Syllabus For M.Sc. Ph.D. Entrance Examination M.Sc. Chemistry
Syllabus For M.Sc. Ph.D. Entrance Examination M.Sc. Chemistry
Syllabus For M.Sc. Ph.D. Entrance Examination M.Sc. Chemistry
Entrance Examination
M.Sc. Chemistry
The Syllabus for M.Sc entrance test is based on the existing syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons) in
Chemistry under Choice Based Credit System (only core).
Type of question paper in the entrance examination: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) with
negative marking.
Ph.D. in Chemistry
The Syllabus for the Ph.D. entrance test is based on the existing syllabus of M.Sc. in Chemistry
as per UGC guidelines.
Type of question paper in the entrance examination: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) with
negative marking.
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
DELHI – 110007
2018
1
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY
AFFILIATION
The proposed programme shall be governed by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007.
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
The Master of Science in Chemistry course is a Two Year Full Time Course consisting of
four semesters, to be known as Semester I, Semester II, Semester III and Semester IV.
COURSE STRUCTURE
2
Semester-wise Course Details
Semester I
Number of core courses Six (3 Theory + 3 Practical)
Credits in each course
Theory Practical Tutorial Total
Core course 1 4 2 0 6
Core course 2 4 2 0 6
Core course 3 4 2 0 6
Total credits in core course 18
Semester II
Number of core courses Six ( 3 Theory + 3 Practical)
Credits in each course
Theory Practical Tutorial Total
Core course 4 4 2 0 6
Core course 5 4 2 0 6
Core course 6 4 2 0 6
Total credits in core course 18
Semester III
Number of core courses Three ( 3 Theory)
Credits in each course
Theory Practical Tutorial Total
Core course 7 4 0 0 4
Core course 8 4 0 0 4
Core course 9 4 0 0 4
Total credits in core course 12
3
Semester IV
Number of core courses Nil
Total credits in core course 0
4
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY COURSE
(i) The duration of the course for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry shall be two
academic years.
(ii) All the papers listed below are to be taught in two parts (Courses A and B).
(iii) The course is divided into four semesters and there shall be an examination at the end of each
semester as given below:
Scheme of Papers
Part I
Semester I
Paper No. Title Duration of Maximum Marks Credits
Examination
(Hours)
Paper 101 Inorganic Chemistry – I 3 100 4
Stability Constants of Metal
Complexes and Their
Applications
/ Supramolecular and
Photoinorganic Chemistry
(Core course 1)
Inorganic Chemistry – I Continuous 50 2
(Practical core course 1) Evaluation
TOTAL 450 18
5
Semester II
Paper No. Title Duration of Maximum Marks Credits
Examination
(Hours)
Paper 201 Inorganic Chemistry – II 3 100 4
Group Theory and its
Applications / Chemistry of
d-and f-block Elements
(Core course 4)
Inorganic Chemistry – II Continuous 50 2
(Practical core course 4) Evaluation
TOTAL 450 18
Note: Each of the Practical Chemistry Papers shall be based on continuous evaluation. 25% of the total marks
for the Practical shall be reserved for the Laboratory Record/ Sessional Work of the candidates and 15% marks
for viva-voce.
30 marks (24 marks for internal exam and 6 marks for attendance) in each theory paper are reserved for internal
assessment.
6
Part II
Semester III
Paper Title Duration of Maximum Credits
No. Examination Marks
(Hours)
Paper Inorganic Chemistry – III 3 100 4
301 Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms /
Catalysis and Bio-inorganic Chemistry
(Core course 7)
Paper Organic Chemistry – III 3 100 4
302 Photochemistry & Pericyclic Reactions
/ Medicinal Chemistry
(Core course 8)
Paper Physical Chemistry – III 3 100 4
303 Molecular Structure: Spectroscopic and
Diffraction Methods
(Core course 9)
Paper Inorganic Chemistry (Special - I) 3 100 4
*
3101 Chemistry of Inorganic Rings, Cages and
Metal Cluster Compounds / Introduction to
the Solution of Multielectron Problems
(Open Elective-1)
Paper Inorganic Chemistry (Special - II) 3 100 4
*
3102 Introduction to Nanochemistry
(Open Elective-1)
Paper Organic Chemistry (Special - I) 3 100 4
#
3201 Chemistry of Life Processes & Bioactive
Compounds
(Open Elective-1)
Paper Organic Chemistry (Special-II) 3 100 4
#
3202 (Open Elective-1)
Polymer Chemistry & Processing and Role of
Catalysis in Chemical Synthesis
Paper Physical Chemistry (Special - I) 3 100 4
a
3301 Irreversible Thermodynamics, Transport
Phenomena, Surface Phenomena & Fast
Reactions
(Open Elective-1)
Paper Practical Inorganic Chemistry - I Continuous 200** 8
3103 (Elective practical 1) evaluation
Paper Practical Organic Chemistry – I Continuous 200** 8
3203 (Elective practical 1) evaluation
Paper Practical Physical Chemistry – I Continuous 200** 8
3302 (Elective practical 1) evaluation
*Inorganic Chemistry Section will offer either Paper 3101 or 3102 as Open elective.
#
Organic Chemistry Section will offer either Paper 3201 or 3202 as Open elective
a
Prerequisite: mathematics upto the +2 level for Paper 3301.
**The Practical Paper in each branch in Semester III shall be continuously evaluated.
25% of the marks will be reserved for the Laboratory Record/ Sessional work of the candidates and
15% marks for viva-voce.
7
Semester IV
(1) Inorganic Group:
Paper No. Title Duration of Maximum Credits
Examination (Hours) Marks
Paper 4101 Inorganic Chemistry (Special - III) 3 100 4
Spectral Techniques in Inorganic
Chemistry
(Elective course 1)
Paper 4102 Inorganic Chemistry (Special - IV) 3 100 4
Organotransition Metal Chemistry
/ Bio-inorganic Chemistry
(Elective course 2)
Paper 4103 Inorganic Chemistry (Special - V) 3 100 4
Analytical Techniques
(Elective course 3)
*
Paper 4104 Inorganic Chemistry (Special - VI) 3 100 4
Materials / Nuclear and
Radiochemistry
(Open elective 2)
*
Paper 4105 Inorganic Chemistry (Special - 3 100 4
VII)
Green Chemistry: An
interdisciplinary approach
towards sustainable development
(Open elective 2)
#
Paper 4106 Practical Inorganic Chemistry – II Continuous evaluation 200 8
Practical & Research Project
Evaluation
(Elective practical 2)
*Inorganic Chemistry Section will offer either Paper 4104 or 4105 as open elective.
#
100 marks are reserved for practicals (continuous evaluation). 25% of these marks will be reserved for the
Laboratory Record/ Sessional work of the candidates and 15% marks for viva-voce. The remaining 100 marks
are reserved for the Research Project, which includes submitting a dissertation and making a presentation.
8
(2) Organic Group:
Paper No. Title Duration of Maximum Credits
Examination Marks
(Hours)
Paper 4201 Organic Chemistry (Special - II) 3 100 4
Advanced Organic Synthesis /
Supramolecular Chemistry and
Carbocyclic Rings
(Elective course 1)
Paper 4202 Organic Chemistry (Special - III) 3 100 4
Terpenes and Steroids / Alkaloids and
Polyphenols
(Elective course 2)
Paper 4203 Organic Chemistry (Special - IV) 3 100 4
Newer Synthetic Reactions and
Reagents / Heterocyclic Chemistry
(Elective course 3)
*
Paper 4204 Organic Chemistry (Special -V) 3 100 4
Biomolecules
(Open Elective course 2)
*
Paper 4205 Organic Chemistry (Special -VI) 3 100 4
Pharmaceutical Techniques
Technologies Development
(Open Elective course 2)
#
Paper 4206 Practical Organic Chemistry – II & Continuous 200 8
Research Project Evaluation evaluation
(Elective practical 2)
*Organic chemistry section will offer either Paper 4204 or 4205.
##
100 marks are reserved for practicals (continuous evaluation). 25% of these marks will be reserved for the
Laboratory Record/ Sessional work of the candidates and 15% marks for viva-voce. The remaining 100 marks
are reserved for the Research Project, which includes submitting a dissertation and making a presentation.
