................................... S1-7
1.17 MOBILIZATION...................................................................................................................................... S1-8
1.18 DEMOBILIZATION................................................................................................................................... S1-8
SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS......................................................S2-1

2.1 UNITS........................................................................................................................................................ S2-1
2.2 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................................................................ S2-1
2.3 CONSTRUCTION AND CHECKING OF WORK................................................................................................. S2-1
2.4 SUPERVISION AND LABOUR........................................................................................................................ S2-2
2.5 SPECIALIST SUB-CONTRACTORS.................................................................................................................. S2-2
2.6 WORKS EXECUTED BY THE EMPLOYER OR BY OTHER CONTRACTORS..........................................................S2-2
2.7 CONTRACTOR'S SITE OFFICES, WORKSHOPS, STORES AND WORKING AREAS...............................................S2-3
2.8 INTERFERENCE WITH EXISTING WORKS...................................................................................................... S2-3
2.9 MATERIALS FOR THE WORKS..................................................................................................................... S2-3
2.10 DUST, INSECT AND VERMIN PROOFING................................................................................................... S2-4
2.11 REJECTED MATERIALS AND DEFECTIVE WORK.......................................................................................S2-4
2.12 ALTERNATIVES...................................................................................................................................... S2-5
2.13 CONTRACT LANGUAGE.......................................................................................................................... S2-5
2.14 EXISTING WORKS AND SERVICES........................................................................................................... S2-5
2.15 OVERHEAD POWER LINES...................................................................................................................... S2-6
2.16 EXCAVATION IN ROADS AND TRACKS.................................................................................................... S2-7
2.17 LIAISON WITH POLICE AND OTHER OFFICIALS........................................................................................S2-7
2.18 PRESERVATION OF TREES, BUSHES AND HEDGES....................................................................................S2-7
2.19 PROTECTION FROM WATER.................................................................................................................... S2-7
2.20 PROTECTION AGAINST FIRES.................................................................................................................. S2-8
2.21 WATCHING, FENCING AND LIGHTING..................................................................................................... S2-8
Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

Dec.2011
2.22 WATER AND POWER FOR USE ON THE WORKS.......................................................................................S2-8

2.23 EMPLOYER AS SUPPLIER OF WATER, POWER AND EQUIPMENT................................................................S2-9
2.24 SANITATION.......................................................................................................................................... S2-9
2.25 FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SERVICES....................................................................................................... S2-9
2.26 CLEANING AND STERILISATION.............................................................................................................. S2-9
2.27 INSPECTION BY THE ENGINEER DURING THE DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD..............................................S2-10
2.28 ATTENDANCE ON OTHER CONTRACTORS.............................................................................................. S2-10
2.29 PHOTOGRAPHS..................................................................................................................................... S2-10
2.30 OFFICIAL VISITORS.............................................................................................................................. S2-11
2.31 LEVELS AND REFERENCE POINTS......................................................................................................... S2-11
2.32 CONTAMINATION OF WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................. S2-11
2.33 PREVENTION OF OBSTRUCTIONS, POLLUTION & AVOIDANCE OF NUISANCE...........................................S2-12
2.34 WORK IN ADVERSE WEATHER............................................................................................................. S2-12
2.35 SITE MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY......................................................................................................... S2-12
2.36 WORKING HOURS ON SITE................................................................................................................... S2-12
2.37 DEMOLITION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES............................................................................................... S2-13
2.38 SHOP DRAWING.................................................................................................................................. S2-13
2.39 AS - BUILT DRAWINGS........................................................................................................................ S2-13
SECTION 3 MATERIALS....................................................................................S3-1
3.1 APPROVAL OF CONCRETE CONSTITUENTS................................................................................................... S3-1
3.2 WATER FOR CONCRETE AND MORTAR........................................................................................................ S3-1
3.3 AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE..................................................................................................................... S3-2
3.4 CEMENT................................................................................................................................................. S3 - 5
3.5 ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE OR GROUT.................................................................................................... S3-6
3.6 MORTAR.................................................................................................................................................... S3-7
3.7 REINFORCEMENT........................................................................................................................................ S3-7
3.8 FORMWORK............................................................................................................................................... S3-8
3.9 CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION JOINTS...................................................................................................... S3-8
3.10 WATER STOPS....................................................................................................................................... S3-9
3.11 MARKER POSTS................................................................................................................................... S3-10
SECTION 4 EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING AND RESTORATION.........S4-1

4.1 CLEARANCE OF GROUND............................................................................................................................ S4-1
4.2 AGREEMENT OF EXISTING GROUND LEVELS............................................................................................... S4-1
4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION............................................................................................................... S4-1
4.4 BLASTING.................................................................................................................................................. S4-2
4.5 EXCAVATED MATERIAL............................................................................................................................. S4-4
4.6 TIMBERING AND DEWATERING OF EXCAVATIONS........................................................................................S4-4
4.7 EXCAVATION............................................................................................................................................. S4-5
4.8 PREPARATION, INSPECTION AND BLINDING OF FOUNDATIONS......................................................................S4-6
4.9 FOUNDATIONS AND THRUST BLOCKS CAST AGAINST EXISTING GROUND....................................................S4-7
4.10 FILL...................................................................................................................................................... S4-7
4.11 BACKFILLING OF TRENCHES................................................................................................................... S4-7
4.12 UNTRAVELED SURFACE......................................................................................................................... S4-9
4.13 GRAVEL TRAVELED SURFACE................................................................................................................ S4-9
4.14 PAVED TRAVELED SURFACE.................................................................................................................. S4-9
4.15 REINSTATEMENT.................................................................................................................................... S4-9
4.16 TOPSOILING AND GRASSING................................................................................................................. S4-10

Dec.2011
4.17 HARDCORE.......................................................................................................................................... S4-10

4.18 PITCHING............................................................................................................................................. S4-11
4.19 TRIAL PITS.......................................................................................................................................... S4-11
SECTION 5 CONCRETE FINISHES AND FORMWORK..............................S5-1

5.1 DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................................................. S5-1
5.2 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................................................................ S5-1
5.3 CONCRETE................................................................................................................................................. S5-2
5.4 CONCRETE MIXES...................................................................................................................................... S5-2
5.5 TRIAL MIXES............................................................................................................................................. S5-5
5.6 WORKABILITY........................................................................................................................................... S5-5
5.7 TRANSPORTING, PLACING AND COMPACTING.............................................................................................. S5-5
5.8 CURING..................................................................................................................................................... S5-8
5.9 RECORDS OF CONCRETING......................................................................................................................... S5-9
5.10 CUTTING, BENDING AND FIXING OF REINFORCEMENT.............................................................................S5-9
5.11 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS........................................................................................................................ S5-10
5.12 SURFACE FINISHES PRODUCED WITHOUT FORMWORK..........................................................................S5-12
5.13 SURFACE FINISHES PRODUCED WITH FORMWORK................................................................................S5-13
5.14 TOLERANCES FOR CONCRETE SURFACES.............................................................................................. S5-15
5.15 MIXING CONCRETE.............................................................................................................................. S5-16
5.16 FORMWORK......................................................................................................................................... S5-17
5.17 FALSEWORK AND CENTERING.............................................................................................................. S5-19
5.18 FORMS FOR JOINTS.............................................................................................................................. S5-19
5.19 RELEASE AGENTS................................................................................................................................ S5-19
5.20 REMOVAL OF FORMWORK.................................................................................................................... S5-20
5.21 GROUTING OF POCKETS AND HOLES AND UNDERPINNING OF BASEPLATES............................................S5-20
5.22 REMEDIAL WORK TO DEFECTIVE SURFACES.........................................................................................S5-21
5.23 REMEDIAL WORK TO EXISTING STRUCTURES.......................................................................................S5-21
5.24 HAND MIXED CONCRETE..................................................................................................................... S5-21
5.25 NON-STRUCTURAL CONCRETE............................................................................................................. S5-22
5.26 PROTECTION OF BURIED CONCRETE..................................................................................................... S5-22
5.27 CONCRETE CHAMFERS......................................................................................................................... S5-23
5.28 PRECAST CONCRETE............................................................................................................................ S5-23
SECTION 6 CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES AND ANCILLARY WORKS...................S6-1

6.1 PIPELINE GENERALLY................................................................................................................................. S6-1
6.2 PIPE BEDDING AND SURROUND.................................................................................................................. S6-1
6.3 PIPELINE SETTING OUT AND ALIGNMENT.................................................................................................... S6-1
6.4 CONCRETE PROTECTION............................................................................................................................ S6-2
6.5 PIPE JOINTING GENERALLY........................................................................................................................ S6-2
6.6 SUPPLY, TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING OF PIPES..................................................................................S6-5
6.7 DEVIATIONS AT JOINTS.............................................................................................................................. S6-6
6.8 PAINTING OF PIPE WORK IN CHAMBERS..................................................................................................... S6-6
6.9 STORAGE OF PIPES..................................................................................................................................... S6-6
6.10 PIPE ANCHOR AND THRUST BLOCKS...................................................................................................... S6-7
6.11 CONNECTIONS TO EXISTING PIPELINES................................................................................................... S6-7
6.12 FIXING OF VALVES................................................................................................................................ S6-8
6.13 VALVE CHAMBERS............................................................................................................................... S6-8
6.14 MANHOLE COVERS, STEP IRONS AND LADDERS.....................................................................................S6-8
6.15 MANHOLES.......................................................................................................................................... S6-10

Dec.2011
6.16 SEALING OF CABLE DUCTS.................................................................................................................. S6-11
SECTION 7 BUILDING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.........................S7-1

7.1 DAMP PROOF COURSE................................................................................................................................ S7-1
7.2 BONDING TO CONCRETE............................................................................................................................. S7-1
7.3 PAINTING................................................................................................................................................... S7-1
7.4 PLUMBING................................................................................................................................................. S7-5
7.5 BLOCK WORK WALLING........................................................................................................................... S7-6
7.6 POLYTHENE SHEETING.............................................................................................................................. S7-7
7.7 PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS................................................................................................................. S7-7
7.8 WORKMANSHIP IN TIMBER........................................................................................................................ S7-8
7.9 WOODEN DOORS AND WINDOWS............................................................................................................... S7-8
7.10 METAL DOORS AND WINDOWS.............................................................................................................. S7-8
7.11 DOOR AND WINDOW FURNITURE........................................................................................................... S7-9
7.12 GLAZING............................................................................................................................................... S7-9
7.13 METAL LOUVRES.................................................................................................................................. S7-9
7.14 ROOFING WORKS................................................................................................................................. S7-10
7.15 CEILING.............................................................................................................................................. S7-10
7.16 FENCING AND GATES........................................................................................................................... S7-11
7.17 LADDERS............................................................................................................................................. S7-11
7.18 OPEN MESH STEEL FLOORING.............................................................................................................. S7-12
7.19 CHEQUER PLATE FLOORING................................................................................................................. S7-12
7.20 HANDRAILING..................................................................................................................................... S7-12
7.21 RAINWATER GOODS............................................................................................................................. S7-12
7.22 WEEP HOLES....................................................................................................................................... S7-12
7.23 POINTING............................................................................................................................................ S7-13
7.24 TERRAZZO TILE................................................................................................................................... S7-13
7.25 CERAMIC TILE..................................................................................................................................... S7-13
7.26 PLASTIC FLOOR TILES.......................................................................................................................... S7-13
7.27 CLEANING UP AND PROTECTION OF FLOORS.........................................................................................S7-13
SECTION 8 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..................................................S8-1

8.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................................. S8-1
8.2 SCOPE OF WORK..................................................................................................................................... S8-1
8.3 TESTING OF COMPLETED INSTALLATION.................................................................................................... S8-1
8.4 AS BUILT RECORD DRAWINGS............................................................................................................ S8-1
8.5 MATERIAL & EXECUTION........................................................................................................................ S8-1
8.6 UNDERGROUND CABLE DUCTS............................................................................................................... S8-2
8.7 CONDUITS FOR INTERNAL WIRE DRAWING............................................................................................... S8-3
8.8 CUBICLE PANEL BOARDS............................................................................................................................ S8-3
8.9 MAIN AND SUB DISTRIBUTION BOARDS..................................................................................................... S8-3
8.10 PVC CABLES............................................................................................................................................ S8-4
8.11 LIGHT, POWER AND SOCKET OUTLETS..................................................................................................... S8-4
8.12 SOCKET OUTLETS..................................................................................................................................... S8-5
8.13 SUNDRY ITEMS......................................................................................................................................... S8-6
SECTION 9 TESTING AND STERILISATION................................................S9-1

Dec.2011
9.1 CLEANSING OF PIPELINES........................................................................................................................... S9-1

9.2 TESTING OF PRESSURE PIPELINES................................................................................................................ S9-1
9.3 STERILISATION OF WATER MAINS.............................................................................................................. S9-3
9.4 TESTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGNED TO RETAIN AN AQUEOUS LIQUID.......................................S9-4
9.5 STERILISATION OF STRUCTURES FOR POTABLE WATER................................................................................S9-5
9.6 ALIGNMENT TEST ON NON-PRESSURE PIPELINES.........................................................................................S9-6
SECTION 10 ACCESS ROADS..........................................................................S10-1

10.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................................ S10-1
10.2 EARTHWORKS AND SUB-GRADE........................................................................................................... S10-1
10.3 GRAVEL WEARING COURSE................................................................................................................. S10-2
10.4 SUB-GRADE......................................................................................................................................... S10-4
10.5 SUB-BASE............................................................................................................................................ S10-5
10.6 BASE COURSE...................................................................................................................................... S10-5
10.7 SURFACE DRESSING............................................................................................................................. S10-8
10.8 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE WORKS.................................................................................................... S10-10
10.9 TOLERANCES..................................................................................................................................... S10-10

Dec.2011
PRIVATE SECTION 1
PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS
PRIVATE 1.1 General tc \l 21 ".1 General"
The Jijiga Water Supply Project involves construction of raising main pipe, borehole works,
two wet well with pumping station , one booster pumping station, two service reservoires,
distribution network, auxiliary building, access roads and power supply etc.
The project work has been divided into Four contracts or parts:-
 A contract for the supply of pipes, fittings, specials, valves, jointing

materials.
 Civil engineering works construction which include constructing all

pipelines, civil engineering and building structures (this Contract or part of the
project work), and
 A contract for the design, supply erection and commissioning of

pumping plant and associated equipment (by others and hereinafter referred as
the "M & E Plant Contract").
 Electrical Power
1.2 Location of the Works

The town of Jijiga is located to the South-East of Addis Ababa at latitude 9 020' - 9022' N and
longitude 42047' - 42049' E. It is situated in Somale Region at a road distance of approximately
650km from Addis Ababa. An average elevation of the town is about 1670 m.a.s.l.
PRIVATE 1.3 Scope of the Works

The scope of the Works to be executed is as indicated on the Drawings (Ref. Volume III) and
Specification, as itemized in the Bill of Quantities and as detailed in this Specification. The
scope of the Works can be summarized as follows:-
 Construction of about 22km length different size collector pipeline within jerer well field the
major source of the project
 Borehole work at jerer well field and northern well field
 Laying of pressure raising main pipe of DN 400 mm and length 17km from jerer well field to
3000m3 service reservoirs
 Laying of distribution pipe net works of different size ranging from DN50 to DN400mm and
total length of about 35,978 m ( remaining distribution net works from previous contract)
 Transmission main between reservoir and distribution network of DN 500 mm dia and about
1.6 km length
Jijiga Specification S1-1

Dec.2011
 Construction of 5 cattle troughs amd 15 public fountains( remaining works from previous
contract)
 Rehabilitation of 17 water points and one 350m3 existing reservoire
 Construction of wet well pumping stations which include construction of 200m3 wet well,
pump house, generator house, gourd house. toilet and fences at southern well field
 Construction of one booster pumping stations in southern well field which include construction
of 600m3 wet well, pump house, generator house, gourd house. toilet and fences
 Construction of Access Road and Auxiliary building
 Construction of the remaining works at 1000m3 Reservoir, 3000m3 reservoire, administiration
building, northern well field wet well pumping station, fittngs for distribution net works , pipe
works at northern well field and etc

Dec.2011
PRIVATE 1.4 Other Associated Contracts and Workstc \l 11 ".4 Other Associated
Contracts and Works"
1. The manufacture, supply, delivery, erection, installation and commissioning of

associated mechanical and electrical plant will be carried out under a separate contract.
2. The supply and laying of electrical and control cables will be carried out under the
mechanical and electrical contract.
3. The Contractor shall be responsible for liaising with the appropriate authority, and
arranging the time of connection of electrical power to all permanent facilities requiring
electricity.
4. Where works are being carried out concurrently careful coordination of operations will
be required so that interference can be minimized. The Contractor shall be responsible
for liaising with other contractors and shall regulate and rearrange the order of
execution of the Works under this Contract to achieve the best coordination practicable.
The Contractor's program as defined in Clause 14 of the Conditions of Contract shall
take into consideration all information on coordination available at the time of its
preparation and it shall be flexible enough to allow for subsequent changes that may
become necessary.
5. The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in the rates tendered for the Works for
the coordination and programming of the Works with the works of such contractors and
for any reasonable interference, working out of sequence, or delay which he may suffer
thereby.
6. The Engineer will do all possible to assist in the maintenance of this liaison and
cooperation and the Contractor shall be prepared to assist the progress of the work
generally by carrying out building operations in the order required to prevent delays.
PRIVATE 1.5 Programme of Workstc \l 11 ".5 Programme of Works"
1. The programme to be submitted by the Contractor shall include a bar chart indicating in
sufficient detail, mobilization and de-mobilization of the Works, the main activities in each
Section of the Works (listed in Clause 1.3).
PRIVATE 1.6 Extent of the Site
1. The Works are to be constructed at Jijiga well field, Selected Auxiliary building and
Reservoir area as indicated on the Drawings and in the public highway as shown on the
Drawings. The Works shall be constructed such that the existing works shall remain in
operation during the construction period.
2. The Contractor shall ensure that the construction and commissioning of new works
shall not adversely affect the supply of potable water into distribution.

Dec.2011
PRIVATE 1.7 Access to and Use of the Site

1. If access to the site is gained from public highways. The Contractor shall be
responsible for cleaning and maintaining all existing Site roads affected by his work
while he is on Site. He shall also be responsible for repairing and making good any
damage to these roads. If the damage is caused by the Contractor his sub-contractors or
suppliers the repairs will be at his own cost.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for the construction, maintenance and repair of any
temporary Site roads.
3. The lands and other places outside the Site which are the property of or under the
control of the Employer shall not be used except with the approval of the Engineer.
4. The Contractor shall at any time remove any vehicle, wagon, barge or vessel or any
other obstruction within his control that may be required to be moved by the Engineer
for any purpose and the Contractor shall move such obstruction promptly on instruction
being given and at his own cost, unless the Engineer shall decide otherwise.
5. The Contractor shall maintain access for the inspection, operation and maintenance of
any of the Employer's Plant or work which lies within the Site or elsewhere.
6. The Contractor shall not use any portion of the Site for any purpose not connected with
the Works unless the prior written permission of the Engineer has been obtained.
7. Except with the written permission of the Engineer, to be given when necessary for the
execution of the Works, the Contractor's employees will not be permitted to enter any of
the Employer's buildings or lands or sites under the control of other contractors or the
Engineer. The Contractor shall warn his employees that any man found within such
buildings or sites without authority is liable to be removed from the Works in
accordance with the provisions of Clause 16 of the Conditions of Contract.
1. During the progress of the works, the contractor shall clear up and remove from the
surface of the ground of the site all temporary buildings, plant, material, debris resulting
from demolition litter, rubbish & surplus soil which may be left on the ground as per the
Engineers instructions.
9. Where the pipe lines pass through agricultural land or any other ground not used as a
road, street or foot path the contractor shall confine his operations to a strip 2.0 m in
width.

Dec.2011
PRIVATE 1.8 Entry onto the Site
1. The Contractor shall follow the Employer's procedures as directed by the Engineer.
PRIVATE 1.9 Drawings
1. The drawings issued with the Documents are listed in Volume III (Drawings).
2. The Contractor's attention is drawn to the classification of drawings, which is that the
Tender Drawings will become Contract Drawings once the award of Contract has been
made.
3. Any drawings issued to show mechanical and electrical information are issued in good
faith without guarantee as to the accuracy of the information contained therein. These
drawings will not form part of the Contract.
1.10 Climatic Data
1.10.1 Air Temperature
a) The town lies in temperate climatic zone of Ethiopia the mean annual temperature in
180c and the mean annual precipitation is 520mm.
1.10.2 Evaporation
Potential evapotranspiration exceed rainfall for all of the months in the year.
1.11 Testing Facilities
1.11.1 Testing Laboratory and Equipment
a) The Contractor shall supply and maintain temporary testing laboratories with equipment
for the duration of the Contract.
b) The laboratory equipment shall include, but shall not necessarily be limited to, that
required for testing temperature, slump and compressive strength of concrete, for
testing the compressive strength of concrete blocks, mortar. The minimum
recommended equipment for each laboratory shall consist of one set of screens for sieve
analysis, a cone for concrete slump tests, 12 reusable moulds for making concrete test
cylinders or cubes, one hydraulic press equipped with a force meter for breaking
concrete test samples.
c) Test specimens and samples shall be collected by the Contractor under the direction of
the Engineer. The Contractor shall be responsible for the proper care of test specimens
and samples at the Site and their delivery to the testing laboratory or to the independent
testing service.

Dec.2011
d) The Contractor shall be responsible for the costs of providing all test specimens and
samples used for independent testing, and for all costs incurred as a result of additional
testing requested by the Engineer or as deemed necessary to retest substandard
materials.
1.12 Soils Investigation
a) Soils investigation shall be carried out by the Contractor for all permanent structures to
confirm soil bearing capacity, permeability and cohesion properties at foundation level.
b) The soils investigation and subsequent testing shall be carried out by the Contractor
under the direction of the Engineer.
c) A soils report together with test pit logs and laboratory test data shall be submitted to
the Engineer for review at least 28 days prior to construction.
d) The soils investigation shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a) Three trial pits at service reservoir compound.

b) Two trial pits at the administration building compound.
e) The investigation and soil testing shall conform to the Ethiopian code of practices.
1.13 Services for the Engineer
1.13.1 Engineer's Office
a) since the office is already provided in the previous work there is no need of
construction of office for engineers:-
Office 1 - with two desks (each having two lockable

drawers), four upholstered chairs, one four
drawer filing cabinet, one bookshelf and one
layout table.
Office 2 - With three desks, five chairs, one adjustable A0

size drawing board and tee square, one stool, one
4 - drawer A0 size drawing chest and two
bookshelves.
1.13.2 Assistance for the Engineer - Surveying
a) The Contractor shall provide the following survey equipment for the use of the Engineer
throughout the Contract:

Dec.2011
1 No Theodolite with tripod, reading to 20 seconds on both circles

1 No automatic level and tripod
1 No 30 m steel tape
3 No 30 m linen or plastic tapes
2 No 5 m steel tapes
3 No rechargeable battery hand lamps
4 No wooden ranging poles 2 m long
2 No collapsible metal ranging rod stands
5 No steel arrows
1 No plumb bob
1 No max/min thermometer
b) The Contractor shall provide a sufficient supply of pegs, nails, chalk, paint, lines and
other small tools required for checking the setting out of the works.
c) The Contractor shall be responsible for the maintenance of the equipment and shall
promptly provide suitable replacements should the equipment need to be sent away for
repair.
d) The Contractor shall provide suitable labour to assist in checking setting out and in
taking measurements. This labour shall be made available within 1 hour of the
Engineer's request.
1.13.3 Parking and Access
a) The Contractor shall provide an area suitable for car parking adjacent to the Engineer's
office. The area shall consist of hard standing blinded with compacted ballast or
otherwise to the approval of the Engineer. A minimum parking area for 3 No. cars
shall be provided for the sole use of the Engineer, his staff and his visitors. The car
park shall be clearly sign posted and an access shall be provided to the nearest road
suitable for private car use. Where necessary footpaths shall be provided around the
premises.
1.13.4 Telephone and Communications
a) The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining a telephone for the Engineer's site
office and pay all fees and services charge with the exception of calls outside the
country up to a sum of 1000 Eth. Birr for each month too the duration of the contract.
1.13.5 Time Scale
a) The Contractor shall allow for maintaining the accommodation, equipment and related
services at the site office, including the provision of expendables, until 182 days after
the issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the whole of the Works.

Dec.2011
PRIVATE 1.14 Mechanical and Electrical Contractor's Services

tc \l 11 ".17 Mechanical and Electrical Contractor's Services"
1. The Contractor shall provide services for the mechanical and electrical contractor.
2. There shall be no provision for housing, survey equipment, computer hardware or

software, telephone, radio communication or surveying assistance to the mechanical
and electrical contractor.
3. The Contractor shall provide a storage area for the mechanical and electrical contractor.
PRIVATE 1.15 Site Sign Boardtc \l 11 ".18 Site Sign Board"
1. The Contractor shall erect a sign board at the well field at the Auxiliary buildings and at
proper location within the town as directed by the Engineer.
2. Each sign board shall have 4 separate boards, on below the other, and of the following
specification:
 Size of each board to be 2 m long x 450 mm deep.
 Boards to be painted white background with blue lettering.
 The top board shall be at a level of no less than 3 metres above

existing ground level and shall display the title of the project as follows:
"Jijiga Water Supply Project"
 The second board shall display the name of the Employer.
 The third board shall display the name of the Funding Agency.
 The fourth board shall display the name of the Engineer.
 The boards are to be fixed to treated or painted vertical posts

capable of supporting the said boards and withstanding adverse weather
conditions, and shall be set into adequate concrete surrounds to ensure
durability.
3. The Contractor shall provide details of his proposals for the fabrication, fixings and
locations of the said sign boards for the Engineers approval before proceeding with their
fabrication and erection.
PRIVATE 1.16 Provisional Sums
Provisional sums are shown in the Bill of Quantities for a number of elements of work.
Each provisional sum shall be expended as directed. The amount of payment under each

Dec.2011
Provisional Sum will be determined as specified under an article of the General Conditions
entitled Provisional Sum. Any unused portions of Provisional Sums will be retained by the
Owner.
PRIVATE 1.17 Mobilization

`
Mobilization shall consist of preparatory work and operations including, but not limited to,
those necessary to the movement of personnel, equipment; supplies and incidentals to the
project site; and for all other work and operations which must be performed or costs incurred
prior to beginning work on the various items on the project site.
PRIVATE 1.18 Demobilization
Demobilization shall consist of cleanup work and operations including, but not limited to, those
necessary to the removal of personnel, equipment, and incidentals from the project site.

SRS Water Resource Development Bureau Dec.2011
PRIVATE SECTION 2
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
PRIVATE 2.1 Unitstc \l 12 ".1 Units"
1. In the Specification, Drawings, and Bill of Quantities, the S.I. (System International
'Units) metric system of dimensioning has been adopted except where it is understood
that suppliers and manufacturers are not yet able to provide materials in metric sizes.
2. Where dimensions are given in metric units for materials which are only available in
Imperial dimensions, and vice versa, the Contractor may, subject to his obtaining the
prior approval of the Engineer, substitute the nearest equivalent available standard size
in the other system.
PRIVATE 2.2 Standard Specifications tc \l 12 ".2 Standard Specifications"
1. For convenience and in order to establish the necessary standards of quality, reference
has been made to specifications issued by national or other widely recognized bodies.
Such specifications shall be referred to as 'Standard Specifications' and shall be the
latest editions of such Standard Specifications issued prior to the issue of the Tender
Documents together with such additions or amendments as may have been issued prior
to the same date.
2. Subject to the written approval of the Engineer, any other internationally accepted
Standard Specification which requires an equal quality of work may be used.
3. If the Contractor proposes to use a Standard Specification other than that specified,
three copies of the proposed Standard Specification in English, shall be submitted to the
Engineer not less than 28 days before approval of the Standard Specification is
required.
4. In referring to Standard Specifications, the following abbreviations are used:
 BSCP - British Standard Code Practice

 BS - British Standard
 ISO - International Organization for Standardization
 DN - Deutch Institute for Normung e.v.
PRIVATE 2.3 Construction and Checking of Work
1. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for and shall provide all labor, tools, lifting
tackle and other equipment required for the construction of the Works.
2. No operative shall be allowed to execute any type of work which is normally carried
out by a skilled tradesman unless he is thoroughly experienced and proficient in the

trade concerned. Supervisors and operatives may be required to demonstrate their

proficiency or produce a certificate of competence to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
3. As each part of the work is erected, it shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer.
PRIVATE 2.4 Supervision and Labor tc \l 12 ".4 Supervision and Labour"
1. The Contractor will be required to maintain a competent supervising engineer and staff
on Site throughout the construction period until completion of the Works, and thereafter
as required during the Defects Liability Period. The Engineer shall give prior approval
to the appointment of this supervising engineer and shall have the authority to withdraw
this approval at any time in accordance with Clause 15 of the Conditions of Contract.
2. All staff and labour employed on the Works shall be employed in accordance with the
labour and employment laws and regulations of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.
PRIVATE 2.5 Specialist Sub-Contractors
1. Where sub-contractors are not nominated by the Engineer, the Contractor shall appoint
specialist sub-contractors in accordance with Clause 4 of the Conditions of Contract, for
any sections of the Works herein in which he is not himself an experienced, recognised
and approved operator.
2. The Contractor shall, on submission of his Tender, indicate the names of all proposed
specialist sub-contractors, together with the precise sections of the Works for which
each will be responsible, for approval by the Engineer. He may be required to seek
alternative sub-contractors, or to accept sub-contractors nominated by the Engineer.
3. A sub-contractor nominated by the Engineer will be required to hold the Contractor

indemnified against all claims, accidents, damage or loss occasioned by any act of the
sub-contractor in the performance of the sub-contract.
4. The Contractor shall allow in his prices for phasing the work to meet the requirements
of sub-contractors and for varying his programme, or otherwise, to comply with the
programme of the sub-contractors. No additional costs will be allowed to the
Contractor for any reasonable disruptions to his programme, or otherwise, in his
compliance with the above requirements.
PRIVATE 2.6 Works Executed by the Employer or by Other Contractorstc \l 12 ".6

Works Executed by the Employer or by Other Contractors"
1. The Employer reserves the right to execute on the Site works not included under this
Contract and to employ for this purpose either his own employees or other contractor
whose contract may be either a sub-contract under this Contract, or an entirely separate
contract. The Contractor shall ensure that neither his own operations nor trespass by his
employees shall interfere with the operations of the Employer, or his contractor

employed on such works and the same obligations shall be imposed on the Employer or
contractor in respect of work being executed under this Contract.
PRIVATE 2.7 Contractor's Site Offices, Workshops, Stores and Working Areastc \l 12
".7 Contractor's Site Offices, Workshops, Stores and Working Areas"
1. The Employer will provide the areas of land the Contractor requires for his site offices,
workshops, stores and working areas as specified in Section 1 of the Specification.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for providing all buildings, fences, etc. that he may
require and on completion of the Works shall be required to remove all such buildings,
fencing, etc., and to restore the land to its original condition to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.
3. The location of all the Contractors offices stores, etc. shall be agreed before hand with
the Engineer.
4. The Contract shall be responsible for obtaining telephones or other means of

communication for his own use and shall be deemed to have included for the cost
thereof in his Tender.
PRIVATE 2.8 Interference with Existing Workstc \l 12 ".8 Interference with

Existing Works"
1. The Contractor shall not interfere in any way with any existing works whether the
property of the Employer or of a third party and whether the position of such works is
indicated to the Contractor by the Engineer or not, except where such interference is
specifically described as part of the Works, either in the Contract or in any instructions
from the Engineer.
2. Except with the written permission of the Engineer to be given when necessary for the
execution of the Works the Contractor's employees will not be permitted to enter any of
the Employer's buildings or lands or sites under the control of other contractors or the
Engineer. The Contractor shall warn his employees that any man found within such
buildings or sites without authority is liable to be removed from the Works in
accordance with the provisions of Clause 16 of the Condition of Contract.
3. To avoid interference with and pollution of any existing works, the Contractor shall
take all precautions necessary to ensure that no sand, paper, dust or any other foreign
matter from the Site is blown or otherwise carried into any works and shall act
promptly at his own cost on all instructions given to him by the Engineer to this effect.
4. No connections shall be made to live potable water mains or water retaining structures
unless all the new works have been successfully sterilised in accordance with Clause 8.3
of this Specification and approval has been obtained in writing from the Engineer.

