Litrecher Rivew1
Litrecher Rivew1
Litrecher Rivew1
HYDRAULICANDWATERRESOURCEDEPARTEMENT
SPECIALIZATION ON DAM ENGINERING
INSTRUMENTATION & DAM SAFETY ANALYSIS ASSIGNEMENT
PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF LITERATURE REVIEW
PAPER
BY
Habtamu Fenta
Department of Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering,
Arba Minch University, Ethiopia,
Email: [email protected]
FEB,2021
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EARTH DAM-BREACH ANALAYSIS DUE TO OVERTOPPING AND FLOOD INUDATION MAP
Contents
List of Table...............................................................................................................................................iii
List of figures.............................................................................................................................................iii
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................iv
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................2
1.2 MAIN CAUSES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS FAILURE.........................................................2
1.3 Objective of the Study.................................................................................................................2
1.4 DAM-BREAK FLOOD FORECASTING History......................................................................3
1.5 Breach Parameter Estimation.......................................................................................................4
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES..........................................................................................6
2.1 Materials......................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Methodologies.............................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Data collection.....................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Data analysis........................................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Study Area...........................................................................................................................7
2.1.4 Land Cover..........................................................................................................................8
2.1.5 Inflow..................................................................................................................................9
2.1.6 Reservoir Bathymetry..........................................................................................................9
2.1.7 Dam Failure Scenario..........................................................................................................9
3. Result and Discussion........................................................................................................................10
3.1 Reservoir Routing............................................................................................................................10
3.2 Flood Depth...............................................................................................................................10
3.3 Flood Arrival...................................................................................................................................11
4. Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................11
5. References.........................................................................................................................................12
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EARTH DAM-BREACH ANALAYSIS DUE TO OVERTOPPING AND FLOOD INUDATION MAP
List of Table
Table 1-1 Classification Based on Potential Consequence.........................................................................3
Table 2-1 HEC-HMS data used...................................................................................................................8
Table 2-2 HEC-HMS data used...................................................................................................................9
Table 3-1 Flood Area.................................................................................................................................11
List of figures
Figure 1-1: Dam Breach..............................................................................................................................4
Figure 1-2: Dam breach cross section..........................................................................................................4
Figure 2-1Flow chart...................................................................................................................................7
Figure 2-2:Study area. BNPB [1] Figure 2-3: Before dam failure Figure 2-4:After dam failure........8
Figure 2-5:Land cover map of the study area Reservoir Routing................................................................8
Figure 2-6:Inflow hydrograph.....................................................................................................................9
Figure 2-7: Storage-Elevation curve............................................................................................................9
Figure 3-1: Outflow hydrograph due the dam failure................................................................................10
Figure 3-2: Flood depth map.....................................................................................................................11
Figure 3-3: Flood arrival time map............................................................................................................11
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EARTH DAM-BREACH ANALAYSIS DUE TO OVERTOPPING AND FLOOD INUDATION MAP
Abstract
In earlier times historical study of dams conceived is vital. To continue advancing, the
engineering profession must review past problems periodically. “The issue of the safety of dams,
dikes and levees is one which is still topical. Disasters that occurred in the 20th century which
were connected with the failures of large dams, such as e.g., those of Malpasset (France, 1959),
Vajont (Italy, 1963), Teton (USA, 1976), Machhu II (India, 1979) and others, are well known
among specialists. A number of small embankment dams fail every year. During a flood in the
year 1997, several dikes almost 4 m high failed, and consequently, the urbanized areas behind
the dikes were flooded” [CITATION Zak151 \l 1033 ] . Dam-break due to overtopping is one of the
most common types of embankment dam failures. During the floods in August 2002 in the Czech
Republic, several small dams collapsed due to overtopping.
The Objective of this Literature review is to summaries knowledge about the resistance of
embankment dams to failures due to overtopping, about the mechanism of their failures and to
analyses particular methods of modelling for breaching process in embankment dams during
overtopping.
Keywords: Dam Breach, Model, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, Hydrograph
iv
1. Introduction
From the early period of civilization, construction of dams conceived has been a long practice.