9
(3) Physical Group:
a
Paper No. Title Duration of Maximum Credits
Examination Marks
(Hours)
Paper 4301 Physical Chemistry Special 3 100 4
Advanced Statistical Mechanics
(Elective)
Paper 4302 Physical Chemistry Special 3 100 4
Advanced Electrochemistry
(Elective)
Paper 4303 Physical Chemistry Special 3 100 4
Advanced Photochemistry &
Radiation Chemistry
(Elective)
Paper 4304 Physical Chemistry Special 3 100 4
Computational Methods in
Chemistry (Elective)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
1. English shall be the medium of instruction and examination.
2. Examinations shall be conducted at the end of each Semester as per the Academic Calendar
notified by the University of Delhi.
3. The system of evaluation shall be as follows:
3.1 Each course will carry 100 marks, of which 30 marks shall be reserved for internal assessment
based on classroom participation, seminar, term courses, tests and attendance. The weightage
given to each of these components shall be decided and announced at the beginning of the
semester by the individual teacher responsible for the course. Any student who fails to
participate in classes, seminars, term courses, tests, will be debarred from appearing in the
end-semester examination in the specific course and no Internal Assessment marks will be
awarded. His/her Internal Assessment marks will be awarded as and when he/she attends
regular classes in the course in the next applicable semester. No special classes will be
conducted for him/her during other semesters.
3.2 The remaining 70 marks in each paper shall be awarded on the basis of a written
examination at the end of each semester. The duration of the written examination for each
paper shall be three hours.
3.3 A candidate is allowed to reappear ONLY in THEORY papers to improve his/her
previous performance.
4. Examinations for courses shall be conducted only in the respective odd and even semesters as
per the Scheme of Examinations. Regular as well as Ex-Students shall be permitted to
appear/ re-appear/ improve in courses of Odd Semesters only at the end of Odd Semesters
and courses of Even Semesters only at the end of Even Semesters.
PASS PERCENTAGE
• Minimum marks for passing the examination in each semester shall be 40% in each paper and
45% in the aggregate of a semester.
• No student would be allowed to avail of more than 3 chances to pass any paper, inclusive of
the first attempt.
11
CRITERIA FOR PROMOTION AND AWARD OF DEGREE
• For promotion from Part I to Part II, the student must pass at least 4 theory papers and also the
practical examination (pass percentage 40%).
• A candidate will be awarded the M.Sc. degree at the end of Semester IV, provided he / she
has passed all theory papers of Part – I and Part – II and practicals, separately, by securing at
least 40% marks in each paper.
DIVISION CRITERIA
Successful candidates will be classified on the basis of the combined results of Part–I and Part-II
examinations as follows:
st
Candidates securing 60% and above : I Division
nd
Candidates securing between 50% and 59.99% : II Division
All others (securing between 40% and 49.99%) : Pass
SPAN PERIOD
No student shall be admitted as a candidate for the examination for any of the Parts/ Semesters after
the lapse of 4 years from the date of admission to Part-I/ Semester-1 of the M. Sc. Chemistry
Programme.
ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT
No student shall be considered to have pursued a regular course of study unless he/ she is certified by
the Head, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, to have attended 75% of the total number of
lectures, tutorials and seminars conducted in each semester, during his/ her course of study. Provided
that he/ she fulfils other conditions, the Head, Department of Chemistry, may permit a student who
falls short of the required percentage of attendance by not more than 10 per cent of the lectures,
tutorials and seminars conducted during the semester, to the next Semester.
12
DETAILED COURSES
M. Sc. PART I
SEMESTER – I
Recommended Texts:
1. Inczedy, J. Analytical applications of complex equilibria Halsted Press: New York, NY (1976).
2. Martell, A. E. & Calvin, M. Chemistry of the Metal Chelate Compounds. Prentice-Hall: N. Y. (1952).
3. Ringbom, A. Complexation in Analytical Chemistry Wiley: New York (1963).
4. Hartley, F. R., Burgess, C. & Alcock, R. M. Solution Equilibria. Prentice-Hall: Europe (1980).
5. Beck, M. T. Chemistry of Complex Equilibria van Nostrand Reinhold: New York (1970)
6. Rossotti, F. J. C. & Rossotti, H. The Determination of Stability Constants McGraw Hill: London
(1961).
rd
7. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 18, 3 Ed.
8. Lehn, J. M. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts & Perspectives Wiley-VCH (1995).
13
9. Balzani, V. Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds Academic Press (1970).
10. Desiraju, G. R., Ed. Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 2: Crystal Engineering and
Molecular Recognition Wiley: Chichester (1995).
11. Atwood, J. L. & Steed, J. W. Supramolecular Chemistry: A Concise Introduction John Wiley & Sons
(2000).
12. Adamson, A. W. & Fleischauer, P. D. (Eds.) Concepts of Inorganic Photochemistry, Wiley: New York
(1975).
14
Asymmetric induction: Cram’s, Prelog’s and Felkin-Ahn model; Dynamic stereochemistry (acyclic
and cyclic), Qualitative correlation between conformation and reactivity, Curtin-Hammett Principle.
Molecular dissymmetry and chiroptical properties: Linear and circularly polarised lights, circular
birefringence and circular dichroism, ORD and CD curves, Cotton effect. The axial haloketone rule,
octant diagrams, helicity, and Lowe’s rule. Application of ORD and CD to structural and
stereochemical problems.
Recommended Texts:
1. Carey, F.A. & Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Parts A & B, Plenum: U.S. (2004).
2. Eliel, E. L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds Textbook Publishers (2003).
3. Finar, I. L. & Finar, A. L. Organic Chemistry Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley (1998).
4. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry Vol. 1, Longman (1998).
5. Lowry, T. H. & Richardson, K. S. Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry Addison-Wesley
Educational Publishers, Inc. (1981).
6. Nasipuri, D. N. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles & Applications South Asia Books
(1994).
7. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry John Wiley & Sons (1992).
8. Singh S.P. and Om Prakash. Reaction Mechanism Laxmi Publications, Delhi (2017-18)
9. Kumar and Singh S.P. Pericyclic Reactions. Academic Press, London (2017-18)
Postulates of Quantum mechanics, Linear and Hermitian operators, Turn-over rule, Commutation of
operators and Uncertainty principle.
15
Some exactly soluble problems: Particle in a box (1-D, 2-D & 3-D) and ring. Concept of degeneracy
and Jahn-Teller distortion.
Simple harmonic oscillator problem and its solution using series solution or factorization method.
Calculation of various average values.
Angular momentum operators, Eigenvalues and eigen-functions, Rigid rotator and hydrogen atom
Complete solution. Radial distributions.
Approximate methods: First order time-independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate states.
Variation theorem and variational methods. Use of these methods illustrated with some examples
(particle in a box with a finite barrier, anharmonic oscillator, approximate functions for particle in a
box and hydrogen atom).
HMO method and its applications: π-Electron approximation, Huckel Molecular Orbital Theory of
conjugated systems, Calculation of properties- Delocalization energy, electron density, bond order,
non-alternant hydrocarbons. Pairing theorem. Electronic and ESR spectra. Effect of substituents on
spectra. Reactivity and electro-cyclic ring closures.
Differential equations, partial differential equations, series solutions and special functions, linear
vector spaces, transformations of coordinate matrix, representation of operators, eigenvalue problem,
orthonormal sets, closure relations, projection operators, Fourier and Laplace transforms.
Ladder operators and recursion relations of Hermite polynomials, Generating functions, Rodrigues
Representation. Derivation of H-atom (energy quantization), Virial theorem and its applications to
harmonic oscillator and H-like atoms.
Ground and excited state of helium atom. Pauli’s Exclusion principle, Many-electron atoms. Concept
of spin and determinantal wavefunctions. Qualitative treatment of Hatree theory and Hartree-Fock
SCF procedure through Slater Determinant wavefunctions.
illustrated with some examples (particle in a box with a finite barrier, anharmonic oscillator,
approximate functions for particle in a box and hydrogen atom).
Ground and excited state of helium atom. Pauli’s Exclusion principle. Many-electron atoms.
Concept of spin and determinantal wavefunctions. Qualitative treatment of Hartree theory and
Hartree-Fock SCF procedure.
Chemical bonding: Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Variational treatment of hydrogen
molecule ion. Valence bond and MO (LCAO) treatment of hydrogen molecule. Comparison
of the MO and VB treatments and their equivalence limit. Configuration Interaction.
Extension of MO theory to other systems- Homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomics,
polyatomics, Walsh diagrams for dihydrides, linear and bent triatomics.
