Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
of Things)
Prepared by:- Oromia School of Science and Technology
Department of Information Technology
Introduction
• The internet of things (IoT) has found its application in several areas such as
connected industry, smart-city, smart-home, smart-energy, connected car,
smart agriculture, connected building and campus, health care, logistics,
among other domains (see Figure 4.1). IoT systems allow users to achieve
deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a system. They improve
the reach of these areas and their accuracy
Con’t…
4.1.2. History of IoT
• The Internet of Things has not been around for very long. However, there have
been visions of machines communicating with one another since the early 1800s.
Machines have been providing direct communications since the telegraph (the first
landline) was developed in the 1830s and 1840s. Described as “wireless
telegraphy,” the first radio voice transmission took place on June 3, 1900, providing
another necessary component for developing the Internet of Things. The
development of computers began in the 1950s.
• The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of DARPA
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962 and evolved into ARPANET
in 1969. In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use of
ARPANET, allowing it to evolve into our modern Internet. Global Positioning
Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993, with the Department of Defense
providing a stable, highly functional system of 24 satellites.
Con’t…
• The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999. One of
the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the early 1980s and was a
Coca Cola machine, located at the Carnegie Melon University. Local
programmers would connect by the Internet to the refrigerated appliance, and
check to see if there was a drink available and if it was cold, before making the
trip.
• Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was the first to
describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech. Kevin Ashton stated
that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a prerequisite for the Internet
of Things. He concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could manage,
track, and inventory them. To some extent, the tagging of things has been
achieved through technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and
QR codes. Inventory control is one of the more obvious advantages of the
Internet of Things.
4.1.3. IoT − Advantages
• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace, offering
remarkably similar capabilities and methods of deployment. These IoT
Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of Things and cloud
technology. They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home
automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few
• List some IOT platform
4.4. Applications of IoT
• The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many businesses,
organizations, and government branches, that it doesn’t make sense to ignore
it. Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
• Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of
microclimate conditions a reality, which in turn increases production. For
outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil moisture and
nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better control smart irrigation and
fertilizer systems.
• Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier. Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit,
smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors, to name a few. These devices
improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and fitness.
Con’t…
• Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’
health at home, thereby reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the minute Realtime
information that could save lives. In hospitals,
• Insurance - Even the insurance industry can benefit from the IoT revolution. Insurance
companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit. By
employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies and encourage
• Manufacturing - The world of manufacturing and industrial automation is another big winner
in the IoT sweepstakes. RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a product
from its start on the factory floor to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply
chain from start to finish. These sensors can gather information on travel time, product
condition, and environmental conditions that the product was subjected to. Sensors attached
to factory equipment can help identify bottlenecks in the production line
• Retail - IoT technology has a lot to offer the world of retail. Online and in-store shopping sales
figures can control warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT sensors.
Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in heavy use worldwide
Con’t…
• Transportation - By this time, most people have heard about the progress
being made with self-driving cars. But that’s just one bit of the vast potential
in the field of transportation. The GPS, which if you think of it is another
example of IoT, is being utilized to help transportation companies plot faster
and more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up
delivery times.
• Utilities - IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions
such as humidity, temperature, and lighting. The information provided by IoT
sensors can aid in the creation of algorithms that regulate energy usage and
make the appropriate adjustments, eliminating the human equation
4.3.1. IoT Based Smart Home
• In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous vehicles will provide
an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy management, traffic management, and
security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
• Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and
historical monuments.
• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement systems.
• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and
diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in the city making residents
able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces,
• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection
routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when
garbage has been put out.
4.3.3. IoT Based Smart Farming
• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,
etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in
open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality
in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health.
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better
monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the
agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering.