2, 3 & 5 Marks Q & A Lesson 1 To 11 (EM)
2, 3 & 5 Marks Q & A Lesson 1 To 11 (EM)
2, 3 & 5 Marks Q & A Lesson 1 To 11 (EM)
1
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
16.What is fundamental or base quantities? Give the 26. What is the SI standard of time? (or) What is one
examples. second in SI system of units?
The quantities, which cannot be expressed in One second is the duration of 9,192,631,770
terms of any other physical quantities, are called periods of radiation corresponding to the transition
fundamental or base quantities. between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of
Cesium-133 atom.
Ex: length, mass, time, electric current,
temperature, luminous intensity and amount of 27. What is the SI standard of electric current? (or) What
substance. is one ampere in SI system of units?
One ampere is the constant current, which flows
17.What is derived quantities? Give the examples. through the two parallel straight conductors of infinite
Quantities that can be expressed in term of length with negligible cross-section, held one meter apart
fundamental quantities are called derived quantities. in vacuum, shall produce a force per unit length of
Ex: area, volume, velocity, acceleration, force. 2 x 10-7 Nm-1 between them.
22.What is the m.k.s system? 31. what is length? Give its SI unit.
In the m.k.s system, length, mass and time are Length is defined as the distance between any
measured in meter, kilogram and second respectively. two points in space. Its SI unit is metre.
23.What are the advantages of SI unit system? 32. what is one radian?
It is a rational system, in which only one unit is used One radian is the plane angle subtended by an
for one physical quantity. arc whose arc length is equal to its radius.
It is a coherent system, which means all the
derived units can be easily obtained form basic and 33. What is one steradian?
supplementary units. One steradian is the solid angle subtended by the
It is a metric system, which means multiples and partial surface of a sphere whose suface area is equal to
submultiples can be expressed as powers of 10. the square of its radius.
24.What is the SI standard of length? (or) What is one 34. Explain the use of Screw gauge in measuring smaller
meter in SI system of units? distances.
One meter is the length of the path travelled by
light in vacuum in of a second. It is used to measure accurately the dimension of
, ,
objects upto the maximum of 50 mm.
25.What is the SI standard of mass? (or) What is one
The principle of the instrument is the magnification
kilogram in SI system of units?
of linear motion using circular motion of a screw.
One kilogram is the mass of the prototype
cylinder of platinum iridium alloy (whose height is equal
The least count of the screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
to its diameter), preserved at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures at Serves, near Paris, France.
2
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
35. Explain the use of vernier caliper in measuring smaller 45. What is meant by Systematic error?
distances. Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies
It is a versatile instrument for measuring the that are consistently in the same direction.
dimensions of an object like diameter and depth of These occur offen due to a problem that persists
a hole. throughout the experiment.
The least count of the vernier caliper is 0.1 mm.
46. What are the Classifications of Systematic errors?
36. What are the methods adopted in measuring larger Instrumental errors
distances? Imperfections in experimental techniques or
Triangulation method procedure.
Parallax method Personal errors
Radar method Errors due to external causes.
Least count error
37. What is Parallax?
The shift in the position of an object (say a pen) 47. Describe Instrumental errors. How is it minimised?
when viewed with left and right eye alternatively is known It is happened when an instrument is not calibrated
as Parallax. properly at the time of manufacture.
(or) For example, If a measurement is made with a
The apparent chage in position of an object with meter scale whose end is worn out, result obtains
respect to its background, when viewed from two different error.
locations is called Parallax. These errors can be rectified by using the good
quality instruments.
38. What is the abbreviation for RADAR?
The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection 48. Describe Imperfections in experimental technique or
And Ranging. procedure. How can it be overcomed?
These errors arise due to the limitations in the
39. What is 1 light year ? Give its value. experimental arrangements.
1 light year is the distance travelled by light in For example, Calorimeter experiment is done
vacuum in one year. without insulation makes radiation loss. This
1 light year = 9.467 x 1015 m. results errors.
It can be overcomed by applying necessary
40. What is 1 astronomical unit(AU)? Give its value. correction.
1 astronomical unit is the mean distance between
earth and the sun. 49. Describe the Personal errors.
1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 m. These errors occur due to individual performing
experiment without initial setting up or careless
41. What is 1 parsec (Parallactic second)? Give its value. observation without precautions.
1 parsec is the radial distance of an arc of arc
length 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 second. 50. Describe the errors due to external causes.
1 parsec = 3.08 x 1016 m = 3.26 light year. These errors are due to external conditions like
change in temperature, humidity or pressure during an
42. Define mass? experiment.
Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of
matter contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is 51. Describe the least count error. How can it be
kilogram. minimised?
43. What is the difference between Accuracy and Least count is the smallest value that can be
Precision? measured by an instrument.
S.No. Accuracy Precision The error due to the measurement in least count is
Measurements close Measurements close called least count error.
1
to true value. to each other. It can be minimised by using high precision
All the accuracy All the precised values instrument.
2
values are precised. are not accurate.
52. Describe Random errors. How can it be minimised?
44. What is meant by an error? Name its types. Random errors may arise due to random and
The uncertainity in a measurement is called an unpredictable variation in experimental conditions
error. like pressure,temperature, voltage supply,etc.,
It is also due to personal errors.
Types:Systematic errors, Random errors & Gross errors These errors are happened by chance, so it is
called “Chance error”.
3
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
It can be minimised by calculating arithmatic mean 57. What is meant by Percentage error? Explain.
of measurements taken. i.e. If ‘n’ number of The relative error expressed in percentage is
readings a1, a2, a3, ....,an are done, the arithmatic called percentage error.
mean is given by, ∆
Percentage error = x 100 %
+ + +⋯+
=
58. What are the factors affecting error in final result?
The errors in the individual measurements.
1 Nature of mathematical operations.
=
4
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
65. What is dimensional variables? 5 Marks Q & A:
Physical quantities, which have dimension and
have variable values are called dimensional variables.
1. Explain the propagation of error in the sum of two
Examples: length, velocity, acceleration, etc., quantities?
Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
66. What is dimensionless variables? quantities A and B respectively.
Physical quantities,which have no dimension and Then,
have variable values are called dimensional variables. Measured value of A = A A
Measured value of B = B B
Examples: specific gravity, strain, refractive index,etc., Consider the sum, Z = A + B
The error Z in Z is given by,
67. What is dimensional constants? Z Z = (A A) + (B B)
Physical quantities, which have dimension and Z Z = ( A + B ) ( A + B)
have constant values are called dimensional constants. Z Z = Z ( A + B) [∵ = + ]
Z = A + B
Examples: gravitational constant, planck’s constant, etc., The maximum possible error in the sum of two
quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
68. What is dimensionless constants? errors in the individual quantities.
Physical quantities,which have no dimension and 2. Explain the propagation of error in the difference of
have constant values are called dimensionless constants. two quantities?
Examples: , e, numbers, etc., Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
quantities A and B respectively.
69. What is principle of homogeneity of dimensions? Then,
The principle of homogeneity of dimension states Measured value of A = A A
that the dimensions of all the terms in a physical
Measured value of B = B B
expression should be the same.
Consider the difference, Z = A - B
The error Z in Z is given by,
70. What are the applications of dimensional analysis
method? Z Z = (A A) - (B B)
Z Z = ( A - B ) ( A + B)
Convert a physical quantity from one system of Z Z = Z ( A + B) [∵ = − ]
units to another. Z = A + B
The maximum possible error in the difference of
Check the dimensional correctness of a given two quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
physical equation. errors in the individual quantities.
3. Explain the propagation of error in the product of two
Establish relations among various physical quantities?
quantities. Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two
quantities A and B respectively.
71. What are the limitations of dimensional analysis Then,
method? Measured value of A = A A
Measured value of B = B B
It gives no information about the dimensionless Consider the product, Z = A . B -----> (1)
constants like numbers, , e, etc., in the formula. The error Z in Z is given by,
Z Z = (A A) . (B B)
It cannot decide whether the given quantity is a Z Z = AB A.B B.A A.B -----> (2)
scalar or vector. Dividing equation (2) by (1) we get,
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
It is not suitable to derive relations involving 1± =1± ± ± .
trignometry, exponential and logarithmic ∆ ∆
As and are both smaller values, their
functions.
∆ ∆
products . can now be neglected. The
It cannot be applied to an equation involving
maximum fractional error in Z is,
more than three physical quantities. ∆ ∆ ∆
= +
It can only check dimensional correctness of an The maximum fractional error in the product of
equation but not the correctness of the equation. two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional
errors in the individual quantities.
5
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
4. Explain the propagation of error in the division or 6. Explain the rules framed to count significant figures
quotient of two quantities? with the examples.
Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two S.
Rule Example
quantities A and B respectively. No.
All non-zero digits are 1342 has four significant
1.
Then, significant figures
Measured value of A = A A All zeros between two
2008 has four significant
Measured value of B = B B 2. non-zero digits are
figures
significant
Consider the division, Z =
All zeros right to non-
zero digit but left to 30700. has five
The error Z in Z is given by, 3.
decimal point are significant figures
∆ significant.
A ± ∆A A 1 ±
= = The terminal or trailing
B ± ∆B B 1 ± ∆ zeros in the number 30700 has three
4.
without decimal point are significant figures.
∆ ∆
1 = 1± 1± not significant.
All zeros are significant if
30700 m has five
5. the number given with
By using binomial theorem,(1+x) = 1+ nx , when
n
significant figures.
measurement unit.
x<<1, we get,
∆ ∆ (i) 0.00345 has three
1 = 1± 1∓ If a number is less than1,
significant figures.
the zeros between
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
1 =1± ∓ ± . decimal point and first
(ii) 0.030400 has five
∆ ∆ 6. non-zero digit are not
As and are both smaller values, their significant figures.
significant but the zeros
∆ ∆ right to last non-zero digit
products . can now be neglected. The (iii) 40.00 has four
are significant.
maximum fractional error in Z is, significant figures.
∆ ∆ ∆ The number of significant
= + 1.53 cm, 0.0153 m,
figures doesn’t depend
7. 0.0000153 km all have
on the system of units
three significant figures.
The maximum fractional error in the product of used
two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional
errors in the individual quantities. 7. Explain the rules framed for rounding off the numbers
with the examples.
5. Explain the propagation of error in the power or a S.
quantity? Rule Example
No.
Let A and B be the absolute errors in the two If the dropping digit is
quantities A and B respectively. less than 5, then
1. 7.32 is rounded off to 7.3
preceding digit kept
Then, unchanged.
Measured value of A = A A If the dropping digit is
Measured value of B = B B greater than 5, then 17.26 is rounded off to
2.
Consider the n power of A, Z =
th preceding digit must be 17.3
raised by 1.
The error Z in Z is given by, If the dropping digit is 5
∆ followed by non-zero 7.352 is rounded off to
= ( ) = 1± 3.
digits then preceding 7.4
∆ digit must be raised by1
= 1±
If the dropping digit is 5
or 5 followed by zero, 3.35 & 3.350 are
By using binomial theorem, we solve and get, 4.
then preceding digit must rounded off to 3.4
∆
1 = 1±n be raised by 1 if it is odd.
If the dropping digit is 5
∆A
=n or 5 followed by zero, 3.45 & 3.450 are
A 5.
then preceding digit is rounded off to 3.4
not changed if it is even.
The fractional error in the nth power of a quantity is n times
the fractional error in that quantity.
6
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
8. Explain the Triangulation method to find the height of 10.Explain the RADAR method to find the distance of a
the tree or the tower. nearby Planet.
Let AB = h be the height of the tree or tower. The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection
Let C be the the point of observation at distance And Ranging.
x from B. In this method, radio waves are sent from
Place a range finder at C and measure the angle transmitters which after reflected from the planet
of elevation, ACB = as shown in figure. are detected by the receiver.
From ⊿ , = =
By measuring the time interval between the
or h = x tan instants the radio waves are sent and received,
Knowing the distance x, the height h can be the distance of the planet(d) can be detemined
determined. as,
Distance = Speed of radio waves X time taken,
9. Explain the Parallax method to find the distance of ×
the Moon from Earth. =
2
Let C be the centre of the Earth. Where v is the speed of radio waves and t is the
A & B are two diametrically opposite places on the time taken by radio waves to travel forward and
surface of the Earth. backward hence t/2 is the time taken to cover the
AB is the diameter of the Earth and MC is the distance d.
distance of the Moon from Earth.
1 & 2 are the parallactic angles of the Moon with 11.Explain the conversion of physical quantity from one
respect to some distant stars S1 & S2 respectively. system of units to another with the examples.
1 and 2 are determined by using an astronomical The product of the numerical value (n) and its
telescope. corresponding unit [u] is constant.
n [u] = constant
Consider Physical quantity which has dimension
‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’ in time.
If the fundamental unit in one system are
M1 , L1 & T1 and in other system are M2 , L2 & T2,
then we can write,
[ ]= [ ]
Example: 1
= =
7
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
1 1 1 Example 1:
= 1.01 × 10
1 1 1
10 10 1 Obtain an expression for the time period of T of a simple
= 1.01 × 10 pendulam. The time period T depends upon (i) mass ‘m’
1 1 1
of the bob (ii) length ‘l’ of the pendulam and (iii)
= 1.01 x 106 x 10-3 x 102 x 1
acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ at the place where the
P2 = 1.01 x 105 Nm-2.
pendulam is suspended. (Constant k = 2)
Example 2:
If the value of universal gravitational constant in SI is
Solution:
6.6 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2 , then find its value in CGS System?
Solution: T ma l b gc
Let GSI be the gravitational constant in SI system and T = k ma l b gc -----> (1)
Gcgs be in cgs system.