Recommended Texts:
16
4. Pilar F. L. Elementary Quantum Chemistry 2nd Ed., Dover Publication Inc.: N.Y. (2001).
5. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University Press
(2006).
6. Levine, I. L. Quantum Chemistry 5th Ed., Prentice-Hall Inc.: New Jersey (2000).
7. Engel, T. & Reid, P. Physical Chemistry Benjamin-Cummings (2005).
8. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 3 rd Ed., Univ.
Science Books (2001).
9. Silbey, R. J., Alberty, R. A. & Bawendi, M. G. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Wiley (2004)
Chemical Kinetics
1. Determine the specific rate constant for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate by the
Initial Rate Method. Study the reaction at two different temperatures and calculate the
thermodynamic parameters.
2. Compare the strengths of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid by studying the rate of
hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
3. Study the saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide volumetrically.
Conductometry
1. (i) Determine the Cell Constant of the given conductivity cell at room temperature and study
the equivalent conductance versus square root of concentration relationship of a strong
electrolyte (KCl or NaCl) and weak electrolyte (acetic acid).
(ii) Determine the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution for acetic acid by applying
Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
(iii) Determine the equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation constant
(Ka) of acetic acid.
2. (i) Study the conductometric titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate and
determine the concentration of sodium carbonate in a commercial sample of soda ash.
(ii) Study the conductometric titration of potassium sulphate solution vs. barium chloride
solution
3. Study the conductometric titration of
(i) Acetic acid vs. sodium hydroxide,
(ii) Acetic acid vs. ammonium hydroxide,
(iv) HCl vs. NaOH
Comment on the nature of the graphs.
4. Study the stepwise neutralization of a polybasic acid e.g. oxalic acid, citric acid, succinic acid
by conductometric titration and explain the variation in the plots.
Potentiometry
1. Titrate hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide potentiometrically.
(ii) Determine the dissociation constant of acetic acid potentiometrically.
(iii) Titrate oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide potentiometrically.
17
2. Titrate a mixture of
(i) Strong and weak acids (Hydrochloric and acetic acids)
(ii) Weak acid (acetic acid) and dibasic acid (oxalic acid)
(iii) Strong acid (hydrochloric acid) and dibasic acid (oxalic acid) versus sodium
hydroxide.
3. Titrate a solution of Mohr's salt against potassium permanganate potentiometrically. (ii).
Titrate a solution of Mohr’s Salt and potassium dichromate potentiometrically.
Computational Methods
Familiarity with word processing, electronic spreadsheets, data processing, mathematical packages,
chemical structure drawing and molecular modelling.
(Note. Any other experiment may be introduced during the year)
SEMESTER – II
18
Recommended Texts:
1. Cotton, F. A. Chemical Applications of Group Theory Wiley Interscience: N.Y (1990).
2. Jaffe, H. H. & Orchin, M. Symmetry in Chemistry Dover Publications (2002).
3. Hatfield, W. F. & Palmer, R. A. Problems in Structural Inorganic Chemistry W. A. Benjamin, Inc.:
N.Y (1971).
4. Hatfield, W. E. & Parker, W. E. Symmetry in Chemical Bonding & Structure C. E. Merrill Publishing
Co.: USA (1974).
5. Bishop, D. M. Group Theory and Chemistry, Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K. (1973).
nd
6. Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P. W. & Langford, C. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 2 Ed., Oxford Univ. Press
(1998).
7. Purcell, K. F. & Kotz, J. C. Inorganic Chemistry, W. B. Saunders and Co.: N. Y. (1985).
8. Wulfsberg, G. Inorganic Chemistry Univ. Science books: USA (2000); Viva Books: New Delhi.
9. Sutton, D. Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes McGraw-Hill: New York (1968).
10. Mabbs, F. E. & Machin, D. J. Magnetism and Transition Metal Complexes Chapman and Hall: U.K.
(1973).
11. Drago, R. S. Physical Methods in Chemistry W. B. Saunders Co.: U.K. (1977).
19
Course B: Reagents and Methods in Organic Synthesis
Organosilicone Compounds: Preparation and applications in organic synthesis.
Applications of Pd(0) and Pd(II) complexes in organic synthesis: Stille, Suzuki and Sonogashira
coupling, Heck reaction and Negishi coupling.
Preparation and applications of lithium organocuparates.
Reductions: Stereochemistry, stereoselection and mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation and metal-
liquid ammonia reductions.
Hydride transfer reagents: Sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminium
hydride and alkoxy substituted LAH reducing agents, DIBAL; Applications of hydroboration
(reductions, oxidations and cabonylations): diborane, diisoamylborane, thexylborane, 9-BBN,
isopinocamphenyl and diisopinocamphenyl borane.
Homogeneous hydrogenations: Mechanisms and applications using Rh, Ru and other metal
complexes.
Oxidations: Scope of the following oxidizing reagents with relevant applications and mechanisms:
DDQ, SeO2, Tl(NO3)3, Sharpless Asymmetric epoxidation, Asymmetric hydroxylation and
aminohydroxylation.
Recommended Texts:
1. Carruthers, W. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis Cambridge University Press (1996).
2. Carey, F.A. & Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Parts A & B, Plenum: U.S. (2004).
3. Kemp, W. Organic Spectroscopy 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman & Co. (1991).
4. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C. & Morrill, T. C. Spectroscopic Identification of Organic
Compounds John Wiley & Sons (1981).
5. Pavia, D. L.; Lampmann, G. M.; Kriz, G. S.; Vyvyan, J. R. Introduction to Spectroscopy Cengage
Learning (2014).
6. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry John Wiley & Sons (1992).
7. Organic Structures from spectra; L. D. Field, S. Sternhell and J R Kalman, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd., 2007
Organic Chemistry-202
A. Organic Synthesis
i) Protection and deprotection reactions of carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols, 1,2-
diols, aldehydes/ketones, etc.
ii) Oxidation reactions of alcohols, aldehydes, etc.
iii) Reduction reactions of aldehydes/ ketones, carboxylic acids, carbon-carbon
multiple bonds, nitro compounds
iv) Metals/ metal salts catalyzed coupling reactions
v) Diels-Alder reactions
vi) Bromination reactions involving allylic/ benzylic bromination and aromatic
substitution reactions
vii) Diazotisation reactions for substitutions and couplings
viii) Condensation reactions
ix) Esterification, transesterification and hydrolysis reactions
x) Preparation of phenoxyacetic acids and 2,4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
B. Application of IR spectra and introduction to NMR spectra of simple compounds
20
Paper 203- Physical Chemistry-II (Core course 6) (100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
POTENTIOMETRY
1. Determine the solubility and solubility product of an insoluble salt, AgX (X=Cl, Br or I)
potentiometrically.
2. Determine the mean activity coefficient (γ±) of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution.
3. Titrate phosphoric acid potentiometrically against sodium hydroxide.
4. Find the composition of the zinc ferrocyanide complex by potentiometric titration.
5. Titrate potentiometrically solutions of
(a) KCl/ KBr/ KI;
(b) mixture of KCl + KBr + KI and determine the composition of each component in the
mixture.
2+ 4+
6. Titrate Fe with Ce potentiometrically.
7. Determine zinc in the presence of calcium by potentiometric titration.
8. Verify the Debye-Hückel theory through the solubility of ionic salts.
(Note: Depending on availability of time, some experiments may be added/deleted during the semester.
22
M.Sc. Part II
SEMESTER – III
Paper 301- Inorganic Chemistry-III (Core course 7) (100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
Course A: Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms
Mechanisms of substitution reactions of tetrahedral, square planar, trigonal bipyramidal, square
pyramidal and octahedral complexes. Potential energy diagrams, transition states and intermediates,
isotope effects, Berry's pseudo rotation mechanism, factors affecting the reactivity of square planar
complexes, Swain-Scott equation, Trans effect and its application to synthesis of complexes.
Molecular rearrangement processes: Electron transfer reactions (outer and inner sphere), HOMO and
LUMO of oxidant and reluctant, chemical activation. Precursor complex formation and
rearrangement, nature of bridge ligands, fission of successor complexes, Two-electron transfers,
Synthesis of coordination compounds using electron transfer reactions, mixed valence complexes and
internal electron transfer.