PRIVATE 2.9 Materials for the Works
1. All materials supplied by the Contractor shall comply with the appropriate Standard
listed in the Specification unless otherwise required hereinafter.
2. The Contractor shall, before placing any order for materials, manufactured articles or
plant for incorporation in the Works, submit for the approval of the Engineer the names
of the firms from whom he proposes to obtain such materials, etc. together with a list of
the materials, manufactured articles and plant, giving the origin, quality, weight,
strength, description etc. which he proposes that the firms should supply together with
any explanatory drawings as may be required. No materials, manufactured articles or
plant shall be ordered or obtained from any firm of which the Engineer shall not have
previously approved in writing.
3. All materials shall be delivered to the Site a sufficient period of time before they are
required for use in the Works to enable the Engineer to take such samples as he may
wish for testing and approval.
4. Notwithstanding the fact that approval has been given to the source of supply, the
Engineer may forbid the use of any such materials if upon delivery, they are found to be
defective, or he considers them unsuitable for incorporation in the Works. Such
rejected materials shall be removed from the Site forthwith.
5. The Contractor may propose alternative materials to those specified, provided that they
are of equivalent quality and, subject to the Engineer's approval, such materials may be
used in the Works.
6. The Contractor shall have no claim against the Employer in respect of any financial loss
which he may suffer as a result of the rejection of any such materials, and he shall also
bear the cost of removing them from the Site of the Works.
PRIVATE 2.10 Dust, Insect and Vermin Proofing tc \l 12 ".10 Dust, Insect and
Vermin Proofing"
1. All Plant supplied under this Contract shall be dust and vermin proofed where no
protection is afforded in its normal manufactured form to ensure that no mechanical
breakdown or excessive wear shall occur due to interference or damage by dust, insect
or vermin.
2. All materials used in the Works shall be resistant to attack by insects, microbiological
life or other local fauna.
3. Dust caused by the contractors operations shall be controlled at all times by watering
or other approved means. Tanker trucks equipped with spry bars, complete with
suitable control apparatus shall be used for application of water to dust areas.

PRIVATE 2.11 Rejected Materials and Defective Worktc \l 12 ".11 Rejected

Materials and Defective Work"
1. Materials or work which, in the opinion of the Engineer, do not comply with the
Specification, shall be classified as rejected materials or defective work, and shall be cut
out and removed from the Works and replaced as directed by the Engineer, all at the
Contractor's expense.
PRIVATE 2.12 Alternativestc \l 12 ".12 Alternatives"
1. The Tenderer is at liberty to put forward alternatives for items of plant or methods of
construction for which he claims advantages to that indicated in the Specification and
Drawings, providing the mode of operation and method of construction is fully detailed
and is at least equal to that shown on the Drawings or implied in this Specification. The
Tenderer shall fully state his reasons for submitting any alternatives. The Engineer may
not necessarily accept any alternatives proposed.
PRIVATE 2.13 Contract Language
1. All correspondence between the Contractor and the Engineer or the Engineer's staff
shall be in the English language.
2. All books, time sheet records, notes, drawings, documents shall be in the English
language or, if the original documents are in any other language, a certified translation
in English shall be submitted to the Engineer's Representative.
PRIVATE 2.14 Existing Works and Servicestc \l 12 ".14 Existing Works and Services"
1. The Contractor shall acquaint himself with the position of all existing works and
services inter alia water mains, sewers, storm-water drains, cables for electricity,
telephone lines, telephone, electricity and lighting poles before the excavation is
commenced.
2. The Contractor will be held responsible for damage, however caused in the course of
the execution of the Works, to such existing works and services. Any damage caused
shall be made good at the Contractor's expense.
3. Such existing works and services where exposed by the execution of the Works shall be
properly shored, hung-up and supported to the satisfaction of the Engineer and of the
authority concerned. The Contractor shall exercise special care when refilling trenches
or other excavations around such existing works or services and water meters. Stop
cock boxes and the like shall not be covered up.
4. Poles supporting cables etc. adjacent to the Works, shall be kept securely in place until
the Works are completed and shall then be made as safe and permanent as before.
5. Notwithstanding the foregoing requirements and without lessening the Contractor's
responsibility, the Contractor shall inform the Engineer immediately any existing works

have been exposed and comply with any requirements of the authority concerned.
6. The Contractor shall not interfere in any way with any existing works whether they be
the property of the Employer or of a third party and whether the position of such works
is or is not indicated to the Contractor by the Engineer. The only exceptions shall be
where such interference is specifically described as part of the Works in the Contract, or
subsequent to approval being obtained from the Employer or the third party, in a
written instruction from the Engineer.
7. Only when and as directed by the Engineer shall the position of an existing work or
service be changed by the Contractor to meet the requirements of the proposed work
and the cost of such work will be paid for on a Daywork basis.
8. The Contractor shall make adequate provision so that when carrying out his work, no
interference, damage or pollution is caused to highways, footpaths, or to any mains,
drains, sewers, etc. or other parts of the Works. Wherever loads have to be carried over
ground in which pipes, valves, culverts, etc. are buried, the Contractor shall take all
precautions including where necessary, the provision and use of sleepered roads, light
gauge railways or other means to prevent damage occurring to such underground
works. The fact that the Engineer has approved any means of protection employed
shall not relieve the Contractor of any responsibility in respect of damage occasioned by
his operations. The Contractor shall not store any plant or materials or spoil heaps over
existing water mains, or in such positions that interference with access to the mains,
control valves, etc. is created.
9. The laying of pipe work, ducts, drains, etc. shall be arranged so as to cause as little
interference as possible with the smooth operation of the existing works.
10. When making good the walls of existing structures due to the addition of new structures
or the passage of pipes, cables, drains, etc. the Contractor shall disturb the existing
structures as little as possible. All structures shall be made good with a material similar
to that used in the existing works, or such materials which are considered by the
Engineer to be of similar appearance and suitable in all other respects.
11. Disruptions to the existing water supplies are to be kept to a minimum and the
Contractor is to maintain operational integrity of the existing works on the Site
throughout the period of the Contract. The Contractor shall not interfere with the
existing works in order to comply with this Sub-Clause unless clearance to do so has
been obtained from the Engineer as specified in Sub-Clause 6 of this Clause.
12. Existing access to lands property and all other things shall be maintained by the
Contractor during the continuance of the Works to the Engineer's satisfaction, the cost
of such maintenance being deemed to be covered by and included in the rates entered in
the Bill of Quantities.
PRIVATE 2.15 Overhead Power Lines
1. Where work is being carried out in the vicinity of overhead power lines, the Contractor
is responsible for ensuring that all persons working in such areas are aware of the

relatively large distance that high voltage electricity can "short" to earth when cranes or
other large masses of steel are in the vicinity of power lines.
2. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to ensure the safety of his employees
and all other persons where work is being carried out in the vicinity of overhead power
lines.
PRIVATE 2.16 Excavation in Roads and Tracks tc \l 12 ".16 Excavation in Roads

and Tracks"
1. Ten days before excavating in or adjacent to any public or private road or track, the
Contractor shall request the permission of the Engineer and the appropriate local
authority to excavate and shall include, in writing, the precautions he proposes to take
for the continuance of passage and safety of traffic and details of the warning signs and
lights to be provided and operated. The excavation shall not commence until the
written approval of the Engineer and the appropriate local authority has been given.
2. The Contractor shall further give the Engineer 24 hours notice before excavating in or
adjacent to any road or track.
3. The cost of providing all diversions, lights, signs, signal operators, flagmen and the like
shall be at the Contractor's expense and shall be deemed to be included in the rates
entered in the Bill of Quantities.
4. For the purposes of this Clause any railway track shall be deemed to extend the full
width between the railway reserve fences.
PRIVATE 2.17 Liaison with Police and Other Officials tc \l 12 ".17 Liaison with
Police and Other Officials"
1. The Contractor shall keep in close contact with the Police and other officials of the
areas concerned regarding their requirements in the control of workmen, movement of
traffic, or other matters and shall provide all assistance or facilities which may be
required by such officials in the execution of their duties.
PRIVATE 2.18 Preservation of Trees, Bushes and Hedgestc \l 12 ".18 Preservation of

Trees, Bushes and Hedges"
1. No trees, bushes or hedges shall be removed without prior permission of the Engineer
who will limit the removal of trees, bushes and hedges to the minimum necessary to
accommodate the Permanent Works.
2. If trees, bushes or hedges are removed or damaged by the Contractor, or his employees
and without approval, then the Contractor shall replace such trees, bushes or hedges at
his own expense with trees, bushes or hedges of not less than two years of age obtained
from a reputable nursery and of species to be approved by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall plant, water and ensure that the replacement trees, bushes or hedges are

properly established all at his own expense.
PRIVATE 2.19 Protection from Water
1. The Contractor shall keep the whole of the Works free from water and he will be
deemed to have included in his rates in the Bill of Quantities for all pumping, shoring,
temporary drains, sumps and other measures and provisions necessary for such purposes
and for clearing away and making good to the satisfaction of the Engineer damage
caused thereby.
PRIVATE 2.20 Protection Against Fires
1. The Contractor is advised that at all times, it is necessary to guard against fires starting
within the Site or in the environs thereof, particularly as the result of the Works or from
actions of his employees. The Contractor shall have available at all times, a trained
fire-fighting team provided with adequate fire-fighting equipment and shall deal with all
fires howsoever caused.
PRIVATE 2.21 Watching, Fencing and Lighting
1. From the time that any portion of the Works shall be commenced, until the end of the
Defects Liability Period, the Contractor shall be responsible for protecting against
anything dangerous to persons or livestock or property and for the safe and easy
passage of pedestrians and vehicular traffic.
2. The Contractor shall employ competent watchmen and guard the Works both by day
and night.
3. Any excavations, material dumps, spoil dumps or other obstructions likely to cause
injury to any person or thing shall be suitably fenced off and at night and be protected
by red warning lights.
4. Fences shall consist of at least three 15mm diameter hemp ropes or 8 S.W.G. wires, or
more if required, stretched tightly between poles, standards, etc. securely planted in
solid ground, well clear of the excavation and enclosing the spoil from the excavation
or as per the drawings or as per the Engineer order.
5. The poles, standards, etc. shall not be more than 15m apart, and where circumstances
require, they shall be placed closer, and the ropes or wires shall be stretched tight
approximately 0.4m, 0.8m, and 1.2m respectively above the ground or as per the
drawings or as per the Engineer order.
6. Banks of spoil may be accepted by the Engineer in lieu of fencing if of suitable height
and form.
7. If a road is closed, or partly closed to traffic, temporary traffic signs and barricades shall
be erected by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer and the police, to give
proper warning to traffic and the public. Road signs shall be not less than 1.2m x 0.8m

in size, surmounted by a red hollow circle. Lettering shall be black on a yellow

background and shall incorporate reflective material. The signs shall be adequately
illuminated at night.
7. Access to property shall be maintained at all times, except where authorised by the Engineer.
Where necessary, the Contractor shall lay steel plates, or other temporary bridges of
sufficient strength for the traffic likely to be encountered, to enable access to be maintained.
2.22 Water and Power for Use on the Works
1. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for the location, procurement and
maintenance of water supplies adequate in quality and quantity to meet his obligations
under the Contract.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for the supply of all electrical power to meet his
obligations under the contract and for the distribution thereof.
3. The Contractor shall be deemed to have allowed in the rates entered in the Bill of
Quantities for all costs associated with the supply of water and power.
PRIVATE 2.23 Employer as Supplier of Water, Power and Equipment tc \l 12 ".23

Employer as Supplier of Water, Power and Equipment"
1. The position of the Employer or his agent as a supplier of water or power shall be
identical with that of other suppliers and quite separate from his position as Employer
under the Contract. As in the case of a supplier, a failure on the part of the Employer
(or his Agent) to supply water or power will not relieve the Contractor of any of his
obligations under the Contract nor, in respect of any such failure, shall the Contractor
have any claim under the Contract against the Employer.
2. No Employer's equipment is available for use by the Contractor in carrying out his
duties under the Contract.
PRIVATE 2.24 Sanitation
1. The Contractor shall provide adequate sanitation and refuse collection and disposal
facilities complying with the Laws of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and
Local Bye Laws at the Site and for all houses, offices, workshops, etc. erected on the
sites, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
2. The Contractor shall warn his employees and Sub Contractors that any employee found
fouling the Site shall be removed from the Site immediately in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 16 of the Conditions of Contract.
3. The Contractor is required to make available, toilet facilities with the necessary services
to maintain and clean for his employees and mechanical and electrical contractor at
major sites.

PRIVATE 2.25 First Aid and Medical Services
1. The Contractor shall provide and maintain in operating condition, all equipment
necessary to render first aid in case of accidents, snake-bites or other emergencies. This
equipment shall be kept in readiness at the sites of the Works, at camps and wherever
the Contractor's staff may regularly live and work. The Contractor shall ensure that
there are persons available at all such places with a knowledge of simple first aid
procedure and able to administer injections and snake-bite treatment.
PRIVATE 2.26 Cleaning and Sterilisation tc \l 12 ".26 Cleaning and Sterilisation"
1. Before being tested or put into use all buildings, tanks and other units constructed under
this Contract shall be thoroughly cleaned so as to remove all dirt, grit and rubbish.
Pipelines shall be washed out to ensure the removal of extraneous matter.
2. All tanks, channels, pipes, etc., containing treated or partially treated water shall be
sterilised in accordance with the Specification. Workmen carrying out this work must
wear clean rubber boots which have been disinfected. Strict precautions will be
enforced to ensure that hygienic conditions prevail throughout the sterilising operation.
After cleaning and sterilisation have been completed no person shall enter the sterile
area without the specific and prior permission of the Engineer.
3. Where work is carried out in connection with the existing water supply system, the
Contractor shall ensure that such work is carried out in hygienic conditions and that
sterilisation is carried out, all to the approval of the Engineer.
4. The Contractor shall arrange for the taking of swabs from all persons who will be
engaged in carrying out or supervising sterilisation operations to ensure that such
persons are free from pathogenic organisms. All medical costs incurred in the taking
and analysis of such bacteriological tests shall be deemed to have been allowed for in
the rates entered in the Bill of Quantities.
PRIVATE 2.27 Inspection by the Engineer During the Defects Liability Periodtc \l 12
".27 Inspection by the Engineer During the Defects Liability Period"
1. The Engineer will give the Contractor due notice of his intention to carry out any
inspection during the Defects Liability Period and the Contractor shall upon receipt of
such notice arrange for a responsible representative to be present at the time and dates
named by the Engineer. This representative shall render all necessary assistance and
take note of all matters and things to which his attention is directed by the Engineer.
2.28 Attendance on Other Contractors
1. The Contractor shall maintain constant and careful liaison with other contractors on the
sites to ensure the coordination of the respective progammes of work.
2. Where others are responsible for erecting items of plant, building pipes through walls,
etc. they will place the item to the correct line and level. The Contractor shall them cast

the item in place.
3. The Engineer will do all possible to coordinate such works, and the Contractor shall
carry out his building operations in the order required to prevent delays.
4. The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his Tender for the co-ordination and
programming of the Works with the works of such contractors and for any reasonable
interference or delays which he may suffer thereby.
PRIVATE 2.29 Photographs tc \l 12 ".31 Photographs"
1. No photographs of the Site, of the Works or any part thereof or anything therein shall
be taken except with the permission in writing of the Employer and no such
photographs shall be published or otherwise circulated without the like permission.
2. No such permission shall exempt the Contractor from complying with any statutory
provisions in regard to the taking and publication of photographs.
3. Photographs showing the progress of the Works shall be taken by a competent

photographer every month. Six prints from each of a minimum of ten approved
negatives will be required every month. All negatives shall be numbered, retained on
the Site and on completion of the works the negatives shall become the property of the
Employer.
PRIVATE 2.30 Official Visitors
1. The Contractor shall at all times when authorized by the Engineer give free and
undisputed access and all facilities to any authorized employee of the Government or
other authorized person wishing to view or inspect any part of the Site or Works or the
materials therein.
PRIVATE 2.31 Levels and Reference Pointstc \l 12 ".33 Levels and Reference Points"
1. The Contractor shall appoint and employ the necessary qualified and experienced staff
to set out the work accurately, based on bench marks and using the data shown on the
drawings or as per the Engineers instruction.
2. Levels and Bench Marks shown on the Drawings to be used for the construction of the
Works shall be confirmed by the Engineer in writing before any work commences.
Before starting any work the contractor shall check the alignment of the bench marks in
the presence of the engineers and shall notify the engineer of any error or misalignment
which may discovered during such checking and if there is any corrected errors, the
contractor shall certify his acceptance of the benchmarks to the engineer in written
form. Any work carried out without the said written confirmation and subsequently
found to be erroneous, shall be made good at the Contractor's expense.
3. The Contractor shall establish and locate all lines and levels and be responsible for the
correct location of all works.

4. Where directed by the Engineer's Representative, the Contractor shall take such levels
and dimensions as may be required prior to disturbance of the ground for the purpose of
measurement and these shall be agreed between the Contractor and the Engineer's
Representative in writing before any of the surface is disturbed or covered up. Any
work commenced without taking the said levels and dimensions shall be measured on
the Engineer's reckoning of their values prior to disturbance. The Engineer's decision
on this matter shall be final.
5. Bench marks shall where possible be preserved or else be relocated. Where

benchmarks could be destroyed, they shall be accurately tied into permanent concrete
reference points before work is commenced.
PRIVATE 2.32 Contamination of Water Supplies
1. The Contractor shall comply with the following provisions to avoid contamination of
existing or new potable water supplies on the Site:
a) All personnel working on 'restricted operations' as defined by the Engineer,

shall be medically accepted prior to commencing work on the said restricted
operations, by having health checks carried out as specified in Clause 2.26.
b) Strict discipline shall be maintained concerning personal hygiene.
c) Vehicles, equipment, tools and protective clothing shall be kept clean and may
require disinfection as directed by the Engineer.
d) Should any employee contract any illness, looseness of bowels or gastric

disorder, he must immediately cease work on 'restricted operations', avoid
contact with other employees, undergo another health check when recovered
and gain fresh approval before continuing work on 'restricted operations'.
2.33 Prevention of Obstructions, Pollution & Avoidance of Nuisance
The Contractor shall ensure at all times that the site and the approaches there to are not
obstructed or made congested and that no nuisance is created due to the construction of the
works which might affect the site or its environment.
PRIVATE 2.34 Work in Adverse Weather
1. Working in adverse weather, shall only be permitted as directed by the Engineer. In

this context "adverse weather" shall mean any weather conditions which, in the opinion
of the Engineer, are such as to prevent the safe and efficient execution and completion
of the works, or cause damage to the soil structure of agricultural land.
2. Working in adverse weather may be permitted by the Engineer only where adequate
protective measures are undertaken and maintained by the Contractor.

PRIVATE 2.35 Site Management and Safetytc \l 12 ".36 Site Management and Safety"
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for co-ordinating civil works site operations with
the mechanical and electrical contractor or other sub-contractors to ensure the smooth
operation of the Works and site safety.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for the control of site safety.
PRIVATE 2.36 Working Hours on Site tc \l 12 ".37 Working Hours on Site"
1. Subject to any provision to the contrary contained in the Contract, no work on the Site
shall be executed during the night, or on locally recognised days of rest without
providing the Engineer with a written request submitted at least 48 hours prior to the
night or day in question. No such work shall commence without the permission in
writing of the Engineer (which will not be unreasonably withheld) save when the work
is unavoidable or absolutely necessary for the saving of life or property or for the safety
of the Works in which case the Contractor shall immediately advise the Engineer's
Representative.
2. Normal working hours on site shall be between 6.30 am and 6.00 pm. Monday to
Saturday, as proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer, and shall be in
accordance with the Laws and Regulations of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia.
3. The Contractor shall be in attendance on site at all times when the mechanical and
electrical contractor or other sub-contractors are working.
2.37 Demolition of Existing Structures
Where demolition of existing structures is indicated on the Drawings, these structures shall be
demolised in their entirety, inclusive of any foundations, and all materials shall be removed
from the Site. The ground at the site of any demolished structures shall be returned to their
original level to the approval of the Engineer.
2.38 Shop Drawing
The Contractor shall enclose consultation with the engineer prepare all the Shops Drawing
deemed necessary for the execution of the works and shall submit the same for approval to the
Engineer well in advance to allow 30 days for engineers checking & approval.
2.39 As - Built Drawings
1. The Contractor shall, upon completion of the Works and prior to the issuance of the
Taking - Over Certificate, submit to the Engineer detailed as-built drawings showing all
works constructed under this Contract this shall include, but not necessarily be limited
to location plans, floor plans layouts, sections, elevations and details complete with

dimensions,, sizes, data references etc. Sufficient information shall be provided to

adequately describe the works and all its components to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
2. Two prints of the as-built drawings shall be submitted to the Engineer for his review.
Following the completion of any amendments as may be required and the subsequent
approval in writing of the Engineer the Contractor shall submit one semi-original copy
and two prints of each drawing.
3. The type of film, paper, size of the drawings, title block, lay-out, orientation and
numbering shall all be to the approval of the Engineer.

PRIVATE SECTION 3
MATERIALS
PRIVATE 3.1 Approval of Concrete Constituentstc \l 13 ".1 Approval of Concrete
Constituents"
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer full details of all materials which he proposes to
use for making structural or non-structural concrete as defined in Clause 5.1. No concrete shall
be placed in the Permanent Works until the Engineer has approved the materials of which it is
composed. Approved materials shall not thereafter be altered or replaced by other materials
without the consent of the Engineer.
PRIVATE 3.2 Water for Concrete and Mortartc \l 13 ".2 Water for Concrete and
Mortar"
1. Water for mixing or curing of concrete or mortar shall not contain more than the
following concentrations of impurities:
Max PPM
 The sum of sulphat alkali carbonates and bicarbonate 1000
 Chlorides 500
 Suspended solids 2000
 Seawater or brackish water shall not be used 2000
2. At the commencement of the Works the Contractor shall send a sample of the water
proposed for concrete and mortar to an accredited laboratory capable of carrying out the
full analysis of potable water in accordance with either the "Analysis of Raw, Potable
and Waste Waters" published by the British Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO)
or "The Standard Method of Examination of Water and Waste Waters" published by the
American Water Works Association (AWWA).
3. The results of the analysis shall be submitted to the Engineer. The sample of water sent
for analysis shall be taken in the presence of the Engineer.
4. If the water selected comes from a reliable potable water source the Contractor shall
obtain a copy of recent analysis from the Employer's Water Examination Laboratory
which normally tests water from the source. If the Engineer considers the recent
analysis satisfactory then the further tests required above need not be carried out.
5. If the source of water is changed it shall be tested as above. If the water contains over 80 per
cent of the maximum concentrations of impurities properties given above it shall be re-tested
at two monthly intervals.
PRIVATE 3.3 Aggregates for Concrete

tc \l 13 ".3 Aggregates for Concrete"

3.3.1 Aggregates to Conform
a) Aggregates for concrete shall conform to the requirements for fine and coarse
aggregates in BS 882. Fine and coarse aggregates shall separately conform to the
requirements set out in the following sub-clauses.
3.3.2 General Requirements
a) Aggregate shall be clean, hard, durable and frost resistant and shall not contain iron
pyrites, iron oxides (other than magnetite), mica, shale, coal or other laminar, soft or
porous materials.
3.3.3 Grading
(a) Fine aggregate shall conform to BS 882 Table 5, Zones C or M. In order to

achieve an acceptable grading it may be necessary to blend materials from more than one
source.
Table for BS grading requirement for fine aggregate.
Normal size of Sieve Percentage passing by weight

(mm)
10 100
4.75 90 - 100
2.36 85 - 100
1.18 55 - 90
0.6 25 - 60
0.3 10 - 30
0.15 2 - 10
(b) Coarse aggregate shall be supplied in the nominal sizes specified and shall be
graded in accordance with BS 882 for single sized aggregates. A coarse aggregate
shall be predominantly angular, rounded or irregular as defined in BS 812, Part 1.
Table for BS grading requirement for coarse aggregate
Nominal Size of Sieve Percentage Passing by Weight

(mm) 40 - 5 mm 20 - 5 mm
50 100 -
40 95 - 100 100
20 30 - 70 95 - 100
16 - -
10 10 - 35 25 - 55
4.75 0-5 0 - 10
2.36 - -

3.3.4 Soundness
a) After 5 cycles of Test C4 set out in appendix C, aggregates shall not show a weight loss
of more than 18 percent using magnesium sulfate.
3.3.5 Flakiness
a) Flakiness Index of coarse aggregates when tested in accordance with BS 812 shall be
as set out hereunder and not as given in BS 882 Table 1.
i) For nominal 40 mm aggregate and above, not more than 40
ii) For nominal 20 mm aggregate and below, not more than 35
3.3.6 Shell Content
a) In addition to requirements of Bs 882, the content of hollow and flat shells such not
be such as will reduce the 28 day strength below the minimum average strength
required or reduce the average strength required or required or reduce the average
28 day strength by more than 5 per cent when tested in accordance with shells are
compared with 10 cubes made of concrete with shells removed.
3.3.7 Testing Aggregates
a) Acceptance Testing
i) The Contractor shall deliver to the Engineer samples containing not less than
50 kg of any aggregate which he proposes to use in the Permanent Works and
shall supply such further samples as the Engineer may require. Each sample
shall be clearly labeled to show its origin and shall be accompanied by all the
information in BS 882.
ii) Tests to determine compliance of the aggregates with all the requirements of this
Specification shall be carried out by the Contractor in a laboratory acceptable to
the Engineer. If the tested materials fail to comply with the Specification,
further tests shall be made in the presence of the Contractor and the Engineer
and acceptance of the material shall be based on such tests.
i) The acceptance tests carried out by the Contractor shall generally be on three
representative samples of fine and coarse aggregates taken in the presence of the
Engineer. Total numbers of tests required for acceptance are as follows:

Test Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates

Water Absorption - 3*
Flakiness Index - 3*
Shell Content - 3*
Determination
Test for Shell Content - 1
(where required)
10% Fines Test or - 3*
Aggregate Impact
Value
Gradings 3* 3 on each
nominal size
Chloride Content 3* 3*
Sulphate Content 3* 3*
Soundness - 3*
Petrographic As required As required
Examination minimum 3 minimum 3
Clay, silt and dust 3 3
determination
Organic impurities 3 3
* One test on each sample

iv) If at any time a significant physical or chemical change in the nature of the
coarse or fine aggregate occurs, or a new source aggregate is used, the Engineer
may direct that some or all of the acceptance testing is repeated.
b) Routine Testing
i) The Contractor shall carry out routine testing of aggregates for compliance with
the Specification during the period in which concrete is being produced for the
Permanent Works. The tests set out below shall be performed on aggregates
from each separate source on the basis of one set of tests for each day on which
aggregates are delivered to Site provided that no set of tests shall represent more
than 250 tonnes of fine aggregate nor more than 500 tonnes of coarse aggregate,
and provided also that the aggregates are of uniform quality. If the aggregate
from any source is variable, the frequency of testing shall be as instructed by the
Engineer.
 Grading BS 812
 Silt and clay content BS 812
 Moisture content BS 812
 Check on organic impurities Test C3 in Appendix C.
ii) In addition to the above routine tests, the Contractor shall carry out the
following tests at the frequencies stated:
 Moisture content: As frequently as may be required in order to

control the water content of the concrete as
required by the Specification.
 Chloride content: As frequently as may be required to ensure that

the proportion of chlorides in the aggregates does
not exceed the limit stated in the Specification.
iii) The Contractor shall take account of the fact that when the chloride content is
variable it may be necessary to test every load in order to prevent excessive
amounts of chloride contaminating the concrete. For this purpose the
Contractor shall use the rapid field test described in Appendix C (the Quantab
test). In the event of disagreement regarding the results of the field test, the
chloride content of the aggregate shall be determined in the laboratory as
described in BS 812 (the Volhard test).
3.3.8 Delivery and Storage of Aggregates
a) Aggregates shall be delivered to Site in clean and suitable vehicles. Different types or
sizes of aggregate shall not be delivered in one vehicle.
b) Each type or size of aggregate shall be stored in a separate bin or compartment having a
base such that contamination of the aggregate is prevented. Dividing walls between
bins shall be substantial and continuous so that no mixing of types or sizes occurs.

c) The storage of aggregates shall be arranged so that as far as possible rapid drying out in
hot weather is prevented in order to avoid sudden fluctuations in water content. Storage
of fine aggregates shall be arranged so that they can drain sufficiently before use in
order to prevent fluctuations in water content of the concrete.
PRIVATE 3.4 Cementtc \l 13 ".4 Cement"
1. Cement for use in the permanent works shall be Ordinary Portland Cement of an
approved type complying to approved standards.
2. Cement in bags shall be stored in a suitable weatherproof structure of which the interior
shall be dry and well ventilated at all times. The floor shall be raised above the
surrounding ground level and shall be so constructed that no moisture rises through it.
3. Each delivery of cement in bags shall be stacked together in one place separate from
other deliveries. The bags shall be closely stacked but shall not be stacked against an
outside wall. If pallets are used, they shall be constructed so that bags are not damaged
during handling and stacking. No stack of cement bags shall exceed 3 m in height.
Different types of cement in bags shall be clearly distinguished by visible markings and
shall be stored in separate stacks.
4. Cement from broken bags shall not be used in the Permanent Works.
5. Cement in bags shall be used in the order in which it is delivered.
6. Bulk cement shall be stored in weatherproof silos which shall bear a clear indication of
the type of cement contained in them. Different types of cement shall not be mixed in
the same silo.
7. The Contractor shall provide sufficient storage capacity on Site to ensure that his
anticipated programme of work is not interrupted due to lack of cement having due
regard to factors outside the Contractor's control.
8. Cement which has become hardened or lumpy or fails to comply with the Specification
in any way shall be removed from the Site.
9. All cement used in the Permanent Works shall be tested by the manufacturer or the
Contractor in a laboratory acceptable to the Engineer. The tests shall be in accordance
with Test C1 in Appendix C contained at the end of the Specification, and the
Contractor shall supply two copies of each test certificate to the Engineer.
10. Cement which does not comply with the Specification shall not be used in the
Permanent Works.
11. The Contractor shall keep full records of all data relevant to the manufacture,
delivery, testing and use of all cement used in the Permanent Works and shall provide the
Engineer with two copies thereof.

