12

TVL-IA
Automotive Servicing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Procedure in Injection Timing
TVL-IA-Automotive Servicing – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Procedure in Injection Timing
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Christine Joy C. Pascual and Marlon M. Cadiz
Editors: Clifford O. Ignacio, John Paul Jeremiah Teves
Reviewers: Clifford O. Ignacio, John Paul Jeremiah Teves
Typesetters: Christine Joy C. Pascual and Marlon M. Cadiz
Layout Artists: Christine Joy C. Pascual and Marlon M. Cadiz
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
Fay C. Luarez, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D. Maricel S. Rasid
Adolf P. Aguilar, Ed.D., TM Elmar L. Cabrera
Nilita R. Ragay, Ed.D.
Antonio B. Baguio Jr., Ed.D.

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 12
TVL-IA
Automotive Servicing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
PROCEDURE IN INJECTION TIMING
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the (TVL) IA Automotive Servicing NC I Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on (Procedure in Injection Timing)!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the (TVL) Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on (Procedure

in Injection Timing)!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning

iii
 competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Automotive servicing. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. Determine the procedure of injection timing

2. Arrange the procedures in injection timing in order
3. Appreciate the importance of knowing the procedure in injection
timing

1
 What I Know

Direction: Read and understand carefully. Write the correct letter of

your choice.
1. The fuel is injected into the inlet manifold of each cylinder at ___________
timing.
A. Same B. different C. Unpredictable D. None of the
mentioned
2. The timing at which the injection of the fuel takes place inside the inlet
manifold is called _____________ timing.
A. Injection B. Suction C. Combustion D. Section

3. In ___________cylinder, the piston moves up from BDC to TDC during the

exhaust stroke.
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

4. The piston is closest to the crankshaft at the cylinder’s lowest point.

A. Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) C. Bottom Dead Center(BDC)
B. Top Dead Center (TDC) D. Baseline Dead Center (BDC)

5. Injection Timing, also called _____________is the moment when diesel fuel
enters the cylinder during the combustion occurs.
A. Split Timing B. Spill Timing C. Sail Timing D. Soil Timing

2
Lesson
PROCEDURE IN INJECTION
1 TIMING

Start of injection (SOI) or injection timing is the time at

which injection of fuel into the combustion chamber begins. It is usually
expressed in crank angle degrees (CAD) relative to TDC of the compression
stroke.

Injection Timing
The internal components of a marine engine are complex and rely on precise
movements to deliver efficient and reliable power. You may not understand
everything that occurs within the system, but if you have an idea of how an
internal combustion engine operates, you can make comprehensive timing
injection adjustments.

In an internal combustion engine, thermal energy transfers into mechanical

energy. The created power moves an engine’s pistons, therefore, moving the
crankshaft, then the marine unit itself. Thermal energy comes from the
combusted air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder.

The head of a cylinder contains the system’s valves, camshafts, valve return
springs, valve buckets and injectors. The engine block, connected below the
cylinder, contains the crankshaft, connecting rod and piston. A piston
moves inside the cylinder from the bottom dead center to the top dead
center during combustion.

There are a few terms you’ll need to know to understand how the piston
moves inside the cylinder, including:

– Top Dead Center (TDC): Top dead center is when the piston is at the top
of the cylinder, positioning itself farthest from the crankshaft.

3
– Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Bottom dead center is when the piston is
closest to the crankshaft at the cylinder’s lowest point.
– Before Top Dead Center (BTDC): Before top dead center is the point right
before the piston reaches the highest area of the cylinder.

What’s In

Instructions: Complete the Venn Diagram below.

Similarities

4
 What’s New

Instructions: Read and understand the following statement carefully.

Write T if your answer is TRUE and F if your answer is
false.

1. Injection Timing is adjusted to create less power in the engine.

2. Sometimes timing is adjusted in the same direction to fix a smoking or a

lag problem.

3. In common rail fuel injection system, injection pressure is dependent of

engine speed.