Recommended Texts:
1. Katakis, D. & Gordon, G. Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions John Wiley & Sons: N. Y (1987).
2. Langford, H. &.Gray, H. B. Ligand Substitution Processes W. A. Benjamin: N. Y. (1966).
3. Tobe, M. in Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms F. C. Wadington, Ed., Thomas Nelson: London (1973).
nd
4. Hughes, M. N. The Inorganic Chemistry of Biological Processes, 2 Ed., Wiley (1981).
5. Masters, C. Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis Chapman & Hall (1981).
Recommended Texts:
1. Carey, F.A. & Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Parts A & B, Plenum: U.S. (2004).
2. Horspool, W. M. Aspects of Organic Photochemistry Academic Press (1976).
3. Lowry, T. H. & Richardson, K. S. Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry Addison-
Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. (1981).
4. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry John Wiley & Sons (1992).
5. Fleming, I., Pericyclic Reactions, Oxford Science Publications (1998).
6. Marchand, A. P. & Lehr, R. E. Pericyclic Reactions Academic Press (1977).
7. Gringauz, A. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry: How Drugs Act and Why? John Wiley &
Sons (1997).
8. Patrick, G. L. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry Oxford University Press (2001).
th
9. Lemke, T. L. & William , D. A., Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 5 Ed., USA,
(2002)
25
Recommended Texts:
1. Hollas. J. M. Modern Spectroscopy 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons (2004).
2. Barrow, G. M. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy McGraw-Hill (1962).
3. Kakkar, R., Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy Cambridge University Press (2015).
4. Brand, J. C. D. & Speakman, J. C. Molecular Structure: The Physical Approach 2nd Ed., Edward
Arnold: London (1975).
5. Chang, R. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. (1970).
6. Moore, W. J. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall (1972).
7. Warren, B. E. X-Ray Diffraction Dover Publications (1990).
8. Bacon, G. E. Fifty Years of Neutron Diffraction Hilger (1987).
Recommended Texts:
1. Ballhausen C. J. Introduction to Ligand Field Theory McGraw Hill Book Co.: N.Y (1962).
2. Marshal, C. E. The Physical Chemistry and Minerology of Soil Vol. I Soil Materials John
26
Wiley & Sons.
3. Wells, A. F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry Oxford University Press.
4. Adams, D. M. Inorganic Solids. An Introduction to Concepts in Solid-State Structural
Chemistry John Wiley & Sons
5. Azaroff, L. V. Introduction to Solids Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
6. Breck, D. W. Zeolites Molecular Sieves- Structure, Chemistry and Use. John Wiley & Sons.
27
7. Rao, C.N.R., Müller & Cheetham, A.K., Eds. The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis,
Properties and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
(2004)
8. Edelstein, A.S. & Cammarata, R.C., Ed. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and
Applications, Institute of Physics Publishing (1996).
Paper 3201- Organic Chemistry (Special-I/ Open Elective-1) (100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
28
Recommended Texts:
1. Stryer, L. Biochemistry 4th Ed., W. H. Freeman & Co. (1995).
2. Zubay, S. Biochemistry Addison-Wesley (1983).
3. Litwak, G. Vitamins and Hormones, Academic Press, (2005)
4. Dugas, H. & Penney, C. Bioorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action
Springer-Verlag (1989).
The art of catalysis, Thermodynamic data and catalyst designing, Metal catalyzed organic
reactions, characteristics of transition metals which make them suitable as catalysts;
Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and their characterization.
Catalyst and molecular activation, Catalytic reaction and the 16 electron rule, Catalyts for fine
chemical synthesis, transition metal ion catalysts for organic transformations and their
applications in epoxidation of alkenes, isomerization of unsaturated molecules, Alkene
Metathesis, Oligomerisation and polymerization (Zeigler Natta polymerization), olefin
oxidation (Wacker Process), Hydroformylation (oxoreaction) , Fischer-Tropsch Reaction, The
water- Gas Shift Reaction, Monsanto Acetic Acid Process, Reppe Carbonylation,
Hydrocyanation, activation of C-H bond, Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Computer
applications in catalysis research.
Recommended Texts:
rd
1. Billmeyer Jr., F. W. Textbook of Polymer Science 3 Ed. Wiley-Blackwell (1984)
th
2. Odian , G. Principles of Polymerization 4 Ed. Wiley (2004)
29
3. Hodge, P. & Sherrington, D.C. Polymer-supported Reactions in Organic Synthesis John
Wiley & Sons (1980)
4. Collman J.P. & Hegedus Louis S., Principles and Application of Organotransition Metal
Chemistry, University Science Books (1980).
5. Elschenbroich C. & Salzer A. Organometallics: A Concise Introduction VCH (1989).
6. Roberts, S.M. & Poignant, G., Eds. Catalysis for Fine Chemical Synthesis, Volume 1-5, John
Wiley & Sons (2002)
7. Sheldon, R.A., Isabel, A. & Hanefeld U., Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Wiley-VCH (2007).
Paper 3301- Physical Chemistry (Special-I/ Open Elective 1) (100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
Irreversible Thermodynamics, Transport Phenomena, Surface Phenomena & Fast Reactions
Recommended Texts:
1. Katchalsky, A. & Curren, P. F. Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics Harvard
University Press: Cambridge (1965).
2. Kalidas, C. & Sangaranarayanan, M.V. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Principles &
Applications, Macmillan India Ltd. (2002).
3. Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics 3rd Ed., Benjamin Cummings (1997).
4. Thomas, J. M. & Thomas, M. J. Principles and Practice of Heterogeneous Catalysis John Wiley
& Sons (1996).
5. Chorkendorff, Ib. & Niemantsverdriet, J. W. Concepts of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics Wiley-
VCH (2003).
6. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University Press (2006).
30
7. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 3rd Ed., Univ.
Science Books (2001).
8. Shaw, D. J. Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry 2nd Ed. Butterworths (1970).
9. Adamson, A. W. & Gast, A. P. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 6th Ed. Wiley Interscience.(1997)
SEMESTER - III
PRACTICALS SYLLABUS
Part – B: Instrumental based Analysis: Any three/four techniques covered in the semester
out of the following syllabus:
(1) Instrumental methods of analysis utilizing flame photometer, atomic absorption
31
spectrophotometer, pH-meter, potentiometer, turbidimeter, electrochemical methods,
separation of mixtures of metal ions by ion exchange chromatography.
(2) Synthesis and thermal analysis of group II metal oxalate hydrates.
(3) Any other experiments done in the class during the current academic semester.
Part A
1. Semi-micro qualitative analysis of single/polyfunctional compounds including
derivatization
2. Application of spectral data (IR, UV, NMR and mass) for structural elucidation
3. Isolation of natural products:
i) Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves
ii) Isolation of piperene from black pepper
iii) Isolation of β-carotene from carrots
iv) Isolation of lycopene from tomatoes
v) Isolation of limonene from lemon peel
vi) Isolation of Euginol from cloves
vii) Isolation of Cystine from human hair
viii) Isolation of DNA from Onion/ Strawberries
Part B
4. Quantitative analysis:
i) Estimation of glucose by chemical methods
ii) Estimation of amino acids by chemical methods
iii) Estimation of nitro group in organic compounds
iv) Estimation of iodine number by Vij’s solution
v) Estimation of protein, caffeine and glucose by UV/VIS spectra
(quantitative analysis also)
vi) Estimation of ascorbic acid by chemical/UV methods
vii) And other possible estimations
5. Advanced organic synthesis:
Multistage synthesis including photochemical methods; representative examples:
i) Benzophenone → benzopinacol → benzopinacolone
ii) Benzoin → benzil → benzilic acid
iii) Benzaldehyde → chalcone → chalcone epoxide
iv) Chalcone → chalcone dibromide → a-bromochalcone
v) Cyclohexanone → cyclohexanone oxime → caprolactone
vi) And other suitable multi-step synthesis
Set A
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
1. Study the visible region absorbance spectra of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7.
2. Study the influence of pH on the spectrum of potassium dichromate solution.
3. Determine the concentrations of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in a mixture by the MLRA
method.
4. Study the effect of structure on the UV spectra of organic compounds.
32
5. Determine the solvent cut-off wavelengths for the given solvents.
6. Study the effect of solvent on the UV spectra of organic compounds (propanone).
7. Study the spectra of mesityl oxide/ benzophenone in different solvents and classify
the observed transitions in terms of n→π* and π→π* transitions. Discuss the shift in
transitions relative to those in acetone.