GSI = 6.6 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2 Here k is dimensional constant. Applying
dimensions on both sides, we get,
The dimensional formula for G is M-1 L3 T-2 . [T] = [Ma] [Lb] [LT-2]c
a = -1, b = 3, c = -2
[M0 L0 T1] = [Ma Lb+c T-2c]
=
Comparing the powers of M, L, T on both sides,
M1 = 1 kg L1 = 1 m T1 = 1 s a = 0, b + c = 0, -2c = 1 .
M2 = 1 g L2 = 1 cm T2 = 1 s Solving it, we get, a = 0, b =1/2, c= -1/2
1 1 1
= 6.6 x 10
10 10 1 = 2
= 6.6 x 10-11 x 10-3 x 106 x 1
Gcgs = 6.6 x 10-8 dyne cm2 g-2
12.Check the dimensional correctness of a given Example 2:
equation with the examples.
Example 1: The force F acting on a body moving in a circular path
Consider an equation, v = u + at depends on mass of the body (m), velocity and radius (r)
of the circular path.Obtain the expression for the force by
Apply dimensions on both sides, we get, dimensional analysis method. (Take the value of k = 1)
[LT-1] = [LT-1] + [LT-2] [T-1]
[LT-1] = [LT-1] + [LT-1] Solution:
Since dimensions on both sides are same, the F ma v b rc
given equation is dimensionally correct.
F = k ma v b rc -----> (1)
Example 2:
Consider an equation, = Here k is dimensional constant. Applying
Apply dimensions on both sides, we get, dimensions on both sides, we get,
[M] [LT-1]2 = [M] [LT-2] [L] [M L T-2] = [Ma] [LT-1]b [L]c
[ML2T-2] = [ML2T-2]
Since dimensions on both sides are same, the [M L T-2] = [Ma Lb+c T-b]
given equation is dimensionally correct.
Comparing the powers of M, L, T on both sides,
13.Explain how to establish the relation among various a = 1, b + c = 1, -b = -2 .
physical quantities with the examples. Solving it, we get, a = 1, b = 2, c= -1
If physical quantity Q depends on Q1, Q2 and Q3,
then we write, ∝ From equation (1),
= F = m1 v2 r-1
Where k is dimensionless constant. Applying the
dimensions of Q1, Q2 and Q3 and using principle =
of homogeneity, the powers of M, L and T are
made equal on both sides. Then we get values
of a, b and c to form relation.
8
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
14.How will you measure the diameter of the Moon using Mark distribution
parallax method?
Let be the angle subtended by the Moon at the
Exam Total marks Pass mark
surface of the Earth.
Theory 70 15
d is the distance of the Moon from Earth.
D is the diameter of the Moon. Practical 20 20
Internal (or)
10
Assessment Exam attended
Total 100 35
Internal Assessment:
1. Attendance: 2
Above 80% - 2 Marks
75-80 % - 1 Mark
2. Internal class test: 4
(Calculated to 4 marks
from best three test)
3. Assignment : 2
4. Co-curricular activities 2
(Any 3 activities out of 33 given)
Total : 10
Question Pattern :
Part/ No. of No. of
Total
Question Marks questions questions to
marks¢
type asked be answered
I
1 15 15 15
1 marks
II
2 8+1(9) 5+1(6) 12
Short Q
III
3 8+1(9) 5+1(6) 18
Brief Q
5
IV (with
5 5 25
Long Q internal
choice)
ªñ£î¢îñ¢ 70
9
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
2. Kinematics 11. What is two dimensional motion? Give the examples
Curved motion of a particle in a plane is called
1. What is kinematics? two dimensional motion.
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which Example: (i) Motion of a coin on a carrom board.
deals with the motion of objects without taking force into (ii) An insect crawling over the floor.
account.
12. What is three dimensional motion?Give the examples
2. What is meant by Frame of reference? If a particle moving in a three dimensional space,
Frame of reference is a coordinate system with then it is called three dimensional motion.
respect to which position of an object is described. Example: (i) A bird flying in the sky.
(ii) Random motion of molecules.
3. What is meant by Cartesian coordinate system? (iii) Flying kite on a windy day.
Cartesian coordinate system is the frame of
reference with respect to which the position of the object 13. What is Scalar? Give examples
is described in terms of position coordinates(x,y,z). A physical quantity which can be described only
by magnitude is called Scalar.
4. What is the point mass? Give the examples. Ex: Distance, mass, temperature, speed, energy, etc.,
The mass of an object, which is concentrated at
a point is called “point mass”. It has no internal structures 14. What is Vector? Give examples
like shape and size. A physical quantity which can be described by
Example:(i) In the event of motion of Earth around the both magnitude and direction is called Vector.
Sun, Earth can be treated as point mass. Ex: Force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, etc.,
(ii) When stone is thrown in space, stone is
considered as point mass. 15. How to denote a vector quantity?
A vector quantity can be geometrically
5. What are the types of motion? represented by line arrow, in which lengh of the line
Linear motion denotes magnitude and arrow denotes its direction.
Circular motion
Rotational motion 16. What are the types of vectors?
Vibratory (or) Oscillatory motion. Equal vectors
6. What is linear motion? Give the examples. Collinear vectors
When an object is moving in a straight line, it is Parallel vectors
called linear motion. Anti-parallel vectors
Example: (i) An athlete running on a straight track. Unit vectors
(ii) A particle falling vertically downwards. Orthogonal unit vectors
7. What is circular motion? Give the examples. 17. What is equal vectors?
When an object is moving in a circular path, it is Two vectors of same physical quantity having
called circular motion. same magnitude and direction are called equal vectors.
Example: (i) The whirling motion of a stone attached to a
string. 18. What is collinear vectors?
(ii) The motion of a satellite around the Earth. Two vectors acting along the same line act either
8. What is Rotational motion? Give the examples. both in same direction or opposite to each other are called
If any object is revolving about an axis, the collinear vectors.
motion is called Rotational motion.
Example: (i) Rotation of a disc about its central axis. 19. What is parallel vectors?
(ii) Spinning of the Earth about its own axis. Two vectors act in the parallel lines along the
same direction are called parallel vectors.
9. What is vibratory motion? Give the examples.
If an object executes to and fro motion about a 20. What is anti-parallel vectors?
fixed point, it is called vibratory or oscillatory motion. Two vectors act in the parallel lines along the
Example: (i) Vibration of a string on a guitar. opposite directions are called anti-parallel vectors.
(ii) movement of a swing.
21. What is unit vector?
10. What is one dimensional motion? Give the examples. A vector with unit magnitude is called unit vector.
Motion of a particle along a straight line is called It is equal to the ratio of a vector and its magnitude.
one dimensional motion.
Example: (i) Motion of a train along a straight track. ⃗
=
(ii) An object falling freely down under gravity. ⃗
10
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
22. What is orthogonal unit vector? 30. Define average velocity.
If unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each The average velocity is defined as the ratio of
other, then they are called orthogonal unit vectors. change in displacement vector to the corresponding time
∆⃗
interval. ⃗ =∆
23. State triangle law of addition of two inclined vectors.
It is stated that if two vectors are represented by
the two adjacent sides of a triangle in same order, then 31. Define average speed.
the resultant is given by the third side of the triangle in The average speed is defined as the ratio of total
opposite order. path length travelled by the particle to a given interval of
time.
24. Define Scalar or Dot product of two vectors.
32. Define speed.
The scalar or dot product of two vectors is
The speed is defined as the change of distance
defined as the product of the magnitude of the both
with respect to time.
vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
33. Define instantaneous velocity or velocity. Give its
⃗∙ ⃗ = = unit.
The velocity at an instant is defined as the
25. Define Vector or Cross product of two vectors. change in position vector with respect to time. Its unit is
The Vector or Cross product of two vectors is ms-1.
defined as the product of the magnitude of the both
∆⃗ ⃗
vectors and the sine of the angle between them. ⃗ = lim =
∆ → ∆
34. What are the differences between velocity and
⃗× ⃗ = = ⃗
average velocity?
Velocity (or)
26. State right hand thumb rule in vector product.
S.No Instantaneous Average velocity
According to this law, if the curvature of the right
velocity
hand fingers represents rotating direction of a vector ⃗ Velocity at an
towards another vector ⃗, then the stretched thumb Ratio of change in
instant of time (or)
1. displacement vector to the
points out the direction of resultant vector ⃗. Rate of change of
time interval.
displacement vector
27. What is distance? Give its unit. It is measured at
Distance is the actual path length travelled by an It is measured for a given
2. particular instant of
object in the given interval of time during the motion. Its interval of time in motion.
time in motion.
unit is metre. ∆⃗ ⃗ ∆⃗
3. ⃗ = lim = ⃗ =
28. What is displacement? Give its unit. ∆ → ∆ ∆
Displacement is the shortest distance between
35. What is momentum (or) linear momentum? Give its
initial and final position of the object in the given interval
unit.
of time during the motion. Its unit is metre.
The momentum or linear momentum is the
.
product of mass of a particle and its velocity. Its unit is
29. What are the differences between distance and
displacement? kg ms-1 . i.e. ⃗ = ⃗
S.
Distance Displacement 36. What is relative velocity?
No.
The velocity of one object with respect to another
1 It is shortest distance object is called relative velocity.
It is total length of path
between initial and final
travelled.
position of an object. 37. What is uniform motion?
2 It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity. If an object is moving with constant velocity, then
3 It can be zero or the motion is called uniform motion.
It can be zero, positive and
positive but not
negative.
negative 38. What is non-uniform or accelerated motion?
4 It may be equal to or If an object is moving with various velocity with
It may be equal to or less
greater than the time, then the motion is called non-uniform or accelerated
than the distance.
displacement. motion.
5 It has many values It has only one value
between two positions between two positions of 39. What is uniform accelerated motion?
of an object. an object. If change in velocity of an object in given interval
of time is constant, then the motion is called uniform
accelerated motion.
11
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
40. What is non-uniform accelerated motion? 51. What is angular displacement? Give its unit.
If change in velocity of an object in given interval The angle described by the particle about the
of time is not constant, then the motion is called axis of rotation in a given time is called angular
non-uniform accelerated motion. displacement. Its unit is radian.
=
41. Define average acceleration.
Average acceleration is defined as the ratio of 52. Define one radian.
change in velocity over the given time interval. One radian is defined as the angle subtended by
∆⃗ the arc of unit radius and unit arc length.
⃗ =
∆ 53. What is angular velocity? Give its unit.
42. Define instantaneous acceleration or acceleration.
The rate of change of angular displacement is
Give its unit.
called angular velocity. Its unit is rad s-1 .
The acceleration at an instant is defined as the
change in velocity with respect to time. Its unit is ms-2.
∆
= lim
∆⃗ ⃗ ∆ → ∆
⃗ = lim = 54. What is angular acceleration? Give its unit.
∆ → ∆ The rate of change of angular velocity is called
43. What is free fall of a body?
angular acceleration. Its unit is rad s-2 .
The motion of a body falling towards the Earth
from a small altitude, purely under gravitational force is
∆⃗
∝⃗= lim
called free fall of a body. ∆ → ∆
44. What is meant by a projectile? Give the examples. 55. What is tangential acceleration?
An object is thrown in the air with some initial The acceleration which is acting along the
velocity and allowed to move under gravity is called a direction of linear velocity and tangent to the circular
projectile. motion is called tangential acceleration.
Ex:
An object dropped from window of a moving train 56. What is uniform circular motion?
A bullet fired from a rifle. When an object is moving on a circular path with
A ball thrown in any direction. constant speed, it is called uniform circular motion.
45. What are the types of projectile motion? 57. What is non-uniform circular motion?
Projectile given initial velocity in the horizontal When an object is moving on a circular path with
direction. change in speed and direction, it is called non-uniform
Projectile given initial velocity at an angle to the circular motion.
horizontal.
58. What is centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration
46. What are the assumptions made in projectile motion? or normal acceleration?
Air resistance is neglected. The acceleration which is acting towards the
The effect due to rotation of Earth and curvature center along the radial direction and perpendicular to
of earth is negligible. linear velocity of circular motion is called centripetal
The acceleration due to gravity is constant acceleration.
throughout the motion of the projectile.
47. What is trajectory? 59. How do you deduce that two vectors are
The path followed by the projectile is called perpendicular?
trajectory. If the scalar product of two vectors results zero,
they are said to be mutually perpendicular.
48. What is time of flight?
The time interval between the instant of
projection and the instant when the projectile hits the
ground.
Thus, Resultant ⃗ = ⃗ + (− ⃗) = ⃗ − ⃗
= ⃗− ⃗ = + +2 (180 − )
(a) Magnitude of resultant vector :
Since, cos(1800 - ) = -cos
From ⊿ABN,
⃗− ⃗ = 2 2
= ; = + −2
= ; =
(b) Direction of difference :
= + +2 + =
−
= ⃗+ ⃗ = + +2
3. Tabulate linear and angular equations of motion.
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4. Give the Comparison of the properties of Scalar and 5. Elucidate the significance of velocity – time graph.
Vector product. By using velocity – time graph we can find out the
S. distance and displacement by calculating the
Scalar / Dot product Vector / Cross product
No area under the curve.
Product quantity C= ⃗ ∙ ⃗ Product quantity
is always a scalar. ⃗ = ⃗ × ⃗ is always a
⃗ ∙ ⃗ = + if is acute Vector. ⃗ is always
1
(<900) orthogonal to ⃗ & ⃗ but ⃗
⃗ ∙ ⃗ = − if is obtuse and ⃗ may or may not be
(900 > < 1800) mutually orthogonal.
It doesn’t obey
Commutative law.
It obeys Commutative ⃗ × ⃗ ≠ ⃗ × ⃗. But,
2
law. ⃗ ∙ ⃗ = ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ × ⃗ = − ⃗ × ⃗ and
⃗× ⃗ = ⃗× ⃗ .