PRIVATE 3.5 Admixtures for Concrete or Grouttc \l 13 ".5 Admixtures for

Concrete or Grout"
3.5.1 Admixtures for Concrete
Admixtures shall not be used without the written approval of the consultant. The contractor
shall submit samples of any admixtures he proposes to use to the consultant at least 30 days
prior to the date of commencement of construction of the particular structure or portion of
structure on which he intends to use such admixture. Admixtures as stated below shall be
added based on the consultant approval.
1. Water reducing admixture shall conform to BS55075 Part 1

2. Retarding admixture shall conform to BS 55075 Part 1
3. Super plasticizer admixture shall conform to BS - 55075 part 3
All admixtures shall be non-chloride.
3.5.2 Air Entraining Agents
a) In addition to the general requirements, air entraining agents shall be capable of

producing an air content in concrete mixes within the limits stated in the Specification
or on the Drawings without any tendency to produce excessive air content in the event
of prolonged mixing times.
b) The effect of a proposed air entraining agent shall be tested by the Contractor in trial
mixes produced in the plant which he proposes to use for the Permanent Works.
c) Air entraining agents shall comply with BS 5075.
3.5.3 Workability Agents
a) Subject to the agreement of the Engineer, admixtures may be used by the Contractor to
assist in meeting the requirements of the Specification or to aid the placing of concrete.
b) Workability agents shall not have any adverse effect on the properties of the concrete.
If a reduction in strength of the concrete is caused, the Contractor shall counteract this
by a reduction in water cement ratio or by an increase in cement content.
PRIVATE 3.6 Mortartc \l 13 ".6 Mortar"
1. Mortar shall be composed of fine aggregate as specified in Clause 3.3 and the type of
cement as specified in Clause 3.5. The mix proportions shall be as stated on the
Drawings or if not stated shall be one part of cement to three parts of fine aggregate by
weight.
2. Small quantities of mortar may be hand mixed but for amounts over 0.5 m3 a
mechanical mixer shall be used.

3. The water content of the mortar shall be as low as possible consistent with the use for
which it is required but in any case the water/cement ratio shall not be more than 0.5.
3.7 Reinforcement
1. Unless otherwise directed or shown on the Drawings, hot rolled high yield deformed
reinforcement complying with BS 4449 shall be used throughout the works.
2. Where required, mild steel reinforcement and medium tensile steel reinforcement shall
comply with BS4449. Cold twisted steel reinforcement shall comply with BS4461.
Steel mesh fabric shall comply with BS4483 and hard drawn mild steel wire shall
comply with BS 4482
3. All reinforcement shall be from an approved manufacturer and, if required by the

Engineer, the Contractor shall submit a test certificate of the rolling. The Contractor,
shall, when requested by the Engineer, provide sample pieces 1.0 meters long for
testing.
4. Tying wire shall be 1.6 mm diameter soft annealed iron wire.

5. All reinforcement shall be free from scale, rust grease, paint or other substances likely to
reduce to bond between the steel and the concrete.
3.8 Formwork
1. The formwork may be of seasoned, planed, tongued and grooved timber, plywood,
blockboard, tempered hardboard, steel or as specified on the Drawings.
2. All timber used for formwork shall be sound wood, well seasoned and free from loose knots,
shakes, large checks, warping and other defects. Before use on the work, it shall be properly
stacked and protected from injury from any source. Any timber which becomes badly
warped or cracked, prior to the placing of concrete shall be rejected. All formwork for
outside surfaces above final ground level shall be either tongued and grooved or provided
with a suitable lining to produce a smooth surface finish.
3.9 Contraction and Expansion Joints
3.9.1 Contraction Joints
The contraction joints between the various parts of the structures shall be of the keyed joint
type or plain but joints as shown on the Drawings. Where required, the joints shall be
provided with PVC waterstops to prevent seepage, as specified in Clause 41.32. One face of
each joint is to receive one coat of bituminous primer and two coats of approved bituminous
paint. These coats shall be applied when the surfaces are dry and no further coat shall be
applied until the former coat is dry.

The whole of the concrete face shall be painted, but special care shall be taken that no paint
remains on the water stop.
Care shall be taken to ensure that the joint surfaces are truly vertical and plane, and to this end
all shuttering shall be rigidly supported.
3.9.2 Expansion Joints

Expansion Joints where shown on the Drawings shall be constructed by placing a rubber water
stop between the parts to be joined and forming a gap by inserting a suitable premoulded joint
filler. On the exposed sides of the joint a groove shall be formed and filled with joint sealing
compound.
The joint sealing compound shall be of the two-component, polysulfide based type, and of
approved make. It shall be suitable to withstand tropical climatic conditions without
deteriorating. The manufacturers instructions as to preparation and cleaning of caulking
grooves and mixing and placing of joint sealer shall be strictly adhered to. Due regaard shall
be given before use of the sealing compound that its shelf-life has not been exceeded.
Sealing compounds of suitable viscosity shall be used on horizontal and vertical surfaces
respectively.
3.10 Water Stops
1. All references to water stops include grout stops.
2. Water stops shall be of the material and form shown on the Drawings and as detailed in
the Specification. No water stop material shall be brought onto site until the Contractor
has submitted full details of the materials he proposes to use, including samples, and
these have been approved by the Engineer. All samples shall be of adequate length for
testing. Test results from an independent laboratory approved by the Engineer will be
accepted as an alternative to tests arranged by the Engineer.
3. Water stops shall be made of materials which are resistant to chlorides, sulphates, or
other deleterious substances which may be present in the environment of the Permanent
Works.
4. Rubber water stops may be of natural or synthetic rubber and shall have an elongation
at breaking stress of at least 500 per cent at 25oC and shall be capable of
accommodating a transverse movement of at least 50 mm.
5. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water stops shall be extruded from an unfilled plasticised
PVC polymer or copolymer which does not contain any reclaimed or scrap PVC. PVC
water stops shall have an elongation at breaking stress of at least 225 per cent at 25 oC
and shall be capable of accommodating a transverse movement of at least 10 mm.

6. Low modulus water stops shall be of rubber or PVC as described above but shall have
an elongation of at least 200 percent at 25oC under a tensile stress of 6 N/mm2 and shall
be capable of accommodating a transverse movement of at least 50 mm.
7. Water stops shall be supplied in lengths as long as possible consistent with ease of
handling and construction requirements.
8. Water stop material shall be stored carefully on site to avoid damage and contamination
with oil, grease, or other pollutants. Rubber and plastic water stops shall be stored in
cool well ventilated places away from direct sunlight.
9. Rubber and plastic water stops which are embedded in one side of a joint more than one
month before the scheduled date of placing concrete on the other side, shall be protected
from the sun.
10. Water stops shall be firmly fixed in the formwork so that they cannot be displaced
during concrete placing and shall be completely free of all dirt, grease. oil, etc., before
placing concrete.
11. Concrete shall be placed carefully round water stops so as to avoid distortion or
displacement and shall be fully compacted. Where water stops lie in a horizontal or
nearly horizontal plane the Contractor shall ensure that no voids are left on the
underside of the water stops.
12. Formwork round water stops shall be carefully removed to avoid damage. If waterstops
suffer any damage which cannot be properly repaired insitu the Engineer may require a
section of concrete to be removed and the water stop replaced.
PRIVATE 3.11 Marker Posts tc \l 13 ".18 Marker Posts"
1. Precast concrete marker posts shall be set in concrete and fixed near valves, fire
hydrants, washouts etc, changes in direction of the mains and where directed by the
Engineer. The posts shall be as detailed on the Drawings or as per the Engineer's order.

SRS Water Resource Development Bureau Dec. 2011
SECTION 4
EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING AND RESTORATION

PRIVATE 4.1 Clearance of Groundtc \l 14 ".1 Clearance of Ground"
1. The Contractor shall clear the ground on or below which the Works are to be erected by
removing vegetation and all superficial obstructions. The combustible material cleared
may be disposed of by strictly controlled burning which shall be approved in each
instance by the Engineer.
2. All trees, bushes and hedges are to be removed within a distance of 2 m from the
centre-line of pipelines and for a distance of 3 m in plan from any foundations. Roots
are to be killed or removed within this width.
3. Trees, bushes and hedges at the Site shall not be cut down, damaged or destroyed
without the approval of the Engineer. Trees shall be defined as having a girth
exceeding 500 mm measured 600 mm above ground level except where a tree has
buttresses when the measurement shall be taken immediately above the buttresses.
PRIVATE 4.2 Agreement of Existing Ground Levelstc \l 14 ".2 Agreement of Existing

Ground Levels"
1. Prior to the start of any earthworks or excavation, but after site clearance, if any, the
levels of the existing ground shall be surveyed by the Contractor and agreed between
the Contractor and the Engineer. If the Contractor fails to take the requisite levels the
ground levels shown on the drawings or determined by the Engineer shall be taken as
correct.
2. No allowance will be made for normal bulking or shrinking of the soil and the
Contractor shall make allowance for this in his rates.
PRIVATE 4.3 Classification of Excavationtc \l 14 ".3 Classification of Excavation"
1. For purposes of measurement, excavation is classified as follows:
i) 'Soft Rock' shall mean weathered or disintegrated materials which can be

removed or excavated using excavators or shovels, or hand picks or tractor
drawn tines or rippers for breaking up the materials.
ii) Hard Rock shall mean material of geological strata requiring the use of wedges,
prismatic tools or drilling or blasting with a power operated hand tool for the
removal of boulderss, pieces or concrete or masonry exceed 1.0 m3 in volume.
iii) Boulders shall mean insolated volume of hard rock less than 1.0 m 3 in ordinary

soil or soft rock or above ground.
iv) Common or Ordinary shall mean material yielding to ordinary

excavation machinery or pick axes which will be classified as bulk, pit
continuous trench excavation.
4.4 Blasting
1. The Contractor shall keep in his office at the Site copies of State Laws applying to the
transport, storage and use of explosives and shall supply one copy of each State Law to
the Engineer. The Contractor shall also submit to the Engineer a copy of any
instructions or notices which the Contractor may issue to his staff or workmen or post
about the Site in compliance with such State Laws.
2. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer details of the explosives which he proposes
to use and of his proposals for the storage and transport of explosives to the Sites.
3. Explosives shall be used in accordance with the recommendations of the BS 5607.
4. The Contractor shall use explosives for blasting in connection with the work only at
such times and places and in such a manner as the Engineer may approve but such
approval shall not relieve the Contractor from his responsibility for injury, loss,
inconvenience and annoyance to persons, damage to the work and adjoining structures,
consequent on the use of such explosives. The Contractor shall be entirely liable for
any accident which may occur and shall hold the Employer harmless and indemnified
from all claims arising from such. Where loss, inconvenience, injury or accident is
likely to be caused to persons, animals, works, property, places or objects the Engineer
shall have power to regulate or prohibit the blasting and in the event of such regulation
or prohibition the Contractor shall have no claim against the Employer.
5. The Contractor shall give warning each time of his intention to blast and shall station
men on the roads and elsewhere with flags, horns and whistles and prevent persons,
animals and traffic going into or remaining within the danger zone. He shall arrange
for control of traffic on the main roads by the police during all blasting operations
within 400m of such main roads.
6. The Contractor's supervisor in charge of blasting operations shall have a valid licence
for all types of blasting required including restricted blasting, a copy of which shall be
made available to the Engineer.
7. The Contractor shall provide proper buildings in suitable positions for the storage of
explosives to the satisfaction of the Engineer and the relevant Authority. The
Contractor shall take all possible precautions and comply with all State Laws or other
regulations governing the handling and use of explosives including the display on the
site of warning notices explaining the procedure to be used in blasting operations, such
notices to be displayed in all languages normally spoken by the personnel working on

the Site.
8. In carrying out blasting the Contractor shall drill holes to the extent approved and in
such number, position and direction and to such lengths and with loading of explosives
of such quantity and power and means of detonating as will ensure that the excavation
is taken out as neatly as possible to the required profile without shattering the rock
remaining or causing injury to concrete or fill already deposited in the vicinity.
9. In certain areas it is necessary to restrict blasting in order to protect installations of

major significance as follows:
a) The Contractor shall, whenever he wishes to blast within 400m of any public
road, overhead power line or telephone line, draw this to the attention of the
relevant authority concerned and ensure that all conditions imposed by them
including attendance by the representatives of such authority are met. In all
such cases, he will be required to provide cover to the area to be blasted, to the
approval of the Engineer, to prevent damage to these services by flying debris.
b) The Contractor shall ensure, by limiting the amount of charge/delay or by the

use of controlled detonations used at any blasting site, that the peak particle
velocity at any existing building, structure or service, does not exceed 50
mm/sec. The Contractor shall provide a suitable vibrometer and whenever
called upon to do so by the Engineer, demonstrate by the use of the vibrometer
that the charges he proposes to use comply with this Specification.
10. Compliance with the restrictions will not, however, limit the Contractor's liability in the
event of any damage to any existing building, structure or services.
11. Notwithstanding any of the above, the Contractor shall cease blasting and continue to
excavate in rock by barring, wedging or other approved methods, whenever called upon
to do so by the Engineer.
12. If firing is done electrically, all precautions shall be taken to prevent premature
explosions. All men other than the responsible foreman and one skilled man shall be
withdrawn to a safe distance before firing wires are connected to the firing cable. The
connection of the firing cable to the firing battery shall be the last operation. No
charging or firing will be permitted when there are electrical storms or thundery
conditions at or near the Site, when the time delay between the flash of lightning and
the thunder clap is less than 10 seconds.
13. After blasting no man shall approach the area until it has been examined by the foreman
or other responsible person and in the case of misfires the proper precautions shall be
taken.
14. The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his rates for items covering

excavation for the supply of all explosives, transport, storage, supervision and
compliance with the conditions and restrictions set out above.
PRIVATE 4.5 Excavated Materialtc \l 14 ".5 Excavated Material"
1. Excavated material approved by the Engineer for use as backfill shall be deposited in
spoil heaps confined to areas approved by the Engineer.
2. Top soil shall be stored separately from the main excavated material and on no account
disposed of without the approval of the Engineer.
3. The Contractor shall include in his excavation rates for removing to tip all surplus
excavated material, rubbish and waste matter and for providing tips and leaving them
with an acceptable appearance, all to the approval of the Engineer.
PRIVATE 4.6 Timbering and Dewatering of Excavationstc \l 14 ".6 Timbering and

Dewatering of Excavations"
1. The Contractor shall carry out timbering in accordance with the recommendations in
BS 5031.
2. All open excavation shall be securely timbered with suitable timber (or alternative form
of sheeting other than timber) as may be required and whenever necessary to the
satisfaction of the Engineer at the Contractor's expense. Timber shall not be left in the
excavations as they are being filled up unless authorised by the Engineer.
3. Every precaution shall be taken by the Contractor against slips and falls, and the like in
the excavations, but if any slips or falls should occur the Contractor shall at once make
good the same including all surface restoration and reinstatement, all at his own cost. If
any such fall or slip disturbs or weakens any foundation or support to the Works or
adjacent buildings, pipes, etc., or causes a space to exist outside the new work itself the
Contractor shall execute such additional works as the Engineer may require in
consequence thereof and fill up the space so caused, with concrete if necessary, as the
Engineer may direct, all at the Contractor's own expense.
4 All excavation shall be kept free from water until construction work is complete and for
such time as the Engineer considers necessary to safeguard the permanent work all at
the Contractor's own expense. Trenches for pipework are to be kept dry and free of
debris until final backfilling.
5. The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his rates for excavation for the
supply and operation of all pumps and the construction of any sumps or temporary

drains necessary. Should any damage be caused by prolonged or excessive pumping,

making good shall be carried out by the Contractor at his own cost and to the Engineer's
approval.
6. The Contractor shall comply with all instructions of the Engineer regarding the
supporting of the sides and dewatering of trenches or pits but shall not be relieved of his
responsibilities under the Contract because no objection has been raised to the condition
of the work.
4.7 Excavation
4.7.1 Trench Excavation
1. The minimum width of pipe trench shall be as indicated on the Drawings. This
dimension will be used for measurement of the work and no separate measurement will
be taken or allowed for over break. The Contractor shall ensure that at any point the
width of the pipe trench is sufficient to permit the pipe to be laid with banks nearly
vertical as practical and bedding to be placed and compacted around the pipe to the
Engineer's satisfaction.
2. Each section of trench shall, where possible, have a bed of uniform gradient. Trench
formation shall normally be in undisturbed ground, but where, in the opinion of the
Engineer, the formation is unsuitable for bearing, extra excavation shall be carried out
under the direction of the Engineer and the level made up again with selected fill
material carefully compacted, or with Class 20 concrete. Such additional excavation and
filling shall be paid for separately provided that the unsuitability is not due to the
Contractor's method of working in which case the Contractor shall carry out the work at
his own expense.
3. When ever wet or otherwise unstable soil is encountered in the trench bottom and in
capable of properly supporting the pipe as determined by the Engineer, such soil shall
be removed to the depth required and the trench back filled to the proper grade imported
material as approved by the Engineer.
4. All pipes shall have a minimum cover measured from the top of the pipe to the
ground surface as follows:-
a) 0.8 for pipes upto DN 400 mm, laid under open areas.
b) 11.0 m where pipes of any diameter laid under roads or road verges and for all pipes
of DN 450 mm diameter and above, irrespective of location.
5. Where for any reason the required minimum cover can not be achieved then the pipe
shall be surrounded with Class 20 concrete in accordance with the details shown on the
Drawings.
6. No greater length of trench shall be opened at one time than is approved by the
Engineer. If there is a danger of erosion of trenches, the period between excavation of

the trench, the pipe laying operation and subsequent backfilling shall be kept to a
minimum.
7. If at any time any trench or excavation becomes dangerous, the Engineer shall be at
liberty to call upon the Contractor to restore it to a proper condition at three hours
notice and, should the Contractor fail to carry out the work, have it done at the
8. Excavated material approved by the Engineer for use as backfill shall be stockpiled
alongside or near the trenches. All surplus material shall be removed to tip.
9. The Contractor shall in accordance with Clause 38 of the Conditions of Contract give
due notice to the Engineer whenever the trench invert is about to be ready for
examination and no further work shall proceed thereon until the Engineer's approval is
given.
10. The use of trench digging machinery will not be permitted except where its operation
will cause damage to trees, buildings, or existing structures above or below the
ground. At such locations hand methods shall be employed to avoid such damage
machinery, trucks, etc. will only allowed to move on the temporary access road only in
a longitudinal direction the equipment may only leave the said road at place which are
especially provided therefore.
4.7.2 Structure Excavation
Excavation for structures shall be to width and depth necessary to provide adequate space for
structural foundation, bracing and supporting formwork, pumping and draining, and if required
over excavation of unsuitable material, over excavation required because of un-satisfactory soil
conditions resulting from lack of drainage or dewatering equipment will be the responsibility of
the contractor.
4.7.3 Hand Excavation
It shall be utilized in restricted casements and in those locations where machine excavation is
not possible or particle due to the proximity of the structures or underground utilities. The case
of hand excavation where necessary, if any, shall be deemed to be included in the price
tendered for common trench excavation and backfill.

PRIVATE 4.8 Preparation, Inspection and Blinding of Foundationstc \l 14 ".8

Preparation, Inspection and Blinding of Foundations"
1. Where stated on the Drawings or elsewhere in the Specification, the excavation shall be
carried out as described and the Final Surface treated as specified.
2. The faces of excavations shall be clean and trimmed to the required lines and levels.
Any parts of the formation inconsistent with the nature and texture of the main
formation shall be removed if authorised by the Engineer, and the voids so formed
filled with a material and in a manner approved by the Engineer. Such extra excavation
including filling will be paid for by the Employer provided it is not caused by any
action or negligence by the Contractor.
3. Where the Final Surface is damaged or allowed to deteriorate through instructions not
being complied with, the cost of the re-excavation to a firm base and making up with
Grade C20 lean mix concrete shall be borne by the Contractor.
4. If any slips or falls occur, the Contractor shall immediately make good the same
including all surface restoration, all at his own expense.
5. The Contractor shall stop excavation at a minimum depth of 150mm above any Final
Surface to be blinded. The final 150mm excavation shall not be carried out until the
Contractor is ready to protect the Final Surface with blinding.
6. The Contractor shall not excavate below the formation level or beyond any exposed
faces shown on the Drawings. Any over-excavation shall be backfilled with Class B15
lean mix concrete at the Contractor's expense.
7. The Contractor shall in accordance with Clause 38 of the Conditions of Contract give
due notice to the Engineer whenever any such work or foundation is about to be ready
for examination and no further work shall proceed thereon until the Engineer's approval
is given.
8. The Contractor shall at all times afford protection to any exposed formation to obviate
deterioration and, where applicable, blinding concrete shall be laid immediately
following the Engineer's approval of the formation.
9. Settlement or washing that occurs in graded or backfilled areas prior to acceptance, of

the work shall be repaired and regraded to the required elevations and slopes at
no additional cost to the Employer.

PRIVATE 4.9 Foundations and Thrust Blocks Cast Against Existing Groundtc \l 14
".9 Foundations and Thrust Blocks Cast Against Existing Ground"
1. Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer that concrete shall be cast
against the existing ground, the excavation shall be neatly excavated to the shape
required. Where the foundation is inadvertently over-excavated, the space between the
foundation and the soil face shall be backfilled with Class B15 concrete or as directed
by the Engineer.
PRIVATE 4.10 Filltc \l 14 ".10 Fill"
1. All filling directed by the Engineer shall consist of selected granular material uplifted,
placed and compacted in layers not exceeding 250 mm thick, watered if necessary to
ensure adequate compaction, all to the approval of the Engineer. No filling shall
proceed without the approval of the Engineer.
2. Where in the opinion of the Engineer insufficient excavated material suitable for
backfilling exists within 1 km of the place where the fill is required the Contractor shall
if directed by the Engineer import suitable material either from borrow pits or from
stockpiles. Items are included in the Bill of Quantities for the import of such material.
Payment will only be made under these items for imported fill from borrow pits and
from stockpiles more than 1 km from the place of filling. The volume to be measured
shall be the volume of compacted fill in place.
4.11 Backfilling of Trenches

1. The pipe zone is defined as that portion of the trench between the bottom level of the
pipe bedding and a level 150 mm above the top of the installed pipe. Bedding of the
pipe and backfill of the trench within the pipe zone shall be carried out by selected
backfill material and shall be placed by hand to a minimum depth over the pipe of 300
mm. This material shall be thoroughly compacted using hand tempers in lifts, each
having a maximum compacted depth of 150 mm.
2. Materials with high swelling characteristics or any other deleterious properties shall not
be used unless specifically directed by the Engineer. Each layer shall be separately
compacted using suitable rammers. All backfilling shall be completed as soon as
possible after pipes have been tested and approved.
3. Under road crossings, the backfilling to pipes shall be brought up in 150 mm layers, and
compacted to a density not less than 95% PROCTER.
4. Pipes crossing under roads under construction should be excavated and the pipes laid
and backfilled after completion of the road earth works if the road at that location is in
cut. In all cases, pipes should be laid and backfilled in advance of road subgrade
processing operations.
5. Where in the opinion of the Engineer insufficient excavated material suitable for use as
fill or bedding exists within 1 km of the place where it is required, the Contractor shall

if directed by the Engineer import suitable material either from stock piles or from
borrow pits.
6. Items are included in the Bill of Quantities for the import of suitable material. Payment
will only be made under these items for fill or bedding material imported from borrow
pits and stock piles situated more than 1 km from the place of filling. Payment will be
measured by the volume of compacted fill or bedding material in place, multiplied by
the distance (to the nearest 0.5 km) in excess of 1 km that it has been transported.
7. Rates for excavation and backfilling of pipe trenches shall include for removal of
surplus material to disposal areas within a radius 2 km, spreading and levelling of the
spoil, and reinstatement of access tracks, verges, storm drains and fences, all to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
8. In order that consolidation of backfill is not hampered, trench water, if present, shall be
removed prior to commencement of backfilling.
To prevent damage to installed pipe, backfill shall be placed in the trench by rolling
down a slope and not be pushing it over the edge of the trench and allowing it to drop
vertically. Every effort shall be made to plan the backffilling operation such that
exposure of backfill material to wet weather is kept to a minimum. The trench shall be
backfilled as close to the pipe laying operation as conditions permit and trench
excavation shall not be left open overnight without the writer permission of the
Engineer.
9. Materials and method employed in backfilling trenches above the pipe zone shall
depend on the location of the trench with respect to traveled and untraveled surface, and
in particular on the type of material existing on the surface in which the trench is
excavated.
Traveled surfaces are graveled or paved roadways, lanes, driveways, parking areas, road
shoulders, walkways, or other graveled or paved surfaces over which vehicular or
pedestrian traffic normally travels.
Subject to provisions contained elsewhere herein backfill above the pipe zone and
surface restoration of trenches shall be carried out in accordance with the following
paragraphs.
4.12 Untraveled Surface
In untraveled surfaces, unless otherwise specified, trench backfill above the pipe zone shall be
native backfill material. Backfill may initially be built upto a height above original ground
level equal to 110% of the trench depth and allowed to settle. Prior to acceptance, however, the
trench surface shall be restored to its original level and to a condition which at least is
equivalent to the which existed prior to construction unless the approval of the Engineer is
given to leave trench surfaces in a bermed condition.

4.13 Gravel Traveled Surface
In travelled surfaces which exist ass gravel surfaces, trench backfill shall be mechanically
compacted native backfill material to a level 300 mm below finished surface grade. The
remainder of the trench shall be backfilled with 300 mm of compacted road base gravel.
4.14 Paved Traveled Surface
When trenches have been excavated in existing paved surfaces which are to be re-paved, trench
backfill shall be mechanically compacted native backfill material to a level 350 mm below
finished surface grade. The remainder of the trench shall be backfilled with 300 mm of
compacted road base gravel and finished with a minimum thickness of 50 mm of compacted
hot-mix asphalt.
If the edges of the cut pavement have become ragged as result of the construction operation,
pavement shall be re-cut to form a straight line and the base compacted prior to placing new
pavement. The edges of the existing pavement shall be thoroughly cleaned and coated with an
approved steel-wheeled roller having a minimum weight of 7.3 ton.
4.15 Reinstatement
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for the temporary and permanent reinstatement of
all roads, fields, paths, gardens, verges and the like, whether public or private, which
are affected by his operations.
2. Immediately backfilling of trenches has been completed, temporary reinstatement of the
ground shall take place.
3. When in the opinion of the Engineer a suitable period has elapsed after temporary
reinstatement has been completed for there to be no further settlement, he shall allow
the Contractor to carry out the permanent reinstatement. This shall not in any way
relieve the Contractor of his responsibility for reinstatement and, should any further
unforeseen settlement take place, the Contractor will be required to make good the
reinstatement at his own expense.
4. Permanent reinstatement means that the ground surface shall be restored to its original
form and condition.
5. Any diverted water courses shall be reinstated in their former positions and topsoil shall be
spread where the ground has been stripped. The Contractor shall be deemed to have included
in the rates entered in the Bill of Quantities for the full cost of such reinstatement.
4.16 Topsoiling and Grassing
1. Topsoil for planting grass shall be selected topsoil from approved stockpiles of

excavated materials or from stripping from borrow areas or from other approved
sources.
2. The materials shall contain the most fertile loam available and shall be free from
excessive quantities of roots, weeds, sticks, stones or other objectionable material.
3. Areas to receive the topsoil shall be brought to within 150 mm of the prescribed final
cross sections and finished ground levels at all points and finished smoothly and
uniformly before topsoil is applied.
4. Topsoil shall be evenly placed and spread over the graded areas in one layer.
5. The Contractor shall allow for a temporary sprinkler irrigation system to the Engineer's
approval and shall irrigate the newly planted grass to ensure germination and
establishment of plants.
6. The Contractor shall repair at his own expense any damage to the slopes or any part of
the Works caused by excessive or irregular application of irrigation water.
7. When the topsoil has been placed on the areas to be planted with grass, levelled and
compacted to finished grade it shall be brought to a friable condition by harrowing or
other means to a maximum depth of 100 mm. All lumps and clods shall be thoroughly
broken up.
8. All grass shall be of the creeping type. Approved grass sprigs shall be planted at 200 mm
centre both ways on all areas designated by the Engineer. The grass areas shall be watered
and maintained until a full grass cover has been established.
PRIVATE 4.17 Hardcoretc \l 14 ".14 Hardcore"
1. Hardcore shall consist of broken rock, concrete or other approved hard material, clean
and free from extraneous matter, having a maximum particle size of 100 mm. It shall
be spread and leveled, watered and compacted, and then blinded with a layer of fine
material of grading 3mm to dust, watered and compacted all to the Engineer's approval.
PRIVATE 4.18 Pitchingtc \l 14 ".15 Pitching"
1. Stone for pitching shall consist of sound under composed rock.