8. Determine the dissociation constant of phenolphthalein spectrophotometrically.
Set B
COLOURIMETRY
1. Verify Lambert-Beer’s law, and determine the concentration of
CuSO4/KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 in a solution of unknown concentration colourimetrically.
2. Determine the concentrations of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in a mixture.
3. Study the kinetics of iodination of propanone colourimetrically in acidic medium.
4. Find the order and the energy of activation of the decomposition of the violet
coloured Ce(IV) oxidation product of N-phenylanthranilic acid using a colourimeter
(J. Chem. Ed., 327 (1976)).
5. Determine the amount of iron present in a sample using 1,10-phenathroline.
6. Determine the dissociation constant of an indicator (phenolphthalein)
colourimetrically.
7. Study the kinetics of the reaction of phenolphthalein with sodium hydroxide.
8. Study the kinetics of the reaction of crystal violet with sodium hydroxide.
Set C
COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
I. Use of spreadsheets and mathematical packages in data analysis and solving problems
in chemistry (e.g. potentiometric titrations, kinetics, regression, and solving
simultaneous equations).
II. Elements of the BASIC language, including strings and graphics.
Set D
CONDUCTOMETRY
1. Determine the critical micelle concentration of a surfactant (sodium lauryl sulphate) by the
conductivity method.
2. Study the effect of dielectric constant (ε) on the nature of the conductometric titration
between maleic acid and sodium methoxide using different combinations of methanol and
hexane as solvents.
3. Determine the velocity constant for the saponification of ethyl acetate conductometrically.
VISCOMETRY
4. Determine the molecular weight of a given macromolecule (PVP) by the viscosity method.
5. Determine the viscosity-average molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and the
fraction of “head-to-head” monomer linkages in the polymer.
NEPHELOMETRY
6. Estimate the concentration of sulphate ions in solution and in a sample of tap water by
precipitation with barium chloride.
7. Estimate chloride ions in a given solution/ water from various sources.
ULTRASONIC STUDIES
8. Find the ultrasonic sound velocity (u) and isentropic compressibility (Ks) for the following
pure solvents as a function of temperature: Water, DMF, DMSO, Methanol, Ethanol, 1-
propanol
33
9. Measure the ultrasonic sound velocities as a function of temperature over the whole
composition range for the following binary mixtures: DMF/Water, DMSO/Water, DMF/
Methanol, DMF/Ethanol, DMF/1-propanol, DMSO/Methanol, DMSO/Ethanol, DMSO/1-
propanol, Methanol/Water, Ethanol/Water, 1-propanol/Water.
SET E
NANOSCIENCE
1. Synthesize metallic (gold, silver, etc.) nanoparticles by reducing the corresponding salts
with tea extract and characterize using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Estimate the size of these
nanoparticles using the quantum mechanical equation for the particle in a 3D cubic box. Use
the statistical mechanics method to determine the average occupancy level at room
temperature.
2. Synthesize silver nanoparticles using a green approach and show its caqtalytic activity in
reduction of methyl orange and rhodamine. Also study the kinetics of this process.
3. Estimate the optical energy gap of CdS nanoparticles doped with MnS in microemulsion
media.
4. Study the effect of water/oil ratio in AOT isooctane based microemulsion on the particle
size and nandgap of CdS nanoparticles.
SET F
34
SEMESTER IV
Inorganic Chemistry Special Papers
Recommended Texts:
1. Ebsworth, E. A. O. Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Blackwell Scientific
Publications (1991).
2. Drago, R. S. Physical Methods in Chemistry W. B. Saunders Co.: U.K. (1977).
3. Carrington, A. & McLachlan, A. D. Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Chapman & Hall:
N.Y. (1983).
4. Mabbs, F. E. & Machin, D. J. Magnetism and Transition Metal Complexes Chapman and
Hall: U.K. (1973).
Recommended Texts:
1. Green, M. L. H. Organometallic Compounds Chapman & Hall: U.K. (1968).
2. Coates, G. E., Green, M. L. H. & Powell, P. Principles of Organometallic Chemistry Chapman
and Hall: U.K. (1988).
3. Lippard, S. J. & Berg, J. M. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry Univ. Science Books (1994).
4. Lippard, S. J. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry Vols. 18 and 38, Wiley-Interscience (1991).
37
Recommended Texts:
1. Cheetham, A. K. & Day, P., Eds. Solid State Chemistry Techniques Clarendon Press, Oxford
(1987)
2. Christian, G. D., Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2004).
3. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., Holler, R. J & Nieman, T. A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Saunders Golden Sunburst Series (1997).
4. Willard, H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. & Settle, F. A. (Eds.) Instrumental Methods of
Analysis - 7th Ed., Wadsworth Publishing (1988) ISBN 0534081428
5. Khopkar, S. M. Concepts in Analytical Chemistry Halsted (1984).
rd
6. Cullity, B.D. & Stock, S.R. Powder X-Ray Diffraction, 3 edition, Kindle Publisher 2001.
7. Stout, G.H. & Jensen, L. H. X- Ray structure Determination A Practical Guide IIed (John
Wiley & Sons), 1989.
Recommended Texts:
1. Harvey, B. C. Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry Prentice-Hall (1969).
2. Friedlander, G. Kennedy, J. W., Marcus, E. S. & Miller, J. M. Nuclear & Radiochemistry,
John Wiley & Sons (1981).
3. Keer, H. V. Principles of the Solid State Wiley Eastern Ltd.: New Delhi (1993).
4. West, A. R. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications John Wiley & Sons (1987).
38
5. Hannay, N. Treatise on Solid State Chemistry Plenum (1976).
6. Cheetham, A. K. & Day, P., Eds. Solid State Chemistry Techniques Clarendon Press, Oxford
(1987)
7. Timp, G., Ed. Nanotechnology Springer-Verlag: N. Y. (1999).
Suggested Texts:
1. Anastas, P.T. & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical, Oxford University
Press (1998).
2. Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
3. Cann, M.C. & Connely, M.E. Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, Washington (2000).
4. Sharma, R.K. & Bandichhor, R. Hazardous Reagent Substitution, Royal Society of
Chemistry, Green Chemistry Series (2018).
5. Ryan, M.A. & Tinnes, M. Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical Society,
Washington (2002).
6. Sharma, R.K., Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. Green Chemistry Experiments: A
Monograph I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Bangalore ISBN 978-
93-81141-55-7 (2013).
7. Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text RSC publishing, 2nd Edition ISBN
978-1-84755-873-2 (2010).
PRACTICALS
Part – A: Analysis
Analysis of the following complex materials by various chemical methods:
(i) Ores
(ii) Alloys
(iii) Inorganic substances
(iv) Any other experiments done in the class during the current academic semester.
40
Organic Chemistry Special Papers
Recommended Texts:
1. Carey, F.A. & Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Parts A & B, Plenum: U.S. (2004).
2. Carruthers, W. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis Cambridge University Press (1971).
3. Acheson, R. M. Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds John Wiley & Sons
(1976).
4. Anastas , Paul and Warner , John C.,Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical, (2005).
5. Alhuwalia, VK and Kidwai, M. New trends in Green Chemistry. Anamaya Publishers,
New Delhi (2003).
42
Paper 4204- Organic Chemistry Special (Open elective 2) (100 Marks/ 4
Credits) Biomolecules
Course A: Proteins and Lipids
Peptides and proteins: Classification of naturally occurring peptides, depsipeptide and
peptide alkaloids with examples, Sequence determination, chemical, enzymatic and mass
spectral methods, Modern methods of peptide synthesis with protection and deprotection,
Solid phase synthesis,
combinatorial synthesis of peptides, Chemistry of oxytocin, valinomycin, enkephalins, self
assembly and aggregation of peptides,
Lipids : Classification and biological importance of fatty acids and lipids, stereochemical
notation in lipids, chemical synthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids, properties of lipid
aggregates, micelles, bilayers, lyposomes and biological membranes.
Recommended Texts:
1. Bodansky, M. Peptide Chemistry: A Practical Textbook Springer-Verlag (1988).
2. Dugas, H. & Penney, C. Bioorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action
Springer-Verlag (1989).
3. Stryer, L. Biochemistry 4th Ed., W. H. Freeman & Co. (1995).
4. . Zubay, S. Biochemistry Addison-Wesley (1983).