When ⃗ & ⃗ are parallel, When ⃗ & ⃗ are parallel, By integrating both sides, we get,
4
= 00 , ( ⃗ ∙ ⃗) = = 00 , ( ⃗ × ⃗) =0
=
When ⃗ & ⃗ are anti- When ⃗ & ⃗ are anti-
Displacement, x2 – x1 = Area under the curve
5 parallel, = 1800 , parallel, = 1800 ,
( ⃗ ∙ ⃗) =− ( ⃗ × ⃗) =0 If area under the curve is negative, the
displacement of the particle is negative
When ⃗ & ⃗ are When ⃗ & ⃗ are
6 perpendicular, = 900, perpendicular, = 900 ,
⃗∙ ⃗ = 0 ( ⃗ × ⃗) =
Self-dot product of a Self-cross product of a
7 vector, vector,
⃗∙ ⃗= 0 = ⃗× ⃗= 0 = 0⃗
Self-dot product of a unit Self-cross product of a
vector, unit vector,
8 6. Discuss about relative velocity.
∙ = 1×1 0 =1 × = 1 × 1 0 = 0⃗
When two objects A and B moving with different
̂∙ ̂= ̂∙ ̂= ∙ =1 ̂ × ̂ = ̂ × ̂ = × = 0⃗
velocities, then the velocity of one object with
Cross product of respect to another is called relative velocity.
Dot product of orthogonal unit vectors,
(a) Case 1 : A and B moving in same direction.
9 orthogonal unit vectors, ̂ × ̂ = ; ̂× ̂=−
Let VA and VB are the uniform velocities of A and
̂∙ ̂= ̂∙ = ∙ ̂=0 ̂× = ̂ ; × ̂=−̂
B respectively.
× ̂= ̂ ; ̂× =− ̂
If A and B are moving in same direction,
Vector product of vector
Scalar product of vector
components,
components, The relative velocity of A with respect to B is,
⃗∙ ⃗ = ̂ ̂ ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
⃗∙ ⃗ =
10 ̂+ ̂+ ∙
( ̂+ + ) The relative velocity of B with respect to A is,
= ̂ − + ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
⃗∙ ⃗ = + ̂( − )+ Thus, magnitude of relative velocity of one object
+ − with respect to other is equal to difference in
magnitude of two velocities.
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(b) Case 2 : A and B moving in opposite direction. 8. Elucidate the significance of acceleration–time graph.
Let VA and VB are the uniform velocities of A and By using acceleration– time graph we can find out
B respectively. the speed and velocity by calculating the area
under the curve.
If A and B are moving in opposite direction,
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Here, Sx = x , ux = u and ax = 0, Therefore, (d) Resultant Velocity at any time : (v)
= The velocity of the projectile at point p after the
time t has two components Vx and Vy.
= ---------> (1)
The velocity component along x-direction is,
(ii) Motion along downward direction:
= +
The downward distance travelled by the projectile
at a point P after a time t can be written as,
Since, ux = u, ax = 0, we get, =
1
= + The velocity component along y-direction is,
2
Here, Sy = y , uy = 0 and ay = g , Therefore, = +
1 Since, uy = 0, ay = g, we get, =
=
2
Substituting equation (1), we get, Hence the resultant velocity at any time t is,
1 ⃗= ̂+ ̂
= =
2 2 ⃗= ̂+ ̂
= +
The equation(2) represents the equation of a
parabola. Thus, the path travelled by the projectile
is a parabola. = +
(c) Horizontal range : (R) The speed of the projectile when hits the ground,
= +
The horizontal range(R) is the maximum horizontal
distance covered by the projectile from the foot of
the tower to the point where the projectile hits the = +2 ℎ
ground.
13. Obtain the following expressions in the event of
The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile angular projection of a projectile with the horizontal
at a time t can be written as, (a) the path of the projectile (b) maximum height
1 (c) time of flight (d) horizontal range.
= +
2 Consider an object is thrown with initial velocity
at an angle with the horizontal.
Here, Sx = R , ux = u , ax = 0 and t = Tf
= Since acceleration due to gravity acts vertically
downwards, velocity along the horizontal
x-direction ux doesn’t change throught the motion.
Therefore, =u ∵ = Whereas velocity along the y-direction uy is
changed.
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Time of flight : (Tf)
The time of flight(Tf) is the time taken by the
projectile to hit the ground after thrown.
1 2
= − 2 =
2 2 2 2
Thus, the path travelled by the projectile is an
inverted parabola. =
4
Maximum Height : (hmax)
The maximum range is, =
The maximum vertical distance travelled by the
projectile during its journey is called maximum
height. 14. Obtain the relation between linear velocity and
angular velocity.
For the vertical part of the motion,
= +2
0= −2 ℎ
ℎ =
2
18
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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Consider an object moving along a circle of In uniform circular motion,
radius r. In a time t, the object travels an arc = | ⃗| = | ⃗| and = | ⃗| = | ⃗|
distance S as shown in figure. The From figure, the geometrical relationship
corresponding angle subtended is . between the magnitude of position and velocity
vectors is given by,
From figure, the S can be written as, ∆ ∆
∆ = ∆ =− =
Dividing both sides by t, we get, Here the negative sign implies that v points
∆ ∆ radially inward, towards the center of the circle.
=
∆ ∆ ∆
In the limit → 0, the above equation becomes, ∆ =−
= Dividing both sides by t, we get,
∆ ∆
Here, = and = , therefore,
=−
∆ ∆
Applying the limit → 0, We get,
= =−
15. Derive an expression for tangential acceleration in Since = and = , we can write,
the circular motion.
=−
Where ac is the centripetal acceleration.
17. Derive an expression for magnitude and direction of
total acceleration in the non-uniform circular motion.
Consider the non-uniform circular motion of an
object. (Ex: vertical circular motion)
=
Here, = and = , therefore,
=
where at is the tangential acceleration and is
the angular acceleration The resultant acceleration is obtained by vector
sum of centripetal and tangential acceleration.
16. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration in Hence, ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗
the uniform circular motion.
Consider the position vectors and velocity Therefore, the magnitude of resultant
vectors shift through the some angle in a small acceleration is given by,
interval of time t as shown in figure.
= +
2
= + ∵ =
The angle of resultant acceleration with the radial
vector is,
= =
19
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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3. Laws of motion 10. What are the steps followed in developing the free
body diagram?
Identify the forces acting on the object
1. State the Newton’s first law of motion. Represent the object as a point.
Every body continues its state of rest or in Draw the vectors representing the forces acting
uniform motion until external force acting on it. on the object.
2. What is inertia? What are its types? 11. What is concurrent forces?
The inability of an object to change its state of The lines of forces acting at a common point are
rest or motion. called concurrent forces.
Types :
Inertia of rest 12. What is coplanar forces?
Inertia of motion The lines of forces they are in the same plane are
Inertia of direction called coplanar forces.
3. What is inertia of rest? Give an example. .
The inability of an object to change its state of 13. State Lami’s theorem.
rest is called inertia of rest. If a system of three concurrent and coplanar
Example: forces is in equilibrium, each force is directly proportional
When a bus start to move from rest position, all to sine of the angle between the other two forces.
the passengers inside the bus suddenly will be pushed
back. Here passengers cannot change their state of rest 14. State law of conservation of total linear momentum.
on its own that’s why they pushed back. If there is no external force acting on the system,
the total linear momentum of the system is always a
4. What is inertia of motion? Give an example. constant vector.
The inability of an object to change its state of
motion on its own is called inertia of rest. 15. What is impulsive force or impulse? Give its unit.
Example: If a very large force acts on an object in a very
When a bus in motion suddenly braked, all the short time, the force is called impulsive force.Its unit is Ns.
passengers inside the bus will move forward. Here = ×∆
passengers cannot change their state of motion on its 16. Illustrate the average force with the examples.
own that’s why they moved forward. When a cricket player catches the ball, he pulls his
hands gradually in the direction of the ball’s motion
5. What is inertia of direction? Give an example. because to reduce average large force which hurts
The inability of an object to change its state of his hands.
direction on its own is called inertia of rest. When a car meets with an accident, the air bag
Example: system inside a car prevents the passengers by
When a stone attached to a string is in reducing average forces acting on them.
whirling motion suddenly cut out, the stone will move in When a two wheeler bumps on the road, the shock
the tangential direction of the circle. Here the whirling absorbers make comfort to rider by reducing
stone cannot change its state of direction on its own that’s average force.
why it couldn’t continue its circular motion. Jumping on a concrete cemented road is more
dangerous than jumping on the sand since the
6. State Newton’s second law of motion. sand reduces the average force on jumping.
The force acting on an object is equal to the rate
of change of its momentum. 17. What is meant by static friction?
Static friction is the force which opposes the
7. Define one Newton. initiation of motion of an object on the surface.
One Newton is defined as the force which acts on
1 kg of mass to give an acceleration 1 ms-2 in the direction 18. What is meant by kinetic friction?
of the force. Kinetic friction is the force which opposes the
motion of an object during movement.
8. State Newton’s third law.
For every action there is an equal and opposite 19. Define angle of friction.
reaction. The angle of friction is defined as the angle
between the normal force(N) and resultant force(R) of
9. What is free body diagram? normal force and maximum friction force(fsmax).
Free body diagram is a simple tool to analyse the
motion of the object using Newton’s laws. 20. Define angle of repose.
The angle of repose is defined as the angle of the
inclined plane at which the object starts to slide.
20
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21. Describe the applications of angle of repose. 29. What are non-inertial frames?
Antilons make sand traps in such way that its angle The frame of reference, which is accelerated, is
of inclination is made equal to angle of repose. So known as non-inertial frame. Newton’s laws are not
that insects enter the edge of the trap start to slide applicable in these frames.
towards the bottom where the antilons hide itself.
30. Illustrate the centripetal force with the examples.
Children sliding boards are always inclined just In the whirling motion of a stone tied with a string,
above the angle of repose. So that children playing the centripetal force is given by tensional force
on that slide smoothly. At the same time, much through the string.
greater inclined angle may hurt the sliding children.
22. Compare the static and kinetic friction. In the motion of satellites around the Earth, the
S.No. Static friction Kinetic friction gravitational force gives the centripetal force.
It opposes relative
It opposes initiation of
1.
motion.
motion of the object with When a car is moving on a circular track, the
respect to the surface. frictional force between road and tyre gives the
Independent of surface Independent of surface centripetal force.
2.
contact contact
k depends on the When the planets orbit around the Sun experience
s depends on the nature the centripetal force towards the sun is given by the
nature of material and
3. of material in mutual gravitational force of the Sun.
temperature of the
contact.
surface.
31. What is meant by banking of tracks?
Depends on the Independent of
When the coefficient of static friction is not
4. magnitude of applied magnitude of applied
enough on the leveled circular road, the outer edge of the
force. force.
road is slightly raised compared to the inner egde to avoid
It takes values from 0 to It is always equal to skidding. It is called banking of tracks.
5.
sN. kN.
6. 32. What is centrifugal force?
> <
If a particle is in circular motion with respect to a
7. > < non-inertial frame, there is a pseudo force acting away
23. State the empirical laws of static and kinetic friction. from the center of the circle is called centrifugal force.
The empirical law of static friction states that the
static frictional force is directly proportional to the 33. Compare the centripetal and centrifugal forces.
normal force. i.e. = where, 0 ≤ ≤ . S.No. Centripetal force Centrifugal force
It is a real force given by
The empirical law of kinetic friction states that the external agencies like
It is a pseudo force or
kinetic frictional force is directly proportional to the fictitious force cannot be
1. gravitational force,
normal force. i.e. = . derived from any
tensional force, normal
24. What is rolling friction? external agencies.
force,etc.
The rolling friction is the minimal force, which
opposes the rotational motion of the wheel on the surface. Acts in both inertial and Acts only in non-inertial
2.
non-inertial frames frames(rotating frames)
25. What is centripetal force?
It acts away from the
If a particle is in uniform circular motion with It acts towards the axis
axis of rotation or
respect to an inertial frame, there is a force acting towards 3. of rotation or center of
center of the circular
the center of the circle is called centripetal force. the circular motion.
motion
26. Suggest a few methods to reduce friction. Real force and has real Pseudo force but has
4.
By using lubricants in machinary parts. effects. real effects.
By using ball bearings.
27. What is meant by pseudo force? It orginates from It orginates from inertia
5.
The pseudo force is a fictitious force. It is just an interaction of two objects of the object.
apparent but it makes real effect. It is represented only in
non-inertial frames. It is included in free body It is included in free
Example : centrifugal force. 6. diagram for both inertial body diagram for only
and non-inertial frames. non-inertial frames.
28. What are inertial frames?
Magnitudely it is equal to Magnitudely it is equal
The frame of reference, which is not accelerated, 7.
centrifugal force. to centripetal force.
is known as inertial frame. Newton’s laws are applicable
in these frames.
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Conceptual Questions: 43. When you walk on the tiled floor where water is
spilled, you are likely to slip. Why?
Water on tiled floor reduces the coefficient of
34. Why it is not possible to push a car from inside? friction of the surface. So when we walk on wet tile, it
It is not possible to push a car from inside drags our leg to slide. Now the friction becomes kinetic
because the pushing force is equalised by the reactional friction, which is much weaker than static friction. That’s
force of the car seat. why we likely to slip.
35. There is a limit beyond which polishing of a surface 44. When a bicycle moves in the forward direction, what
increases frictional resistance rathar than decreasing is the direction of frictional force in the rear and front
it why? wheels?
Polishing the surface beyond the certain limit When a bicycle moves in the forward direction,
induces the electrostatic addisive force on the surface, static friction in the rear wheel acts forward.
which will inturn developes the frictional resistance. So that front wheel gets backward static friction.
When wheels slip friction becomes kinetic friction.