2. The stone as dressed shall be roughly cubical in shape with minimum dimensions of
150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm for a nominal thickness of 150 mm pitching or 150 mm
x 150 mm x 200 mm for a nominal thickness of 200 mm pitching.
3. Hard stone boulders may be used for grouted pitching only but in this case the size shall

be 300 mm minimum diameter for a nominal thickness of 200 mm pitching.

4. For dry pitching the surface to receive the pitching shall be compacted and trimmed to
slope covered with a 100 mm thick layer of compacted gravel well graded from 19 mm
to 5 mm and the stone hand laid, interlocked and rammed into the gravel to give an
even finished surface. Fill material shall then be rammed into the interstices.
5. Grouted pitching shall be constructed as for dry pitching except that the interstices of
the pitching shall not be filled with fill material, but shall be choked with large rock
spalls. The pitching shall be thoroughly soaked with water, and cement mortar shall be
worked into the interstices and smoothed off flush with the pitched face.
6. When dry pitching is specified, the Engineer may accept a grouted boulder pitched
surface in lieu.
7. The rates for pitching shall include for compaction and trimming of the undersurface,
providing and laying stone and gravel, providing and filling interstices with fill
material or spalls and mortar, water, and any additional compaction of the filling
behind the pitching.
PRIVATE 4.19 Trial Pitstc \l 14 ".16 Trial Pits"
1. The Contractor shall excavate, maintain and afterwards refill at the rates in the Bill of
Quantities any trial pits ordered by the Engineer. The cost of trial pits required by the
Contractor shall be at the Contractor's expense.
2. The sides of the pits shall, where deemed necessary by the Engineer for safety purposes,
be supported by sheeting or boarding with adequate framing and a ladder shall be
provided for inspection purposes, the costs of which shall be deemed to be included in
the Contractor's excavation rates for trial pits.

SRS Water resource Development bureau Dec. 2011
SECTION 5
CONCRETE FINISHES AND FORMWORK

PRIVATE 5.1 Definitionstc \l 15 ".1 Definitions"
1. Structural concrete is any class of concrete which is used in reinforced, prestressed or

un-reinforced concrete construction, which is subject to stress and which is required to
comply with other Clauses of the Specification.
2. Non-structural concrete is composed of materials complying with the Specification but

for which no strength requirements are specified and which is used only for filling voids
and similar purposes where it is subjected to significant stress.
3. A formed surface is a face which has been cast against formwork. A free surface is a
horizontal or nearly horizontal surface produced by screeding or trowelling to the level
and finish required. A pour refers to the operation of placing concrete into any mould,
bay or formwork, etc., and also to the volume which has to be filled. Pours in vertical
succession are also referred to as lifts.
4. Water/cement ratio is the ratio by weight of the free water in the mix divided by the
weight of cement in the mix. Free water is the water in the mix including water
absorbed by the aggregate.
5. Forms, formwork or shuttering shall mean all temporary moulds forming the concrete to
the required shape together with any special lining that may be required to produce the
concrete finish specified.
6. False work or centering shall mean the furnishing, placing and removal of all temporary
construction such as framing, props and struts required for the support of forms.
5.2 Standard Specifications
All workmanship materials, tests and performance in connection with reinforced concrete shall,
unless otherwise stated in this specification, bee in conformity with the following standard
specifications.
BS 8110 Structural use of Concrete
Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction

Part 2: Code of practice for special circumstances
BS 8007 Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
BS 5328 Methods for specifying concrete, including ready-mixed concrete
BS 6073 Precast concrete masonry units.

5.3 Concrete
5.3.1 Quality Control of Concrete Production (150 mm cubes)
a) for each class of concrete in production at each plant for use in the Permanent Work,
samples of concrete shall be taken at the point of mixing or of deposition as instructed
by the Engineer and in the presence of a representative of the Engineer, all in
accordance with the sampling procedures described in BS 1881.
b) The slump of each sample measured in accordance with Clause 5.6 shall be determined
at the time of sampling.
c) Samples shall be taken on the basis of one for each 20 m 3 of concrete placed but in
any case not less than one sample per day or one sample for each pour of concrete
placed, whichever is the more frequent.
d) Test cubes shall be cast from each sample, cured and tested as specified in Clause 5.4.
e) Test cubes shall be tested in accordance with Clause 5.5.
f) The density of all the cubes shall be determined before the cubes are crushed.
5.3.2 Failure to Comply with Requirements
a) The Contractor shall take any action instructed by the Engineer to remedy concrete
which fails to comply with the Specification. Such action may include but is not
necessarily confined to the following.
i) Adjusting the mix proportions until the concrete again complies with the
Specification
ii) Cutting test cores from the failed concrete and testing in accordance with BS
1881.
iii) Carrying out additional works to overcome the effect of the failed concrete.
iv) Removing the failed concrete
v) Increasing the frequency of sampling until control is again established.
5.4 Concrete Mixes
1. The classes of structural concrete to be used in the Permanent Works shall be those
shown on the Drawings. The classes are designated in Table 5.4.1
2. Concrete for water retaining structures shall have maximum water/cement ratios as
shown in accordance with the recommendations laid down in Section six of BS

8007:1987.
3. Concrete for other structures shall have maximum water/cement ratios as shown in
Table 5.4.1 or on the Drawings.
4. The coarse aggregate maximum size shall be as shown in Table 5.4.1 or on the
Drawings.
5. Frequency of sampling shall be in accordance with Table 7 of BS 5328.
1. Concrete mixes shall be designed mixes and shall generally be in accordance with
Section 3 of BS 5328, and as specified in the sub-clauses below.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for sampling, curing and testing of concrete.
3. Design of Proposed Mixes
a) The Contractor shall submit full details of all the mixes he proposes to use of the
Engineer for his approval before proceeding with their use for the Permanent
Works.
b) The Contractor shall design the mixes which he proposes to use in the Permanent
Works to achieve acceptable workability and resistance to segregation during
handling and placing. Mixes shall also comply with the following requirement:
i) The aggregate portion shall be well graded from the nominal maximum
size of stone down to the 150 micron size.
ii) The cement contents shall be within the limits shown in Table 5.4.1 unless
a higher cement content is required to meet the strength requirement.
iii) The water/cement ratio shall be the minimum consistent with adequate
workability but in any case not greater than that shown in Table 5.4.1
taking due account of any water contained in the aggregates. The
Contractor shall take into account that this requirement may need the
inclusion of a workability agent in the mix.
iv) The workability shall be consistent with ease of placing and proper
compaction having regard to the presence of reinforcement and embedded
items.
v) The crushing strength at 28 days shall be determined in accordance with

Clause 5.5.
vi) The drying shrinkage determined in accordance with BS 1881 shall not
be greater than 0.05 percent
vii) Blinding concrete shall be Class C15 for water retaining structures
and C10 for other structures unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings or
in the Specification.

9. Based on the results of the tests on the trial mixes, the Contractor shall submit full
details of his proposals for mix design to the Engineer, including the type and source
of each ingredient, the proposed proportions of each mix and the results on the tests
on the trial mixes.
10. If the Engineer does not agree to a proposed concrete mix for any reason, the
Contractor shall amend his proposals and carry out further trial mixes. No mix shall
be used in the Permanent works without the written consent of the Engineer.
Table 5.4.1
Specified requirements of concrete mixes to be used, Clause 5.4 refers
Mix descriptions used in Bill of Quantities

C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35
Type of Mix. Designed D D D D D D
Type of Cement : BS No. 12 12 12 12 12 12
Types of Aggregate Coarse BS No. 882 882 882 882 882 882
Fine BS No. 882 882 882 882 882 882
Nominal Aggregate:
Maximum Size (mm) 40 40 40 20 20 20
Grade C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35
Minimum Cement Content (kg/m3) 200 200 240 300 325 325
Sampling Rage (m3/sample) 50 50 50 155 15 15
Workability/Slump (mm) 40/75 40/75 40/75 40/75 40/75 40/75
VB (s) - - - - - -
Compacting - - - - - -
factor
Maximum free water/cement ratio 0.6 0.6 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Maximum cement content (kg/m3) - - - - 360 360
Special cement - - - - - -
Special aggregate Coarse: - - - - - -
Fine - - - - - -
Admixtures Specified
Prohibited All admixtures unless approved by the Engineer
Amount
Air content 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Temperature of concrete (oC)
Maximum 30 30 30 30 30 30
Minimum 5 5 5 5 5 5
Density of concrete
(kg/m3) Maximum
Minimum 2350 2350 2350 2350 2350 2350
Additional requirements Grades C30 and C35 designed to retain aqueous
liquids

5.5 Trial Mixes
1. For each mix of concrete the Contractor shall in the presence of a representative of the
Engineer prepare three separate batches of batches of concrete using the materials
which have been approved for use in the Permanent Works and the mixing plant
which he proposes to use for the Permanent Works.
2. Six 150 mm test cubes shall be cast from each batch.

3. The making, curing and testing of all test cubes shall comply with the requirements
of BS 1881. The slump of the concrete measured in accordance with BS 1881 shall
be recorded or at least one (1) slump test shall bee taken for each strength test.
4. Three cubes from each batch shall be tested for compressive strength at seven days
and the remaining three at 28 days.
5. The density of all the cubes shall be determined before the cubes are crushed.
6. If the 28 day strength as determined by this Clause is less than the minimum average
strength specified, then the mix shall be adjusted in order to comply. If adjustment of
aggregate proportions does not increase the strength, the Contractor shall seek
approval from the Engineer to reduce the water cement ratio.
7. If it is necessary to increase the workability, the use of a plasticity additive may be
considered by the Engineer but shall not necessarily be accepted. An increase in
cement content will not normally be acceptable.
8. The average strength of the three cubes crushed at 28 days shall be referred to as one
test result.
9. The average strength of the three cubes crushed at 28 days cubes accepted by the
Engineer shall be referred to thereafter as the final trial mix strength.
10. The Contractor shall carry out tests to determine the drying shrinkage of the concrete,
5.6 Workability
1. The slump for conventionally placed concrete, measured in accordance with BS 1881,
shall be 50 mm ± 25 mm.
5.7 Transporting, Placing and Compactingtc \l 1 "
5.4 Transporting, Placing and Compacting"
1. Concrete shall not be placed in any part of the Permanent Works until the Engineer's
consent has been given in writing, and the Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 18
hours notice of his intention to place concrete.
2. The time elapsing between mixing and placing a batch of concrete shall be as short as
practicable and in any case no longer than will permit completion of placing and
compaction before the onset of initial set. If the placing of any batch of concrete is

delayed beyond this period, the concrete shall not be placed in the Permanent Works.
3. If concrete placing is not commenced within 24 hours of the Engineers consent, the
Contractor shall again request written consent as specified above
4. Excavated surfaces on which concrete is to be deposited shall be prepared as set out in

Section 3 of the Specification.
5. Existing concrete surfaces shall be prepared as set out in the relevant clauses. Before
deposition of further concrete they shall be clean, hard and sound and if required by the
Engineer shall be wet but without any freestanding water.
6. Any flow of water into an excavation shall be diverted through proper side drains to a
sump, or be removed by other suitable methods which will avoid washing away the
freshly deposited concrete or any of its constituents. When they are no longer required
any under drains constructed for this purpose shall be completely grouted up or dealt
with by a method agreed by the Engineer.
7. The concrete shall be deposited as nearly as possible in its final position. It shall be
placed so as to avoid segregation of the concrete and displacement of the reinforcement,
other embedded items, or formwork. It shall be brought up in layers approximately
parallel to the construction joint planes and not exceeding 500 mm in compacted
thickness unless otherwise permitted or directed by the Engineer, but the layers shall not
be less than four times the maximum nominal size of aggregate in thickness.
8. Layers shall not be placed so that they form feather edges nor shall they be placed on a
previous layer which has taken its initial set. In order to comply with this requirement, a
layer may be started before completion of the preceding layer.
9. All work shall be completed on each batch of concrete before its initial set commences
and thereafter the concrete shall not be disturbed before it has set hard. No concrete that
has partially hardened during transit shall be used in the Permanent Works and the
transport of concrete from the mixer to the point of placing shall be such that this
requirement can be complied with.
10. Concrete shall not be placed during rain which is sufficiently heavy or prolonged to
wash mortar from coarse aggregate on the exposed faces of fresh concrete. Means shall
be provided to remove any water accumulating on the surface of the placed concrete.
Concrete shall not be deposited into such accumulations of water.
11. In drying weather, covers shall be provided for all fresh concrete surfaces which are not
being worked on. Water shall not be added to concrete for any reason.
12. When concrete is discharged above its place of final deposition, segregation shall be
prevented by the use of chutes, down pipes, trunking, baffles or other appropriate
devices.
13. Forms for walls, columns and other thin sections of significant height shall be provided
with openings or other devices that will permit the concrete to be placed in a manner
that will prevent segregation and accumulations of hardened concrete on the formwork
or reinforcement above the level of the placed concrete.

14. If concrete placing is interrupted for any reason and the duration of the interruption
cannot be forecast or is likely to be prolonged, the Contractor shall immediately take the
necessary action to form a construction joint so as to eliminate as far as possible feather
edges and sloping top surfaces and shall thoroughly compact the concrete already placed
in accordance with the Specification. All work on the concrete shall be completed while
it is still plastic and it shall not thereafter be disturbed until it is hard enough to resist
damage.
15. Equipment and materials to comply with this requirement shall be readily available at all
times during concrete placing.
16. Before concreting is resumed after such an interruption the Contractor shall cut out and
remove all damaged or un-compacted concrete, feather edges or any other undesirable
features and shall leave a clean sound surface against which the fresh concrete may be
placed.
17. If it becomes possible to resume concrete placing without contravening the Specification
and the Engineer consents to a resumption, the new concrete shall be thoroughly worked
in and compacted against the existing concrete so as to eliminate any cold joints.
18. Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, pours shall not be more than two metres high
and shall as far as possible have a uniform thickness over the plan area of the pour.
Concrete shall be placed to the full planned height of all pours except in the event of an
interruption to placing in which case action shall be taken as specified.
19. The Contractor shall plan the dimensions of pours in such a way that thermal or
shrinkage stresses are minimized.
20. The Contractor shall arrange that as far as possible the intervals between placing
successive lifts of concrete in one section of the Permanent Works are of equal duration.
This duration shall normally be not less than three nor more than seven days under
temperate weather conditions unless otherwise agreed or instructed by the Engineer.
21. Where required by the Engineer to limit the opening of construction joints due to
shrinkage, concrete shall not be placed against adjacent concrete which is less than 21
days old.
22. If concrete has to be placed against recently cast concrete within a period of less than 21
days, the pour shall be carried out as early as possible after the adjacent pour but
precautions shall be taken to minimise shrinkage. The methods described in Clause 5.8
can be used to that effect. However the Contractor shall submit for approval a proposed
method and programme for placing of concrete.
23. When the Drawings call for contraction gaps in concrete these shall be of the widths and
in the locations shown on the Drawings.
24. The concrete shall be fully compacted throughout the full extent of the placed layer. It
shall be thoroughly worked against the formwork and around any reinforcement and
other embedded items, without displacing them. Particular care shall be taken at arrises
and other confined spaces. Successive layers of the same pour shall be thoroughly
worked together.

25. Concrete shall be compacted with the assistance of mechanical immersion vibrators,
unless the Engineer agrees to another method.
26. Immersion vibrators shall operate at a frequency of between 7,000 and 10,000 cycles per
minute. The Contractor shall ensure that vibrators are operated at pressures and voltages
not less than those recommended by the manufacturer in order that the compactive effort
is not reduced.
27. A sufficient number of vibrators shall be operated to enable the entire quantity of
concrete being placed to be vibrated for the necessary period and, in addition, stand-by
vibrators shall be available for instant use at each place where concrete is being placed.
28. Vibration shall be continued at each point until the concrete ceases to contract, a thin
layer of mortar has appeared on the surface and air bubbles have ceased to appear.
Vibrators shall not be used to move concrete laterally and shall be withdrawn slowly to
prevent the formation of voids.
29. Vibration shall not be applied by way of reinforcement nor shall vibrators be allowed to
touch reinforcement or other embedded items. The vibrators shall be inserted vertically
into the concrete to penetrate the layer underneath at regular spacing which shall not
exceed the distance from the vibrator over which vibration is visibly effective.
PRIVATE 5.8 Curingtc \l 15 ".5 Curing"
1. Concrete shall be protected during the first stage of hardening from loss of moisture and
from the development of temperature differentials within the concrete sufficient to cause
cracking. The methods used for curing shall not cause damage of any kind to the
concrete.
2. Curing shall be continued for as long as may be necessary to achieve the above
objectives but in any case for at least ten days or until the concrete is covered by later
construction whichever is the shorter period.
3. The curing process shall commence as soon as the concrete is hard enough to resist
damage from the process, and in the case of large areas or continuous pours shall
commence on the completed section of the pour before the rest of the pour is finished.
4. Exposed concrete surfaces shall be closely covered with impermeable sheeting, properly
secured to prevent its removal by wind and the development of air spaces beneath it.
Joints in the sheeting shall be lapped by at least 300 mm.
5. If for some reason it is not possible to use impermeable sheeting, the Contractor shall
keep the exposed surfaces continuously wet by means of a water spray or by covering
with a water adsorbent material which is kept wet, unless this method conflicts with the
other sub-clauses of this Clause.
6. Water used for curing shall be of the same quality as that used for mixing as stated in
Clause 3.2.1.
7. If instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall, in addition to the curing provisions
set out above provide a suitable form of shading to prevent the direct rays of the sun
reaching the concrete surfaces for at least the first four days of the curing period.

8. Freshly placed concrete shall be protected from rainfall and from water running over the
surface until it is sufficiently hard to resist damage from this cause.
9. No traffic shall be allowed on any concrete surface until such time as it is hard enough
to resist damage by such traffic.
10. Concrete placed in the Permanent Works shall not be subjected to any structural loading
until it has attained at least its minimum average strength as defined in Clause 5.3.
PRIVATE 5.9 Records of Concretingtc \l 15 ".6 Records of Concreting"
1. Records, in a form agreed by the Engineer, shall be kept by the Contractor of the details
of every pour of concrete placed in the Permanent Works. These records shall include
class of concrete, location of pour, date of pour, ambient temperature and concrete
temperature at time of placing, moisture contents of aggregates, details of mixes, batch
numbers, cement batch number, results of all tests undertaken, location of test cube
sample points and details of any cores taken.
2. The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of these records each week
covering work carried out the preceding week. In addition he shall supply to the
Engineer monthly histograms of all 28 day cube strengths together with accumulative
and monthly standard deviations and any other information which the Engineer may
require concerning the concrete placed in the Permanent Works.
PRIVATE 5.10 Cutting, Bending and Fixing of Reinforcementtc \l 15 ".7 Cutting,

Bending and Fixing of Reinforcement"
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for preparing all bending schedules in compliance
with BS 4466 (Bending dimensions and scheduling of reinforcement for concrete) and
the checking of those provided from the following information that will be given on the
construction drawings:
 Required bar diameter

 Required steel specification
 Bar locations and plan area covered
 Bar spacing
 Bar cover
 Required lap length
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for determining:
 Required number of bars

 Required shape code
 Required bending dimensions
 Overall length of each bar
3. Reinforcement shown on the drawings will be that required for structural purposes only.
The Contractor shall be responsible for designing all reinforcement necessary for
positioning and supporting structural reinforcement (chairs, spacing bars and the like).

4. All bars shall be hot rolled deformed, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. Bar
reinforcement shall be bundled and each bundle of steel shall be tagged with identifying
tags, showing the size and mark of the bar. The bundles shall be stacked clear of the
ground in easily accessible positions that do not in any way hinder the progress of work
and shall be kept clean.
5. When placed in the work reinforcement shall be free from coatings or dirt, detrimental
scale, paint, oil or other foreign substances. When steel has on its surface rust, loose
scale and dust which is easily removable, it may be cleaned by a method approved by
the Engineer.
6. All reinforcing bars, ties, links and fabric shall be fixed in the positions shown on the
Drawings within the tolerances specified in BS 4466. In no case shall the cover specified
on the Drawings be increased by more than 5 millimetres.
7. Displacement of reinforcement beyond the specified tolerance shall be prevented by

supporting the bars sufficiently and securely fixing them together at intersections where
necessary.
8. The ends of all tying wires shall be turned into the body of the concrete and not allowed
to project towards the surfaces of the concrete.
9. Spacers shall be used to maintain the cover to all steel and shall be made of dense
cement mortar of one part cement and two parts sand.
10. Spacers shall be rectangular in section and the flat sides shall bear against the formwork
and the steel. Wire cast into the blocks to fix them to the reinforcement shall be 1.6
millimetres diameter soft annealed iron. The Engineer may approve the use of spacers
made of other materials. Spacers shall not be used on the wet face of water retaining or
water excluding structures. Chairs, stools, etc. shall be used to maintain clearance
between two or more layers of reinforcement.
11. The fixing of reinforcement shall be checked before and during concreting, and
particular attention shall be given to the position of top steel in cantilever sections.
During concrete placing a competent steel fixer shall be in attendance to adjust and
correct the position of any reinforcement which may be displaced.
12. All reinforcement shall be provided in full lengths as indicated on the Drawings.
Splicing of bars, except where shown on the Drawings, shall not be permitted without
the written approval of the Engineer. Splices shall be staggered as far as possible. Bar
reinforcement shall not be welded without the Engineer's written permission.
13. In lapped splices, the bars shall be placed in contact and wired together in such manner
as to maintain a clearance between bars of not less than 50 millimetres.
14. Mesh or mar reinforcement shall overlap sufficiently to maintain a uniform strength and
shall be securely fastened at ends and edges. The edge lap shall not be less than 40
diameters of the mesh reinforcement bar or two mesh widths whichever is greater.
15. Bars shall be moved ass necessary to avoid interference with other reinforcing steel,
conduits or embedded items. If bars are moved a distance more than one bar diameter,

the resulting arrangement of bars including additional bars necessary to meet structural
requirements must be approved before concrete is placed.
5.11 Construction Joints
1. Where a kicker is used a rebate of not less than 5 mm and not greater than 10 mm shall
be allowed on the inside face of the wall.
2. Whenever concrete is to be bonded to other concrete which has hardened, the surface of
contact between the sections shall be deemed a construction joint.
3. Where construction joints are shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall form such
joints in those positions. The location of joints which the Contractor requires to make
for the purpose of construction shall be subject to the agreement of the Engineer and
details shall be submitted with the programme of Works required by the Conditions of
Contract. The exact location of all construction joints shall be submitted to the
Engineer at least 28 days prior to the start of construction of the relevant part of the
works. Construction joints shall be in vertical or horizontal plans except in sloping
slabs where they shall be normal to the exposed surface or elsewhere the Drawings
require a different arrangement.
1. Construction joints shall be so arranged as to reduce to a minimum the effects of

shrinking in the concrete after placing, and shall be placed in the most advantageous
positions with regard to stresses in the structures and the desirability of staggering
joints.
5. Feather edges of concrete at joints shall be avoided and any feather edges which may
have formed where reinforcing bars project through a joint shall be cut back until
sound concrete has been reached.
1. The intersections of horizontal or near horizontal joints and exposed faces of concrete
shall appear as straight lines produced by use of a guide strip fixed to the formwork at
the top of the concrete lift, or by other means acceptable to the Engineer.
7. Construction joints formed as free surfaces shall not exceed a slope of 20 per cent from
the horizontal.
8. The surface of the fresh concrete in horizontal or near horizontal joints shall be
thoroughly cleaned and roughened by means of high pressure water and air jets when
the concrete is hard enough to withstand the treatment without the leaching of cement.
The surface of vertical joints shall be similar treated if circumstances permit the removal
of formwork at a suitable time.
9. Where concrete has become too hard for the above treatment to be successful, the
surface whether formed or free is to be thoroughly scabbled by mechanical means or wet
sand blasted and then washed with clean water. The indentations produced by scabbling
shall be not less than 10 mm deep and shall not extend closer than 40 mm to a finished
face.
10. If instructed by the Engineer the surface of the concrete shall be thoroughly brushed with
a thin layer of mortar complying with Clause 3.7, all as set out in Clause 5.7
immediately prior to the deposition of fresh concrete. The mortar shall be kept just
ahead of the fresh concrete being placed and the fresh layer of concrete shall be
thoroughly and systematically vibrated to full depth to ensure complete bond with the

adjacent layer.
11. No mortar or concrete may be placed in position on or against a construction joint until
the joint has been inspected and passed by the Engineer.
12. Expansion and contraction joints are discontinuities in concrete designed to allow for
thermal or other movements in the concrete.
13. Expansion joints are formed with a gap between the concrete faces to permit subsequent
expansion of the concrete. Construction joints are formed to permit initial contraction of
the concrete and may include provision for subsequent filling.
14. Expansion and contraction joints shall be formed in the positions and in accordance with
the details shown on the Drawings or elsewhere in the Specification.
PRIVATE 5.12 Surface Finishes Produced Without Formworktc \l 15 ".9 Surface

Finishes Produced Without Formwork"
5.12.1 Classes of Finish
Horizontal or nearly horizontal surfaces which are not cast formwork shall be finished to the
class shown on the Drawings and defined hereunder:
a) U1 Finish
i) All surfaces on which no higher class is called for on the Drawings or instructed
by the Engineer shall be given a U1 finish.
ii) The concrete shall be leveled and screened to produce a uniform plain or ridge
surface, surplus concrete being struck off by a straightedge immediately after
compaction.
b) U2 Finish
i) The surface shall first be treated as a Class U1 finish and after the concrete has
hardened sufficiently, it shall be floated by hand or machine sufficient only to
produce a uniform surface free from screed marks.
c) U3 Finish
i) This is hard trowelled surface for use where resistance or appearance is

important, or which is subject to high velocity water flow. The surface shall be
floated as for a U2 finish but to the tolerance stated below. When the moisture
film has disappeared and the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent
laitance from being worked to the surface, it shall be steel-trowelled under firm
pressure to produce a dense, smooth uniform surface free from trowel marks.
5.12.2 Tolerances
a) The permissible tolerances on free surfaces shall not exceed the values given in Table
5.12.1
Table 5.12.1

Surface Tolerances (without use of formwork)
PRIVATE Tolerance in mm
Class of Finish
A B C
U1 Not applicable 10 + 20 or - 10
U2 Nil 10 + 20 or - 10
U3 Nil 5 + 12.5 or - 7.5
Notes: The tolerances A, B and C given in the Table are defined as follows:
 A is the maximum allowed value of any sudden change of level in the

surface
 B is the maximum allowed value of a gradual irregularity of the surface

as indicated by the gap between the surface and a three metre long
straightedge or correctly shaped template placed on the surface.
 C is the maximum allowed value of the difference in level or position

between a straightedge or correctly shaped template placed on the
surface and the specified level or position of that surface.
b) Where dimensional tolerances are given on the Drawings or elsewhere in the

Specification they shall take precedence over those given in Table 5.12.1.
PRIVATE 5.13 Surface Finishes Produced With Formworktc \l 15 ".10Surface Finishes