Dams are constructed for economic development, and their construction involves large
investments of money, natural and human resources. These benefits provided by dams come at a
risk due to their potential to fail and cause catastrophic flooding. Because the various types of
dams constructed around the globe, earth dams are the most common type and constitute the vast
majority of dams and overtopping is the most common cause of the failure of embankment dams [
CITATION VIJ96 \l 1033 ] . So, Mitigation of this risk is essential by simulate the potential failure
and protect against them for the benefit of the society as floods resulting from the failure of dams
produce devastating disasters. This dam failure caused for a number of reasons and its
consequence leads to requirement for preparation of dam breach due to over toping inundation
modeling and mapping to identify the flood risk and mitigate the consequences. In fact, Costa
reports that the average number of fatalities per dam failure is 19 times greater when there is
inadequate or no warning. Major causes of failures identified by Costa are overtopping due to
inadequate spillway capacity (34 percent), foundation defects (30 percent), and piping and
seepage (28 percent)[CITATION Ton98 \l 1033 ] .
Key questions related to embankment dam breach that must be known in the case of a risk
assessment are:
Will dam failure occur? What are the loading thresholds that cause failure, and what is the
probability of failure given a particular loading?
What are the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life and property damages?
Therefore, detailed information about the failure is needed, such as the amount of warning time,
and inundation levels and velocities at downstream locations. Most approaches rely either on
case study data from past dam failures or numerical models that do not simulate the erosion
mechanisms and flow regimes that are relevant to a dam breach. Case study data provide only
limited information (i.e., ultimate depth, width, and shape; peak discharge; maximum
overtopping depth; total time to fully fail embankment or drain reservoir), based on a relatively
small database of dam failures, primarily of small dams. Case study data are especially weak for
making predictions of the time needed to initiate a breach, the rate of breach formation, and the
total time required for failure. This is due to the difficulty of defining the exact point of failure
and the variations in interpretation of failure by the lay person who often is the only eyewitness
to a dam failure.
So, while planning and implementing dams, taking a good care of their safety is currently
becoming an important issue. Potential consequences of a dam failure should be understood for
planned dams and for those which are already built since the failure phenomena is unexpected an
immediate mitigation measures cannot be taken to hinder the breaching process dam for dams
under planning stage, one can use dam breach inundation information for classifying the dam
(and its hazard class) and this classification can then be used to estimate spillway discharge
capacity, seismic parameters, and others. Moreover, for both planned and existing dams, this
information is essential for preparedness and emergency action planning related to dam
failure[ CITATION Kib16 \l 1033 ].
The purpose of the dam breach analyses has been to illustrate how the flood wave propagates and
attenuates along the river valley from dam. In the present analyses the HEC-RAS model is used
for simulation of the flood wave caused by dam failure. This model is one of the most widely
accepted models of its kind.
where Mode= 1 if the failure is from overtopping, and 0 otherwise, and Vw*=Vw/Hb 3. The
regression model is based on 69 cases from the assembled data (breach width is missing from
four of the dam failures summarized, and reservoir volume is missing from another). The
coefficient of determination of the expression for the logarithm of B́ * = 0.652, and ln ^ B́ * =
0.4602 = standard error of estimate of the regression model for ln B́ *. Transforming Eq.1 gives
B́ * = 0.27koVw* 0.32-------------------------------------------------Eq.2
were
is a factor that accounts for the effect of failure mode. Dimensionless variables have been used in
Eq. (1) primarily to make the formula easier to use with any system of consistent units.
Additionally, using dimensionless parameters in the analysis effectively scales the data, reducing
the possibility that one or more values will have inappropriate influence on the relation.
Expanding the dimensionless terms yields the following expression for B́:
B́ = 0.27koVw1/3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq.4
Breach Side-Slope Ratio
An approximate estimate of the side slope ratio obtained from 70 cases side slope is missing
from four of the dam failures presented by
ln z = − 0.416 + 0.389*Mode -------------------------------------Eq.5
which has a small coefficient of determination of only 5% and a standard error of estimate ˆln z=
0.8273. Nonetheless, the regression model coefficient for Mode is highly significant, showing
that embankment side slope is larger when failure is caused by overtopping. This general
dependence is given adequately by failure mode alone and is not improved by the addition of
impoundment volume or embankment height. Transforming Eq. (5) gives the simple relation
z = {1.0 for overtopping failures
z = {0.7 for other failure modes
Breach formation time (tf)
2.2 Methodologies
2.1.1 Data collection
Primary data:
The primary data to be collected include:
Surveying data to be collected along the cross section of the river at downstream of the
dam on every chainage that will be sufficient for the flood mapping process.