36. Can a single isolated force exist in nature? Explain In addition to static friction, rolling friction also acts
your answer. both wheels in the backward direction.
No. It cannot. According to Newton’s third law
“For every action there is an equal and opposite 45. Under What condition will a car skid on a leveled
reaction”. So the forces always exist in pairs. circular road?
When a car moves on a leveled circular road with
37. Why does a parachute descend slowly? greater speed, static friction given by road not able
The large area covered by the parachute provide enough centripetal force to turn. So that car will
experiences more air resistive force acting opposite to start to skid.
downward gravitational force. So that the parachute
descends slowly. 46. It is dangerous to stand near the open door (or) steps
while travelling in the bus. Why?
38. When we walk on ice one should take short steps. When the bus takes sudden turn, the person
Why? standing near the open door or steps is pushed away
As the surface of the ice is very smooth, in order from the bus due to centrifugal force.
to avoid skidding, short steps help us to make necessary
static friction to walk.
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5 Marks Q & A: (e) Newton’s 2nd law is second order differential equation
Since the acceleration is the second order
1. Discuss the significance of Newton’s laws. derivative of position vector of the body,
d2 ⃗
i.e. ⃗= dt 2 the force can be written as,
(a) Newton’s laws are vector laws.
From Newton’s 2nd law, ⃗ = ⃗ d2 ⃗
⃗ = m⃗ = m
It can be written in the components as, dt 2
̂+ ̂+ = ̂+ ̂+ So that Newton’s 2nd law is second order
By comparing components on both sides, differential equation.
= . The acceleration along x-direction
depends on component of force along x direction. (f) Newton’s first and second laws are internally
= . The acceleration along y-direction consistent.
depends on component of force along y direction. If force acting on the body is zero, according to
= . The acceleration along z-direction Newton’s 2nd law,
depends on component of force along z direction. dv⃗
So that Force acting along one direction doesn’t m =0
affect force acting along the other direction. dt
Case(iii): Force and motion in the opposite direction. The forces acting on the object is (i) Downward
If an object is thrown vertically upwards, the gravitational force (ii) Normal force perpendicular
direction of motion and gravitational force are opposite. to the inclined surface.
⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ + ⋯+ ⃗ +
23
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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To draw free body diagram the block is assumed 3. Obtain the expressions for acceleration of two bodies
to be point mass. Now the coordinate system is of different masses and show that forces acting on
taken parallel to inclined surface. each other is equal and opposite.
Consider two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (m1>m2)
The gravitational force mg is resolved into kept in contact with each other on horizontal
mgsin and mgcos. They are parallel and frictionless surface as shown in figure.
perpendicular to inclined surface respectively.
= −
+
24
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Let T be the tension in the string. When the system
= 1− is released m1 moves downward and m2 moves
+
upward with the same acceleration ‘a’.
=
+
In vector form, the contact force on m1 by m2 is
given by,
⃗ =− ̂
+
The –ve sign indicates that ⃗ is along negative
x-direction.
=
+
Comparing the components on both sides, Since initially both the gun and bullet are at rest,
− =0 ⃗ =0 ⃗ =0
= Hence, total linear momentum before firing can be
written as,
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get,
⃗ + ⃗ =0
− =
26
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When the gun is fired, the momentum of the bullet 9. Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull
changes from ⃗1 to ⃗ and the momentum of the an object than push it.
gun changes from ⃗ to ⃗ . (a) Pushing an object :
When an object is pushed at an arbitrary angle ,
According to conservation of linear momentum, the applied force F can be resolved into two
total linear momentum after firing must be equal to components as shown in figure.
total linear momentum before firing. So that,
⃗ + ⃗ = 0 ------> (1)
Let mb & mg are the mass of the bullet and the gun
and vb & vg are the velocity and recoil velocity of
the bullet and the gun respectively.
Substituting the valus of ⃗ and ⃗ in equation (1), From the diagram the normal force N is balance by
we get, the total downward force mg + Fcos. Thus,
⃗ + ⃗ =0 = +
Hence, the recoil velocity of the gun is given by, In this case, maximum static friction can be
⃗ =− ×⃗ written as,
=
8. Obtain the impulse – momentum equation.
If a large force F acts on a object in a very short = ( + ) --->(1)
time dt, Newton’s 2nd law can be written as,
(b) Pulling an object :
= When an object is pulled at an arbitrary angle ,
the applied force F can be resolved into two
= components as shown in figure.
Integrating over the time from an initial time ti to a
final time tf, we get
= ------> (3)
From the figure, the resultant force is given by,
It shows that equation (3) is like the definition of
= ( ) + angle of friction = where is the angle
of friction.
And from the figure,
or =
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(a) For safe turn : Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get
≤ ( ) ≥ ( ) ≥ =
In this case, static friction is not able to provide When the car little slows the safe speed, it will start
enough centripetal force to turn, the car will start to to skid inward but frictional force will reduce
skid. centripetal force to prevent the inward skidding.
= −→ (2)
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4. Work, Enegy and Power 11.What is conservative force? Give examples.
If the work done by or against the force in moving
body doesn’t depend the nature of the path
1. What is work? Give its SI unit and dimension. between initial and final position of the body, the
Work is said to be done by the force when the force force is called conservative force.
applied on a body displaces it. Its SI unit is joule.
= ⃗. ⃗ = Example: Elastic spring force, electrostatic force,
Work is a scalar quantity. Its dimentional formula is magnetic force, gravitational force, etc.
[ML2T-2].
12.What is non-conservative force?Give examples.
2. Explain how the definition of work in physics is If the work done by or against the force in moving
different from general perception. body depends on the path between initial and final
In general, any activity refers to work. It may be position of the body, the force is called non-
physical or mental work. conservative force.
But in Physics, work is treated as a physical Examples: Frictional forces, viscous force
quantity with a precise definition.
13.Write difference between conservative and non-
3. Define Energy. Give its SI unit and dimension. conservative forces.
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Its SIS.
unit is joule. Conservative force Non-conservative force
No.
1. It is independent of path. It depends on the path.
Energy magnitudely equal to work. It is also a Work done in a round trip Work done in a round trip
scalar. Its dimension is [ML2T-2]. 2.
is zero. is not zero.
Work done is completely Work done is not
4. Write some other units used in energy and equate 3.
recoverable. completely recoverable.
them to joule. Total energy remains Energy dissipated as heat
1 erg (CGS unit) = 107 J 4.
constant. energy.
1 electron volt (1 eV) = 1.6 x 10-19 J Force is the negative No such relation exist.
1 calorie (1 cal) = 4.186 J 5. gradient of potential
1 kilowatt hour (1kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J =1 unit. energy.
5. What are the types of mechanical energy? 14.State law of conservation of energy.
Kinetic energy. The law of conservation of energy states that
Potential energy. energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. One
form of energy can be transformed to another form but
6. What is Kinetic energy? total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
motion is called Kinetic energy. 15.Define power. Give its unit.
Power is defined as the rate of work done or energy
7. State Work – Kinetic energy theorem. delivered. Its unit is watt.
The work done by the force on the body changes ( )
the kinetic energy of the body. This is called ( )= ( )
Work – Kinetic energy theorem.
16.Define average power.
8. What is Potential energy? The average power is defined as the ratio of the
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its total work done to the total time taken.
its position is called Potential energy.
31
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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5 Marks Q & A: The graphical representation of the work done
1. Write a brief note on work done. by a constant force is shown in figure.
Work is said to be done by the force when the
force applied on a body displaces it. Its SI unit is
joule.
= ⃗. ⃗ =
The work done by the force depends on the 3. Describe the work done by a variable force.
force (F), displacement(dr) and the angle() When a variable force F acts on a body, the small
between them. work done(dw) by the force for the smaller
displacement is given by,
Work done is zero in the following cases. =( )
(i) When the force is zero (F =0) Where F and are variables.
Ex: A body is moving on a horizontal
frictionless surface without force. The total work done from initial (ri) and final (rf)
dispalcement is given by,
(ii) When the displacement is zero (dr =0)
Ex: When force is applied on a regid wall,
there is no dispalcement. =
Multiply and divide the equation(2) by ‘m’,we get, 7. Obtain an expression for elastic potential energy of a
1 ( ⃗. ⃗) spring stretched along horizontal direction.
= Consider a spring-mass system. One end of the
2 spring is fixed to a rigid wall and the other end is
1 ( ⃗). ( ⃗) attached to the mass ‘m’, which is placed on a
=
2 smooth horizontal table as shown in figure.
1 ( ⃗. ⃗)
= [∵ = ]
2
= [∵ ⃗. ⃗ = ]
2
The magnitude of linear momentum can be
written as,
= 2 ( )
Since = and = 0, the potential energy can Where = is the centripetal acceleration.
be written as,
Consider v1 , T1 and v2 , T2 are the velocities and
= tensions at lowest point 1 and highest point 2
respectively.
Difference in tension :
Subtracting equation(4) from (3), we get,
− = + − +
− = [ − ]+2 − −→ (5)
34
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Here U1 = 0 (since point 1 is base point) , 9. Derive the relation between power and velocity.
U2 = mg (2r) , = and = , The work done by a force ⃗ for a displacement
So that from equation(6), ⃗ can be written as,
1 1 = ⃗∙ ⃗
0+ = (2 ) +
2 2
Dividing by ‘dt’ on both sides,
Rearranging we get, ⃗
1 = ⃗∙
( − )=2
2
− =4 − −→ (7) ⃗
But, the power = and the velocity ⃗= ,
Substituting equation(7) in (5), we have, Therefore,
− = [4 ]+2 = ⃗∙ ⃗
Therefore, the difference in tension is, 10.Arrive at an expression for elastic collision in one
dimension and discuss various cases.
− =6 Consider two elastic bodies of masses m1 and m2
moving in a straight line along +ve x-direction on
Minimum speed at the highest point (2) :
a frictionless horizontal surface as shown in
If the tension T2 = 0, the body will get minimum
figure.
speed to move on vertical circle. Therefore, from
equation (4), we get,
0= −
Case 3 : The 1st body is very much lighter than 2nd body
and second mass is at rest.. i.e. m1 << m2 & u2 = 0.
In this case, m1 + m2 m2 and ≈0
.According to law of conservation of linear
momentum,
From equation (6),
But = ( )
, therefore loss of kinetic
energy,
1
∆ = ( − )
2 +
37
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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5. Motion of System of Particles and 14. What are the stable equilibrium conditions?
Linear and angular momentum are zero
Rigid bodies The body tries to come back to equilibrium if
1. What is a rigid body? slightly disturbed and released.
A rigid body is the one, which maintains its The center of mass of the body shifts slightly
dimension and fixed shape even when an external force higher if disturbed from equilibrium
acts on it. Potential energy of the body is minimum and it
2. Define center of mass. increases if disturbed.
The center of mass of a body is defined as a point 15. What are the unstable equilibrium conditions?
where the entire mass of the body appears to be Linear and angular momentum are zero
concentrated. The body cannot come back to equilibrium if
3. What is a point mass? slightly disturbed and released.
A point mass is a hypothetical point which has The center of mass of the body shifts slightly
non-zero mass and no size or shape. lower if disturbed from equilibrium
4. Define torque. Give its unit. Potential energy of the body is not minimum and
Torque is defined as the moment of the external it decreases if disturbed.
applied force about a point or axis of rotation. Its unit is 16. What are the neutral equilibrium conditions?
N m. Linear and angular momentum are zero
i.e. ⃗ = ⃗ × ⃗ The body remains at the same equilibrium if
5. Give the examples of torque in day-to-day life. slightly disturbed and released.
The opening and closing of a hinged door. The center of mass of the body does not shifts
Turning of a nut using a wrench. higher or lower if disturbed from equilibrium
6. What are the conditions in which force can not Potential energy remains same even if disturbed.
produce torque? 17. Distinguish between stable and unstable equilibrium.
S.No. Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
Force ⃗ acts along or opposite to the direction of ⃗¢.
1. The body returns back The body does not return
i.e. = 00 or = 1800.
to equilibrium after back to equilibrium after
Force acts at the reference point. i.e. r = 0.
slight disturbance. slight disturbance.
7. Define angular momentum. Give its unit.
The angular momentum of a point mass is 2. The center of mass of The center of mass of
defined as the moment of its linear momentum. Its unit is the body shifts higher the body shifts lower
kg m2 s-1 . during disturbance. during disturbance.
3. Potential energy is Potential energy is
i.e. ⃗ = ⃗ × ⃗ minimum and maximum and decreased
8. What is meant by mechanical equilibrium of a rigid increased during during disturbance.
body? disturbance.
A rigid body is said to be in mechanical 18. Define a couple.
equilibrium when both its linear momentum and angular A couple is defined as a pair of forces, which are
momentum remain constant. equal and opposite and seperated by a perpendicular
9. What are the types of equilibrium? distance causes a turning effect.
Translational equilibrium 19. Define moment of a couple.
Rotational equilibrium The moment of a couple is defined as the turning
Static equilibrium effect caused by a pair of forces, which are equal and
Dynamic equilibrium opposite and seperated by a perpendicular distance.
Stable equlibrium 20. Give some examples for couple.
Unstable equlibrium Opening a cap of a pen.
Neutral equilibrium Turning a steering wheel of a car.
10. What are translational equilibrium conditions? opening a water tap.
Linear momentum is constant 21. State principle of moments.
Net force is zero When an object is in equilibrium the sum of the
11. What are rotational equilibrium conditions? anticlockwise moments about a turning point must be
Angular momentum is constant equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.
Net torque is zero 22. What is center of gravity?
The center of gravity of a body is the point at
12. What are static equilibrium conditions? which the entire weight of the body acts irrespective of the
Linear and angular momentum are zero position and orientation of the body.
Net force and net torque are zero 23. What do you mean by the moment of inertia? Give its
unit and dimension.