Produced With Formwork"
5.13.1 Classes of Finish
The surface finish to be achieved on formed concrete surfaces shall be as shown on the
Drawings and defined hereunder:
a) Class F1 Finish
i) This finish is for surfaces against which backfill or further concrete will be
placed. Formwork may be sawn boards, sheet metal or any other suitable
material which will prevent the loss of fine material from the concrete being
placed.
b) Class F2 Finish
i) This finish is for surfaces which are permanently exposed to view but where the highest
standard of finish is not required. Forms to provide a Class F2 finish shall be
faced with wrought thicknessed tongued and grooved boards with square edges
arranged in a uniform pattern and close jointed or with suitable sheet material.
The thickness of boards or sheets shall be such that there shall be no visible
deflection under the pressure exerted by the concrete placed against them. Joints
between boards or panels shall be horizontal and vertical unless otherwise
directed. This finish shall be such as to require no general filling of surface
pitting, but fins, surface discolouration and other minor defects shall be

remedied by methods agreed by the Engineer.
c) Class F3 Finish
i) This finish is for surfaces which will be in contact with water and for surfaces
prominently exposed to view where good appearance is of special importance.
To achieve this finish, which shall be free of board marks, the formwork shall be
faced with plywood complying with B.S. 1088 or equivalent material in large
sheets. The sheets shall be arranged in an approved uniform pattern. Wherever
possible, joints between sheets shall be arranged to coincide with architectural
features or changes in direction of the surface. All joints between panels shall be
vertical and horizontal unless otherwise directed. Suitable joints shall be
provided between sheets to maintain accurate alignment in the plane of the
sheets. Unfaced wrought boarding or standard steel panels will not be permitted
for Class F3 finish. The Contractor shall ensure that the surface is protected
from rust marks, spillages and stains of all kinds.
5.13.2 Curved Surfaces
a) For curved surfaces where F2, or F3 finishes are called for, the formwork face shall be
built up of splines cut to make a tight surface which shall then be dressed to produce the
required finish.
b) Alternatively single curvature surfaces may be faced with plastic or plywood linings
attached to the backing with adhesive or with escutcheon pins driven flush. Linings
shall not bulge, wrinkle or otherwise deform when subjected to temperature and
moisture changes.
5.13.3 Tolerances
a) All parts of formed concrete surfaces shall be in the positions shown on the Drawings
within the tolerances set out in Table 5.13.1.
Table 5.13.1
Tolerances Using Formwork
PRIVATE Tolerances in mm
Class of
Finish
A B C
F1 10 10 +25 to - 10
F2 5 10 +25 to - 15
F3 2 5 +10 to - 10
Note 1:The tolerances A, B and C given in the Table are defined as follows:
 A is an abrupt irregularity in the surface due to misaligned

formwork or defects in the face or the formwork.
 B is a gradual deviation from a plane surface as indicated

by a straightedge 3m long. In the case of curved surfaces
the straightedge shall be replaced by a correctly shaped
template.
 C is the amount by which the whole or part of a concrete

face is displaced from the correct position shown on the
Drawings.
Note 2:All abrupt irregularities on Class F2 and F3 finishes shall be eliminated

by grinding to achieve a transition of 1 in 50 between adjacent surfaces.
c) In cases where the Drawings or elsewhere in the Specification call for

tolerances other than those given in Table 5.10.1, they shall take precedence.
PRIVATE 5.14 Tolerances for Concrete Surfacestc \l 15 ".11 Tolerances for Concrete
Surfaces"
1. Concrete surfaces in the Permanent Works shall not vary by more than the
permissible amounts shown in Table 5.14.1.
Table 5.14.1
Tolerances for Concrete Surfaces, Clause 5.14 refers
PRIVATE Type of Dimension Measured Tolerance (mm)

Structure
Finish Produced with Finish Produced without
Formwork Formwork
Rough Fair/Fair Screened Wood/
(F1) worked Steelfloat
(F2 or F3)
Buried Concrete Position ± 25 - ± 25 -
Alignment ± 15 - ± 15 -
Height up to 5 m ± 25 - ± 15 -
Thickness ± 10 - ± 10 -
Straightness in 5 m ± 15 - ± 10 -
Plumb per m: Limit - - - -
Step Displacement 10 - 10 -
Ordinary Exposed Position ± 20 ± 20 ± 10 ± 10
Concrete Alignment ± 10 ± 10 ± 10 ± 3
Height up to 5 m ± 10 ± 10 - -
Thickness ± 10 ± 5 ± 5 ±5
Straightness in 5 m ± 15 ± 10 ± 10 ± 10
Plumb per m :Limit - - -
Step Displacement 5 3 5 0

Exposed ** Position ± 5 ± 5 ± 3 ± 3
Concrete (Where Alignment ± 5 ± 3 ± 3 ± 2
mechanical plant is Height up to 5 m ± 10 ± 5 - -
to be installed), Thickness ± 10 ± 5 ± 5 ± 5
Pre-cast Straightness in 5 m ± 5 ± 3 ± 5 ± 3
Concrete Screeds Plumb per m: Limit - - - -
Step Displacement 3 2 3 0
Measuring Devices Position - ± 3 - ± 3
(Flumes, Weirs Alignment - ± 3 - ± 3
etc.) Straightness in 5 m - ± 2 - ± 3
Plumb per m: Limit - - - -
Step Displacement - 0 - 0
NOTES:- ** This group is intended to be used where mechanical plant bears directly on the concrete. Where plant is
mounted on grouted bed shims and the like, work shall be constructed within the tolerances
specified for Ordinary Exposed Concrete.
PRIVATE 5.15 Mixing Concrete
1. Before any equipment for batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting

and finishing concrete is ordered or delivered to Site, the Contractor shall submit
to the Engineer full details including drawings of all the equipment which he
proposes to use and the arrangements he proposes to make.
2. Concrete for the Permanent Works shall be batched and mixed in one or more
central units unless the Engineer agrees to some other arrangement.
1. Batching and mixing equipment shall be modern efficient equipment complying

with the requirements of BS 1305 and capable of producing a uniform
distribution of the ingredients throughout the mass. Truck mixers shall not be
used unless the Engineer agrees otherwise, in which case they shall comply with
the requirements of BS 4251. If the equipment proposed by the Contractor does
not fall within the scope of BS 1305, it shall have been tested in accordance with
BS 3963 and shall have a mixing performance within the limits of Table 6 of
BSS 1305.
4. Unless the Engineer agrees otherwise, each mixing unit shall be tested for mix
variability as set out in Test C7 in Appendix C before it is used to mix concrete
for the Permanent Works.
5. All mixing operations shall be under the control of an experienced supervisor.
6. The aggregate storage bins shall be provided with drainage facilities arranged so
that drainage water is not discharged to the weigh hoppers. Each bin shall be
drawn down at least once per week and any accumulations of mud or silt

removed.
7. Cement and aggregates shall be batched by weight. Water may be measured by

weight or volume.
1. The weight and water dispensing mechanisms shall be maintained in good order.
Their accuracy shall be maintained within the tolerance described in BS 1305
and checked against accurate weights and volumes when required by the
Engineer.
2. The Weight of cement and off each size of aggregate indicated by the
mechanisms employed shall be within a tolerance of plus or minus two percent
of the respective weights per batch agreed by the Engineer.
3. Test shall be made by the Contractor at the intervals to be determined by the

Engineer and shall be carried out in his presence. For the purpose of carrying
out these tests, there shall be easy access for personnel to the weight hoppers.
The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the complete results of
all check tests and shall made any adjustments, repairs or replacements
necessary to ensure satisfactory performance.
11. The nominal drum or pan capacity of the mixer shall not be exceeded. The
turning speed and the mixing time shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer, but in addition, when water is the last ingredient to be added,
mixing shall continue for at least one minute after all the water has been added
to the drum or pan.
12. If the Engineer has reason to doubt the adequacy of the mixing, he may order a
variability test as set out in Test C7 in Appendix C and the Contractor shall
forthwith carrying out such test, the results of which shall comply with the
requirements shown in Appendix C.
13. The blades of pan mixers shall be maintained within the tolerances specified by
the manufacturer of the mixer and the blades shall be replaced when it is no
longer possible to maintain the tolerances by adjustment.
14. Mixers shall be fitted with an automatic recorder registering the number of
batches discharged.
15. The water to be added to the mix shall be reduced by the amount of free water
contained in the coarse and fine aggregates. This amount shall be determined by
the Contractor by a method agreed by the Engineer immediately before mixing
begins each day and thereafter as the Engineer directs. When the correct
quantity of water, determined as set out in the Specification, has been added to
the mix, no further water shall be added, either during mixing or subsequently.
16. After mixing for the required time, each batch shall be discharged completely
from the mixer before any materials for the succeeding batch are introduced.
17. Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly
cleaned before any fresh concrete is mixed.

18. The mixing shall continue until there is a uniform distribution of the materials
and the mass is uniform in a colour and consistency, butt in no case shall the
mixing be less than 1 minute for batches of up to 0.50 m3 and 1½ minutes for
larger batches after ingredients including the full amount of water are in the
mixer. The engineer may permit, subject to preliminary tests, to reduce the
above mixing times for high speed pan type mixers by half a minute. In addition
to that the engineer has the right to increase the above minimum mixing time
when the charging and mixing operations fail to produce a concrete batch
through out which the ingredients are uniformly distributed and the consistency
is uniform. The concrete shall also be uniform from batch to batch, except
where changes in compassion & consistency are required.
19. Mixers shall be cleaned out before changing to another type of cement.
5.16 Formwork
1. All forms shall be of wood or metal and shall be built grout-tight and of
sufficient rigidity to prevent distortion due to the pressure of the concrete and
other loads incidental to the construction operations. Forms shall be constructed
and maintained so as to prevent warping and the openings of joints due to
shrinkage of the timber.

2. The forms shall be substantial and unyielding and shall be so designed that the
finished concrete will conform to the proper dimensions and contours. The
design of the forms shall take into account the effect of vibration of concrete as it
is placed.
3. All formwork shall, unless otherwise directed, be provided with 25 mm by 25

mm angle fillets so as to form splays on internal and external angles.
4. A grout check formed from 25 millimetres square hardwood timber shall be

incorporated in the formwork to provide a clean, level, horizontal joint on
exposed concrete surfaces at the top of each lift.
5. All joints in the formwork shall be either horizontal or vertical. End formwork
shall be square across the mass of concrete.
6. Where concrete is to be deposited to a slope steeper than 20 degrees to the

horizontal, top formwork shall be used to enable the concrete to be properly
compacted unless the Engineer agrees otherwise.
7. Openings for the inspection and cleaning of the inside of formwork for walls,
piers and columns shall be formed in such a way that they can be closed
conveniently before commencing to place concrete.
8. Form clamps, tie bolts and anchors shall be used to fasten forms. The use of wire
ties to hold forms in position during placing of concrete will not be permitted.
Tie bolts and clamps shall be positive in action and of sufficient strength and
number to prevent spreading or springing of the forms. They shall be of such
type that no metal part shall be left within the specified concrete cover. For
water retaining sections, methods of fixing the forms which result in holes
through the concrete section when the formwork is removed shall not be used
and built-in wall ties shall be fitted with water baffles.
9. All forms for outside surfaces shall be constructed with stiff wales at right angles
to the studs and all form clamps shall extend through and fasten such wales.
10. The shape, strength, rigidity, grout tightness and surface smoothness of forms
which are re-used shall be maintained at all times. Any warped, bulged or
otherwise damaged timber shall be replaced. Forms which are unsatisfactory
shall not be re-used. If the surface finish on the formed concrete deteriorates as a
result of deterioration of the faces of the forms, the Engineer shall instruct that
forms be resurfaced, or discarded.
11. All forms shall be treated with approved mould or similar oil or be soaked with
water immediately before placing concrete to prevent adherence of concrete.
Any materials which adhere to or discolour concrete shall not be used.
12. All forms shall be set and maintained true to the line designated until the
concrete is sufficiently hardened. Forms shall remain in place for periods which
shall be as specified in relevant clause. When forms appear to be unsatisfactory
in any way, either before or during the placing of concrete, the Engineer shall
order the work stopped until the defects have been corrected.

13. All formwork shall be approved by the Engineer before concrete is placed within
it. The Contractor shall, if required by the Engineer, provide copies of
calculations of the strength and stability of the formwork and falsework.
Notwithstanding the Engineer's approval of these calculations, the Contractor
shall be held responsible for the safety and adequancy of formwork.
5.17 Falsework and Centering
1. Detailed plans for a false work or centering shall be supplied by the Contractor
to the Engineer at least 14 days in advance of the time the Contractor begins
construction of the false work. Notwithstanding the approval of the Engineer of
any designs for false work submitted by the Contractor, the Contractor shall be
solely responsible for the strength, safety and adequacy of the false work or
centering.
2. All false work shall be designed and constructed to provide the necessary rigidity
and to support the loads from the weight of green concrete and shuttering and
incidental construction loads.
3. False work or centering shall be founded upon a solid footing safe against
undermining and protected from softening. False work which cannot be founded
on satisfactory footings shall be supported on piling which shall be spaced,
driven and removed in a manner approved by the Engineer. The engineer may
require the Contractor to employ screw jacks, or hard wood wedges to take up
any settlement in the formwork either before or during the placing of concrete.
4. False work shall be set to give the finished structure the required grade and
camber shown on the Drawings.
5.18 Forms for Joints
1. Where permanent or temporary joints are to be made in horizontal or inclined

members, stout stopping off boards shall be securely fixed across the mould to
form a water-tight joint. The form of the permanent joint shall be as shown on
the Drawings.
2. Where reinforcement or water stops pass through the face of a joint the stopping
off board shall be drilled so that the bars or water stop can pass through, or the
board shall be made in sections with a half round indentation in the joint faces
for each bar so that when placed the board is neat and accurate fit and no grout
leaks from the concrete through the bar holes, joints or around the water stop.
5.19 Release Agents
1. Only approved chemical release agents, mould creams (emulsions of water in

oil) or oils containing a proportion of surfactant not exceeding 2 per cent will be
permitted. Water soluble emulsions and oils without surfactant shall not be used.
Oil based release agents shall be applied at a rate of 7 square meters per liter one
day in advance of concreting, preferably by spray or roller. Chemical release
agents shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
2. New timber face work shall be given three coats of release agent before use on

the work to ensure uniformity of porosity on the surface.
3. On no account shall the release agent come into contact with the reinforcement.
4. Forms to surfaces to be plastered or rendered shall not be so treated, but shall be
thoroughly wetted about half an hour before concreting.
5.20 Removal of Formwork
1. Formwork shall be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to the

concrete. No formwork shall be removed until the concrete has gained sufficient
strength to withstand safely any stresses to which it may thereby be subjected.
2. The minimum periods which shall elapse between completion of placing
concrete and removal of forms are as follows and apply to ambient temperatures
higher than 100C:
· Beam sides, walls and columns - 1 to 2 days

· Slab soffits - props remain undisturbed - 7 days
· Beam soffits - props remain undisturbed- 7 days
· Removal of slab props - 14 days
· Removal of beam props - 21 days
3. At lower temperatures or if cements other than Ordinary Portland are involved,

the Engineer may instruct longer periods.
4. Compliance with these requirements shall not relieve the Contractor of his
obligation to delay removal of formwork until such removal can be completed
without damage to the concrete.
PRIVATE 5.21 Grouting of Pockets and Holes and Underpinning of Base platestc \l 15
".19 Grouting of Pockets and Holes and Underpinning of Baseplates"
1. Pockets and holding-down bolt holes shall be thoroughly cleaned out using a
compressed air water jet. Holes drilled by a diamond bit shall be roughened.
The pockets and holes shall be filled with grout consisting of cement and clean
fresh water mixed in proportion of two parts by weight of cement to one part by
weight of water. The pouring of liquid grout shall cease as soon as each hole is
filled and any excess grout on the surface of the concrete foundation shall be
completely removed and the surface dried off before the following operations
detailed in the other sub-clauses proceed.
2. The space between the top surface of foundation concrete and the underside of
baseplates shall be filled with a special mortar made up in the following
proportions:
a) Portland cement .................... 50 kg

b) Fine aggregate .................... 50 kg
c) An additive acceptable to the Engineer to counteract
shrinkage in proportions recommended by the manufacturer.
3. The special mortar shall then be mixed with the lowest water-cement ratio which
will result in a consistency of mix of sufficient workability to enable maximum
compaction to be achieved.

4. The special mortar shall then be well rammed in horizontally below the
baseplate and from one edge only until it is extruded from the other three sides.
The mortar which has extruded shall then be rammed back to ensure complete
support without voids.
PRIVATE 5.22 Remedial Work to Defective Surfacestc \l 15 ".20 Remedial Work

to Defective Surfaces"
1. If on stripping any formwork the concrete surface is found to be defective in any

way, the Contractor shall make no attempt to remedy such defects prior to the
Engineer's inspection and the receipt of any instructions which the Engineer may
give.
2. Defective surfaces shall not be made good by plastering nor by sealing with
Vandex or any other sealing compound.
3. Areas of honeycombing which the Engineer agrees may be repaired shall be cut
back to sound concrete or to 75mm whichever is the greater distance. In the case
of reinforced concrete the area shall be cut back to at least 25mm clear distance
behind the reinforcement or to 75mm, whichever is the greater distance. The
cavity shall have sides at right angles to the face of the concrete. After cleaning
out with water and compressed air, a thin layer of cement grout shall be brushed
on to the concrete surfaces in the cavity and it shall then be filled immediately
with concrete of the same class as the main body and well vibrated/compacted
with the provision of a lip to enable concrete to be placed. The form shall be
filled to a point above the top edge of the cavity.
4. After seven days the lip of concrete shall be broken off and the surface ground
smooth.
5. Surface irregularities which are outside the limits of tolerance set out in Clause
5.13 shall be ground down in the manner and to the extent instructed by the
Engineer.
6. Defects other than those mentioned above shall be dealt with as instructed by the
Engineer.
PRIVATE 5.23 Remedial Work to Existing Structurestc \l 15 ".21 Remedial Work

to Existing Structures"
1. Where shown on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer, surfaces to existing

structures shall be sealed with Vandex or similar approved in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations. For water-retaining structures, two coats
shall be applied and in the case of other structures, only one coat shall be
applied.
PRIVATE 5.24 Hand Mixed Concretetc \l 15 ".22 Hand Mixed Concrete"
1. Concrete for structural purposes shall not be mixed by hand. Where

non-structural concrete is required, hand mixing may be carried out subject to

the agreement of the Engineer.
2. The mixing shall be done on a hard impermeable surface. The materials shall be
turned over not less than three times dry, water shall then be sprayed on and the
materials again turned over not less than three times in a wet condition and
worked together until a mixture of uniform consistency is obtained.
3. For hand mixed concrete the specified quantities of cement shall be increased by
10% and not more than 0.5 cubic metre shall be mixed at one time. During
windy weather efficient precautions shall be taken to prevent cement from being
blown away during the process of gauging and mixing.
PRIVATE 5.25 Non-Structural Concretetc \l 15 ".23 Non-Structural Concrete"
1. Non-structural concrete (NS concrete) shall be used for non-structural purposes

where shown on the Drawings.
2. NS concrete shall be composed of aggregates complying with all-in aggregate

within the grading limits of Table 3 off BS 882, Clause 3.3 and the type of
cements specified in Clause 3.5 or on the Drawings.
3. The weight of cement mixed with 0.3 cubic metres of combined or all-in
aggregate shall not be less than 50 kg. The mix shall be proportioned by weight
or by volume. The maximum aggregate size shall be 40 mm nominal.
4. The concrete shall be mixed by machine or by hand to a uniform colour and

consistency before placing. The quantity of water shall not exceed that required
to produce a concrete with sufficient workability to be placed and compacted
where required.
5. The concrete shall be compacted by hand or by mechanical vibration.
PRIVATE 5.26 Protection of Buried Concretetc \l 15 ".24 Protection of Buried

Concrete"
5.26.1 Materials
a) Plastic sheeting where shown shall be polythene sheeting 250 microns minimum
thickness (except where otherwise specified) to BS 743 to the approval of the
Engineer. The Contractor shall provide suitable samples for approval before any
concreting works shall begin.
b) All joints in the plastic meeting shall be made with an approved polythene based
adhesive tape. This tape shall also be used where tailoring of the sheeting to
complicated shapers is necessary, e.g. gullies, pipe ducts, etc.
c) Bitumen coating shall consist of one priming coat and one finishing coat of an
approved bitumen based high build asbestos filled liquid coating.

5.26.2 Concrete in Contact with Ground
a) Where directed by the Engineer or shown on the Drawings concrete work which
will placed directly against rock or soil or which will subsequently have backfill
placed against it will be protected in the following way from the aggressive
action of salts contained in rock, soil or groundwater:
i) Concrete placed directly against cut-face shall be protected by a layer of

plastic sheeting laid over the area to be concreted. All laps shall be at
least 300 mm wide and sufficient surplus sheeting shall be left to enable
a margin of at least 300 mm width to protect above the ground/concrete
interface to be sealed onto the adjacent finished concrete surface with the
bitumen coating. Special care shall be taken to avoid damage to the
plastic sheeting during concreting.
ii) Formed or free concrete surfaces against which backfill will

subsequently be placed will be protected by the application of bitumen
coating.
iii) No protection will be applied to surfaces against which concrete will

subsequently be placed, except as described in the following sub-clause.
5.26.3 Ground Floor Slabs
a) A layer of plastic sheeting will be laid over the blinding concrete and below the
ground floor slab. Laps in the plastic sheeting shall not be less than 300 mm and
adjacent sheets shall be securely taped down to prevent movement during
concreting operations. Care shall be taken to avoid damage to the plastic
sheeting during concreting.
b) In the case of ground floor slabs no protection shall be applied to the underside
of the blinding layer.
PRIVATE 5.27 Concrete Chamferstc \l 15 ".25 Concrete Chamfers"
1. 25 mm x 25 mm chamfers shall be formed on all exposed concrete arises unless

noted otherwise on the Drawings.
PRIVATE 5.28 Precast Concretetc \l 15 ".26 Precast Concrete"
5.28.1 Durability
a) Precast units required for use in exposed places, including items such as
curbstones and coping liable to be affected by de-icing salts shall be made with
concrete of a class not weaker than 30 Mpa and having a water/cement ratio as
low as possible consistent with proper compaction.
b) The concrete shall include an air entraining admixture to provide the following
air contents by volume of compacted concrete:
i) Concrete containing 40mm max. nominal size aggregate 3-5%

ii) Concrete containing 20mm max. nominal size aggregate 4-6%
iii) Concrete containing 10mm max. nominal size aggregate 6-8%
5.28.2 Dimensional Tolerances
a) Units shall be accurately formed to the dimensions shown on the Drawings and
within the tolerances set out in BS 8110 unless closer tolerances are called for
elsewhere in the Contract.
5.28.3 Surface Finish
a) The formed faces of precast units shall be finished to Class F3 as set out
elsewhere in the Specification unless another class of finish is specified on the
Drawings.
b) Free faces shall be finished to Class U2 unless another class of finish is specified
elsewhere.
c) In cases where a special finish is required a trial panel shall be constructed by the
Contractor which after approval by the Engineer shall be kept available for
inspection at the place of casting and production units shall thereafter match the
approved pattern.
d) Those parts of a unit which are to be joined to other units or to in situ concrete
shall be brushed with a stiff brush before the concrete has fully hardened.
Alternatively, if the concrete has been allowed to harden, the surfaces shall be
roughened by sand blasting or the use of a needle gun.
5.28.4 Handling and Storage of Units
a) Precast units shall be handled in a manner which will not cause damage of any
kind and shall be stored on a hard, impermeable base. Prestressed units and
large precast normally reinforced units shall be handled and stored so that no
stresses shall be induced in excess of those which they will incur in their final
positions in the Permanent Works unless they have been designed to resist such
stresses.
b) Units shall be provided with adequate lifting holes or loops, placed in the
locations shown on the Drawings or agreed by the Engineer and they shall be
lifted only by such holes or loops. Where it is not possible to provide holes or
loops, suitable sling positions shall be indicated in paint on the units.
c) Units shall be marked indelibly with the reference number and date of casting
and shall be stacked on suitable packers which will not damage the concrete or
stain the surfaces. Not more than two packers shall be placed under each unit
and these shall be located either at the positions of the permanent support points
or in positions such that the induced stresses in the unit will be a minimum.
5.28.5 Purchased Units
a) If the Contractor proposes to purchase precast units from a supplier, he shall

ensure that such units comply with the requirements of the Specification and

shall carry out any tests which the Engineer may require to check compliance.
b) Units shall not be obtained from any supplier who refuses free access by the
Engineer to the factory to inspect and test materials and workmanship.
5.28.6 Testing Units
a) Precast units shall be capable of safely sustaining the loads which they have been
designed to carry. If instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall subject
units selected by the Engineer to load tests simulating the working conditions.
Details of such tests shall be agreed between the Engineer and the Contractor.
b) In the case of units subject to bending loads the test piece shall be supported at
full span and a loading equivalent to 1.25 times the sum of the live and dead
loads which were assumed in the design shall be maintained for one hour
without the appearance of any signs of distress. The recovery one hour after the
removal of load shall be not less than 75 per cent of the full load deflection.
c) If the unit fails to meet the above, deflection tests shall also be carried out which,
on units subject to bending, shall be as follows:
c) The unit shall be supported at full span and a load applied in increments instructed by
the Engineer up to 95 per cent of the designed ultimate load. This load shall be held
for fifteen minutes without failure of the unit. The deflection at the end of this period
shall be not more than 1/40th of the span. The load shall then be further increased
until failure occurs.
e) If the unit fails to sustain the required load for the prescribed period or if the
deflection exceeds the specified amount, the Engineer may order two further
tests, and if either of these fail, the batch of units which they represent may be
rejected.
5.28.7 Precast Concrete Blocks
a) Precast concrete blocks shall conform to BS 2028, 1364: 1968 Type 'A' Dense
Aggregate Blocks. It shall be made in approved block making machine shall be
solid or hollow, of the sizes required and shall be made in approved moulds of
metal construction of sufficient strength to ensure the manufacture of blocks of
even size and shape. (200 X 200 X400) mm, (150X200X400) mm,
(100X200X400) mm.
b) Concrete blocks for general walling shall be of an approved size. Cutting where
necessary shall be such that clean sharp arrises are produced without fracture or
cracking of the portion to be used. Voids in cut blocks shall be filled solid with
concrete.
c) Where concrete blocks are described as 'hollow', cavities are not to exceed 1/3 of
the bearing surface and the material is in no case to be less than 50mm thick.
d) The face of concrete blocks to be plastered shall have a reasonably dense fair
finish from moulds.

e) All blocks shall be handled with care, as the use of damaged blocks will not be
permitted.

PRIVATE SECTION 6
CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES AND ANCILLARY WORKS
PRIVATE 6.1 Pipeline Generallytc \l 16 ".1 Pipelaying Generally"
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for setting out from information provided by the
Engineer and shall include for such work in his excavation rate.
2. The Contractor shall place temporary chainage markers beside the pipe route at intervals
of 100 metres and at all changes of direction. The Contractor shall maintain all the
markers until the end of the Defects Liability Period and shall replace any which become
displaced or are destroyed.
3. Prior to laying a section of pipeline sight rails shall be erected at each end and at each
change in grade and direction with a maximum distance apart of 100 metres. Sight rails
and boning rods shall be of substantial construction and shall be painted black and white
in such a manner as to indicate clearly the lines and levels to be worked to. The
Contractor shall include the cost of this work in his excavation rates.
6.2 Pipe Bedding and Surround
1. Pipes are to be laid, where directed, on a bed formed with approved selected material
carefully and thoroughly compacted over the trench formation. The Compaction Fraction
valve shall be determined in accordance with Test C9 of this Specification of this
Specification.
2. The trench bottom shall be backfilled to the levels indicated on the Drawings with
approved selected bedding material thoroughly compacted in 150 mm layers. As a result
the trench shall be smooth and free from stones, large dirt, and any solid material. Should
suitable material not be available from the particular excavation material, the Contractor
will utilise material from other sections of trench or works, or find a source of suitable
material.
3. Compaction shall be by hand using hand rammers of at least 7 kg weight or with

approved mechanical equipment.
4. Approved selected bedding material shall be well graded granular material free from
organic matter and with 100% passing through a 16 mm sieve and 90% passing through a
8 mm sieve.
6.3 Pipeline Setting Out and Alignment
1. All pipeline alignments given on the Drawings are indicative only and shall be finalized
on site to the approval of the Engineer.
2. Wherever possible pipelines shall be laid along the edges of existing or proposed roads
and tracks and interference with existing services shall be minimized.

3. Where pipelines are to be laid along the routes of future roads as indicated on the town
master plan, the Contractor shall request the Engineer to confirm the route prior to the
commencement of detailed setting out.
4. Setting out of transmission mains is indicated on the Drawings in terms of the angle of
rotation at each survey station.
5. The locations of pipe bends are indicated on the Drawings. Where a pipeline changes
direction but no bend is shown, the pipeline shall be laid to a curve by deflecting the pipe
at each joint. The maximum deflection shall not exceed three quarters of that permitted
by the manufacturer.
6. The pipes shall be placed in position true to profile and direction of slope be placed on
longitudinal sections on ascending grades from washouts to air valves. Such grades shall
not be less than 1 in 500 and sight rails shall be set up at all changes of grades where the
gradient is less than 1 in 200.
7. No pipe shall be laid in outlet trench conditions that preclude proper bedding or when, in
the opinion of the Engineer, the trench conditions or the weather are unsuitable for proper
installation.
8. Where a change of pipe direction cannot be made by deflection, the curve shall be made
by appropriate bend fittings.
9. No extra payment will be made to the contractor on account of changes in angular

deflection or of bends in addition to those shown on the drawings, if ordered by the
Engineer, save for the cost of additional bends and thrust necessitated thereby.
PRIVATE 6.4 Concrete Protectiontc \l 16 ".4 Concrete Protection"
1. Where required by the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer or where the required
minimum cover to the pipeline can not be achieved, the Contractor shall provide a
concrete surround in accordance with the details shown on the drawings. The bottom of
the trench shall be free of any loose material or debris and graded so that the minimum
dimension stated on the Drawings is maintained between the trench bottom and the barrel
of the pipe.
PRIVATE 6.5 Pipe Jointing Generallytc \l 16 ".5 Pipe Jointing Generally"
1. After the excavations of a section of pipe trench has been completed by the Contractor, it
shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall then place and
thoroughly compact an approved bedding material over the trench formation, after which
it shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer. Just before pipelaying, the trench
shall be cleaned of all stone, soil and other debris that might have fallen therein. The
pipes shall then be laid upon the bed with the bed being shaped to ensure uniform bearing
of the whole length of the pipe which shall include a depression being made in the bed to
accommodate each pipe joint. In laying a non-pressure pipe, the work shall commence at
the lower end and proceed uphill.