5. Sinden, R. P. DNA Structure and Function Academic Press (1994).
6. Saenger, W. Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure Springer-Verlag (1984).
7. Gait, M. J., Ed. Oligonucleotide Synthesis-A Practical Approach IRL Press (1984).
Paper 4205- Organic Chemistry Special/ Open elective 2 (100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
Pharmaceutical Techniques Technologies Development
Course A: Drug Delivery Technologies
Importance of Targeted Drug Delivery, Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity Issues. Molecular basis
of targeted drug delivery. Drug Release and Uptake Phenomenon. Drug Encapsulation
Technologies. Different Carriers for Drug Encapsulation:
Nanomaterials (metal-based, metal oxide based and polymeric) in drug encapsulation and
drug delivery: their characterization, generation, efficacy, toxicity and release profile.
Factors affecting drug loading and drug release.
43
Techniques to measure degree of loading and release efficiency. Metabolism and excretion of
drug delivery carriers.
Polymers in drug encapsulation and drug delivery: Classification, synthesis and applications
of biodegradable and natural polymers in formulation of controlled drug delivery systems.
Recommended Texts:
Part A
1. Separation and qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two components by chemical
methods and physical methods (Separations using acids, bicarbonate bases, water, ether).
2. (i) Separation of active single component and mixture of components from
pharmaceutical tablets; identification of components by m.p., functional groups and
spectral data;
(ii) Quantitative estimation of the components in pharmaceutical tablets
2. Application of column chromatography, HPTLC, HPLC, GC etc.
44
3. Separation of DNA/Proteins by Gel- Electrophoresis
4. (i) Application of spectral data (IR, UV, NMR and mass) for structural elucidation,
(ii) Quantitative estimations of mixtures of compounds, geometrical isomers, keto-enol
tautomers, etc.
Part B
1. Advanced organic synthesis:
Multistage synthesis including photochemical methods; representative examples:
a. Hydroquinone→ Hydroquinone Diacetate → 2,5 -Dihydroxyacetophenone → 2, 5 -
Dibenzoxyacetophenone
b. Benzaldehyde→ Cinnamic acid → α,β -Dibromocinnamic acid→ cis & trans α-
Bromocinnamic acid
c. Chalcone→ chalcone epoxide→ α-Benzoyl phenyl acetaldehyde
d. Benzaldehyde → Bezoin → Benzil → Benzilic acid
e. Resorcinol → 7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin → 7-Acetoxy-4-methylcoumarin →
4-Methyl-7-hydroxy-8-acetylcoumarin
f. Applications of Grignard Reagent
g. Applications of Wittig reagent
h. Other suitable multi-step synthesis
2. Multi-component synthesis:
a. Mannich Rection (reaction of primary amine, formaldehyde and carbonyl compound)
b. Organic synthesis in water ( Preparation of Hydroxy methyl benzotriazole)
c. Synthesis of Benzimidazole (Condesation of diamines and aldehydes)
d. Synthesis of chromenes and xanthenes
e. Other recent examples of multi-component synthesis
3. Green chemistry:
a. Direct Oxidative esterification of Aldehyde (using Iodine and Alcohol).
b. Use of microwaves in organic synthesis
i. Synthesis of Chalcone
ii. Oxidation of toluene
iii. Esterification
iv. Lipase-catalyzed Esterification / transesterification reactions and other
enzymatic reactions
v. Aldol condensation of Benzil
vi. And other suitable green synthesis
4. Supra-molecular chemistry
High dilution method for the synthesis of Host molecule, clatherates etc.
45
Physical Chemistry Special Papers
Recommended Texts:
1. Allen, M. P. & Tildesley, D. J. Computer Simulations of Liquids Oxford Science Publications: Oxford
(1987).
2. Hill, T. L. Statistical Mechanics: Principles and Selected Applications Dover Publications Inc.: New
York (1987).
3. Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. Statistical Physics Vol. 5, Part 1, 3rd Ed., Pergamon Press (1980).
4. McQuarrie, D. A. Statistical Mechanics Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi (2003).
5. Bagchi B. Statistical Mechanics for Chemistry and Material Science, CRC Press (2018).
46
Paper 4302 –Physical Chemistry Special (Advanced Electrochemistry) (Elective course)
(100 Marks/ 4 Credits)
Course A: Fundamentals
Electrode kinetics: Overpotentials, Exchange current density and transfer coefficient,
Derivation of Butler-Volmer equation and its physical implications, Tafel plot, Multistep
electrode reactions; Marcus microscopic model of electron transfer.
Relaxation Methods-Theory and Techniques: Mass transfer by diffusion and electrode surface
constraints. Laplace transfer and its application to solve diffusion equation
Constant Potential Chronoamperometry: Reversible and quasi-reversible charge transfer,
Cottrell equation, Influence of uncompensated solution resistance
Pulse Voltammetries: Reversible charge transfer
Constant Current Chronopotentiometry: Reversible and quasi-reversible charge transfer, Sand
equation
Impedance Methods: Reversible and quasi-reversible charge transfer, Warburg equation,
Influence of uncompensated solution resistance, Equivalent circuits models
Adsorption and Electric Double Layer:
Thermodynamics of the double layer, Electrocapillary phenomena;
Structure of electrified interfaces - Gouy-Chapman, Stern, Graham-Devanathan-Mottwatts,
Tobin, Bockris, Devanathan models;
Recommended Texts:
1. Bard, A. J. Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., John
Wiley & Sons: New York, 2002.
47
2. Oldham, K. B., Myland, J. C. and Bond, A. M. Electrochemical Science and Technology: Fundamentals
and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2012).
3. Bockris, J. O’ M. & Reddy, A. K. N. Modern Electrochemistry 1: Ionics 2nd Ed., Springer (1998).
4. Bockris, J. O’ M. & Reddy, A. K. N. Modern Electrochemistry 2B: Electrodics in Chemistry,
Engineering, Biology and Environmental Science 2nd Ed., Springer (2001).
5. Bockris, J. O’ M., Reddy, A. K. N. & Gamboa-Aldeco, M. E. Modern Electrochemistry 2A:
Fundamentals of Electrodics 2nd Ed., Springer (2001).
6. Brett, C. M. A. & Brett, A. M. O. Electrochemistry, Oxford University Press (1993).
7. Koryta, J., Dvorak, J. & Kavan, L. Principles of Electrochemistry John Wiley & Sons: NY (1993).
8. Bagotsky, V.S., Fundamentals of electrochemistry 2 nd Ed. Wiley – Interscience, (2006)
9. Hamann, Carl H., Hamneff , Andrew & Vielstich, Wolf., Electrochemistry, 2nd Ed. (2007)
Course A: Photochemistry
Molecular photochemistry: An overview: Transitions between states (Chemical, classical and
quantum dynamics, vibronic states). Potential energy surfaces; transitions between potential
energy surfaces, The Franck-Condon Principle and radiative transitions. A classical model of
radiative transitions. The absorption and emission of light - state mixing, spin-orbit coupling
and spin forbidden radiative transitions, absorption complexes, delayed fluorescence and
phosphorescence.
Photophysical radiationless transitions: Wave mechanical interpretation of radiationless
transitions between state factors that influence the rate of vibrational relaxation. Energy
transfer: Theory of radiationless energy transfer, energy transfer by electron exchange: An
overlap or collision mechanism. The role of energetics in energy transfer mechanism.
Diffusion controlled quenching. The Perrin formulation. Triplet-triplet, triplet-singlet, singlet-
triplet energy transfer. Multiphoton energy transfer processes, reversible energy transfer.
Course B: Radiation Chemistry, Dosimetry and Photolysis
An overview, G-value. The mechanism of interaction of high energy radiation with matter,
Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Pair production, total absorption co-efficient, excitation
and ionization, Stopping power and linear energy transfer.
Radiation dosimetry: Radiation dose and its measurement, standard free air chamber method,
chemical dosimeter (Frick’s Dosimeter). Short lived intermediates (ions, excited molecules,
free radicals: Various mechanisms of their formation and energy transfer processes).
Flash photolysis: Principle and its applications. Radiolysis of water and aqueous solutions.
Radiolysis of molecules of biological interest (carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, and
nucleic acids).
Recommended Texts:
1. Turro, N. J. Modern Molecular Photochemistry Univ. Science Books (1991).
2. Gilbert, A. & Baggot, J. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry Blackwell Scientific (1990)
48
3. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 8th Ed., Oxford University Press (2006).
4. McQuarrie, D. A. & Simon, J. D. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 3rd Ed., Univ. Science
Books (2001).