13. What are dynamic equilibrium conditions? The moment of inertia is a measure of rotational
Linear and angular momentum are constant inertia. Its unit is kg m2 and dimension is M L2.
Net force and net torque are zero
38
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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24. Define moment of inertia. 32. What is the condition for pure rolling?
Moment of inertia is defined as the sum of the In pure rolling, the total kinetic energy must be
products of the mass and the square of the perpendicular equal to the sum of kinetic energies of translational and
distance to the axis of rotation of each particle in a body rotational motion.
rotating about an axis.
33. Comparison of translational and rotational quantities.
. . = S. Translational Motion Rotational motion about a
No fixed axis
25. Mention any two physical significance of moment of 1. Displacement, x Angular displacement, θ
inertia. 2. Time, t Time, t
Lesser the moment of inertia, greater the speed 3. Velocity, = Angular velocity, =
of rotation.
Greater the mass concentrated away from the 4. Acceleration, a= Angular acceleration,
axis of rotaion, greater the moment of inertia. =
5. Mass, m Moment of inertia, I
26. What is radius of gyration? Give its unit.
The radius of gyration of an object is the 6. Force, = Torque, =
perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and
the center of mass of the object. Its unit is metre. 7. Linear momentum, Angular momentum,
= L=
27. Define radius of gyration. 8. Impulse, Δ = Δ Angular Impulse, Δ = Δ
Radius of gyration is defined as the root mean 9. Work done by force, Work done by torque,
square (rms) distance of the particles of the body from the w= =
axis of rotation. 10. Kinetic energy, Rotational Kinetic energy,
+ + + ⋯+ = =
. . = 11. Power, = Rotational Power, =
39
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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Conceptual Questions: 40. A rectangle block rests on a horizontal table. A
horizontal force is applied on the block at a height h
35. When a tree is cut, the cut is made on the side facing above the table to move the block. Does the line of
the direction in which the tree is required to fall. Why? action of the normal force N exerted by the table on
The side on which the cut is made is no longer the block depend on h?
supported by the normal force from the bottom, therefore,
the gravitational force acts on the tree, tries to rotate it.
The torque provided by the gravity will rotate the tree such
that the tree falls on the side where it was cut.
40
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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5 Marks Q & A: 2. Find the center of mass of two point masses by
1. Find the center of mass for a collection of ‘n’ point shifting the origin.
masses. Consider the point masses m1 and m2 which are
positioned as x1 and x2 along X-axis. The center of
Consider the point masses m1,m2,m3,...mn whose mass can be found in this system in three ways as
position coordinates from orgin O along X-direction follows.
are x1,x2,x3,...xn as shown in figure.
When the masses are on positive X-axis :
The origin is taken arbitrarily as shown in figure.
+
=
+
When the origin coincides with any one of the
masses:
The equation for the X coordinate of the center of If the orgin coincide with mass m1 as shown in
mass is, figure, its position x1 = 0.
∑
=
∑
= ×
2
= × = × × =
2 4 4
In vector form,
⃗= ⃗
42
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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6. Obtain the relation between angular momentum and 8. State and prove principle of moments. Also get the
angular velocity. expression for mechanical advantage.
Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis. A Statement : When an object is in equilibrium the
point mass m in the body will execute a circular sum of the anticlockwise moments about a turning
motion about a fixed axis as shown in figure. point must be equal to the sum of the clockwise
moments.
Proof :
Consider a light rod of negligible mass which is
pivoted at a point along its length.
43
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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9. Explain why a cyclist bends while negotiating a curve
road? Arrive at the expression for angle of bending =
for a given velocity.
Consider a cyclist negotiating a circular level
But from ABC, AB = AC sin & BC = AC cos.
road(not banked) of radius r with a speed v about
Therefore, the above equation can be written as,
the center O as shown in figure.
=
In this rotating frame, the centrifugal force acts Let us consider the rod is along the x-axis and the
away from center O and passing through the center moment of inertia of the rod is found about the
of gravity C as shown below. axis, which passes through center of mass
(here the geometrical center) of the rod ‘O’.
= = ( ) −→ (2)
/
As the system is in rotational equilibrium, the net If is linear mass density(i.e. = ), the small
l
torque must be zero. Thus, mass dm can be written as,
⃗ =0
= =
l
− + =0
Substituting the ‘dm’ value in equation(2), we get,
Here, the clock wise moment (mg AB) is taken as / /
44
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3 + /2 12. Obtain the expression for moment of inertia of a
= uniform disc.
l 3 Consider a uniform disc of mass M and radius R as
− /2
shown in figure.
l3 l3 l3
= + =2
l 24 24 l 24
1
= l2
12
= = 1 2
2πR 2 =
2
R
45
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
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Proof : 14. State and prove perpendicular axis theorem.
Let us consider a rigid body as shown in figure.
Statement : The moment of inertia of a plane
laminar body about an axis perpendicular to its
plane is equal to the sum of moments of inertia
about two perpendicular axes lying in the plane of
the body such that all the three axes are mutually
perpendicular and concurrent.
Let P be the point mass of mass m, which is The moment of inertia of the point mass about the
located at a distance x from its center of mass. Z-axis is,
=
The moment of inertia of the point mass about the
axis DE is, The moment of inertia of the whole body about the
= ( + ) Z-axis is,
= ( + ) Here, = + , So that,
= ( + )
= ( + +2 )
= +
= ( + +2 )
The angular momentum of the rigid body is, Substituting the values of IO and in KE relation,
= we get,
1
The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is, = ( + )
2
1 1
= = 1+
2 2
Multiplying and dividing the R.H.S of the equation
by L, we get, 21. A solid sphere is undergoing pure rolling. What is the
ratio of its translational and rotational kinetic energy?
1 1( )
= = The expression for total kinetic energy in pure
2 2 rolling is,
= = + −→ (1)
2
For any object the total kinetic energy can be
This is the relation between rotational kinetic arrived as,
energy and angular momentum. 1 1
= + −→ (2)
19. Arrive at an expression for kinetic energy in pure 2 2
rolling with center of mass as reference.
As the pure rolling consist of both translational and Comparing the equations (1) & (2), we get,
rotational motion, the total kinetic energy of pure 1
rolling is the sum of kinetic energies of translational =
2
and rotational motion. 1
= + =
2
If M be the mass of the rolling object, VCM be the
velocity of center of mass, ICM be the moment of Now the ratio between and is,
inertia about the center of mass and be the
angular velocity, then,
∶ =1∶
1 1
= +
2 2 For solid sphere, = , Therefore,
2
But = and = . Here K is the ∶ =1∶
5
radius of gyration. So that, or ∶ =5∶ 2
1 1
= + ( ) 22. Discuss the rolling on inclined plane and arrive at the
2 2
1 1 expressions for the acceleration, the final velocity and
= + the time taken for rolling down the inclined plane.
2 2
1 Consider a round object of mass m and radius R is
= 1+ rolling down on an inclined plane without slipping
2
as shown in figure.
20. Arrive at an expression for kinetic energy in pure
rolling with point of contact as reference.
If IO is the moment of inertia of the object about the
point of contact, the rotational kinetic energy is,
1
=
2
By parallel axis theorem,
= +
48
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(a) Acceleration of the rolling object : 2 ℎ
From the figure, it is seen that the component of = −→ (4)
gravitational force(mg cos) perpendicular to 1+
inclined plane is balanced by the normal force N.
(c) Time taken for rolling down the inclined plane :
Therefore, the component of gravitational force If the object starts rolling from rest, initial velocity
(mg sin) parallel to inclined plane and the frictional u = 0. Therefore, from 1st equation of motion
force f, combinely causes the motion.
= + ,
For translational motion, =
or
− = −→ (1)
=
For rotational motion, let us take a torque with
respect to the center of the object. mg sin cannot
Substituting equations (3) & (4), we have,
make any torque as it passes through the center of
the object, but the frictional force f can set a torque
as,
= =
But we know, = ,thus,
= 1+
2 ℎ
= ×
Substituting, the angular acceleration = and 1+
the moment of inertia = , we get,
2ℎ 1 +
= =
= −→ (2)
It suggest that for a given inclined angle, the object
with least value of radius of gyration K will reach
Substituting equation (2) in (1), we have, the bottom of the inclined plane first.
− =
= +
1+ =
= −→ (3)
1+
ℎ
= 2×
1+
2 ℎ
=
1+
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6. Gravitation 10. Define Gravitational potential energy. Give its unit.
The gravitational potential energy is defined as
1. State Ptolemy’s Geocentric model theory. the work done to bring the mass m2 from infinity to a
According to the Geocentric model, the Earth is distance ‘r’ in the gravitational field of mass m1. Its unit is
at the center of the universe and all celestial objects joule.
including the Sun, the Moon, and other planets orbit the . . ( )=−
Earth.
2. State Copernicus Heliocentric model theory. 11. Define Gravitational potential. Give its unit.
According to the Heliocentric model, Sun was The gravitational potential at a distance r due to
considered to be at the center of the solar system and all a mass is defined as the amount of work required to bring
planets including the Earth orbited the Sun in circular unit mass from infinity to the distance r.
orbits.
. . ( )=−
3. State Kepler’s First law (Law of orbits).
Each planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical 12. What is acceleration due to gravity?
orbit with the Sun at one of the foci. The acceleration experienced by the object near
the surface of the Earth due to its gravity is called
4. State Kepler’s Second law (Law of area). acceleration due to gravity.
The radial vector (line joining the Sun to a planet)
sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
. . | |=
13. What is meant by escape speed of the Earth?
5. State Kepler’s Third law (Law of period). The minimum speed required by an object to
The square of the time period of revolution of a escape Earth’s gravitational field is called the escape
planet around the Sun in its elliptical orbit is directly speed.
proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the
. . = 2 = 11.2
ellipse. i.e. T2 a3 .
14. What is meant by the Orbital speed of the satellite
6. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
around the Earth?
The force of attraction between any two bodies in
The orbital speed is the horizontal speed given to
the universe is directly proportional to the product of their
the satellite, to orbit the Earth at a calculated height from
masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the
the Earth’s surface.
distance between them.
. . ⃗= ̂ . . =
( + ℎ)
7. Define gravitational constant. What is its value? 15. What are geo-stationary satellites?
The gravitational constant is defined as the The satellites revolving the Earth at the height of
gravitational force experienced between two bodies of 36000 km above the equator, are appear to be stationary
unit masses, which are seperated by unit distance.Its when seen from Earth is called geo-stationary satellites.
value is G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2 .
16. What are Polar satellites?
8. Define gravitational field intensity (or) gravitational The satellites which revolve from north to south
filed. Give its unit. of the Earth at the height of 500 to 800 km from the Earth
The gravitational field intensity at a point is surface are called Polar satellites.
defined as the gravitational force experienced by unit
mass placed at that point. Its unit is N kg-1 (or) m s-2 . 17. What is meant by state of weightlessness?
⃗ When downward acceleration of the object is
. . ⃗= = ̂ equal to the acceleration due to the gravity of the Earth,
the object appears to be weightless. This is called the
state of weightlessness.
9. State Superposition principle for gravitational field.
The total gravitational field due to all masses in 18. Why do the astronauts experience weightlessness
the system is given by the vector sum of gravitational field inside the spacecraft?
due to the individual masses. The spacecraft orbits the Earth and the
astronauts inside it get the same gravitational force of the
. . ⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ +⋯+ ⃗ = ̂ Earth. So the astronauts don’t fell any reactional force
from the floor of the spacecraft. Hence, the astronauts
experience weightlessness inside the spacecraft.
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19. Why there is no lunar and solar eclipse every month? 27. What is the difference between gravitational potential
Since Moon’s orbit is tilted 50 with respect to and gravitational potential energy?
Earth’s orbit, only during certain periods of the year, the Gravitational potential
S.No. Gravitational potential
Sun, Earth and Moon align in straight line leading to either energy
lunar eclipse or solar eclipse depending on the alignment. 1. It is the potential It is the potential energy
energy per unit mass. of a mass.
20. Why do we have seasons on Earth? 2. It is written as, It is written as,
The seasons in the Earth arise due to the rotation
of Earth around the Sun with 23.50 tilt. The part of the ( )=− ( )=−
Earth nearer to the Sun becomes summer, and other 3. Its unit is Its unit is Joule .
becomes winter during this tilt rotation. Joule / kilogram .
28. Why is the energy of a satellite (or any other planet)
21. Why do Pole stars appear stationary? Name our Pole negative?
star. The negative sign in the total energy of a satellite
Pole star is a star located exactly above the (or any other planet) implies that the satellite or the planet
Earth’s axis of rotation. Hence, it appears to be is bound to the Earth or the Sun and it cannot escape
stationary. The Star Polaris is our pole star. from the Earth.
22. If Kepler’s third law was “r3 T2 = constant” instead of 29. Define weight.
“ = constant”, (i) what would be the new law of Weight is defined as the product of mass and
gravitation? (ii) Would it still be an inverse square acceleration due to gravity. It is also known as
law? (iii) How would the gravitational force change gravitational force. . . =
with distance? (iv) In this new law of gravitation, will
Neptune experience greater gravitational force or 30. How will you prove that Earth itself is spinning?
lesser gravitational force when compared to the Consider a light source as Sun and a globe as
Earth? Earth. If the globe is allowed to spin near the light source,
(i) The new law of gravitation becomes, we may find ‘light and shadow’ at particular part of the
4 globe periodically. Similarly ‘day and night’ event
= ; = happens periodically in the Earth. Hence, it proves that
(ii) No. It would not be an inverse square law. the Earth itself spinning as the globe.