2. All pipes and fittings shall be examined for flaws, cracks, or any other damage
immediately prior to laying, and any defective pipe or fitting shall be rejected and marked
with a yellow cross in gloss paint to avoid, by accident, its incorporation into the Works at
a later date.
3. If the Engineer deems the defective pipe as being suitable for use, the defective pipe shall
be cut back at least 150mm beyond any visible flaw and prepared for jointing. In the
event of the Contractor opting to salvage pipes in this manner, he shall do so at his own
expense and carry out individual testing of the pipes so salvaged outside the trench prior
to laying. The foregoing shall all be in accordance with the Manufacturer's instructions
and subject to the written approval of the Engineer.
4. All pipe laying and jointing shall be carried out by experienced pipe layers, well skilled in
their work, to the grades, levels and lines shown on the Drawings.
5. For potable water gravity mains, pumping mains and distribution mains no pipe shall
deviate from line by more than ±200mm, nor by more than ±5mm from level.
6. For gravity sewer pipelines, no invert level shall deviate by more than ±5mm between
manholes, and no horizontal alignment shall deviate by more than ±10mm between
manholes.
7. Immediately before being laid, each pipe and fitting shall be carefully examined, and all
dust, dirt and foreign matter must be removed from the inside. Care shall be taken to
ensure that each pipe and fitting remains clean during the laying. The use of a badger will
be ordered by the Engineer, if, in his opinion, dirt is not being satisfactorily excluded.
The badger, on a sound rope, is to remain within the bore of the pipe previously laid and
jointed and it is to be drawn forward as the work proceeds throughout the whole length of
the pipelines all at the Contractor's expense The badger used is to be soft material which
will not damage the internal surface of the pipes.
8. Pipes shall mate concentrically with the next to preserve a true and uniform invert. Pipes
shall be uniformly bedded and shall not be allowed to rest on the joints or on hard objects
in the bottom of the trench.
9. After bedding to the correct line and level, pipes shall be jointed. The joints shall be those
recommended and supplied by the various manufacturers for each class and type of pipe
and the method of jointing including expansion gaps between pipes shall be strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
10. Jointing rings and the ends of pipes must be completely free of dirt and grit when the
joints are being assembled.
11. Where recommended by the manufacturer, approved non-toxic lubricant shall be applied
evenly over the entire surface of the pipe end and for a distance of 75 mm back to a
thickness similar to a brush coat of enamel. The lubricant supplied shall be used directly
from the container and shall not be thinned.
12. Due regard must be given to the thermal expansion of pipelines and where recommended
by the manufacturer, or directed by the Engineer, a gap shall be left between adjacent pipe
ends when each joint is made. The method of obtaining the required gap shall be

determined according to the type of proprietary joint supplied, as indicated by the

manufacturer.
13. If any solvent is spilt onto any pipes or fittings these may be rejected by the Engineer. If
any solvent is spilt into the trench, it should be flushed away to avoid damage to the pipes.
14. For the insertion of valves and other fittings and where required, pipes shall be cut and
prepared for use as necessary using approved tools and machines suitable for this purpose.
Such tools and machines shall be provided by the Contractor and kept available at all
times during pipe laying.
15. Particular attention shall be paid by the Contractor to the avoidance of causing damage to
any protective coatings during laying and jointing operations. Any damage thereto shall
be rectified immediately in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and to
the Engineer's entire satisfaction.
16. Screwed joints on galvanised steel pipes and fittings shall be properly cut and fully
screwed home, using approved jointing compound.
17. Flanged joints in cast iron or steel pipes and fittings shall have a rubber insertion ring,
fitted without twist or distortion. The flanges shall be drawn uniformly together with the
bolts fully tightened. No bolts shall be omitted. After jointing, the assembly shall be
protected against corrosion with "Denso" paste, "Denso"-tape and polythene sheeting, or
similar approved wrapping, which shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
written instructions and to the approval of the Engineer .
18. Additional care should be taken to ensure that there is no ingress of soil, sand, stones,
water, concrete, cement nor other extraneous material during the laying of pipes and
suitable caps or plugs should be used, to cover open ends in the event of a prolonged
interruption and on completion of each day's laying. The plugs shall be of the screw-up
expanding type or of close fitting tapered wood.
19. Pipes having integral sockets shall be laid with the sockets facing up-stream unless
otherwise agreed or instructed by the Engineer.
20. No more than 2 km of untested pipe shall be laid at any one time.
21. Before pipes are jointed they shall be thoroughly cleaned of all earth lumps,
stones or any other objects that may have entered the interior of the pipe.
6.5.1 Limitation in Lengthen of Open Trench
The following limitations for lengths of open trenched shall rule for a pipeline hard in one
continuos reach unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, and subject to any more stringent
requirements imposed by the competent authorities.
a) Not more than 100 m of trench in built-up areas and/or 300 m elsewhere, shall be
opened in advance of pipe laying
b) Not more than 300 m of pipe line shall be left un covered after pipe laying in a
built-up areas and not more than 600 m elsewhere.

If these lengths of open trench are exceeded or if, in the opinion of the Engineer, there is un due
delay in:-
a) Testing the pipe line

b) Removing surplus material
c) General tidying-up off areas where pipes have been laid
d) Partial restoration or maintenance of surface.
The engineer may order that no further trenches shall be opened until the outstanding work has
been carried out to his satisfaction and the contractor shall have no grounding for claims against
the employer on this account
PRIVATE 6.6 Supply, Transportation and Handling of Pipes
1. On delivery to the Site, pipes shall be carefully inspected for damaged ends, defects and
any found to be faulty shall be marked and set aside for a decision from the Engineer as to
their acceptability. Any pipes delivered with cracks or other equivalent defects will be
rejected and the Contractor shall remove from the Site.
2. Pipes with damaged ends shall be either completely replaced or have the ends cut off and
trimmed at the discretion of the Engineer. They shall be cut to approved standard lengths.
3. The Contractor shall ensure that all pipes are properly handled both by his staff and by
any cartage contractor employed by him. During transport, pipes shall not be allowed to
rest on narrow cross-members on vehicles or anything else that might give concentrated
loads due to the weight of the pipe or bumping of the vehicle, but shall be properly
supported on soft material. Sufficient labour and equipment shall be on hand before
loading and unloading is commenced and under no circumstances shall any material be
dropped from a vehicle. Any materials which have been dropped from a vehicle shall
immediately be rejected for use on the Works. The same shall apply for any pipes found
defective prior to laying.
4. The handling of any pipes exceeding 200 kg weight other than by means of a crane is
specifically forbidden. The Contractor shall maintain a suitable mobile crane on the Site
and shall use it for all loading, unloading, transferring between vehicles and lowering into
the trench of such pipes. The crane shall be fitted with a sling of ample width. Wire rope
slings or hooks in the ends of pipes shall not be used for pipes or fittings of any diameter
or weight.
5. All fiber cement pipes will be tested by the manufacturer to the test pressure required by
the class of pipe. Mishandling can cause latent defects which may result in fracture or
blowout during site-testing or when in service. The Contractor shall be fully responsible
for replacing immediately at his own expense any pipes failing from this cause.
6. The Engineer shall have the right to reject consignments or stocks of piping from which
failed pipes have been drawn, or order them to be pressure-tested outside the pipelines,
even though no defects are apparent, if there is reason to believe that mishandling has
taken place.
7. The Contractor shall be wholly responsible for the acceptance from the supplier of all

pipes and fittings ordered by the Employer, or Contractor.
8. After acceptance, full responsibility for the storage, handling, transporting, etc of the pipes
and fittings shall rest with the Contractor, and any pipes and fittings subsequently found to
be defective in any way shall be replaced by the Contractor at his own expense.
9. All materials ordered by the Employer shall remain the property of the Employer at all
times, and whilst these materials are in the possession of the Contractor the Contractor
shall insure the materials as though they were of his own supply.
10. The cutting of whole pipe lengths for use in closing sections of pipework will not be
permitted except with the express approval of the Engineer. Previously cut lengths, which
shall be stored separately shall be used, whenever possible, for closing sections. All cuts
and the preparation of the ends shall be made strictly in a accordance with the
Manufacturer's recommendations.
11. All materials ordered by the Employer shall be used under the direction of the Engineer.
12. Any surplus materials ordered by the Employer shall be transported to the Employer's
store at the end of the Contract, or when directed by the Engineer.
PRIVATE 6.7 Deviations at Jointstc \l 16 ".7 Deviations at Joints"
1. Where a pipeline is laid to a curve by changing direction at joints the maximum deflection
at each joint shall not exceed the following:
a) for any type of flexible joint, three quarters of the maximum permissible
deflection stated by the manufacturer;
b) for run lead joints in spigot and socket pipes, a deviation which will reduce the
clearance between the barrel and the socket to 6mm or the permissible deflection
stated by the manufacturer whichever is the less;
c) for welded joints in steel pipelines, the deflection shown on the Drawings. The
ends of the pipes shall be cut to suit.
2. No deviations shall be made at flanged or solvent welded joints.
PRIVATE 6.8 Painting of Pipe Work in Chamberstc \l 16 ".8 Painting of Pipework in

Chambers"
1. All metal surfaces within chambers shall be mechanically wire brushed to remove all
loose scale, grease etc. Within two hours of cleaning a primer shall be applied, followed
after two hours by a first coat of heavy consistency bitumen paint all to the approval of
the Engineer. A second coat of the heavy consistency paint shall be applied after 24
hours. The final coating thickness shall not be less than 250 microns.
2. Preparation and application of the coating system shall be strictly in accordance with the
Manufacturer's instructions.

3. This clause shall not be applied to chemically or thermally bonded coatings on steel pipes.
PRIVATE 6.9 Storage of Pipestc \l 16 ".9 Storage of Pipes"
1. Prior to undertaking any work, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for his written
approval, his proposals for the storage of pipes and all fittings thereto.
2. Such proposals shall ensure that all pipes are properly stored on Site in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations. During storage, pipes shall not be allowed to rest
on narrow cross-members or uneven ground or anything else that might give concentrated
loads due to the weight of the stacked pipes, but shall be properly supported on soft
material.
3. All uPVC pipes and fittings shall be continuously protected during storage by covering
them at all times with light gauge pale blue polythene sheeting or similar approved
material to prevent UV degradation. The height and method of pipe stacking shall be in
accordance with the Manufacturer's recommendations and such that excessive
deformation of the lower pipes is avoided.
4. All couplings rings shall be stored lying flat and particular care shall be taken to prevent
damage to the internal face of the ring or the spigot ends of the pipes which may affect the
sealing of the coupling.
5. All rubber jointing rings and gaskets shall be stored in a cool dry place away from grease,
oil and direct sunlight until required.
6. All pipework shall be kept well away from possible contamination sources e.g. on site
diesel storage.
PRIVATE 6.10 Pipe Anchor and Thrust Blockstc \l 16 ".11 Pipe Anchor and Thrust
Blocks"
1. Pipe anchor and thrust blocks, as shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer,
shall be constructed on pipelines at all valves and fittings (crosses, tees, bends cups, plugs
reducers and slopes greater than 1 in 4.
2. The Contractor shall ensure that each one is built firmly into the undisturbed bottom and
sides of the trench and that the ground is solid and has not been weakened by blasting or
softened by water from leakage or other causes. The blocks shall be of concrete Class B15
and shall have been completed and hardened and cured for at least seven days before
testing of the pipelines.
3. Anchor blocks will be measured per cubic metre of concrete required in accordance with
the Drawings and the rate shall include for all excavation, rough shuttering and screeding
of surfaces.
4. Care shall be to ensure that concrete for thrust blocking does not interfere with the
operation of flange bolts and nuts or prevent proper operation of valves.

6.11 Connections to Existing Pipelines
1. The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least ten days' notice of the date after which he
will be ready to make a connection to an existing pipeline. The Engineer shall notify the
Contractor, in writing of the date that the connection shall be made. The date notified
shall normally be within seven days of the date which the Contractor will be ready to
make the connection. All branches, valves, connectors, materials and tools for cutting and
preparing the pipe and making the connections shall be ready before any work is done on
the pipe. The nearest sectional valves shall then be shut off, the pipe drained and the
connections made, all as expeditiously as possible to minimise disruption of use of the
pipeline. The pipeline shall then be refilled slowly while the connections are checked
carefully for satisfactory operation and any remedial works shall be undertaken
immediately.
6.12 Fixing of Valves
1. Valves shall be securely fixed with a spindle in a vertical position, unless otherwise stated.
They shall be checked for ease of operation and water-tightness. Spindles shall be
supported at intervals recommended by the valve manufacturers, but in any case at not
less than 1,500 mm intervals.
2. Before each valve is put into service, all gears, bearings and spindles shall be oiled with
an approved oil, as recommended by the manufacturer. No deleterious matter shall be
allowed to come into contact with the working faces, and oil sumps shall be maintained
clean.
3. Every stuffing box shall be examined when the main is charged with water, and leaking
boxes shall be adjusted or repacked with square plaited lubricated hemp packing of
approved manufacture. The stuffing box shall not be packed so tightly as to materially
affect the friction of the packing on the spindle.
4. No air valve shall be stored in the sunlight, or upside down to expose the balls and air
cavities. Air valves shall be checked before the main is charged to ensure that the balls
and faces are not scored or split, and that there is no dirt or deleterious material in the
cavities of the body. All air nozzles should be checked to see they are clear.
5. All valves shall be installed with a suitable dismantling joint to enable the valve to be
removed from the pipeline. The clear gap provided by the joint shall be not less than 15
mm.
PRIVATE 6.13 Valve Chamberstc \l 16 ".14 Valve Chambers"
1. Chambers and/or surface boxes for gate valves, air valves, hydrants and washouts shall be
constructed to the details shown on the Drawings and in the positions shown on the
Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
2. Step irons conforming to BS 1247 shall be built into the walls of chambers to which
permanent access is provided, as the work proceeds.
3. Ladders may be used in place of step irons if agreed with the Engineer.

4. Covers and frames shall be provided as shown on the Drawings. The tops of the covers
shall be flush at all points with the surrounding surface of paved areas or as directed in
unpaved areas. Any slight adjustment of the slab level which may be necessary to
accomplish this shall be effected by topping the side walls with concrete.
5. Where any pipes are built into concrete or blockwork the pipe shall be surrounded in two
layers of polythene sheeting unless a puddle flange has been shown on the Drawings.
PRIVATE 6.14 Manhole Covers, Step Irons and Ladderstc \l 16 ".15 Manhole Covers,
Valve Boxes, Step Irons and Ladders"
1. Manhole covers and valve surface boxes shall comply with BS 497, or BS 1426and be
to the approval of the Engineer. Manhole covers shall be of medium duty, double seal
type equipment or as shown on the Drawings, and shall be lockable and be supplied with
padlocks of a type approved by the Engineer, all operable with a master key.
2. Manhole covers and frames, valve surface boxes and fire hydrant covers shall be painted
after installation with bitumen paint in accordance with Clause 6.8 of this section of the
Specification.
3. Step rails shall be constructed of 16 mm diameter bars as indicated on the Drawings. Step
rails shall be spaced at 300 mm centres.
4. Permanent ladders shall be of galvanised mild steel and shall be in accordance with BS
4211. Rungs shall be 20mm diameter solid round bar and shall be at 300mm centres.
Stringers shall be 65mm x 10mm strip set 300mm apart, shall extend 1.0m above the top
rung and shall be turned out at the bottom and drilled for 12mm stainless steel holding
down bolts. Intermediate and top support stays shall be 100mm x 10mm strip, bolted to
the stringers with 12mm galvanised bolts and shall be of a length that will give a
minimum clearance of 200mm behind the rungs. Support stays shall have a maximum
spacing of 2.5m.
5. Ladders exceeding 4.0m height shall be equipped with a safety cage consisting of hoops
of 50 mm x 8 mm strip bent to a diameter of 0.76m, fixed to the stringers at 0.55m
centres and joined by one additional stringer of 50mm x 8mm strip at the maximum
distance from the rungs.
6.14.1 Valve Boxes
Each valve shall be provide with a valve box which shall be installed plumb and centered over the
key nut of the valve. The valve shall be set such that traffic loads are not transmitted to the
valve. Valve box covers shall be set flush with the existing road surface or as instructed by the
Engineer. Valve boxes shall provide for adjustment of the cover to a level 200 mm higher or
200 mm lower than the installed level for future adjustment of the road or ground surface. The
surface box shall be supported in place by a precast concrete block to prevent displacement on
settlement of backfill as shown on the construction standard drawing. The backfill around the
box shall be compacted to prevent the settlement and displacement by traffic. In un travelled
surfaces, stone masonry shall be constructed around the surface box to prevent its removal.

6.14.2 Hydrants
Hydrants shall be installed as shown on the drawing and shall be located as directed by the
Engineer. The hydrant shall not be less than 500 mm from the gutter surface of the curb or the
edge of the road.
Hydrants shall be set plumb. Hydrants shall be s et with the connector 100 mm below finished
ground or side walk surface unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. The cover box shall be
installed flush with the surrounding ground or directed by the Engineer. Care shall be in
installing the connection pipe from the main to the hydrant to ensure that the hydrant is set at the
specified level.
6.14.3 Air Valve and Chambers
Air valves shall be installed on the high points of water supply and transmission pipelines as
shown on the drawings and where ordered by the Engineer. Connections shall be made to the
top of the pipe line as shown on the construction standards. Complete with isolating valve,
blow-off piping and fittings.
6.14.4 Public fountain
Additional public fountains shall be constructed as shown in the drawings at the locations
directed by the Engineer.
PRIVATE 6.15 Manholestc \l 16 ".16 Manholes"
6.15.1 General Requirements
a) Manholes shall be constructed to the sizes and levels and of the materials indicated on the
Drawings, taking into account also the requirements of this Clause. Ladders, step irons
and other fixtures shall be in accordance with Clause 6.15 or as detailed on the Drawings.
b) Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, manholes shall be constructed after pipes have
been laid, except that bases may be constructed earlier to avoid deterioration of the
formation.
c) Backfilling around completed manholes shall be with suitable material deposited equally
all round and compacted in layers not exceeding 300mm.
6.15.2 Manhole Bases
a) Precast bases shall be carefully set and levelled on a sub-base of 150mm of compacted
granular bedding.
b) In situ concrete bases shall be cast on a firm formation from which soft areas have been
removed. If the base includes reinforcement, a preliminary blinding layer of concrete
50mm thick shall be placed.
6.15.3 Brick Manholes
a) Bricks for manholes shall be either an engineering class brick or a sound hard low

permeability brick complying with BS 3921 and approved by the Engineer.
b) Bricks shall be laid on a full bed of 1:3 cement/sand mortar and all cross joints shall be
filled. Bricks shall be laid with frogs up. Joints on the inside faces shall be flush pointed
as the work proceeds unless the faces are to be rendered in which case the joints shall be
raked out to a depth of five millimetres. Rendering shall consist of 1:2 cement/sand
mortar applied to the thickness shown on the Drawings.
6.15.4 In Situ Concrete Manholes
a) Formwork for interior faces shall Class F2. Exterior faces may be cast against formwork
or against natural ground. In-situ concrete manholes shall be constructed generally in
accordance with Section 5 of this Specification.
6.15.5 Manhole Covers and Frames
a) Covers and frames shall be the type, size and weight shown on the Drawings. Frames
shall be set in 1:3 cement/sand mortar to the levels indicated on the Drawings. Level
differences shall be made up by not more than three courses of brickwork between the
frame and the roof of the manhole or shaft.
b) Care shall be taken to see that frames do not suffer any distortion and that the cover will
seat without any rocking.
6.15.6 Testing Manholes
a) All pipes leading into a manhole shall be effectively plugged and the manhole shall then
be filled with water to the top or to 1.5m above the highest pipe soft whichever is the less.
b) If the water level drops by more than 25mm in thirty minutes, the Contractor shall search
for, repair the leak and then repeat the test.
PRIVATE 6.16 Sealing of Cable Ductstc \l 16 ".17 Sealing of Cable Ducts"
1. As shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, cable ducts and similar openings
into buildings or structures are to be sealed with a combination of expandable foam and
outer sealant to prevent the ingress of water or vermin into such buildings and structures.
2. Surfaces for treatment shall be clean and grease free and porous surfaces shall be sprayed
with water to ensure full curing of the expandable foam.
3. Expandable foam shall be applied and allowed to be cured in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
4. Any accidental spraying of existing or new Plant with expandable foam shall be cleaned
using Acetone or Tangit Cleaner, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations
and all at the Contractor's expense.
5. Health precautions shall be taken during the application of the expandable foam in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

6. After the expandable foam has cured, an outer sealant is to be applied to the exposed
surfaces of the plug formed by such foam. The sealant shall be a silicone based building
sealant.

SRS Water resource development Bureau Dec. 2011
PRIVATE SECTION 7
BUILDING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKSTC \L 1 "SECTION 7

BUILDING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS"
PRIVATE 7.1 Damp Proof Coursetc \l 17 ".1 Damp Proof Course"
1. The sheeting for horizontal damp proof courses shall be fibrous asphalt felt cut to cover
the entire width of the foundation walls. It shall protrude beyond the outer face of the
wall for a minimum of 25mm, the last 10mm of which shall be turned down on an
approved profile to form an anti-ant lip, and laid on a cement screed trowelled smooth. At
all angles, intersections etc. the material must be lapped not less than 75mm.
2. A damp proof membrane of 500-gauge polythene shall be laid under floor slabs where
indicated on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer and shall have laps of not less than
200mm at all joints.
3. Damp proof courses shall conform with the requirements of BS 743.
PRIVATE 7.2 Bonding to Concretetc \l 17 ".2 Bonding to Concrete"
1. All door frames shall be fixed with hold fasts screwed to the frames one end and built into
block work or concrete at the other end. Alternatively hold fasts may be formed as an
integral part of metal door frames. Door frames shall have three hold fasts at each side.
2. The hold fasts shall be of 6mm x 25mm galvanised wrought iron 200mm long, one end
turned up, twice drilled and countersunk for screwing to frames with stout screws and the
other end formed swallowtail for building into brickwork etc.
3. Bonding ties shall be of 6mm x 15mm galvanised wrought iron 150mm long with both
ends formed swallowtail for building into block work, etc.
PRIVATE 7.3 Paintingtc \l 17 ".3 Painting"
7.3.1 Delivery and Storage
a) All materials are to be delivered to the site in the manufacturers' original containers with
seals unbroken and are to be clearly marked with the manufacturer's name or trade mark
and a description of the contents, colour or pattern, and, if applicable, the conditions for
storage and the date by which they shall be used.
b) All materials are to be stored at Site in accordance with the manufacturer's directions and
to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
7.3.2 Materials Samples and Tests
a) During the course of the work the Engineer may take samples of any of the paints,
varnishes, stains or sealers, either from the sealed or open containers, before or during

use.
b) When requested by the Engineer to do so, the Contractor shall submit samples for testing
in accordance with the applicable standard. The costs of such test, including transport and
incidental costs, shall be borne by the Contractor if the results show non-compliance with
the Specification.
c) Any work executed with materials tested and found not to comply with the requirements
of the Specification shall be burnt off or otherwise removed and re-executed as directed
by the Engineer.
7.3.3 Workmanship
a) Before painting, varnishing, staining or sealing is commenced, every possible precaution

shall be taken to keep down dust.
b) Only skilled workmen shall be employed. A properly qualified foreman shall be

constantly in attendance on the work while it is proceeding.
c) All brushes, tools and containers used in carrying out the work shall be clean and free
from foreign matter and shall be thoroughly cleaned before being used for a different type
of material.
d) All containers shall be kept securely covered with tight fitting lids when not in use.
e) The Contractor shall arrange his work so that any treated surfaces to be subsequently
covered up shall be treated before they become inaccessible.
f) The painting work shall be carried out in accordance with the applicable standards and all
painting varnishing, staining or sealing shall be executed in dry conditions and when
relative humidity is less than 80%. No such finishes shall be applied to surfaces
structurally or superficially damp and all surfaces must be ascertained to be free from
condensation, dust, oil or any other foreign matter before application of each coat.
g) Rubbing down prior to application of the final coats shall be my means of the wet process
with waterproof glass paper. Preliminary coats of paint shall be lightly rubbed down with
fine sandpaper before the next coat is applied.
h) Finishing coats shall be applied evenly over the whole surface to give a solid film free
from brush marks, sags, runs, orange peeling or other defects.
i) The Contractor shall clean down all paintwork on completion, remove all marks due to
spill and leave all painted surfaces to the complete satisfaction of the Engineer.
7.3.4 Samples of Workmanship and Colour
a) The Contractor shall prepare samples of the different finishes on the appropriate backing
material, with the correct priming and undercoats where applicable, for acceptance by the
Engineer, including alternatives as directed. These samples shall be prepared at least
twenty-eight days before commencement of the actual work.

7.3.5 Preparation of Surfaces
a) General
i) All surfaces shall be thoroughly prepared and shall be clean, free from loose dirt
or other impurity. No paint shall be applied until all surfaces are thoroughly dry.
ii) Preparation of the different materials to receive decorative and protective finishes
shall be as specified below.
b) Concrete and Concrete Blockwork
i) Plaster and rendering surface to be painted shall be brushed down to remove loose
materials and dust. The surface shall be washed, where directed with a minimum
of worm water & detergent, and allowed to dry.
ii) All plaster & rendering surfaces to be painted shall be corrected, all minor
defects, cracks and holes.
iii) All concrete and concrete block work surfaces to be painted shall be brushed
down thoroughly to remove all loose material, mortar dropping and nibs.
c) Plaster and Rendering
i) All surface to receive paint shall be rubbed down smooth with fine abrasive and
cleaned of all grease or any other deleterious matters.
ii) All surfaces shall be thoroughly sanded and all nail holes, cracks and any other
defects shall be puttied to a smooth and flush finish.
d) Iron and Steelwork
i) All metal surface shall be oil painted unless other paints are specified. All steel
components other than galvanized steel shall be prepared and primed in the shop
and finish painted after erection.
ii) All metal surfaces to be painted shall, prior to application of paint be prepared in
the following manner:-
 All soil or other foreign matter (other than grease & oil) shall be
removed by brushing & scraping
 Oil or grease shall be removed by wiping the surface with rags or
brushes wetted with an approved solvent
 Excessive rust scale shall be removed by hand clipping or or by power
impact tools

iii) Rough welds and sharp edges shall be ground smooth and all weld spatter shall be
removed.
iv) The whole surface shall be cleaned by means of powered steel scrapers or steel
brushes.
e) Galvanised Iron and Steel
i) Galvanised iron and steel surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove all
grease, dirt, dust etc.
7.3.6 Priming
a) General
i) Before priming, painting, varnishing, staining or sealing is started, all possible

precautions shall be taken to keep down dust.
ii) All metal fittings and fastenings shall be removed before the preparatory processes
are started. They shall be cleaned and refined in position on final completion of
the work.
b) Special Priming
i) Unless the paint manufacturer recommends otherwise the following materials

shall receive special priming:
ii) Cement based surfaces, such as concrete, fair face blockwork and brickwork,
render and plaster, and asbestos free boards containing cement which are to
receive oil based paints, shall be treated with an alkali-resistant primer.
iii) Galvanised iron and steelwork shall be treated with calcium plumbate or a two-
pack etching primer.
iv) Copper shall be treated with a suitable etching primer.
v) Hardwood shall be treated with aluminum primer.
vi) The smooth face of hardboard shall be treated with specially formulated
hardboard primer.
viii) All uncoated iron and steelwork cleaned of rust, millscale, etc., in
preparation for painting shall be primed within twenty-four hours of
preparation whether at the works or on Site.
7.3.7 Painting for Different Surfaces
7.3.7.1 Oil Paint to Steel Surfaces
i) One or two coats of anti-corrosive paint and two coats of oil paint. Sufficient time shall

be allowed for drying for each new coat.
ii) Galvanized metals are to be painted, they shall be first etched with 5% acetic acid and
washed clean before priming.
7.3.7.2 Oil Paint to Wooden Surfaces
i) Paints shall be applied in 3 coats including one coat of prime paint. Sufficient time shall be
alluded for drying between each new coat.
7.3.7.3 Plastic Paint for Concrete Surfaces
1 coat under coat & 2 coats of approved plastic emulsion
PRIVATE 7.4 Plumbingtc \l 17 ".4 Plumbing"
7.4.1 Pipe work
a) Water supply pipe work shall be of galvanized steel and should comply with BSCP
310:1965
b) Internal sanitary pipe work shall be of UPVC and shall comply with BSCP 304:1968.
standard.
c) External sanitary pipe work shall be of concrete as detailed in Section 3.14 of this
Specification.
7.4.2 Galvanized Mild Steel Pipes
a) Galvanized mild steel pipes and fittings shall comply with BS1387 Class or "Medium
Grade". Threading for screwed and socket joints shall be in accordance with the
requirements of BS 211. Joints shall be made with an approved pipe jointing compound
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Red lead compounds shall not be
used. Joints in underground piping shall be coated with bitumen or other approved
composition.
7.4.3 Fittings for Galvanized Pipes
a) All fittings for galvanized steel water pipe work shall be galvanized heavy weight fittings
in accordance with BS 1740. Fittings for waste pipe work shall be galvanized malleable
iron complying with the requirements of BS 143.
b) Brass or gunmetal fittings shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
7.4.4 Fixing of Pipework
a) Galvanized malleable iron brackets shall be used for fixing galvanized steel pipes up to
50mm diameter. Pipes larger than 50mm diameter shall be fixed with galvanized iron or

brass hinged holderbats. For fixing to timber stout galvanized pipe clips screwed to the
timber shall be used.
b) Beneath floor slabs drainage pipes shall be encased with 150mm surround of Class B15
concrete.
7.4.5 Sanitary Ware
a) Sanitary ware in white glazed fire clay shall be to the Engineer's approval.
b) Lavatory basins shall be 275 x 450 and shall be supplied complete with 2 No. 300mm
porcelain enameled cast iron fixing brackets, 30mm chromium plated grid waste with
plug and chain, 30mm chromium plated bottled trap, 38mm seal, and 12mm chromium
plated pillar taps as necessary.
c) W.C. suites shall be to the Engineer's approval and shall either be supplied complete with
11 liter white fire clay low level cistern with vertical valve and chromium plated flush
handles, 30mm porcelain enameled steel curved flush pipe including jointing to pan and
cistern and white plastic seat or complete with 11 litre high level cast iron cistern with
chrome plated chain and handle, 33mm flush pipe including jointing to pan and cistern
and white plastic seat.
d) Shower units shall comprise 38mm chromium plated grid waste, 38mm copper P-trap,
12mm dia. chromium plated stop cocks and mixing valve as required and 12mm diameter
chromium shower arm with 100mm dia. shower head.
e) Stainless steel sinks and drainers shall comprise 20 SWG pressed stainless steel single
bowl single drainer sink overall size 1350mm x 525mm fixed in kitchen cabinet framing
complete with 38mm dia. chromium plated grid waste with plug, chain and combination
overflow, 38mm copper P-trap with brass cleaning eye and combined taps and mixer with
swivel inlets with adjustable centers. Double units shall be provided where these are
indicated on the Drawings.
f) Bathtub units shall comprise white porcelain enameled cast iron bath 1675mm or
1525mm long as required complete with 38mm chromium plated grid waste, 38mm bath
trap assembly and 19mm chromium plated pillar taps or combined taps and mixers as
required.
7.4.6 Taps and Stopcocks
a) Taps and stopcocks shall be to the relevant BS 1010. Stopcocks shall be fitted on the main
service as it enters any building.
7.4.7 Testing and Sterilising
a) All pipe work shall be tested in accordance with Clause 8.2 of the Specification and shall
be sterilized to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
PRIVATE 7.5 Block Work Wallingtc \l 17 ".5 Blockwork Walling"