4. In order to meet the operating conditions, the injection valve is kept open
for a longer by ECU.

5. Just before the piston reaches TDC during exhaust stroke, injection of the
fuel takes place into the inlet manifold of the cylinder at about 60 degrees
crank angle before the TDC.

6. At the beginning of the compression stroke, intake valve opens and the air
fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder during the suction stroke.

7. The timing of the pump determines when it will inject fuel into the
cylinder as the piston reaches the BTDC point.

8. Before top dead center is the point right before the piston reaches the
highest area of the cylinder.

9. Topped dead center is when the piston is at the top of the cylinder,
positioning itself farthest from the crankshaft.

10. Bottom dead center is when the piston is closest to the crankshaft at the
cylinder’s lowest point.

5
 What is It

Lesson

1 PROCEDURE IN INJECTION TIMING

INJECTION TIMING

WHAT IS INJECTION TIMING?

Injection timing is the timing of when fuel is injected into the cylinder, which
alters when the combustion takes place. The time of when fuel is injected
can be altered to be injected at different points in time. The manufacturer of
an engine does recommend certain timing, which is the timing they set it at
when the engine is first made. This timing is usually balanced to get as
much power as possible, while still remaining in legal limits for emissions.
Adjusting injection timing is also often referred to as spill timing.

6
 Procedure in Injection Timing
There are several ways you can adjust injection timing, depending on the
type of engine you have and how old it is. The most common ways to adjust
injection timing are programming the ECM, adjusting the fuel injection
pump, replacing the camshaft, and replacing the cam followers or
gaskets.

How to Adjust Injection Timing

How you adjust the injection timing of the injection pump also depends on
the type of marine engine you have and its age. Before making any
adjustments, make sure the cold start cable is in, and the camshaft drive
belt has proper tension.

Some of the most common ways to advance the timing are:

1. Program the ECM

The engine control module is a computer that analyzes information to
control your boat’s performance. It’s almost like the brain of the marine
engine.

The engine control module is easier to adjust in newer engines compared to

older versions. If you know how to program the ECM, you’re one step ahead.
But if not, you can rely on a mechanic to make their way to the EMC and
plug in a Flash tool which will reprogram the computer system. For older
components, there are other parts you can alter to change the timing.

2. Modify the Fuel Injection Pump

One of the more straightforward ways to convert the timing is to adjust the
fuel injection pump. All you have to do is rotate the pump with a screwdriver

7
and socket wrench — standard tools you can find in your garage or toolbox.
You need to make sure you accurately measure the timing adjustment with
a timer meter or probe for reading.

Any small movement of the pump will cause massive timing changes. Avoid
drastic adjustments and stick to minor alterations for the right
modifications.

If you decide to alter the fuel injection pump, you’ll need to:

1. Use a socket wrench on the front camshaft bolt to hand-turn the engine
clockwise until the first cylinder is at TDC.
2. Both the intake and exhaust valves should be closed, and the TDC mark
should be aligned.
3. Install a dial indicator by removing the timing-check plug and ensure it
reads at about 2.5-millimeter preload.
4. Turn the crankshaft counterclockwise until the indicator stops, then zero
the dial.
5. Turn the crankshaft clockwise, stopping at TDC.
6. If the gauge reads within the manufacturer’s given values, you can choose
to advance or retard the timing or leave it as is.
7. Loosen the injection pump to allow the diesel to enter the cylinders
sooner and vice versa for retarding.
8. Once you have it at an appropriate position, tighten the mounting bolts.
9. Rotate the marine engine through several revolutions and repeat the
procedure to ensure you made proper adjustments.
10. Remove the indicator.
11. Put on the timing check plug.
12. Start your engine, checking for leaks.
Because advancing your injection timing system depends on your specific
requests and situations, it’s often better to rely on diesel marine engine
experts. They will point you in the right direction of how much to alter your
timing to fit your machine.
3. Replace the Camshaft
You can swap the engine’s original camshaft for one that has different sized
and shaped lobes. This change allows you to make modifications when the
valves and injectors trigger. You may need to work with an experienced
mechanic or technician because a decent amount of mathematical
calculations go into this process.
4. Swap Out the Cam Gaskets and Followers
One of the cheaper options is to get new cam gaskets and followers.
Changing either of the gears can result in similar adjustments that you
would see from replacing the camshaft. Installing thicker or thinner gaskets
will affect the cam lobes and followers when they come in contact. Therefore,
the components can affect how the valve train activates.