(iii) The gravitational force is directly proportional to the
fourth power of the distance. Conceptual Questions:
(iv) In this new law of gravitation, Neptune will get
greater gravitational force than the Earth. 31. In the following, what are the quantities conserved
and non-conserved? a) Linear momentum of a planet
23. Water falls from the top of a hill to the ground. Why? b) Angular momentum of a planet c) Total energy of
This is because the top of the hill is a point of a planet d) Potential energy of a planet.
higher gravitational potential than the surface of the Earth
i.e. Vhill > Vground. a) Linear momentum of the planet is not conserved as
its linear velocity changes during the orbital motion.
24. Suppose you move towards east-west along the
same latitude. Will the value of g′ (variation of g with b) Angular momentum of the planet is conserved as
latitude) change? its angular velocity is constant during orbital motion
No. It will not change.
c) Total energy of a planet is also conserved because
25. Will the angular momentum of a planet be the sum of its potential and kinetic energy is
conserved? Justify your answer. constant.
Since the angular velocity of the planet in the
orbital motion is constant, the angular momentum of the d) As the distance between Sun and planet changes
planet is conserved. during the elliptical motion, potential energy of the
planet is not conserved.
26. Is potential energy the property of a single object?
Justify. 32. The work done by Sun on Earth in one year will be
No. Potential energy is a property of a system Zero, Non zero, positive or negative?
rather than of a single object. An object's gravitational The work done by the Sun on Earth in one year
potential is due to its position relative to the surroundings or at any finite interval of time will always be Zero,
within the Earth-object system. because centripetal force raised by Sun on Earth and the
direction of displacement of Earth is perpendicular
throughout the orbital motion.
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33. If a comet suddenly hits the Moon and imparts
energy, which is more than the total energy of the
Moon, what will happen?
If it so happens, could replace the moon by comet
in orbiting the earth, by the principles of elastic collision in
space.
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7. Properties of matter 11. What is restoring force?
When a body is subjected to a deforming force,
internal force is developed against it. This internal force
1. What is matter? Name their forms.
is called restoring force.
Matter is a physical substance. The various forms
of matter are Solid, liquid and gas.
12. What is Stress? Give its unit and dimension.
The force per unit area is called as stress. Its unit
2. Write a short note on Solids.
is N m-2 or pascal and the dimension is [ML-1T2].
Solid is a form of matter in which atoms are well
bound each other through various types of , = =
bonding.
It has a definite shape and volume. 13. What are the types of stress?
Ex: Ice cube. Longitudinal stress or normal stress – The stress
normal to cross section. . . =∆
3. Write a short note on liquids. Shearing stress – The stress tangential to cross
Liquid is a form of matter in which atoms or
molecules are losely bound. So that they wander
section area. . . =∆
around. It is formed when a solid is heated above Volume stress – The stress, which happens
the melting point. everwhere normal to the body. . . =
It has a fixed volume and has no definite shape.
Ex: Water. 14. What are the types of longitudinal stress?
Tensile stress : The longitudinal stress, which
4. Write a short note on gases. elongates the body.
Gas is a form of matter in which atoms or Compressive stress : The longitudinal stress,
molecules have weak bond or no bond at all. So which compress the body.
that they move freely and quickely. It is formed
when a liquid is heated above the boiling point. 15. What is strain?
Strain is a measure of deformation of a body,
It has no definite shape and volume but it adopts When a force is applied on it. It is the ratio of change in
the shape and volume of the container. size to the original size.
ℎ
Ex: Stream. . . , =
53
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22. State Hooke’s law. 31. Define Pressure. Give its unit and dimension.
Hooke’s law states that the stress is directly The pressure is defined as the force acting per
proportional to the strain with in the elastic limit of the unit area. Its unit is N m-2 or pascal and dimension is
body. i.e. . [ML-1T-2] .
43. What is streamlined flow of the liquid? 52. Write the applications of Stoke’s law.
When a liquid flows such that each particle of the Floatation of clouds
liquid passing through a point moves along the same path Hurting of larger raindrops.
with the same velocity as its predecessor then the flow of Parachute riding.
liquid is said to be a streamlined flow.
53. What are the applications of viscosity?
44. What is meant by tube of flow? Viscosity of liquids helps in choosing the lubricants
If we assume a bundle of streamlines having the for various machinery parts. Low viscous lubricants
same velocity over any cross section perpendicular to the are used in light machinery parts and high viscous
direction of flow then such bundle is called a ‘tube of lubricants are used in heavy machinery parts.
flow’.
45. What is meant by the critical velocity of the liquid? As high viscous liquids damp the motion, they are
Critical velocity is the velocity below which flow of used in hydraulic brakes as brake oil.
liquid becomes streamlined.
Blood circulation through arteries and veins
46. What is turbulent flow of the liquid? depends upon the viscosity of fluids.
When the speed of the moving fluid exceeds the Viscosity is used in Millikan’s oil-drop method to
critical speed, the motion becomes irregular. This flow of find the charge of an electron.
liquid is called turbulent flow.
54. What is meant by cohesive force?
47. What is Reynold’s number? Write its formula. The force between the like molecules which
Reynold’s number(Rc) is a dimensionless holds the liquid together is called ‘cohesive force’.
number, which is used to find out the nature of flow of the
liquid. 55. What is meant by adhesive force?
The force between the unlike molecules which
. . = holds the solid and liquid together is called ‘adhesive
Where, - density of the liquid force’.
v – the velocity of flow of liquid.
56. What is meant by sphere of influence?
D- diameter of the pipe.
The range at which the influence of the molecular
- the coefficient of viscosity of the fluid
forces can be felt in all directions is called sphere of
S.No. Reynold’s number Flow influence. Its value is about 10-9 m or 10 Å .
1. Rc < 1000 Streamlined flow
2. 1000 < Rc < 2000 Unsteady 57. Define Surface tension. Give its unit and dimension.
3. Rc > 2000 Turbulent flow The surface tension of a liquid is defined as the
force of tension acting perpendicularly on both sides of an
48. State law of similarity. imaginary line of unit length drawn on the free surface of
It states that when there are two geometrically the liquid.
similar flows, both are essentially equal to each other, as
long as they embrace the same Reynold’s number. . . =
(or)
49. What is the terminal velocity? The surface tension of a liquid is defined as the
The maximum constant velocity acquired by a energy per unit area of the surface of a liquid.
body while falling freely through a viscous medium is
called the terminal velocity. . . = =
∆
50. State Stoke’s law. Its unit is N m-1 and dimension is [MT-2] .
The viscous force F acting on a spherical body of
radius r depends directly on 58. How do water bugs and water striders walk on the
i) radius (r) of the sphere surface of water?
ii) velocity (v) of the sphere When the water bugs or water striders are on the
and iii) coefficient of viscosity η of the liquid surface of the water, its weight is balanced by the surface
. . =6 tension of the water. Hence, they can easily walk on it.
55
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59. Give some examples for surface tension. 67. What physical quantity actually do we check by
Clinging of painting brush hairs, when taken out of pressing the tyre after pumping?
water. After pumping the tyre, we actually check the
Needle float on the water. compressibility of air by pressing the tyre. For smooth
Camphor boat. riding, rear tyre should have less compressibility than the
60. What are factors affecting the surface tension of a front.
liquid?
Contamination or 68. Which one of these is more elastic steel or rubber?
impurities - increase surface tension Why?
Dissolved substances - increase surface tension Steel is more elastic than rubber because the
Electrification - decrease surface tension steel has higher young’s modulus than rubber. That’s
Temperature - decrease surface tension why, if equal stress is applied on both steel and rubber,
61. What is surface energy of a liquid? Give its unit. the steel produces less strain.
The work done in increasing the unit surface area
of the liquid against the surface tension is called ‘surface 69. A spring balance shows wrong readings after using
energy’. Its unit is J m-2 or N m-1 . for a long time. Why?
When the spring balances have been used for a
= = long time they develop elastic fatigue in them and
∆
62. What is angle of contact? therefore the reading shown by such balances will be
The angle between the tangent to the liquid wrong.
surface at the point of contact and the solid surface is
known as the angle of contact. 70. What is the effect of temperature on elasticity?
If the temperature of the substance increases, its
63. What is meant by capillarity or capillary action? Name elasticity decreases.
their types.
The rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube is called 71. Distinguish between streamlined flow and turbulent
capillarity or capillary action. flow.
S.
Types: (i) Capillary rise. (ii) Capillary fall. Streamlined flow Turbulent flow
NO.
The particles are flowing The particles are flowing
64. What are the practical applications of capillarity? 1.
in the same direction. randomly.
Rising of Oil in the cotton wick of earthen lamp. 2. The flow is steady. The flow is speedy.
Rising of Sap from root to plant’s leaves and The velocity of flow is
branches. The velocity of flow is less
3. greater than the critical
Absorption of ink by a blotting paper. than the critical velocity.
velocity.
Draining of tear fluid from the eye. The value of Reynold’s
Absorption of Sweat by cotton dress. The value of Reynold’s
4. number is greater than
65. What are the applications of surface tension? number is less than 1000.
2000.
Oil pouring on the water reduces suface tension. Ex: Water flowing in the Ex: Water flowing in the
So that the floating mosquitoe eggs drown and 5.
stream. flood.
killed.
Finely adjusted surface tension of the liquid makes
72. Two streamlines cannot cross each other. Why?
droplets of desired size, which helps in desktop No two streamlines can cross each other. If they
printing, automobile painting and decorative items.
do so, the particles of the liquid at the point of intersection
Specks of dirt are removed from the cloth when it will have two different directions for their flow, which will
is washed in detergents added hot water, which
destroy the steady nature of the liquid flow.
has low surface tension.
A fabric can be made waterproof, by adding
73. Distinguish between cohesive and adhesive forces.
suitable waterproof material (wax) to the fabric.
S.
This increases the angle of contact due to surface Cohesive force Adhesive force
NO.
tension.
It exists between similar It exists between
66. State Bernoulli’s theorem. 1.
molecules. dissimilar molecules.
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of
It can be hydrogen bonds It can be either
pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per
2. or Van der Waal mechanical or
unit mass of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a
attraction electrostatis forces.
streamlined flow remains a constant.
Ex: Molecular force
1 Ex: Molecular force
. . + + ℎ= 3. between liquid
2 between liquid and solid.
molecules.
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74. What happens to the pressure inside a soap bubble
when air is blown into it?
When air is blown into the soap bubble, the
radius of the bubble is increased. So that the excess
pressure inside it decreases.
Conceptual Questions:
77. Why coffee runs up into a sugar lump (a small cube
of sugar) when one corner of the sugar lump is held
in the liquid?
The coffee runs up into the pores of sugar lump
due to capillary action of the liquid.
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8. Heat and Thermodynamics 11.What is thermal expansion?
The increase in dimension of a body due to the
increase in its temperature is called thermal expansion.
1. What is heat? Give its unit.
Heat is the energy in transit, which flows from an 12.What are the kinds of thermal expansion?
object of higher temperature to lower one. Its unit is joule. Linear expansion - The expansion in length.
Area expansion - The expansion in area.
2. What is meant by temperature? Give its unit. Volume expansion - The expansion in volume.
Temperature is the degree of hotness or
coolness of a body. Its unit is kelvin. 13.Define coefficient of linear expansion. Give its unit.
The coefficient of linear expansion is defined as
3. State Boyle’s law. the fractional change in length per small change in
When the gas is kept at constant temperature, temperature. Its unit is 0C-1 or K-1 .
the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the ∆
volume. . . =
∆
1 14.Define coefficient of area expansion. Give its unit.
. . ∝ The coefficient of area expansion is defined as
4. State Charles’ law. the fractional change in area per small change in
When the gas is kept at constant pressure, the temperature. Its unit is 0C-1 or K-1 .
volume of the gas is directly proportional to absolute ∆
temperature. . . =
∆
. . ∝ 15.Define coefficient of volume expansion. Give its unit.
5. Define Avogadro’s number. Give its value. The coefficient of volume expansion is defined as
The Avogadro’s number (NA) is defined as the the fractional change in volume per small change in
number of carbon atoms contained in exactly 12g of temperature. Its unit is 0C-1 or K-1 .
Carbon-12. Its value is 6.023 x 1023 mol-1 . ∆
. . =
∆
6. What is one mole? 16.What is anomalous expansion of water?
One mole is the amount of the substance, which When water is cooled from room temperature it
contains Avagadro number of particles. first contracts in volume and becomes increasingly dense
as do other liquids, but at 40 C water reaches its maximum
7. Write the equation of state for an ideal gas or write density. On further cooling from 40C to 00C, not like other
ideal gas law. liquids, it starts expanding and becomes less dense. This
= ( ) = unusual behaviour of water is called anomalous
expansion of water.
Where, P – Pressure ; V – Volume
- No. of moles ; N – No. of particles. 17.What are the different processes of change of states?
k – Boltzmann constant(1.381x10-23JK-1) Melting (solid to liquid)
R- Universal gas constant Evaporation (liquid to gas)
T - Temperature Sublimation (solid to gas)
8. Define heat capacity. Give its unit. Freezing / Solidification (liquid to solid)
Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat Condensation (gas to liquid)
energy required to raise the temperature of a substance
by 1 Kelvin or 10C. Its unit is J K-1. 18.Define latent heat capacity. Give its unit.
∆ Latent heat capacity of a substance is defined as
. . = the amount of heat energy required to change the state
∆
9. Define specific heat capacity. Give its unit. of a unit mass of the material. Its unit is J kg-1 .
Specific heat capacity of a substance is defined
as the amount of heat energy required to raise the
. . =
temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin or 10C. Its 19.What is latent heat of fusion?
unit is J kg-1 K-1. The latent heat for a solid - liquid state change is
∆ called the latent heat of fusion (Lf).
. . = =
∆ 20.What is latent heat of vaporization?
10.Define molar specific heat capacity. Give its unit.