Course A:
Programming: BASIC and FORTRAN/C languages. Introduction to LINUX/UNIX and shell
scripts. Some illustrative numerical methods in chemistry: Least squares fit, root finding,
numerical differentiation, integration and solution of ODE, matrix inversion and
diagonalization, interpolation. Pattern recognition techniques and molecular graphics.
Basics of electronic structure calculations, Molecular Mechanics, Monte Carlo and Molecular
Dynamics simulations.
Course B:
Computer experiments: Use of some packages to study molecular electronic structures and
molecular modelling (GAMESS, MOPAC, molecular dynamics packages, etc.) Use of
electronic spreadsheets in chemistry. Basic ideas on structure-activity relationships, drug and
catalysis design, etc. Development of some simulation programs and use of the internet for
chemical information retrieval. Chemoinformatics.
Recommended Texts:
1. Hinchliffe, A. Modelling Molecular Structures 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons (2003).
2. Höltje, H-D., Sippl, W., Rognan, D. & Folkers, G. Molecular Modeling: Basic Principles and
Applications 2nd Ed. Wiley-VCH (2003).
3. Leach, A. R. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications.2nd Ed. Pearson Education: England
(2001).
4. Press, W. H., Tenkolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T. & Flannery, B. P. Numerical Recipes in Fortran/C 2nd
Ed., Cambridge University Press (1996).
5. Lewars, E. Computational Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003)
6. Jensen, F. Introduction to Computational Chemistry Wiley (2007)
7. Cramer, C. J. Essentials of Computational Chemistry John Wiley & Sons, England (2002)
Perturbation theory- second order for non-degenerate states, first order for degenerate states. Double
perturbation theory. Orbital and spin angular momentum operators of many-body systems, L-S and j-j
couplings. Pauli matrices Term symbols and term energies. Hohenberg-Kohn theorem. Nature of
electron density distribution and Density Functional Theories (DFT). Density functional interpretation
of some concepts (electronegativity, electronegativity equalization, softness and hardness, etc).
Electron correlation in DFT, Kohn-Sham equation and its applications. Quantum tunnel effect.
Introduction to second quantization in chemistry, Fermi and Bose gases.
49
Course B:
Recommended Texts:
Course A:
Statistical theories of kinetics: Collision theory. Activated Complex theory. Potential energy
surfaces- attractive and repulsive forces. Lindemann’s theory of unimolecular reactions-
energy transfer, fall-off region and its limitations. Rice-Ramsperger and Kassel (RRK) model,
and Marcus refinement of RRK model (RRKM) for the calculation of rate constants of simple
unimolecular (isomerization) reactions.
Complex reactions: Chain reactions and oscillatory reactions, Photochemical reactions,
Homogeneous catalysis.
Course B:
Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten mechanism - single and double intermediates. King-
Altman method for working out the kinetics of complex enzyme reactions.
Enzyme inhibition- reversibility and products inhibition. Computer simulation in chemical
kinetics.
50
Reaction Dynamics: Molecular beams, principle of crossed-molecular beams. Molecular
encounters and principal parameters, e.g. Impact parameter, Collision cross-section, Reaction
cross-section and relation between reaction cross-section and reaction rate (single velocity).
Dependence of collisional cross-section on translational energy.
Probing the transition state, Dynamics of barrierless chemical kinetics in solution, dynamics
of unimolecular reactions.
Recommended Texts:
1. Pilling, M. J. & Seakins, P. W. Reaction Kinetics Oxford Press (1997).
2. Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics 3rd Ed., Benjamin Cummings (1997). .
Course A:
Vibrational spectroscopy: Group theory and symmetry classification of normal modes of
vibration. Normal coordinate analysis in Cartesian and internal coordinates of small
molecules: BF3, NH3. Square planar, trigonal bipyramid, framework and cage molecules.
Jahn-Teller distortions.
Electronic spectroscopy: Electronic spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. Octahedral
and tetrahedral complexes, Correlation diagrams for octahedral fields and fields of lower
symmetry.
Electronic spectroscopy of organic molecules - benzene, effect of substitution- pyridine,
pyrimidine, pyrazine, methyl substitution. Vibronic analysis.
Course B:
Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy: Basic principles. Relaxation and Line Widths. Zero-
field splitting and Kramer’s degeneracy. g-factor for paramagnetic ions. g-factor for organic
radicals. Factors affecting the g-factor.
Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants. Spin Hamiltonian, Spin densities and
McConnell relationship. Fine splitting in triplet spectra.
Applications of ESR spectroscopy - Structure determination, Interpretation of ESR spectra of
simple organic radicals like benzene radical anion, naphthalene radical anion, toluene and o-,
m- and p-xylene radical ions from HMO theory. Study of unstable paramagnetic species,
Kinetic studies of electron transfer reactions, Spin-labelling studies of biomolecules.
Recommended Texts:
1. Harris, D. C. & Bertolucci, M. D. Symmetry and Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Vibrational and
Electronic Spectroscopy Dover Publications: New York (1990).
2. 2. Bishop, D. M. Group Theory and Chemistry, Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K. (1973).
3. Kakkar, R. Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press (2015).
Course B:
Protein Crystallography
Basics of modern protein crystallography using Web-based material; different levels of
structure exhibited by proteins; instrumentation, steps, and methods used in protein
crystallography with appropriate case studies; concept of non-crystallographic symmetry to
protein crystallography, Ramachandran diagram.
Electronic properties and Band Theory: Metals, insulators and semiconductors, electronic
structure of solids- band theory, band structure of metals, insulators and semiconductors,
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, doping semiconductors, p-n junctions, super
conductors.
Magnetic properties- Classification of materials: Quantum theory of paramagnetics -
cooperative phenomena - magnetic domains, Hysteresis.
Organic solids: Electrically conducting solids, organic charge transfer complexes, organic
metals, new superconductors.
Electron Microscopy
Fundamentals of electron microscopy as a useful subsidiary technique for crystallographers;
Examples of its application in materials science and macromolecular structural biology.
Electron diffraction: Scattering intensity versus scattering angle, Wierl equation,
measurement technique, elucidation of structure of simple gas phase molecules. Low energy
electron diffraction and structure of surfaces.
52
Neutron diffraction: Scattering of neutrons by solids and liquids, magnetic scattering,
measurement techniques. Elucidation of structure of magnetically ordered unit cells.
Recommended Texts:
1. Moore, E. & Smart, L. Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 2nd Ed. Chapman & Hall (1996)
2. Rhodes, G. Crystallography Made Crystal Clear: A Guide for Users of Macromolecular Models 3rd Ed.
Elsevier (2006)
3. Massa, W. Crystal Structure Determination 2nd Ed. Springer (2004).
4. Warren, B. E., X-Ray Diffraction 1st Ed. Dover Publications (1990).
5. Sands, D. E. Introduction to Crystallography Reprint Dover Publications (1994).
53
of conducting polymers. Important structural features. Nature of charge carriers in conducting
polymers: solitons, polarons and bipolarons. Mechanism of conduction in polymers.
Stimuli-sensitive (smart) polymers: pH- and temperature-sensitive smart polymers and their
applications in biotechnology and medicine.
Recommended Texts:
1. DeGennes, P. G. Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics Cornell University Press (1979).
2. Young, R. J. & Lovell, P. A. Introduction to Polymers 2nd Ed. Chapman & Hall (1991).
Recommended Texts:
1. Cantor, C. R. & Schimmel Biophysical Chemistry Vols. 1-3, W. H. Freeman (1980).
2. Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
4th Ed., W. H. Freeman (2004).
54
Course A: Soft Materials
Thin Films and Langmuir-Blodgett films
Preparation techniques, evaporation/sputtering, chemical processes, MOCVD, sol-gel, etc.
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film, growth techniques, photolithography, properties and
applications of thin and LB films.
Liquid crystals: Mesomorphic behaviour, thermotropic liquid crystals, positional order, bond
orientational order, nematic and smectic mesophases, smectic-nematic transition and clearing
temperature- homeotropic, planar and schlieren textures, twisted nematics, chiral nematics,
molecular rearrangement in smectic A and smectic C phases, optical properties of liquid
crystals. Dielectric susceptibility and dielectric constants. Lyotropic phases and their
description of ordering in liquid crystals.
Colloids: Types of colloids, forces between colloidal particles, characterization of colloids,
charge stabilization, steric stabilization, effect of polymer on colloid stability, kinetic
properties, sols, gels, clays, foams, emulsions, food colloids, concentrated colloidal
dispersions.