Physical observation.
Land use land cover data of the area prone to flooding. This can vary from land surface
formation type that will be used to estimate the manning's roughness 'n' to land use
pattern to evaluate the economic value that the area has rendered the inhabitants.
Secondary data:
All necessary secondary data such as:
Daily rainfall data of meteorological stations located within and surrounding the
catchment.
Land Cover
Stream flow data of River
Salient features of the dam
Salient features of the reservoir
Reservoir area-elevation-volume curves
Geotechnical information on the composition of the dam and foundation.
Laboratory test results.
2.1.2 Data analysis
The procedure followed to conduct is;
First hydrological study is conducted to determine the probable maximum flow (PMF)
that enters the reservoir and may overtop the dam thereby endangering the dam for
failure.
Dam breach analysis is then done to predict the breach size and estimate the outflow
hydrograph.
Having determined the outflow magnitude, the flood is routed through the downstream
channel and flood plain using HEC-RAS in order to determine the flood prone area, so
that flood early warning system can be set and emergency action plans can be made.
Figure 2-4:Study area. BNPB [1] Figure 2-5: Before dam failure Figure 2-6:After dam failure
Data Values
Watershed Area (m2) 12.56
River Length (m) 6.85
Land Cover (Runoff Coefficient) 0.5
Inflow Hydrograph Figure
Dam Top Elevation (m) 215.66
Dam Top Length (m) 300
Normal Water Level (m) 197
2.1.5 Inflow
The inflow of the reservoir was calculated using rainfall at the time of the dam failure. The
condition of this inflow at the time of dam failure was estimated with SynderAlexeyev Synthetic
Unit Hydrograph based on the characteristic of the catchment area as given in table 2.1. The
rainfall detected at the dam failure by Ambon Meteorological Agency (BMKG) was 432 mm.
The results are shown in the Figure 2-6 along with the capacity of the spillway of the natural
dam. It shows that inflow exceeds the spillway capacity.
where h is the water depth (m), p and q are the specific flow in the x and y directions (m2 /s), is
the surface elevation (m), g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s), n is the Manning resistance,
is the water density (kg/m3 ), xx, yy and xy are the components of the effective shear stress and f
is the Coriolis (s-1 ).
4. Conclusions
A two-dimensional (2D) numerical model, HEC-RAS v.5, is used to simulate the over land flow
generated by a dam failure. The dam failure itself is simulated using HECHMSv.4. The model
was applied to the dam break case of the Way Ela natural dam. The results from the study are the
inundation area, depth, and arrival time. The inundation area was verified using the data from
orthophoto. It was found that both areas correspond well with a very small relative error (0.42%).
The inundation depth in the village there are up to 6 m, which agrees well with the reported
depth. The arrival time of the flood is 2 hours. These information’s are very important to propose
a mitigation plans with respect to possible dam break in the future[ CITATION Bag18 \l 1033 ]”.
5. References
[2] V. Y. P. SINGH, DAM BREACH MODELING TECHNOLOGY, Baton Rouge, U.SA. : Louisiana
State University, 1996 .
[3] T. L. Wahl, "Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters," U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation Dam Safety Office, pp. DSO-98-004, July 1998.
[4] K. Tesemma, "Dam Breach Modeling and Flood Inundation Mapping For Middle Awash Dam,"
Addis Ababa University Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nov,
2016.
[5] A. K. R. P. Sharma, "Case Histories of Earthen Dam Failures," International Conference on Case
Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 8., 2013.
[6] M. B. A. F. S. N. I. H. Bagus Pramono Yakti, "2D Modeling of Flood Propagation due to the Failure
of Way Ela Natural Dam," Graduate School of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan
Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, p. MATEC Web of Conferences 147, 2018.