The latent heat for a liquid - gas state change is
Molar specific heat capacity is defined as heat
called the latent heat of fusion (Lv).
energy required to increase the temperature of one mole
of substance by 1K or 10C. Its unit is J mol-1 K-1. 21.What is latent heat of sublimation?
∆ The latent heat for a solid - gas state change is
. . = =
∆ called the latent heat of sublimation (Ls).
58
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22.What is triple point? 32.What is a black body?
The triple point of a substance is the temperature A black body is a idealized physical body which
and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid and absorbs and radiates all kinds of electromagnetic wavelengths.
solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic
equilibrium. 33.State Stefan Boltzmann law.
[ Triple point temperature of the water = 273.1 K Stefan Boltzmann law states that, the total
Triple point pressure of the water = 611.657 Pa ] amount of heat radiated per second per unit area of a
black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of
23.What is meant by Calorimetry? its absolute temperature.
Calorimetry means the measurement of the . . =
amount of heat released or absorbed by thermodynamic Where = 5.67 X 10-8 W m-2 K-4, Stefan’s
system during the heating process. constant.
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41.What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium? 52.State first law of thermodynamics.
If two systems are set to be in thermodynamic It states that ‘Change in internal energy (ΔU) of
equilibrium, then the systems are at thermal, mechanical the system is equal to the difference between heat
and chemical equilibrium with each other. supplied to the system (Q) and the work done by the
system (W) on the surroundings’. i.e. U = Q – W.
42.What is thermodynamic or state variables? Give the
examples 53.Tabulate the changes occur on internal energy, heat
A set of variables used to represent the state of supplied to the system and work done by the system
a thermodynamic system is called thermodynamic or depending upon the various factors.
state variables. Internal Heat Work done
Example: Pressure, temperature, volume, Factors
energy(U) supplied(Q) (W)
internal energy, etc., System gains heat increases positive -
43.What are the types of thermodynamic variables? System loses heat decreases negative -
Extensive variable Work done on the
increases - negative
Intensive variable. system
44.What is extensive variable? Work done by the
decreases - positive
The variable, which depends on the size or mass system
of the system, is called extensive variable.
54.What is quasi-static process?
Example: Volume, total mass, entropy, internal
A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow
energy, heat capacity etc.,
process in which the system changes its variables (P,V,T)
45.What is intensive variable? so slowly such that it remains in thermal, mechanical and
Intensive variables do not depend on the size or chemical equilibrium with its surroundings throughout.
mass of the system.
Example: Temperature, pressure, specific heat 55.What is P-V diagram? why it is used?
capacity, density etc., P-V diagram is a graph between pressure P and
volume V of the system. It is used to calculate the amount
46.What is equation of state? Give the examples. of work done by the gas during expansion or on the gas
The equation, which connects the state variables during compression.
in a specific manner, is called equation of state.
56.What is specific heat capacity at constant pressure?
Example: a) Ideal gas equation.
The amount of heat energy required to raise the
b) Van der Waals equation.
temperature of one kg of a substance by 1 K or 1 0C by
47.State zeroth law of thermodynamics. keeping the pressure constant is called specific heat
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if capacity of at constant pressure (Sp).
two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a
third system C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium 57.What is specific heat capacity at constant volume?
with each other. The amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of one kg of a substance by 1 K or 10C by
48.What is internal energy? keeping the volume constant is called specific heat
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system capacity of at constant volume (Sv).
is the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the
molecules of the system with respect to the center of 58.What is molar specific heat capacity at constant
mass of the system. pressure?
. . = + The amount of heat energy required to raise the
49.What is internal kinetic energy? temperature of one mole of a substance by 1 K or 10C by
The energy due to molecular motion including keeping the pressure constant is called molar specific
translational, rotational and vibrational motion is called heat capacity of at constant pressure (Cp).
internal kinetic energy (EK).
59.What is molar specific heat capacity at constant
50.What is internal potential energy? volume?
The energy due to molecular interaction is called The amount of heat energy required to raise the
internal potential energy (EP). temperature of one mole of a substance by 1 K or 10C by
keeping the volume constant is called molar specific heat
51.What is Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat? or
capacity of at constant volume (Cv).
Define one Calorie.
The energy required to raise the temperature of
60.What is isothermal process?
1g of an object by 10C is called Joule’s mechanical
Isothermal process is a process in which the
equivalent of heat or one Calorie.
temperature remains constant but the pressure and
[Joule’s mechanical equivalent = 4.186 J = 1 calorie ]
volume of a thermodynamic system will change.
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61.What is isotherm? 69.What is irreversible process? Give the examples.
The pressure - volume graph for constant A thermodynamic process, which does not
temperature is also called isotherm. retrace the path in the opposite direction as like direct
process is called irreversible process.
62.What is adiabatic process?
Adiabatic process is a process in which no heat Example: All natural processes are irreversible.
flows into or out of the system (Q = 0).
The gas molecules came out from the bottle will
63.What is isobaric process? never get back in to it.
Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process
that occurs at constant pressure. Even though pressure Suppose one drop of an ink is dropped and
is constant in this process, temperature, volume and spreads in the water. It is impossible to get the ink
internal energy are not constant. droplet back.
64.What is isochoric process? When an object hits the earth from some height all
Isochoric process is a thermodynamic process in the kinetic energy of the object is converted to
which the volume of the system is kept constant. But kinetic energy of the molecules at the earth
pressure, temperature and internal energy continue to be surface. This spreaded kinetic energy cannot be
variables. retrieved back by the object to go up.
66.What is the Limitation of first law of thermodynamics? 71.What is reservoir? Name its types.
The first law of thermodynamics explains well the Reservoir is defined as a thermodynamic system,
inter convertibility of heat and work. But it does not which has very large heat capacity. Giving or taking heat
indicate the direction of change. will not not affect the reservoir’s temperature.
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91.Did Joule convert mechanical energy to heat energy? 95.Draw the PV diagram for a) Isothermal process
Explain. b) Adiabatic process c) isobaric process d) Isochoric
No. Joule actually converted mechanical energy process.
into internal energy not into heat energy. Because heat Process P - V Diagram
energy is not a quantity. It is a energy in transit.
Adiabatic
PV = Constant = −
expansion −1
(P and V)
(T) (W>0 , Q = 0)
Isobaric
Adiabatic compression
PV = Constant = −
compression −1
(P and V) (T)
(T) (W< 0 , Q = 0)
Isobaric
= = − = ∆
expansion
(W>0 , Q >0)
(P=constant) (V and T))
Isochoric =
W=0,Q>0
(V=constant)
(P and T)
Isochoric (T)
Isochoric =
W=0,Q<0
(V=constant)
(P and T)
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96.If the piston of a container is pushed fast inward, will
the ideal gas equation be valid in the intermediate
stage? If not, why?
No. It is not valid. Ideal gas equation is only valid
for equilibrium state. When the piston is pushed fast
inward, it goes to non-equilibrium state, in which we
cannot determine pressure, temperature or internal
energy by using ideal gas equation.
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9. Kinetic Theory of Gases 6. State Charles’ law.
For a fixed pressure, the volume of the gas is
proportional to internal energy of the gas or average
1. State Postulates of kinetic theory of gases. kinetic energy of the gas and the average kinetic energy
All the molecules of a gas are identical, elastic is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
spheres.
∝ ∝∈∝ ; =
The molecules of different gases are different.
The number of molecules in a gas is very large and
7. Deduce Charles’ law based on kinetic theory.
the average separation between them is larger
From kinetic theory equations,
than size of the gas molecules.
2
The molecules of a gas are in a state of continuous =
random motion. 3
The molecules collide with one another and with
the walls of the container. 2 2 2 3
These collisions are perfectly elastic so that there = = = =
3 3 3 2
is no loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
Between two successive collisions, a molecule At constant pressure, we get,
moves with uniform velocity.
The molecules do not exert any force of attraction ∝ ∝∈∝ ; =
or repulsion on each other except during collision.
The molecules do not possess any potential This is called Charle’s law.
energy and the energy is wholly kinetic.
8. State Avagadro’s law.
The collisions are instantaneous. The time spent
Avagadro’s law states that at constant
by a molecule in each collision is very small
temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases
compared to the time elapsed between two
contain the same number of molecules.
consecutive collisions.
These molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion
9. Deduce Avagadro’s law based on kinetic theory.
even though they move randomly.
For two different gases at the same temperature
and pressure, the kinetic theory equation can be
2. What is the microscopic origin of pressure?
expressed as,
According to kinetic theory, microscopic origin of
1 1
pressure is the force exerted by molecules or atoms = = −→ (1)
impacting on the walls of a container. 3 3
At the same temperature, average kinetic energy
3. What is the microscopic origin of temperature? per molecule is same for two gases, so that,
According to kinetic theory, microscopic origin of 1 1
= −→ (2)
temperature is the average kinetic energy of the 2 2
molecules. Dividing equation(1) by (2), we get,
=
4. State Boyle’s law. This is Avagadro’s law.
Boyle’s law states that pressure of a given gas is
inversely proportional to its volume provided the 10. Define root mean square speed (vrms).
temperature remains constant. Root mean square speed (vrms) is defined as the
1 square root of the mean of the square of speeds of all
∝ ; = molecules.
3
5. Deduce Boyle’s law based on kinetic theory. = = = 1.73
From kinetic theory equations,
2
= = 11. Why the Moon has no atmosphere?
3
We get, The escape speed of gases on the surface of
2 Moon is much less than the root mean square speeds of
= gases due to low gravity. Due to this all the gases escape
3
For constant temperatures, average kinetic energy from the surface of the Moon.
is constant. Thus,
12. Why the Earth’s atmosphere has no hydrogen?
= As the root mean square speed(vrms) of hydrogen
1 is much higher than that of nitrogen, which is majority in
∝ ; = atmosphere, hydrogen can easily escape from the earth’s
This is called Boyle’s law. atmosphere.
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13. Define Mean or average speed. 20. What are the factors affecting the mean free path?
Mean or average speed is defined as the mean Mean free path increases with increasing
(or) average of all the speeds of molecules. temperature.
+ + +⋯+ Mean free path increases with decreasing
̅= pressure and diameter of the gas molecules.
=
√2
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10. Oscillations 11.What is frequency? Give its unit.
The number of oscillations produced by the
1. What is periodic motion? Give the examples. particle per second is called frequency(f). Its unit is s-1 or
Any motion, which repeats itself after a regular Hz.
interval of time, is known as periodic motion. 1
. . =
Ex: (i) Hands in pendulum clock.
(ii) Swing of a cradle. 12.What is angular frequency? Give its unit.
(iii) The revolution of the Earth around the Sun. The number of cycles (or revolutions) per second
(iv) Waxing and waning of Moon, etc. is called angular frequency(). Its unit is rad s-1 .
2. What is non-periodic motion? Give the examples. . . =2
Any motion, which does not repeat itself after a 13.What is phase? Give its unit.
regular interval of time, is known as non-periodic motion. The physical quantity, which specifies the
Ex: (i) Occurance of Earthquake. position and direction of a vibrating particle from its mean
(ii) eruption of volcano, etc. position at any instant is called Phase(). Its unit is
3. What will happen if the motion of the Earth around the radian.
Sun is not a periodic motion? . . = +
Intervals of Seasons happen in the Earth will be 14.What is epoch? Give its unit.
changed. This will affect all the living environments. The phase of the vibrating particle at time t=0 is
4. What is oscillatory or vibratory motion? Give the called epoch or initial phase(0). Its unit is radian.
examples. 15.What is angular oscillation?
When an object or a particle moves back and When a body is allowed to rotate freely about a
forth repeatedly about a reference point for some duration given axis, the oscillation is known as the angular
of time it is said to have Oscillatory (or vibratory) motion. oscillation.
Ex: (i) Our heart beat 16.What is mean position?
(ii) Swinging motion of the wings of an insect. The point at which the resultant torque acting on
(iii) Grandfather’s clock (pendulum clock), etc. the body is taken to be zero is called mean position.
5. All the oscillatory motions are periodic whereas all
periodic motions need not be oscillatory. Explain. 17.What is meant by angular harmonic oscillation and
All oscillatory motions like heart beat, pendulam angular harmonic oscillator?
clock, etc. are regularly repeated periodic motion When the angular acceleration or torque of the
whereas some period motions like motion of the Earth particle, which undergoes angular oscillation is directly
around the Sun, bouncing motion of the kangaroos,etc. proportional to angular displacement and is always
do not have to and fro motion as like oscillatory motion. directed towards the mean position is called angular
harmonic oscillation. The system corresponding to it is
6. What is simple harmonic motion(SHM)? called angular harmonic oscillator.
Simple harmonic motion is a special type of 18.Compare the Simple and Angular harmonic motion.
oscillatory motion in which the acceleration or force on the S.
particle is directly proportional to its displacement from a No. Simple Harmonic motion Angular Harmonic motion
fixed point and is always directed towards that fixed point. The displacement of the
The displacement of the
7. All the Simple harmonic motions are oscillatory particle is measured in
particle is measured in
whereas all oscillatory motions need not be simple 1. terms of angular
terms of linear
harmonic. Explain. displacement or angle of
displacement ⃗.
A simple harmonic motion is a special type of twist ⃗.
oscillatory motion. In some oscillatory motions as like Acceleration of the Angular acceleration of
SHM, the acceleration or force on the particle is not 2.
particle is ⃗ = − ⃗ the particle is ⃗ = − ⃗
directly proportional to its displacement from a fixed point.
Force, ⃗ = ⃗, where m Torque, ⃗ = ⃗ , where I
8. What is displacement of the vibrating particle? 3. is called mass of the is called moment of
The distance travelled by the vibrating particle at particle. inertia of a body.
any instant of time from its mean position is known as The restoring torque
displacement of the vibrating particle. ⃗ = −Κ ⃗ , where the
9. What is amplitude of the vibrating particle? The restoring force symbol (kappa) is
The maximum displacement from the mean 4. ⃗ = − ⃗, where k is called restoring torsion
position is known as amplitude (A) of the vibrating restoring force constant. constant. It depends on
particle. the property of a
particular torsion fiber.