1. The blocks for walling shall comply with Clause 5.27 of this Specification and shall be
properly bonded together and in such manner that no vertical joint in any one course shall
be within 100mm of a similar vertical joint in the courses immediately above or below.
2. Alternative courses of walling at all angles and intersections shall be carried through the
full thickness of the adjoining wall. All perpends, reveals and other angles of walling
shall be built strictly true and square.
3. The blocks shall be bedded and jointed in 1:3 cement/sand mortar with beds and joints not
more than 20mm or less than 12mm thick, all flushed up and grouted solid as the work
proceeds. All walling shall be properly protected as the mortar is setting.
4. Ends of lintels, sills, joints, roof trusses, etc. shall be built in and bedded solid in mortar.
Block walls etc. shall be pinned up to the underside of concrete beams and slabs with
cement.
5. Timber frames shall be built in with holdfasts and bedded solid and pointed both sides in
cement mortar. Lugs of window frames shall be built in or cut and pinned to blockwork.
Frames shall be bedded solid in mortar and pointed in approved mastic applied with a
caulking gun externally.
6. All holes for pipes, electrical conduits, etc. mortices for bolts, dowels, etc. shall be cut or
formed grouted up in cement and made good.
7. Horizontal reinforcement consisting of approved fabric shall be provided in every third

course to span between the vertical block reinforcement. A proprietary wall
reinforcement system may be used with the Engineer's approval.
8. At corners and junctions of walls all horizontal reinforcement shall be lapped 300mm.
The cavities of the blocks shall be filled with 1:3 cement/sand mortar around a mild steel
reinforcing bar.
9. External faces of block work shall be rendered with 12 mm thick 1:5 cement/sand mortar
to BS 5262 with a wood float finish.
10. Internal faces of block work shall be plastered with an undercoat to suit the blockwork
surface. The total thickness shall be 20 mm.
11. All block work shall not be erected more than one meter above another at a time. All
blocks shall be well wetted before use and the top of unfinished walls shall be wetted
before work is recommenced.
PRIVATE 7.6 Polythene Sheetingtc \l 17 ".8 Polythene Sheeting"
1. Polythene sheeting shall comply with BS 4646.
PRIVATE 7.7 Precast Concrete Productstc \l 17 ".9 Precast Concrete Products"
1. Lintels to windows, louvers and door openings where these are separate from the
reinforced concrete ring beam can be of precast concrete complying in all resspects with

BS 1239. They shall bear 300mm on supports and shall be cast with a recessed throating
under the front edge. Design calculations for lintels shall be submitted to the Engineer for
approval before casting is commenced.
PRIVATE 7.8 Workmanship in Timbertc \l 17 ".10 Workmanship in Timber"
1. All joiner's work shall be wrought and finished with a clean even and smooth surface,
arises straight and cleanly cut, and all to be properly framed together, single or double
mortised, and tenonned housed, dovetailed or fitted with all proper and suitable joints
whether these are shown on the Drawings or not, and all joints shall be fitted without
stopping, the whole being glued, feathered, tongued and fixed with screws, nails etc. all
detailed on the Drawings or as approved by the Engineer and in accordance with the best
class of workmanship.
2. Adhesives used for timber work shall be synthetic resins of the phenol and amenoptastic
type BR in accordance with BS 1204 Parts 1 and 2.
3. Nails for joinery shall be oval lost head nails.
4. Screws shall be countersunk wood screws. Steel screws shall be used only in concealed
positions, or where the work is to be painted, elsewhere brass shall be used. Steel screws
in contact with aluminum shall be dipped in zinc chromate solution before fixing. Iron
mongery is to be fixed with screws of the same metal, except for aluminum which shall
be fixed with chromium plated brass screws.
5. All joinery shall be properly protected from injury or from weather by casing wherever
required.
PRIVATE 7.9 Wooden Doors and Windowstc \l 17 ".11 Wooden Doors"
7.9.1 General
a) The materials sample used in the construction of wooden doors shall in accordance with
BS 459. Doors and windows shall be obtained from an approved manufacturer and the
details and methods of construction shall be to the Engineer's approval.
7.9.2 Flush Doors
a) Flush doors shall be 45 mm thick overall, faced both sides with 4mm plywood and lipped
on all edges with 10 mm thick hardwood. External doors shall be faced both sides with
exterior quality plywood and assembled with waterproof adhesive to type MR of BS
1203. Suitable blocking pieces for door furniture shall be built in. Glazed vision panels
shall be inserted as shown on the Drawings and shall be to the approval of the Engineer.
b) Cupboard doors shall be as above but 40mm thick overall.
7.10 Metal Doors and Windows
1. Metal frames shall be of Seko profile, or similar approved, be manufactured from

galvanized steel and shall comply with BS 990.

2. Surface pannels for doors shall be manufactured from galvanized 15 mm thick sheet steel
and shall be corrugated as indicated on the Drawings.
3. Surfaces of the doors shall be seamless and surface sheets shall be continuously welded
along vertical edges.
4. All welds shall be primed with zinc rich primer.
5. Doors shall be strong, rigid and neat in appearance and free from warpage or buckle.
Corner bends shall be true, straight and the minimum radius for the gauge of metal used.
6. Two samples of each type of door, door frame, window frame and door and window
furniture shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval at least four weeks prior to
construction.
7. Shop drawings of doors, door frames and window frames shall be submitted to the
Engineer for approval prior to fabrication. Shop drawings shall show size, material,
thickness, matrices, reinforcement and anchor details.
7.11 Door and Window Furniture
1. Each door shall be provided complete with all hinges, handles, locks, three keys per lock,
bolts, door stops etc. and all necessary screws, bolts and other fixings. Double leaf doors
shall be provided with barrel bolts top and bottom of the first closing leaf, complete with
flush mounted floor socket, and handle for the top bolt extended to 2.0m above floor
level.
2. Door furniture shall be to the approval of the Engineer. (generally shall be manganese
brass sanded, toned bronze lacquered flush and lacquered).
3. Windows shall be provided with all necessary hinges, fasteners, locks, catches, stays, etc.
Fittings generally shall be manganese brass, sanded, toned and bronze lacquered and fixed
just prior to glazing and carefully protected against damage.
7.12 Glazing
1. All glass is to be of approved manufacture complying with B.S. 952 and to be of the
quality specified, free from bubbles, smoke wanes, air holes and other defects. Glazing
shall be clear or obscured glass, set in metallic putty and shall be subject to the approval
of the Engineer.
2. Clear glass shall be used for all windows except in toilets or as otherwise directed by the
Engineer.
3. Glazing shall be carried out in accordance with BSCP 152 "Glazing and fixing of glass in
buildings", and the window manufacturer's instructions.
4. All cracked, broken, scratch, chipped or other with defective glass, shall be taken out
and replaced all glaziers work shall be cleaned and polished inside and out and left prefect

on completion.
PRIVATE 7.13 Metal Louverstc \l 17 ".15 Metal Louvres"
1. Metal louvers shall be pressed from steel sheet of minimum thickness 1.22mm (18
gauge). They shall be rust proofed at works by the hot dip galvanizing process and
supplied complete with steel frames and coupling transoms and mullions as required. All
metal louvers shall be supplied complete with fine copper mesh woven fly proof
screening fixed to the interior face.
PRIVATE 7.14 Roofing Works
7.14.1 Corrugated Sheet Metal Roofingtc \l 17 ".16 Corrugated Sheet Metal Roofing"
1. Galvanized corrugated sheet steel for roofing shall be Ethiopian 28 gauge with 125 mm
corrugations complying with BSCP 143 Part 10 and the brand and manufacturer shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer. Aluminum roofing shall comply with BSCP 143
Part 1.
2. Sheets shall be fixed with side laps of one and a half corrugations and minimum 300mm
end laps secured to purlins by galvanised iron bolts and iron and lead washers spaced not
more than 300mm apart horizontally on each purlin.
3. Ridges, hips and valleys shall be 28 gauge galvanised sheet, minimum 450mm girth with
roll tops and fixed with 90mm galvanised iron screws and iron and lead washers spaced
not more than 300mm apart lapped 150mm at junction of lengths and with edges close
dressed into corrugations of sheeting.
4. Valleys shall be inverted, lapped 150mm at ends of lengths close welded and securely
fixed under edges of roof sheeting.
PRIVATE 7.14.2 Proprietary Sheet Metal Roofing
1. Proprietary sheet metal roofing shall be Ethiopian 28 gauge I.B.R fluted sheeting 747 mm
wide to the approval of the Engineer. Cranking of sheets shall only be carried out by the
manufacturer, and all flashings etc. shall be Ethiopian 28 gauge standard units supplied by
the manufacturers. The fixing of all sheeting and flashings etc. Shall be in accordance
with the manufacturers details and as shown on the Drawings.
7.14.3 Bituminous Felt Roofing
7.14.3.1 Bituminous
1. Bituminous Roofing felt shall be in accordance with BS 747 Part 2, and shaall be laid in
accordance with BSCP 144 Part 3.
2. Before laying roofing felt the underlying concrete surface shall have any cracks
and expansion joints sealed with a bituminous patching compound. A slip membrane
comprising one layer of one ply roofing felt shall be laid and adhered to the concrete at
all edges.

3. Two under layers of two ply roofing felt shall be applied with 100 mm overlaps
between strips, bonded with bitumastic compound at all edges. The overlap joints
between successive layers shall be staggered to half the strip width.
4. A surface layer of Grey Mineralized Surface felt of an approved colour, shall be laid with
100 mm overlaps, fully bonded with hot applied bitumen compound.
7.15 Ceiling
Ceiling shall be of 8 mm chipboard attached to a suitable grid of wooden cross runners. The
surface of this ceiling shall be painted with a plastic emulsion coating after treatment with a
scalar under coat.
7.16 Fencing and Gatestc \l 17 ".17 Fencing and Gates"
1. Steel barbed wire and metal or precast concrete posts used in compound boundary fences
and gates shall be of galvanized steel to the details indicated on the Drawings.
2. Posts, stays and gates shall be primed with one coat of zinc chromate paint and finished
with two coats of oil based aluminum paint.
3. The whole of the fencing shall be to a pattern approved by the Engineer.
4. The costs with bent tops shall be of Grade 25, precast reinforced concrete and
approximately 3.2 m long over all. The posts shall be sunk into the ground and bedded in
concrete so as to stand 2.4 m high and shall be spaced at 3 m intervals. Holes of 25 mm
dia. Shall be cast into each posts, through which the fencing wires shall pass.
5. The steel fencing wire shall be 12 S.W.G and shall be attached galvanized iron straining
bolts of 13 mm securely fastened to the straining posts. Suitably strutted straining posts
shall be provided at all corners and terminals points and in strength runs at intervals not
exceeding 300 mm.
6. The entrance gates shall be single leaf or double leaf, to the details and dimensions
shown fabricated from DN 50 standard black water pipe and black iron fittings, and
covered with 50 mm welded square mesh. The gates shall be hinged to reinforced
concrete gate posts and shall be complete with locks and stops. All metal parts shall be
painted in accordance with the pertinent clauses of Section 7.3.7.1.
PRIVATE 7.17 Ladderstc \l 17 ".18 Ladders"
1. Unless otherwise indicated permanent ladders shall be of mild steel and shall be in
accordance with BS 4211. Rungs shall be 20mm diameter solid round bar and shall be at
300mm centres. Stringers shall be 65mm x 10mm strip set 300mm apart shall extend
1.0m above the top rung and shall be turned out at the bottom and drilled for 12mm
holding down bolts. Intermediate and top support stays shall be 100mm x 10mm strip,
bolted to the stringers with 12mm bolts and shall be of a length that will give a minimum
clearance of 200mm behind the rungs. Support stays shall have a maximum spacing of
2.5m.
2. Ladders exceeding 4.0m height shall be equipped with a safety cage consisting of hoops

of 50mm x 8mm strip bent to a diameter of 0.76m, fixed to the stringers at 0.55m centers
and joined by one additional stringer of 50mm x 8mm strip at the maximum distance
from the rungs.
3. All components of ladders shall be galvanized after cutting, drilling and welding and all
fixing bolts, nuts washers, etc, necessary to complete the installation shall be provided.
4. Ladders to insides of water retaining structures shall be galvanized mild steel.
PRIVATE 7.18 Open Mesh Steel Flooringtc \l 17 ".19 Open Mesh Steel Flooring"
1. Open mesh flooring shall be to BS 4592 and shall be painted black in accordance with the
Specification.
2. Kicker plates 100mm high shall be provided round all openings.
PRIVATE 7.19 Chequer Plate Flooringtc \l 17 ".20 Chequer Plate Flooring"
1. Chequer plate flooring shall be of mild steel and manufactured with diamond chequering
or other non-slip pattern. The plates shall be of sufficient thickness not to bend or spring
in ordinary usage and shall be fitted evenly and truly into steel angle frames or curbing
with suitable attachments for building into concrete flooring.
2. The plates and frames shall be painted an approved colour in accordance with the
Specification.
7.20 Hand railing
1. Hand railing shall be designed and manufactured in accordance with Handbook No. 7
(revised 1973) published by the Engineering Equipment Users Associations. It shall
consist of 38 mm diameter galvanized steel sections of tubing BS 1387. Screwed at each
end. The sections shall be jointed by 38 mm diameter galvanized steel equal crosses,
equal tees or short radius 90o bends where appropriate, such that the top rail shall be 1
meter and the lower rail 0.5 meter above the concrete slab, and the spacing between
standards shall be 2 meters maximum. A 38 mm diameter galvanized steel flange shall be
screwed to the base of each standard and drilled for four 20 mm diameter, 100 mm long
steel lag doors which shall be cast into the R.C. slab.
2. All hand railing components shall be galvanized after cutting, screwing and drilling and
shall be supplied complete with all bolts, nuts, washers and other fixings necessary to
complete the installation.
7.21 Rainwater Goods
1. These shall be of galvanized steel 28 gauge.
2. Gutters shall be of the box type, 150 mm square in cross section or as shown on the
Drawings.

3. Down pipes shall be 100 mm square or as shown on the Drawings.
4. Gutters shall be laid to falls as directed.
5. The general arrangement of the drainage system shall be to the Engineer's approval.
7.22 Weep Holes
Weep holes shall be in masonry above all masonry flashings and at the bottom block in exposed
masonry at 600 mm or horizontally.
7.23 Pointing
Brick or hollow block walls to be pointed shall have the joints raked out to depths of 25 mm and
pointed in cement mortar composed of 1 part of cement and 1/2 part of lime and 3 parts of sand
by volume. Mortar is to be properly ironed to level
7.24 Terrazzo Tile
Terrazzo tiles for flooring and base shall be 200 mm x 200 mm x 20 mm units complying with
the latest Ethiopian Standard. Colour and pattern shall be selected by the Engineer.
7.25 Ceramic Tile
Ceramic tile for walls shall be 150 mm x 150 mm x 5 mm units complying with BS 1281. Color
and pattern shall be selected by the Engineer.
7.26 Plastic Floor Tiles
Plastic tiles shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and the
engineers instructions.
The under laying concreted surface shall be finish with a 30 mm thick 1:3 cement/sand mortar
screed shall be finished level & smooth.
7.27 Cleaning up and Protection of Floors
All floor finishes are to be left in a clean and perfect condition, and all dirt, grease, extrusions of
bedding and other adhesive material are to be carefully removed without damaging the floor
finish.
The contractor must protect all floors & skirting from damage. Any faulty sections, cracked,
broken or chipped tiles etc. must be replaced and made good as must any other damage resulting
from the floor not being properly protected.

PRIVATE SECTION 8
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
8.1 General
8.2 Scope of Work
This work includes the supply, erection, installation, testing, commissioning and putting to
work complete L.V. supply network, all electrical installation, services and street lights as
shown generally in the drawings and described in this specification.
8.3 Testing of Completed Installation
Site testing of the general electrical installation shall be carried out on completion of sections
of the works, or at any time as requested by the Engineer. These test shall be witnessed and
three copies of Test Certificates giving the results of the tests shall be submitted.
The following tests shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of EELPA.
- Insulation resistance tests between phases and each phase to earth.
- Earth continuity tests on all circuits

- Line and neutral earth loop impedances from selected positions on site
8.4 As Built Record Drawings
A complete and detailed lay-out drawing together with the specification of materials used for
the works shall be submitted at the completion of works.
8.5 Material & Execution
8.5.1 General
Materials used in the works shall be new, the best of their respective kinds, and obtained from
manufactures approved by the Engineer.
1. Materials shall be fully in accordance with qualities, tolerances, tests,

recommendations, methods of workmanship and requirements as described or named
in the relevant British Standard Specification, the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) Publications, or in conformity with the latest edition of EELPA
specifications.
2. The Contractor, when and if required, shall supply samples where or prototypes of all
materials or workmanship before work is put in hand. The samples shall be retained
until the main bulk of materials is delivered to site.

8.5.2 Mounting Heights
Except where otherwise detailed in the drawings or stated in the Bill of Quantities all
accessories and fittings shall be fixed at the following heights above finished floor level:-
 Distribution boards 1700 mm to centre line of board

 Lighting switches and push buttons 1400 mm
 Lighting switches and push buttons above beds 1000 mm
 Sockets (general 300 mm)
 Sockets on or above benches 1500 mm above bench top
 Sockets in workshops 1100 mm
 Telephone outlets 300 mm
 Bells 2100 mm
8.6 Underground Cable Ducts
8.6.1 General
Underground cable ducts for incoming power supply cables and telephone service cables to the
buildings, shall be supplied and installed by the Contractor. It shall be the responsibility of the
Contractor to ensure that the underground duct is installed correctly according to each partys
requirements, and to the purpose. The Contractor shall liaise closely with EELPA and ETA
to ensure that their requirements are fully satisfied. It shall be the Contractor s responsibility
to ensure that adequate information concerning easy bends, directions of runs, etc. is given
before work commences.
8.6.2 Precast Concrete Pipes
Precast concrete pipes for cable drawing shall comply with the requirements of ES C D3.326.
The pipes shall be jointed in cement sand mortar mix 1:3.
Precast cement pipes shall be measured in length and shall be understood as including fitting
and related earth and concrete work.
8.6.3 Galvanized Steel Pipes
Galvanized steel pipes for cable drawing shall generally comply with the requirement of BS
1387, light gauge having threaded ends to BS 21.
Galvanized steel pipe laid for cable drawing shall be measured in length and understood as
including all earth, masonry and concrete work.
8.6.4 PVC Pipes
PVC drain pipes for cable drawing shall generally comply with the requirement of BSS 5481.
PVC pipe laid for cable drawing shall be measured in length and understood as including all
earth, masonry and concrete work.

8.6.5 Manholes
Manholes shall be in precast concrete C-20 quality, brick or Class A hollow block work as
indicated and detailed in the drawings. The manholes shall be laid on a minimum concrete bed
of 150 mm, C-20 concrete.
Manholes other than precast concrete shall be rendered internally and externally with two coats
of cement mortar. Joints of precast concrete manholes shall be flush pointed.
Manholes covers shall be in cast iron cover and frames or C-25 precast reinforced concrete.
Manholes shall be enumerated stating size and shall be deemed to include related earth and
other works for the completion of the work.
8.7 Conduits for Internal Wire Drawing
All metal conduits shall be heavy duty galvanized and shall be laid in straight and symmetrical
lines. The ends of all conduits shall be carefully trimmed to remove all burrs and sharp edges
after the screw threads have been cut. The ends of the conduits shall be but welded solidly in
all couplings, and where conduits terminate in switch fuses, fuse boards, adaptable boxes etc.,
they shall be connected there to by means of smooth bore male brass brushes, compression
washers and sockets. All bends shall be made on site to suit site conditions and not more than
two right angle bends shall be permitted without the interposition of a draw box. No tees,
elbows or bends either solid or inspection will be permitted, unless specifically mentioned in
the specification or in the drawings.
All PVCC conduits shall be of high impact PVC type. Ends shall be carefully trimmed of all
burrs. Joints shall be made using adhesive supplied by the conduit manufacturer.
8.8 Cubicle Panel Boards
The Contractor shall supply and install medium voltage main distribution panels as indicated
in the drawing. The main distribution panel shall be of the cubicle panel type. The Contractor
shall submit detailed drawings of the proposed panel lay-out for approval of the Engineer.
The design and arrangement of the panel shall be such as to permit the ready addition or
replacement of incoming and outgoing cables. There shall also be ready access to any
component requiring maintenance including all bolted or clamped connections.
8.9 Main and Sub Distribution Boards
The Contractor shall supply and install distribution boards in the positions indicated on the
drawings. All sub-main distribution boards shall be complete with isolator of fused switch as
applicable.
The distribution boards shall be complete with all necessary earth bonding gland-plates, cable
entries, fixing brackets and supports for the cables specified and the locations indicated.
Sub-distribution boards shall be surface-flush mounted as specified in the Bill.

Distribution boards shall be of the type fully enclosed sheet steel cabinets and hinged cover.
Each shall be a one standard panel section having the number of pitch units as detailed in the
drawings. Boards shall consist of approved single and triple pole miniature circuit breakers.
The current rating and type of each panel are indicated on the appropriate distribution boards
diagram.
Unused reserve pitch units shall be fitted with moulded plastic cover strips. Full facilities shall
be provided within the panel for the fitting of future additional circuit breakers. The current
rating and type of each panel are indicated on the appropriate distribution boards diagram.
Distribution and sub-distribution boards, bus bar rating, type of mounting (surface, flush) etc.,
shall be indicated in the drawing. The reference number of the Board shall be used in the Bill.
Distribution boards shall be enumerated and understood as including all related works.
Terminal covers shall be of molded plastic, surfaces mounted with bare plate, 35 mm wider
rail and wire entry knock outs. Terminal covers shall include all related work.
8.10 PVC Cables
Underground cables shall be PVC bedded, steel wire unarmored-armored and PVC served
overall. Unless, specifically indicated otherwise, all cables shall have copper conductors.
PVC sheathed and insulated power cables shall generally be of the type Siemens NYY 0.6-
KV or equivalent.
PVC cable shall be measured in length and understood as including all related work.
8.11 Light, Power and Socket Outlets
8.11.1 General
Unless indicated on drawings or schedules the following shall be the minimum standard of
light, power switch and other outlets fittings.
Outlets shall be enumerated and understood as including all related work.
8.11.2 Light Points
Light points fed through specified size PVC insulated conductors of type Siemens NYM or
equivalent, in thermoplastic conduits of 13.5 mm diameter for recessed installation, including
junction boxed with cover insulating caps, as well as flush mounted switches.
8.11.3 Light Switch
Light switches shall be of commercial grade quality, shall have a rating to suit the circuit load.
Those subjected to water spray or splash and to dust and those located out-off-doors shall be
weather proof. Those located in chemical feed building and the chlorination rooms shall be
corrosion resistant to the effects of chlorine contamination.

8.12 Socket Outlets
8.12.1 General
All socket outlets shall generally be Siemens SCHUKO type or similar approved by the
Engineer
8.12.2 Socket Points
Socket points shall be of specified rating fed through PVC insulated conductors inside
thermoplastic conduits of diameter as shown in the drawings for recessed installation including
junction boxes with covers and insulting caps.
8.12.3 Power Outlets
Power outlets shall be of specified rating PVC sheathed cable in specified size of thermoplastic
conduit for recessed installation, including junction boxes with covers and insulating caps.
8.12.4 Telephone Outlest
Conduits for telephone system shall be installed complete as indicated in drawings. The
wiring for each telephone outlet shall be carried out by the Ethiopian Telecommunication
Authority. The Contractor shall liaise with ETA to verify that adequate concealed conduits
have been included.
Telephone conduits shall be thermoplastic conduit for recessed installation.
8.12.5 Bell System
Bell system with buzzer and call indicator panel of specified number for flush installation,
including bell transformer 220/8V.
8.12.6 Light Fixtures
Light fittings and fixtures shall be approved type and be installed as indicated on the drawings
and the Bill.
Tungsten filament lamps shall be of the general service type and coiled coil pattern in
applicable size where lamps are visible under normal viewing conditions, they shall be of the
Argenta K (Pear) lamp types.
All fluorescent lamps shall be of the bright white colour, temperature around 4000 K (Philips
TL-33) or equal which combines well with daylight.
The reference number for light fittings as indicated on the drawings and schedules shall be
strictly adhered to.

8.13 Sundry Items
8.13.1 Poless
Galvanized or mild circular steel pipes painted with aluminum paint shall be constructed and
erected in accordance with the detail drawings for street lighting. C-25 concrete shall be used
for anchoring the poles.
8.13.2 Earthing
The installation of the earthing system shall be in accordance with Section D of EELPA
regulations. The sub-contractor shall supply, install and connect all necessary conductors,
clamps, connectors, terminals etc., for an efficient earthing system.
The entire electrical installation together with the armoring or metallic sheathing of all cables
shall be electrically continuous throughout forming a completely bonded earth system.
The Contractor shall ensure that every complete earth loop circuit comprising conduits, cable
sheaths, core conductors etc. shall have an impedance value not exceeding that laid down in
the latest edition of EELPA Regulations.

SECTION 9
TESTING AND STERILISATION TC \L 1 "SECTION 8 TESTING

AND STERILISATION"
PRIVATE 9.1 Cleansing of Pipelinestc \l 18 ".1 Cleansing of Pipelines"
1. All of the pipelines shall be cleaned by pigging and the cost of this shall be included in the
rate for pipe laying, unless otherwise allowed for in the Bill of Quantities.
2. The Contractor shall put forward his proposals for the method of programming of the
pigging and sterilizing to the Engineer and obtain his written approval at least 28 days
prior to commencement.
3. After testing, but prior to sterilization, the length of pipeline of differing diameters shall
be separately swabbed by passing a foam pig throughout each length or sections of each
length as may be convenient at the discretion of the Engineer. The pig shall be inserted
at one end of the length to be cleaned and its movement caused and controlled by feeding
water into the pipeline from a convenient connection behind the pig and allowing the
water to discharge to waste at the other end through a washout or other temporary valued
arrangement.
4. Perforated discs shall be provided by the Contractor and temporarily inserted between
conveniently situated flanged items in the pipeline to retain the pig where the
configuration of the pipework and location of washout do not in themselves permit proper
retention of the pig.
5. The time for any pigging operations to commence shall be decided by the Engineer and
the operation of the Employer's existing apparatus to provide a supply of water and the
rate of supply shall be strictly under the control of the Engineer.
6. Pigging shall be repeated as many times as necessary to ensure the complete removal of
all extraneous material from the pipelines to the complete satisfaction of the Engineer.
7. The Contractor shall allow in his rates for all labour, plant, materials, the supply of water
and compliance with all other obligations specified herein.
8. Before handing over any pipeline to the Employer, the Contractor shall pass through it a
rubber disc plunger or swab and in the case of jointed pipelines shall simultaneously flush
the line with clean water. Both ends shall then be closed by temporary plugs or bulkheads
to prevent entry of dirt or foreign matter.

9.2 Testing of Pressure Pipelines
9.2.1 General
a) The Contractor shall provide all water, fittings, blank flanges, test pumps, pressure gauges
and all necessary labor, tools and materials for the testing of pipelines and pipe work and
shall include for this in his rates. Flange adaptors suitable for each pipe diameter and
material will be supplied with the pipe.
b) The Contractor shall put forward his proposals and programming for testing to the
Engineer and obtain his written approval prior to commencement.
c) No section of pipe work will be accepted by the Engineer or paid for until all
requirements regarding tests have been fulfilled.
d) Any section of pipe work which fails to pass the tests applied shall have the defects made
good by the Contractor and a further test carried out. The cost of all remedial work and
re-testing shall be borne by the Contractor.
e) The Contractor shall inform the Engineer at least 24 hours before a length is ready for an
inspection or test.
9.2.2 Water Tests on Pressure Pipelines
a) Pipelines in trenches shall be satisfactorily tested before backfilling over joints and
fittings, but after all concrete anchor blocks and surrounds have set. Trenches shall be
kept dry until the pipes have been satisfactorily tested.
b) The length of the section of pipelines to be tested may be determined by the Contractor
but shall not exceed 600 meters and shall be approved by the Engineer. Levels of the
length of pipe section under test shall be such that the maximum test pressure, of 1.5 times
the maximum allowable working pressure, is achieved at the lowest point whilst the
minimum test pressure, of 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure, is
achieved at all other points.
c) The ends of the section to be tested shall be blanked off by means of the end pieces, blank
flanges or discs provided by the Contractor, together with any temporary anchorages that
may be required to prevent any movement of the pipes during the test. Valves shall not
be used to isolate test sections of the pipeline.
d) No filling of pipes with water for testing purposes shall be undertaken without the prior
agreement of the Engineer. The pipeline or pipework shall be filled with water in such a
manner as to prevent shock and the accumulation of air, and kept under observation for
leakage at static head for twenty four hours or until the lining is saturated. The water for
this purpose shall be reasonably clear and free of solids and suspended matter. If the
Engineer is satisfied that the water content of the pipeline has been maintained a pressure
test shall commence in the presence of the Engineer.
e) The pressure shall be raised slowly to 1.5 times the maximum working head specified for
the class of pipe and maintained at that pressure for a period long enough for the Engineer

to examine the whole section under test or as per the manufacturers instructions
whichever is longer period.
f) Thereafter, for a period of not less than 4 hours, the leakage of water as measured by the
amount drawn into the pumps to maintain the pressure, shall not exceed 0.10 liter per 24
hours for each 1,000 meters of pipeline for every millimeter of internal diameter of pipe
for each 30 m head of pressure applied at the lowest point.
g) All pipes or joints which are proved to be in any way defective shall be replaced or
remade and retested as often as may be necessary until a satisfactory test shall have been
obtained and any work which fails or is proved by test to be unsatisfactory in any way
shall be redone by the Contractor at his own expense.
h) On completion of a satisfactory test any temporary anchor blocks shall be broken out and
stop ends removed, and backfilling of the pipeline shall be completed.
i) No section of pipe work shall be accepted by the Employer until all requirements of the
test have been obtained.
j) On completion of successful tests on all sections, an overall test over the entire length of
main shall also be carried out.
9.3 Sterilization of Water Mainstc \l 18 ".3 Sterilisation of Water Mains"
1. Potable water mains shall be sterilized after pigging and final pressure testing operations
have been completed by filling them with chlorinated water containing at least 20 mg per
litre of free chlorine.
2. Filling of the mains shall be effected through a metered connection from an approved
source and chlorination shall be carried out at this filling point. The Contractor shall allow
in his rates for a metered connection from the existing supply, should this be utilized, to
the new main and also for the temporary provision of suitable chlorinating apparatus and
its installation and such a chlorinator shall be capable of accurate dosage.
3. Before commencing chlorination, the Contractor shall submit for the Engineer's approval
the chlorine sterilizing agent he proposes to use. The Contractor may submit for the
Engineer's approval an alternative method for sterilizing the mains and should this be
given, it shall in no way limit the Contractor's obligations in complying with the
requirements below.
4. The chlorinated water shall remain in the main for 24 hours after which period samples
shall be drawn off as directed by the Engineer to determine the chlorine residual of the
water. The mains shall then be flushed out with water from the approved source and
further tests of chlorine residual taken to ensure that the heavily chlorinated water has
been completely evacuated from the main. Samples shall then be taken from a suitable
connection and sent for bacteriological examination by the Contractor to an approved
laboratory.
5. The samples shall be taken by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer. If the results
of the test on the samples show that the water contains any presumptive or typical
coliform organisms in 100 ml of water the mains shall be either reflushed or the whole
sterilization process repeated as the Engineer may direct.

6. All operations affecting the Employer's existing supply mains shall be carried out only
after the Engineer's approval has been given and then under the direct control of the
Engineer and all arrangements for sterilization shall be as directed by the Engineer who
may require lengths of mains to be sterilized in separate sections.
7. The Contractor shall allow in his rates for all labor, plant, materials, the supply of water
and compliance with all other obligations specified herein. Any repetition of sterilization
which may be required shall be at the Contractor's own expense and to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
PRIVATE 9.4 Testing of Concrete Structures Designed to Retain an Aqueous Liquidtc \l

18 ".4 Testing of Concrete Structures Designed to Retain an Aqueous Liquid"
1. All concrete structures designed to retain water or other liquids shall be tested by the
Contractor after completion for water tightness. Such testing will not be allowed to begin
until the structure has been fully completed and all concrete has reached its specified
strength. The Contractor shall make preparations to begin testing as soon as possible after
each main structure has been completed.
2. The tests shall be carried out by filling the structure with clean potable water obtained
from an approved source. The Contractor shall be responsible for organizing the supply of
water and all costs involved including for water and transport if necessary.
3. After cleaning to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the structure shall be filled at an
approximately uniform rate of increase of water level of not more than 2m in 24 hours to
the intended top water level.
4. The water shall be left to stand for seven days, during which period visual examination
and readings of water levels shall be taken. To allow for absorption where the structure is
constructed of concrete, the level shall be maintained by topping up as necessary for four
days. To allow for evaporation, an approved "evaporation tank" of minimum depth 1m
shall be provided by the Contractor and supported inside the structure with its open top
above top water level.
5. The evaporation tank shall be partially filled with water, to approximately the same level
as the structure, and the levels monitored during the test period.
6. After the four days absorption period, no topping up of the structure or the evaporation
tank shall be carried out. For the following three days, the water levels in the structure
and in the evaporation tank should be noted at intervals of twenty four hours. During this
period, the outer faces of the structure shall be carefully examined for signs of damp
patches. If, after allowance for evaporation, the level in the structure is found to have
dropped by more than 3mm in any twenty four hour period, or by more than 9mm
overall, or there is excessive evidence of damp, i.e. "wet to the touch", during any time
over a continuous 24 hour period on the outside faces, then the structure shall be deemed
to have failed the test. If, after allowance for evaporation, the level in the structure has
not dropped by more than 3mm in any twenty four hour period, nor by more than 9mm
overall, and no signs of excessive damp are visible on the outside faces, then the structure
shall be deemed to have passed the test.

7. If the structure does not satisfy the conditions of the test, and the daily drop in water level
is decreasing, the period of test may be extended for a further three days and if the
specified limit is then not exceeded the structure may be considered as satisfactory.
8. Should the structure be deemed by the Engineer to have failed the test, the Contractor
shall be responsible for, and bear the expense of, locating the source of leakage and
carrying out all necessary remedial work as required by the Engineer to make the
structure water-tight. A further test shall then be carried out as before and the procedure
shall be repeated until the structure is deemed by the Engineer to have passed the water
tightness test.
9. In reservoirs consisting of more than one compartment, each compartment should be

separately tested to the level of the top of the division wall or walls before conducting the
test to overflow level.
10. Roofs to potable water retaining structures shall be tested by the Contractor for water
tightness on completion. The Contractor shall flood the roof to a minimum depth of 25
mm of water for a period of 24 hours. The roof shall be considered satisfactory if no
leaks or damp patches show on the soffit.
11. The structures will not be accepted by the Employer until they have been ascertained to be
in a perfectly useable and watertight condition to the complete satisfaction of the
Engineer.
12. No claim for extra payment to the Contractor shall be allowed if for any reason the
Engineer is unable to allow filling or emptying to be carried out at the time requested by
the Contractor.
13. The costs of all testing including the provision of water for water-retaining structures shall
be deemed to be included in the Contractor's rates for concrete.
PRIVATE 9.5 Sterilization of Structures for Potable Watertc \l 18 ".5 Sterilisation of

Structures for Potable Water"
1. On completion of the test for water-tightness, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the
Contractor shall thoroughly clean the interior of the structure by hosing down the roof,
walls, columns, baffle walls and floor with clean, potable water, from an approved source,
and removing all debris, soil, silt or other material.
2. After the structure has been cleaned as described, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the
Contractor shall, when instructed by the Engineer and under the direction of the Engineer,
sterilize the structure by chlorination as described below.
3. The Contractor shall provide a suitable chlorinator (including the provision of the
chlorine), which shall be capable of injecting the required concentration of chlorine
solution at a steady rate into the structure.
4. The Contractor shall introduce at least 30 milligrammes per litre of free chlorine whilst
filling the structure to a minimum depth of 100mm.
5. The Contractor shall then spray all surface areas to the underside of the roof, walls,

columns and pipework with the heavily chlorinated water by means of a stirrup pump or
similar appliance. A pump which requires petrol or fuel oil for its prime mover shall not
be used inside the structure, but at the Engineer's discretion, an electrically driven pump
may be used.
6. On completion of the spraying to the Engineer's satisfaction, the heavily chlorinated water
shall be drained out of the structure and each compartment shall be filled with potable
water from an approved source, to a minimum depth of 200mm. This water shall then be
drained out and the structure filled with potable water to overflow level.
7. Samples shall be taken as directed by the Engineer after the structure has been full for a
period of at least two hours and shall be sent to an approved laboratory for analysis. If the
results of the tests show that the water contains any presumptive or typical coliform
organisms in a 100 ml water sample then sterilisation shall be repeated until the tests show
that all pollution has been eliminated.
8. On completion of sterilisation, the Contractor shall close off access to the structure to all
personnel, and no further work shall be permitted in areas allowing direct access to the
interior of the structure. Should any unauthorised access occur, and if the Engineer rules
that contamination may have resulted, the Contractor shall carry out at his own expense,
such tests as the Engineer may require, to determine the extent of the contamination, and
shall also carry out and bear the cost of any additional sterilisation measures required by
the Engineer.
PRIVATE 9.6 Alignment Test on Non-Pressure Pipelinetc \l 18 ".6 Alignment Test on

Non-Pressure Pipeline"s
1. The alignment of all pipelines having a nominal diameter of less than 300mm shall be
tested by drawing through each completed length a mandrel 750mm long and having a
diameter 10mm less than the nominal pipe diameter.
2. Pipelines having a nominal diameter of 300mm and over shall be visually inspected in the
following manner:
At one end of a run a mirror large enough to cover the pipe area shall be set at 45 o so as to
reflect the sky into the pipe. Alternatively a floodlight having a white reflector may be
used. The pipe run shall be inspected from the other end for straightness and obstructions.
If no light can be seen through the pipe, the Contractor shall seek out the cause and
correct it.
3. Large diameter pipelines shall be inspected by personnel entering them and the Contractor
shall provide any equipment necessary for doing so.

SECTION 10
ACCESS ROADS
10.1 General
1. Roads and hard standings shall be constructed to the lines and finished levels
shown on the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer. In general, access roads
shall be constructed to gravel wearing course standard. However, where
instructed by the Engineer, generally on steep sections, a bitumen surfaced
dressed road shall be constructed.
2. Unless stated otherwise, all references to roads shall apply equally to hard
standings.
10.2 Earthworks and Sub-Grade
1. All earthworks shall be constructed as shown on the Drawings or as directed by

the Engineer and shall adhere to the specified slopes, level, depths, widths,
tolerances and heights. Should any excavation be made beyond the specified
slope, level, depth, width, or height the Contractor shall make good the area
affected at his own expense.
2. The Contractor shall excavate cuttings and place fill in embankments in

accordance with the Drawings and/or the engineer's instructions.
3. Where expansive clay materials are met, it shall be cut to a depth not less than 1
meter or as directed by the Engineer and taken to spoil. The road shall then be
backfilled with borrow material.
4. The fill material shall have a CBR of not less than 5% measured after a 4 day
soak on a laboratory mix compacted to a dry density of 95% MDD (AASHTO
T99), a swell of less than 3% and a plasticity index of less than 50%.
5. At all times the Contractor shall ensure that earthworks are not damaged by
weather or traffic. In the event of such damage occurring the Engineer may
withdraw approval from the affected works and the Contractor shall carry out
repairs to restore the works to their original condition. The cost of such remedial
works shall be borne by the Contractor.
6. The Contractor shall provide adequate supervision to ensure that only suitable
materials are incorporated in embankments. If any unsuitable material is
included it shall be removed and replaced with suitable material at the
7. The Contractor shall keep the whole of the works free from water and shall
adopt measures he considers necessary to achieve this requirement.
Jijiga Specification
S10-1
SRS Water resource Development Bureau
Dec. 2011
8. Drainage work generally shall be carried out in advance of other works.
9. All fill material shall be obtained from cuttings or borrow areas. The moisture
content of fill material immediately prior to compaction shall be adjusted by
leaving to dry or by mixing in water, to between 75% and 105% of OMC and
shall be kept within the above limits to a dry density equal to at least the
percentage of the MDD specified below:
a) All fill material in embankments except the 300 mm below formation:

95% MDD (AASHTO T99)
b) The 300 mm below formation in both cuttings and embankments: 100%

MDD (AASHTO T99)
10. Each layer of hard material used as fill in embankments shall be systematically
compacted by a vibrating roller weighing not less than 13 tonnes dead weight or
other approved equipment.
11. The Contractor shall provide all water necessary for compaction. The water to be
used shall be clean and fresh, free from all impurities and shall be obtained from
a source approved by the Engineer.
12. The Contractor shall provide all equipment necessary for conveying and
distributing water. Water shall be evenly sprinkled on the surface of the fill
material by equipment of a type approved by the Engineer, and capable of
distributing water at a known, predetermined and constant rate.
13. All sub-grade and embankment layers, cuttings, benches and original ground
shall be proof rolled with a loaded scraper or truck with a minimum axle load of
8 tonnes. Proof rolling shall be satisfactorily completed before the layer is
submitted to the Engineer for approval and shall be carried out in the presence of
the Engineer. All such proof rolling shall be at the Contractor's expense.
14. The slopes of cuttings and embankments shall be trimmed by hand or by

approved mechanical means to uniform batters as shown on the Drawings or as
instructed by the Engineer. Such trimming shall be completed before the
commencement of wearing course construction.
15. Any rock or boulder appearing on the face of a cutting or embankment shall be
trimmed back to within the tolerance specified and in addition any such rock or
boulder which is unsuitable shall be completely removed and the resulting void
filled with compacted material.
10.3 Gravel Wearing Course
1. The term gravel shall mean any material used as a wearing course and shall
include lateritic gravel, quartzitic gravel, calcareous gravel, decomposed rock,
soft stone, coral rag, clayey sands and crushed rock. A gravel wearing course
constructed from one or a combination of these materials shall be placed on the
S10-2
Dec. 2011
formation of an access road where specified by the Engineer.
2. The Contractor shall be responsible for locating and developing suitable sources
of material for gravel wearing course.
3. The grading of the gravel after placing and compaction shall be a smooth curve
within and approximately parallel to the envelope presented in Table 10.3.1.
Table 10.3.1
PRIVATE % by Weight Passing

Sieve
(mm)
Class 1 Class 2
37.5 - 100
28 100 85-100
20 95-100 85-100
14 80-100 65-100
10 65-100 55-100
5 45-85 35-92
2 30-68 23-77
1 25-56 18-62
0.425 18-44 14-50
0.075 12-32 10-40
4. The material shall have a minimum CBR of 20 at 95% MDD

(AASHTO T 180) and a 4 day soak.
5. The Plasticity Index shall be within the limits 5-20 in wet areas and 10
- 30 dry areas.
6. The gravel wearing course material shall be deposited in such quantity

and spread in a uniform layer across the full width required, so that the
final compacted thickness is nowhere less than shown upon the
drawings or instructed by the Engineer.
7. The compacted thickness of any layer laid, processed and compacted at

one time, shall not exceed 200 mm and where a greater compacted
thickness is required, the material shall be laid and processed in two or
more layers. The minimum layer thickness shall be 125 mm.
8. Prior to laying the wearing course gravel, the surface of the layer below
shall be lightly watered.
9. The gravel wearing course shall be compacted to a dry density of at

least 95% MDD (AASHTO T 180). The moisture content at the time of
S10-3
Dec. 2011
compaction shall be between 75 and 105% of the OMC. The

Contractor may be required to dry or wet the material in order to
comply with the moisture content requirements.
10. The wearing surface of the material shall, on completion, be well

closed, free from movement under the compaction equipment and free
from compaction planes, ridges, cracks, or loose material. All loose
segregated or otherwise defective areas shall be removed and made
good with new material to the full thickness of the layer and proof
rolled to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
11. The wearing surface shall be maintained by the Contractor in its

finished condition and shall be watered, graded, dragged, reshaped, or
re-compacted as necessary, until the Taking-0ver Certificate is issued
or until the Engineer instructs otherwise.
10.4 Sub-Grade
1. The sub-grade material and preparation shall comply with Clause 9.2 of
this Specification Sub-grade material shall be any material lying
beneath the formation level. It shall have a CBR range of between 5 -
10 after a 4 day soak.
2. Where insoluble material is encountered in the sub-grade it shall be

excavated and taken to spoil to such depths and over such area as the
Engineer shall instruct.
3. Imported sub-grade shall be to the approval of the Engineer and the

Contractor shall take the responsibility of locating such sub-grade.
4. The imported sub-sgrade material shall be deposited in such quantity

and spread in a uniform layer access across the full width required, so
that the final compacted thickness is nowhere less than upon the
Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
5. The compacted thickness of any layer laid, processed and compacted at

one time, shall not exceed 200 mm and where a greater compacted
thickness is required, the material shall be laid and processed in two or
more layers.
6. All filling material used in earthworks shall be compacted to

specification by equipment approved by the Engineer.
7. The imported sub-grade material shall be compacted to a dry density of

at least 100% MDD (AASHTO T99). The moisture content at the time
of compaction shall be between 75 - 105% OMC. The Contractor may
be required to dry or wet the material in order to comply with the
moisture content requirements.
S10-4
Dec. 2011
8. The surface material shall, on completion of compaction, be well

closed, free from movement under the compaction equipment and free
from compaction planes, ridges, cracks or loose material. All loose,
segregated or otherwise defective areas shall be removed and rectified
with new materials to the full thickness of the layer and compacted.
10.5 Sub-base
1. The sub-base course shall be of natural gravels or clay and silty sands
and in all cases the Engineer shall approve the source of material to be
used and the location in which it is to be placed. The Contractor shall
be responsible for locating and developing suitable sources of material
for sub-base.
2. The grading and material requirements after placing and compaction

shall conform to the following requirements:
 Maximum size - 63 mm
 Passing 2 mm sieve - Max 95%
 Passing 0.075 mm sieve - 10 - 30%
 Plasticity Index - Max 15%
 CBR at 95% MDD (Mod AASHTO T180)
after 4 days soak - Min 30%
3. During compaction, the material shall be scanfied and water shall be

uniformly mixed in, as instructed by the Engineer. It shall be graded,
compacted to a dry density of at least 95% MDD (AASHTO T180),
and graded to final level.
4. Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the moisture content at the

time of compaction shall be between 80% and 105% of the OMC
(AASHTO T180).
5. The surfact of the material shall, on completion of compaction, be well

closed, free from movement under the compaction plant and free from
compaction planes, edges, cracks or loose material.
10.6 Base Course
10.6.1 General
a) The base material shall be of graded crushed stone or gravel.
10.6.2 Graded Crushed Stone
a) Graded crushed stones shall mean crushed stone with a smooth grading
curve which is within the specified envelope.
S10-5
Dec. 2011
b) The Contractor shall be responsible for locating and developing

suitable sources of material for base course.
c) The material shall comply with the following requirement:
 It shall consist of crushed stone, free from clay, organic or other

deleterious matter
 It shall comply with the following physical requirements:
LAA max 40
ACV max 30
SSS max 12
FI max 30
d) It shall comply to the grading presented in Table 10.6.1.
Table 10.6.1
PRIVATE Sieve Size % by Wt Passing
(mm)
50 -
37.5 100
28 90-100
20 65-95
10 40-70
6.3 30-55
2 20-40
1 15-32
0.425 10-24
0.075 4-10
e) The crushing, screening and proportioning of materials and their

subsequent mixing shall be acceptable to the Engineer. To avoid
segregation, graded crushed stone shall be moistened when being
handled and shall not be stockpiled in heaps higher than 5 meters.
f) Graded crushed stone shall be transported damp and in such a way that
no segregation occurs.
g) The Contractor shall take appropriate measures to prevent segregation

during dumping and spreading operations.
h) The compacted thickness of any layer laid, processed and compacted at

one time shall not exceed 200 mm and where a greater thickness is
required, the graded crushed stone shall be laid in two or more layers.
S10-6
Dec. 2011
i) The compacted thickness of any base layer shall not be less than 3
times the maximum size of the graded crushed stone.
j) As soon as possible after laying, compaction shall be carried out. The

moisture content shall be adjusted as necessary and, during compaction,
care shall be taken to maintain the moisture content evenly at the
required value.
k) Unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, the moisture content at the

time of compaction shall be between 80-100% of the OMC as
determined by the vibrating hammer method.
l) All rolling shall be longitudinal and shall commence at the outer edges
of the pavement and progress towards the centre, except that on super
elevated curves, rolling shall progress from the lower to the higher
edges.
m) The average dry density after compaction shall not be less than 98%
MDD (Vibrating Hammer) with no result less than 96% MDD
(Vibrating Hammer).
n) The Contractor shall proof roll completed layers with a steel three
wheeled roller applying a load of not less than 5 tones per meter width
of roll and the layers shall be free from visible movement under the
proof rollers.
10.6.3 Gravel
a) The term gravel shall include lateritic gravel, quartzite gravel,

calcareous gravel, decomposed rock, soft stone, coral rag, clayey sand,
crushed rock or any associated material to the approval of the Engineer.
b) The Contractor shall locate the source of material and shall inform the
Engineer for approval.
c) The gravel shall be deposited in such quantity and spread in a uniform

layer across the full width required, so that the final compacted
thickness is nowhere less than that shown on the Drawings or instructed
by the Engineer.
d) During compaction, the material shall be scanfied and water shall be

uniformly mixed in as instructed by the Engineer.
e) It shall be graded, compacted to a dry density of at least 95% MDD

(AASHTO T180).
f) Unless otherwise Instructed by the Engineers, the Moisture Content at
S10-7
Dec. 2011
the time of compaction shall be between 80% and 105% of the OMC
(AASHTO T180).
10.7 Surface Dressing
10.7.1 General
a) This shall be a double seal surface dressing. A surface dressing shall

mean an application of bituminous binder to the road surface followed
immediately by a single layer of uniform sized chippings.
10.7.2 Binder
a) The binder shall be MC 3000 blended to the approval of the Engineer.
10.7.3 Chippings
a) The chippings shall consist of crushed stone, cubical in shape and free
from visible stone dust and harmful material such as clay, salt, organic
matter or other detrimental substances. The percentage passing the
0.075 mm sieve shall not exceed 0.5% by weight and shall comply with
the following requirements and the grading presented in Table 10.7.1.
 LAA Max - 35
 ACV Max - 26
 SSS Max - 12
 FI Max - 25
 1st seal chipping - 10/14
mm nominal size
 2nd seal chipping - 3/6 mm nominal
size
Table 10.7.1
PRIVATE Sieve Size % by Weight Passing

(mm)
10/14 3/6
28 - -
20 100 -
14 85-100 -
10 0-30 100
6.3 0-7 85-100
S10-8
Dec. 2011
5 - -
2 - 0-30
0.5 0.2 0-10
- 0-2
b) The rate of application of binder shall be as directed by the Engineer

but will generally be between 0.75 and 1.25/m 2 for the first seal and
between 0.50 and 0.80 l/m2 for the second seal.
c) The rate of application of chippings shall be as directed by the Engineer

but will generally be within the following ranges:
 10/14 mm Chippings : 90 - 120 m2/m3

 3/6 mm Chippings : 250 - 270 m2/m3
d) Where instructed by the Engineer the Contractor shall stockpile

chippings for future maintenance requirements.
e) Immediately before spraying, all loose material and foreign matter shall
be removed by thorough brushing with mechanical broom and/or
washing or other acceptable methods. All hardened mud or other
foreign matter shall be loosened by scraping before sweeping. The
debris shall be deposited well clear of the surface to be sprayed.
f) Any defect shall be rectified as instructed by the Engineer and no

binder shall be sprayed until the surface has been approved by the
Engineer.
g) As soon as possible after the surface has been prepared and approved,
the binder shall be uniformly sprayed at the specified rate. Spraying
shall not be carried out later than 12 hours after the surface has been
prepared.
h) Immediately after the binder has been sprayed, clean dry chippings
shall be uniformly applied at the specified rate by the use of mechanical
chip-spreaders. The elapsed time between the spraying of binder and
the spreading of chippings shall in no case exceed one minute.
i) Rolling shall begin immediately after the chippings have been spread
and, in no case, later than two minutes after the application of binder.
Rolling shall continue until all chippings have been removed and
insufficiently chipped areas have been chipped over. The number of
passes shall be agreed with the Engineer.
j) Excessive rolling, resulting in the crushing of chippings, shall be
avoided. The roller speed shall not exceed 8 km/hr, unless otherwise
directed by the Engineer.
h) The road shall not be opened to traffic until the binder has attained
sufficient viscosity to prevent the stones being wiped off.
S10-9
Dec. 2011
l) After traffic has been permitted to run on the surface dressing for a
period of at least two weeks and when instructed by the Engineer, all
loose chippings shall be swept and taken away.
m) The final average overall width of the surface dressing measured at six
equivalent points over a length of 100 m shall be at least equal to the
width specified. At no point shall the distance between the centreline of
the road and the edge of the surface dressing be narrower than that
instructed by more than 13 mm.
n) The rate of application of binder across the lane width shall not vary by
more than ±10% of the rate ordered. The average rate of application of
chippings along and across the lane width for each single pass of the
chip spreader shall not vary by more than ±10% of the rate ordered.
o) Tray tests shall be carried out at least once per day during surface
dressing operations to check spray and spread rates calculated from
spray truck chippings and chip spreaders coverage.
e) Spray truck chippings shall be taken for each length sprayed and chip-
spreads coverage shall be checked each day chipping operations are in
progress.
10.8 Culverts and Drainage Works
1. The Drawings give a guide only to the location of new culverts to be

installed and drainage channels to be reinstated. Precise details of repair
work to existing culverts, the size, location and invert levels of new
culverts to be installed and the location of drainage channels to be
reinstated will be issued to the Contractor by the Engineer from time to
time as construction proceeds.
2. All culverts and drainage works shall be carefully programmed such

that all pipe culverts and drainage works shall be completed prior to the
construction of the pavement.
3. Where instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall clear existing

culverts of all silt or other debris so as to expose the internal surface of
the pipe for inspection by the Engineer. The material cleaned shall be
removed to a spoil area.
4. The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining all drainage

structures, culverts, channels and drains clear of silt and extraneous
material at his own expense until the issue of the Taking-Over
Certificate.
10.9 Tolerances
10.9.1 Horizontal Alignments
S10-10
Dec. 2011
a) Horizontal alignments shall be determined from the centerline of the

pavement surface as shown on or calculated from the Drawings. The
centerline of the pavement surface as constructed, and all other parallel
alignments, shall be corrected within a tolerance of ±13 mm there from.
10.9.2 Thickness of Pavement Layers
a) The average thickness of any pavement layer measured at five points in

any length of 100 m shall not be less than 100% nor more than 120%
of the thickness specified or ordered by the Engineer. In addition the
thickness specified of any pavement layer measured at any point shall
not be less than 98% or more than 125% of the thickness specified or
ordered by the Engineer.
10.9.3 Surface Levels of Pavement Layers and Formation
a) The level measured at any point on the surface of a pavement layer or

the formation level shall not deviate from the corresponding level
calculated from the Drawings by more than the tolerance shown in
Table 10.9.1 below.
c) In addition the longitudinal slope or transverse cross fall shall not

deviate from that shown on the Drawings by more than the tolerance
shown in Table 10.9.1.
Table 10.9.1
PRIVATE Layer Level Straight Edge Slope or Cross fall
mm mm %
Bituminous Binder ±10 6 ±0.25
Course ±10 6 ±0.25
Base ±15 10 ±0.50
Subbase ±15 15 ±0.50
Gravel wearing course +0 20 ±0.50
Formation -50
10.9.4 Shoulders
Shoulders shall be constructed to the same thickness, level and surface

regularity requirements as for the adjacent pavement layers.
S10-11

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THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

Jijiga Town Water Supply Project

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

VOLUME II: SPECIFICATION

SECTION 1 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTSS1-ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS......................................................S2-1

Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

2.22 WATER AND POWER FOR USE ON THE WORKS.......................................................................................S2-8

SECTION 4 EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING AND RESTORATION.........S4-1

Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

4.17 HARDCORE.......................................................................................................................................... S4-10

SECTION 5 CONCRETE FINISHES AND FORMWORK..............................S5-1

SECTION 6 CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES AND ANCILLARY WORKS...................S6-1

Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

6.16 SEALING OF CABLE DUCTS.................................................................................................................. S6-11

SECTION 7 BUILDING AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.........................S7-1

SECTION 8 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..................................................S8-1

SECTION 9 TESTING AND STERILISATION................................................S9-1

Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

9.1 CLEANSING OF PIPELINES........................................................................................................................... S9-1

SECTION 10 ACCESS ROADS..........................................................................S10-1

Specification for Jijiga Water Supply Project

PRIVATE 1.1 General tc \l 21 ".1 General"

 A contract for the supply of pipes, fittings, specials, valves, jointing

 Civil engineering works construction which include constructing all

 A contract for the design, supply erection and commissioning of

1.2 Location of the Works

PRIVATE 1.3 Scope of the Works

Jijiga Specification S1-1

Jijiga Specification S1-2

1. The manufacture, supply, delivery, erection, installation and commissioning of

PRIVATE 1.5 Programme of Workstc \l 11 ".5 Programme of Works"

PRIVATE 1.6 Extent of the Site

Jijiga Specification S1-3

PRIVATE 1.7 Access to and Use of the Site

Jijiga Specification S1-4

PRIVATE 1.8 Entry onto the Site

PRIVATE 1.9 Drawings

1.10 Climatic Data

1.10.1 Air Temperature

1.11 Testing Facilities

1.11.1 Testing Laboratory and Equipment

Jijiga Specification S1-5

1.12 Soils Investigation

a) Three trial pits at service reservoir compound.

1.13 Services for the Engineer

1.13.1 Engineer's Office

Office 1 - with two desks (each having two lockable

Office 2 - With three desks, five chairs, one adjustable A0

1.13.2 Assistance for the Engineer - Surveying

Jijiga Specification S1-6

1 No Theodolite with tripod, reading to 20 seconds on both circles

1.13.3 Parking and Access

1.13.4 Telephone and Communications

1.13.5 Time Scale

Jijiga Specification S1-7

PRIVATE 1.14 Mechanical and Electrical Contractor's Services

2. There shall be no provision for housing, survey equipment, computer hardware or