8
 You can check the injection timing by measuring the injector pump’s stroke
at TDC using a dial indicator.

What’s More

Instruction: Identify the following piston position by tagging what corresponds below:
1. 2. 3. 4.

9
 What I Have Learned

1. Injection Timing, also called Spill Timing, is the moment when diesel
fuel enters the cylinder during the combustion phase.
2. Injection timing is adjusted to create more power in the engine.
3. Top dead center (TDC) is when the piston is at the top of the cylinder,
positioning itself farthest from the crankshaft.

4. Bottom dead center (BDC) is when the piston is closest to the

crankshaft at the cylinder’s lowest point.

5. Before Top Dead Center (BTDC)is the point right before the piston
reaches the highest area of the cylinder.

6. In an internal combustion engine, thermal energy transfers into

mechanical energy. The created power moves an engine’s pistons,
therefore, moving the crankshaft, then the marine unit itself. Thermal
energy comes from the combusted air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder.

7. There are several ways you can adjust injection timing, depending on the
type of engine you have and how old it is. The most common ways to
adjust injection timing are programming the ECM, adjusting the fuel
injection pump, replacing the camshaft, and replacing the cam
followers or gaskets.

10
 What I Can Do

Instructions: Explain the following questions. Write your answers briefly.

What is Injection
Timing?

What are the common

ways to adjust injection
timing?

Why do we need to
adjust injection
timing?

11
 Assessment

Instruction: Read and understand carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer.
1. The time at which injection of fuel into the combustion chamber begins.
A. Intersection Timing C. Intersect Timing
B. Injection Timing D. Disection Timing
2. The following are common ways on how to adjust Injection Timing except
one:
A. Programming the ECM C. adjusting the fuel injection pump
B. Replacing the camshaft D. Adjusting the EMCC
3. Injection Timing, also called _____________is the moment when diesel fuel
enters the cylinder during the combustion occurs.
B. Split Timing B. Spill Timing C. Sail Timing D. Soil Timing
4. In an internal combustion engine, thermal energy transfers into
__________ energy.
A. Electrical energy C. Geothermal energy
B. Mechanical energy D. Chemical energy
5. The head of a cylinder contains the following valve return springs, and
valve buckets except one.
A. system’s valves B. camshafts C. Valve return springs D. Interjection

12
 Additional Activities

Instructions: Write the following procedures of Injection Timing. In-order.

13
 14
o
Additional Activity What’s More
Draw and name Assessment 1.TWO-WAY TRAFFIC
1.K 2.NO U-TURN
2.A
3.SLIPPERY ROAD
3.G
4.E 4.HUMPS
5.H Narrow Road 5.STEP DESCENT
6.NARROW ROAD
6.D
7.SCHOOL CHILDREN
7.M
CROSSING
8.I
9.N
8.NO PARKING
10.J 9.WEIGT RESTRICTION
11.O
10.NO BLOWING OF HORNS
12.F
13.L 11 NO OVERTAKING.
12.NO ENTRY
13.NO RIGHT TURN
14.Y- JUNCTION
15.TRAFFIC SIGNAL
AHEAD
Answer Key
References

Retrieved from https://usefulwall.com/2018/01/40-common-road-signs-

philippines/
https://www.supaquick.com/blog/traffic-signs-for-road-safety
https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/safety-rules/road-rules/signs.html
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: [email protected]
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net