10.Define time period. Angular frequency Angular frequency
The time period(T) is defined as the time taken 5.
= rad s-1 = rad s-1
by a particle to complete one oscillation. . . =
67
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
19.What is stiffness constant or force constant or spring 24.Name the types of oscillations.
constant? Give its unit. Free oscillation
Force per unit length of a spring is called Damped oscillation
stiffness constant or force constant or spring constant(k). Maintained oscillation
-1
It is a measure of stiffness of the spring. Its unit is Nm . Forced oscillations
Resonance
. . =− 25.What is Free oscillation? Give the examples.
When an oscillator is allowed to oscillate with its
20.Write the equations for effective spring constant of the natural frequency. Such oscillation is known as free
springs connected in series and parallel. oscillation.
The effective spring constant for series connection, Examples:
1 1 1 1 1 1 Vibration of a tuning fork.
= + + + ⋯+ = Vibration in a stretched string.
Oscillation of a simple pendulum.
If k1 = k2 = k3 =...= kn = k, Oscillations of a spring-mass system.
1
= = 26.What is Damped oscillation? Give the examples.
If the amplitude of the oscillation is gradually
The effective spring constant for parallel
decreased due to air resistance, such an oscillation is
connection,
called as Damped oscillation.
Examples:
= + + + ⋯+ = The oscillations of a pendulum (including air
friction) or pendulum oscillating inside an oil filled
If k1 = k2 = k3 =...= kn = k, container.
= Electromagnetic oscillations in a tank circuit.
21.What is flexibility constant or compliance? Give its Oscillations in a dead beat and ballistic
unit. galvanometers.
The reciprocal of stiffness constant is called
flexibility constant or compliance. Its unit is m N-1. 27.What is Maintained oscillation? Give an example.
1 When the losing energy is suppiled to damped
. . ∝ oscillation, if it oscillate with constant amplitude, such
22.State laws of simple pendulam. oscillation is known as Maintained oscillation.
Example:
=2
The vibration of a tuning fork getting energy from
a battery or from external power supply.
Law of length:
For a given value of acceleration due to gravity,
28.What is Forced oscillation? Give an example.
the time period of a simple pendulum is directly
When the oscillator is forced to oscillate with the
proportional to the square root of length of the pendulum.
frequency of external periodic agency, not with its natural
. . ∝√ ; = frequency, such oscillation is called Forced oscillation.
Law of acceleration:
For a fixed length, the time period of a simple Example:
pendulum is inversely proportional to square root of Sound boards of stringed instruments.
acceleration due to gravity.
1 29.What is Resonance? Give an example.
. . ∝ ; = When the frequency of external periodic agency
is matched with natural frequency of the vibrating body,
Law of mass:
the body starts to vibrate with maximum amplitude. This
Time period of oscillation is independent of mass
is known as Resonance.
of the simple pendulum.
Law of amplitude:
Example:
The time period is independent of amplitude of the
The breaking of glass due to sound.
oscillation for small angled oscillation.
30.Soldiers are not allowed to march on a bridge. Why?
23.If the potential energy is minimum then its second
When Soldiers march on the bridge, their
derivative is positive, why?
stepping frequency may match on the natural frequency
If the potential energy is minimum, it denotes
of the bridge. If it so, the bridge will vibrate with larger
stable equilibrium. For stable equilibrium, second
amplitude due to resonance. This may collapse the
derivative of potential energy should be positive.
bridge.
68
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
11. Waves 9. What is meant by crest and trough?
Crest is the highest point and trough is the lowest
1. What is a wave? Give the examples. point in transverse wave.
The disturbance, which carries energy and
momentum from one point in space to another point in 10.What is meant by compression and rarefaction?
space without the transfer of the medium, is known as a Compression is the place of high density and
wave. pressure and rarefaction is the place of low density and
Examples: (i) Ocean Waves. pressure in the medium where the longitudinal wave
(ii) Standing waves in plucking rubber. propagates.
(iii) Ripples formed on water surface.
11.Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal
2. What are the characteristics of wave motion? waves.
For the propagation of the waves, the medium S.No. Transverse Waves Longitudinal waves
must possess both inertia and elasticity, which The direction of vibration The direction of vibration
decide the velocity of the wave in that medium. of particles of the medium of particles of the
In a given medium, the velocity of a wave is a 1. is perpendicular to the medium is parallel to the
constant whereas the constituent particles in that direction of propagation direction of propagation
medium move with different velocities at different of waves. of waves.
positions. Velocity is maximum at their mean The disturbances are in
The disturbances are in
position and zero at extreme positions. the form of
2. the form of crests and
Waves undergo reflections, refraction, compressions and
troughs.
interference, diffraction and polarization. rarefactions.
Longitudinal waves are
Transverse waves are
3. What are the types of wave motion based on medium possible in all types of
3. possible in elastic
requirement? media (solid, liquid and
medium.
Mechanical wave motion. gas).
Non mechanical wave motion.
4. What is mechanical wave? Give the examples. 12.Define wavelength. Give its unit.
Waves, which require a medium for propagation, Wavelength() is defined as the distance
are known as mechanical waves. between successive crests or troughs in case of
transverse wave (or) the distance between successive
Examples: sound waves, ripples formed on the surface of compressions or rarefactions in case of longitudinal
water, etc. wave. Its unit is meter.
5. What is non-mechanical wave? Give an example. 13.Define frequency of a wave. Give its unit.
Waves, which do not require any medium for The frequency(f) of a wave is defined as the
propagation, are known as non-mechanical waves. number of waves crossing a point per second. Its unit is
Hz.
Example: light (Electromagnetic wave)
14.Define time period of a wave. Give its unit.
6. What are the types of wave motion based on mode of Time period(T) of a wave is defined as the time
propagation? taken by one wave to cross a point. Its unit is second.
Transverse wave motion. 1
Longitudinal wave motion. . . =
7. What is transverse wave motion? Give an example. 15.What is wave velocity or phase velocity?
The wave motion in which the constituents of the Wave velocity(v) is the distance travelled by a
medium oscillate or vibrate about their mean positions in wave in one second.
a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation
. . =
is known as transverse wave motion.
16.What is wave number? Give its unit.
The number of cycles per unit distance or number
Example: light (Electromagnetic wave)
of waves per unit distance is called wave number(k). Its
unit is rad m-1. It is also called angular wave number.
8. What is longitudinal wave motion? Give an example.
2
The wave motion in which the constituents of the . . =
medium oscillate or vibrate about their mean positions in
a direction parallel to the direction of propagation is 17.What is wave vector?
known as longitudinal wave motion. The wave vector ( ⃗) is a vector which points the
direction of wave propagation. Its magnitude is wave
Example: Sound waves travelling in air. number(k).
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Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
18.What are the factors affecting speed of sound in 27.What are the characteristics of progressive waves?
gases? Particles in the medium vibrate about their mean
Pressure positions with the same amplitude.
Temperature The phase of every particle ranges from 0 to 2π.
Density No particle remains at rest permanently. During
Moisture or Humidity wave propagation, particles come to the rest
Wind position only twice at the extreme points.
19.How the factors affecting speed of sound in gases? Transverse progressive waves are characterized
Effect of pressure: For a fixed temperature, Speed by crests and troughs whereas longitudinal
of sound is independent of pressure. progressive waves are characterized by
Effect of temperature: The speed of sound is compressions and rarefactions.
directly proportional to square root of temperature When the particles pass through the mean position
in kelvin. . . ∝√ they always move with the same maximum
Effect of density: The speed of sound is inversely velocity.
proportional to square root of density. The displacement, velocity and acceleration of
1 particles separated from each other by nλ are the
. . ∝
same, where n is an integer, and λ is the
Effect of moisture or humidity: The speed of sound wavelength.
increases with rise in humidity. 28. State superposition principle of waves.
Effect of wind: The speed of sound increases in the If two are more waves in a medium move
direction of wind blowing and it decreases in simultaneously, when they overlap, their total
opposite direction of wind blowing. displacement is the vector sum of the individual
20.State law of reflection of sound waves. displacements.
The angle of incidence of sound is equal to the . . ⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗+...
angle of reflection. 29.What is interference of waves?
When the sound wave is reflected by a surface Interference is a phenomenon in which two
then the incident wave, reflected wave and the waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater,
normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same lower or the same amplitude.
plane. 30.What is beats?
21.What is meant by specular reflection? When two or more waves superimpose each
The reflection of sound on a harder flat surface is other with slightly different frequencies, then a sound of
called specular reflection. Here wavelength of sound periodically varying amplitude at a point is observed. This
must be smaller than the dimesion and irregularities of the phenomenon is known as beats.
reflecting surface.
31.What is standing or stationary wave?
22.What are the applications of sound reflection? When two progressive waves of same amplitude
Stethoscope and velocity moving in opposite direction interfere each
Echo other form a pattern is called standing or stationary wave.
SONAR
Reverberation 32.What are the characteristics of Stationary waves?
23.What is meant by an echo? Stationary waves are characterised by the
An echo is a repetition of sound produced by the confinement of a wave disturbance between two
reflection of sound waves from a wall, mountain or other rigid boundaries.
obstructing surfaces. Certain points in the region in which the wave
exists have maximum amplitude, called as anti-
24.What is meant by SONAR? Write its principle. nodes and at certain points the amplitude is
SONAR is the abbreviation of the sentence minimum or zero, called as nodes.
“SOund NAvigation and Ranging”. It is a device used to The distance between two consecutive nodes (or)
locate the position and motion of an object immersed in
anti-nodes is .
the water by using the principle of reflection of sound.
The distance between a node and its neighbouring
25.What is meant by Reverberation? anti-node is .
Reverberation is the phenomenon of multiple The transfer of energy along the standing wave is
reflection of sound in an enclosure. zero.
33.What is a Sonometer?
26.What is Progressive or travelling wave? A Sonometer is a device for demonstrating the
A wave that propagates in a medium relationship between the frequency of the sound
continuously is known as progressive wave or travelling produced by a plucked string, and the tension, length and
wave. mass per unit length of the string.
70
Higher Secondary First Year 2 , 3 & 5 marks Question and Answers
R.SRIDHARAN, PGT(PHYSICS), GBHSS, MELPALLIPATTU-606 703.
34.What are the similarities between progressive and The law of mass:
stationary waves? For a given vibrating length(l) and tension(T), the
S.No. Progressive Waves Stationary waves frequency is inversely proportional to square root of the
Crests and troughs are Crests and troughs are mass per unit length().
1. formed in transverse formed in transverse 1
progressive waves. stationary waves. . . ∝ ; = .
Compression and Compression and √
40.What is Sound power? Give its unit.
rarefaction are formed in rarefaction are formed in
2. The average sound energy emitted or transmitted
longitudinal progressive longitudinal stationary
per second is called sound power. Its unit is J s-1.
waves. waves.
35.Distinguish between progressive and stationary 41.Define intensity of sound. Give its unit.
waves. The intensity of sound is defined as the sound
S.No. Progressive Waves Stationary waves power transmitted per unit area taken normal to the
These waves move These waves neither propagation of the sound wave. Its unit is W m-2 .
forward or backward in a move forward nor
1. medium i.e., they will backward in a medium 42.State inverse square law of sound intensity.
advance in a medium with i.e., they will not For a fixed source, the sound intensity is
a definite velocity. advance in a medium. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from
Except at nodes, all the source.
other particles of the 1
All the particles in the medium vibrate such . . ∝
medium vibrate such that that amplitude of
43.Define loudness.
2. the amplitude of the vibration is different for
The loudness of sound is defined as the degree
vibration for all particles is different particles. The
of sensation of sound produced in the ear or the
same. amplitude is minimum or
perception of sound by the listener.
zero at nodes and
maximum at antinodes.
44.Distinguish between intensity of sound and loudness.
These wave carry energy These waves do not
3. S.
while propagating. transport energy. Intensity of sound Loudness
No.
36.What is fundamental frequency?
It is sound power
The lowest natural frequency of the vibrating It is degree of sensation of
transmitted per unit area
system is called the fundamental frequency(f1). sound produced in the ear
1. taken normal to the
or the perception of sound
propagation of the sound
37.What are over tones? by the listener.
wave
The natural frequencies above the fundamental
For a given sound source, For a given sound source,
frequency are called over tones (f2,f3,f4,...) . 2.
it is constant. it may vary.
It depends both on
38.What is harmonic? It does not depend on
3. intensity of sound and
Harmonic is the integer multiple of fundamental observer.
observer.
frequency. If fn = n f1 , n is the harmonic.
45.State Weber-Fechner’s law.
Loudness (L) is proportional to the logarithm of
39.State the laws of transverse vibrations in stretched
the actual intensity (I) measured with an accurate non-
strings.
human instrument.
1 . . ∝ ln = ln
=
2
46.What is sound intensity level? Give its unit.
The law of length: The difference between two loudnesses is called
For a given tension(T) and mass per unit sound intensity level(L). Its unit is bel or decibel.
length(), the frequency is inversely proportional to
vibrating length(l). ∆ = − = ; =1
1
. . ∝ ; = .
∆ = − = 10 ; = 10
Blue shift: If the spectral lines of the star are found 60.Is it possible to realize whether a vessel kept under
to shift towards the blue end of the spectrum, then the tap is about to fill with water?
the star is approaching Earth. Yes. Since the vessel acts as a closed organ
pipe, when the vessel is about to fill with water, decrease
of vibrating length of air column changes the frequency of
Let Δλ be the Doppler shift. Then, = ,
sound. Thus, we can realize the sound of fill.
where v is the velocity of the star.
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