Polymer: Polymer melts- The tube model, viscoelastic behaviour, experimental observations
of single chain dynamics- Rouse and Zimm models, polymer blends, copolymers,
incompatibility and segregation.
55
Nonlinear optical materials: nonlinear optical effects, second and third order- molecular
hyperpolarizability and second order electric susceptibility- materials for second and third
harmonic generation.
Recommended Texts:
1. Ashcroft, N. W. & Mermin, N. D. Solid State Physics Holt-Saunders (1976)
2. Callister, W. D., Jr. Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction John Wiley & Sons: New York
(2000).
3. Keer, H. V. Principles of the Solid State Wiley Eastern Ltd.: New Delhi (1993).
4. Gray, G. W., Ed. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals John Wiley & Sons: New York (1987).
5. Serpone, N. & Pelizzetti, E. Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications John Wiley & Sons (1989).
6. Cowie, J. M. G. Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials 2nd Ed. CRC Press (1991)
7. Hamley, I. W. Introduction to Soft Matter: Polymers, Colloids, Amphiphiles and Liquid Crystals John
Wiley & Sons (2000).
(Note: Papers belonging to physical chemistry teaching in semester-iv may combine any two parts, viz.
course A or course B, of same or different papers. These combined papers will form elective papers.
Available elective /open elective papers will be displayed on the web site of Department of Chemistry before
the beginning of each semester.)
Paper 4312- Practical Physical Chemistry- II (Elective practical 2) (200 Marks/ 8 Credits)*
Set A
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
BASIC programming
1. Numerical methods and their applications in chemistry
2. Some typical exercises based on the above
i. Decimal-binary conversion
ii. Numerical differentiation, quadrature and finding roots
iii. pH of a weak acid
iv. Roots of cubic equations (e.g. van der Waals’ equation)- iterative, Newton-Raphson,
Binary bisection, Regula-Falsi methods.
v. Titration curves and end-point location
vi. Numerical integration (Trapezoidal, Simpson’s rule)
vii. H and S from Cp data
viii. Chemical kinetics simulations
ix. Least-squares fit including graphics
x. Numerical solution of differential equations (e.g. in kinetics)
xi. Intrapolation & interpolation of data
xii. Gauss-Siedel method and its use in solving simultaneous equations (e.g. Lambert-Beer’s
law)
56
Set B
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
1. Record the UV spectra of a weak acid (p-nitrophenol in 1:4 ethanol:water mixture) at different pH
and determine the dissociation constant in the ground state.
2. (a) Record the UV spectra of a weak acid (α-naphthol) at different pH and determine the
dissociation constant in the ground state.
(b) Record the fluorescence spectra of a weak acid (α-naphthol) at different pH and determine the
dissociation constant in the excited state.
Comment on the difference in the two values using MO theory.
3. (a) Record the UV spectra of methyl orange at different pH and determine its dissociation constant.
(b) Study the effect of surfactant on the pKa value of methyl orange.
4. Find the stoichiometry of the charge transfer (CT) complex formed between thiocyanate ions and
iron(III) by Job’s method of continuous variation. Determine the concentration equilibrium constant
and extinction coefficient for the charge transfer complex by applying the Benesi-Hildebrand
equation.
5. Repeat Expt. 4 for salicylate ions in place of thiocyanate ions.
6. Record the UV spectra of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine in methanol. Compare and discuss the
various transitions involved in terms of MO theory.
SET C
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, IMPEDANCE, CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY, ESI DATA
ANAYSIS AND SIMULATIONS
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY
1. Reset the CV of aqueous solution of sulphuric acid (0.5 M) at Pt electrode as working electrode and
counter electrode.
(a) Interpret and explain various peaks and regions of the CV and their significance.
(b) Determine the area and roughness factor of the electrode by H-adsorption and H-desorption.
(c) Determine the area and roughness factor of the electrode by Pt oxide region.
2. Determine the extent of catalytic activity of the Pt electrode by H2 evolution reaction (HER) and
O2 evolution reaction (OER).
IMPEDANCE
3. Verify Warburg equation using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Perform experiment with
various bias potentials around CV peak potential.
4. Determine the exchange current density, α (symmetry factor) and double layer capacity of a redox
reaction usng platimum electrode (aqueous solution of 10 mM (Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 + Fe(NH4)
2(SO4)2)) in 1 M HClO4.
CHRONPOTENTIOMETRY
5. (a) Verify the Sand equation using galvastatic chronopotentiometry.
(b) The surface area of an electrode is determined via a chronopotentiometric measurement.
3-
(c) Determine the diffusion coefficient of the ion [Fe(CN)6]
EIS DATA ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS
6. Determine the best fit model from electrochemical EIS data and extract electrochemical system
parameters from the given impedance data using equivalent circuit models, viz. Resistor capacitor,
57
Randles, Warburg, CPE, CPE with diffusion, etc.
Set D
58
Recommended Practical Chemistry Manuals and Books:
1. Vogel, A. I. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis - 7th ed. (revised by G. Svehla) Longmans
(1996) ISBN 058-221866-7
2. Vogel, A. I. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis - 5th Ed. Longman (1989).
3. Addison Ault Techniques and Experiments for Organic Chemistry 6th Ed. University Science Books
(1998).
4. Mann, F. G. & Saunders, B. C. Practical Organic Chemistry 4th Ed. Orient Longmans (1990).
5. Vogel, A. I. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry 5th Ed. (revised by A.R. Tatchell et
al.) Wiley (1989) ISBN 0582-46236-3
9. Daniels, F., Williams, J. W., Bender, P., Alberty, R. A., Cornwell, C. D. & Harriman, J. E.
Experimental Physical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill (1962).
10. Das & R. C. & Behera, B., Experimental Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd. (1993).
11. Shoemaker, D. P., Garland, C. W. & Nibler, J. W. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, McGraw-
Hill: New York (1996).
12. Day, R. A., Jr. & Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis 3rd Ed. Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd.:
New Delhi (1977).
13. Burns, D. T. & Rattenbury, E. M. Introductory Practical Physical Chemistry Pergamon Press
(1966)
14. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed. W. H. Freeman & Co. (2002).
15. Willard, H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. & Settle, F. A. (Eds.) Instrumental Methods of Analysis -
7th Ed., Wadsworth Publishing (February 1988) ISBN 0534081428
16. Noggle, J., Physical Chemistry Using Mathcad Newark, DE, 1997.
rd
17. Rogers, D. Computational Chemistry Using the PC, 3 Edition Wiley-Interscience (2003).
18. Quinn, C.M. Computational Quantum Chemistry, Series, Academic Press (2002).
59
Research Training during M.Sc. Chemistry Course
Science in the 21st century is rich with opportunity and challenges. Our pillars for success in this
complex world are all tied to interactions—between people and between disciplines. By building both
strong interpersonal connections between our students and faculty, and effective bridges between
disciplines, entering Master degree students in the Department of Chemistry can thrive at the
frontiers of research if research is pursued at interface of chemistry and Biology. Hence we must
start Chemical Biology as one of the specialization at master degree level, which would facilitate
collaboration and cross-disciplinary research.
Research should be primary focus of our Master’s degree programs, with students choosing faculty as
Advisors and beginning active research during their first year. Our faculty must share with M.Sc
students a rich training in the unique tools of chemical inquiry and a commitment to scientific
investigation at the molecular level. For their initial research, we must encourage students to explore
problems of intrinsic interest and importance at the frontiers of chemical science. We must offer many
opportunities for interdisciplinary studies. Interaction with other departments and groups is common,
both within University of Delhi and at other research Centers in the University and neighbouring area.
Thesis research will become a significant focus following an initial period of coursework, teaching,
and sampling of research opportunities through our laboratory rotation system
Therefore, Department of Chemistry has decided to have Master’s degree (M.Sc) in Chemistry with
specialization in: Inorganic, Chemistry, Physical for this year.
However, from next year the department propose to have additional specializations at M.Sc
level, viz: Chemical Biology, Material Science, Computational Chemistry and Analytical
Chemistry.
Department of Chemistry has also decided to attach each and every M.Sc (F) student with a faculty
member to complete a research project work of 100 marks ( 4 credits), based on an original piece of
research. It may kindly be included in the preamble of the Syllabi of our M.Sc Chemistry.
In addition, it is proposed that the Faculty of Science should provide some compulsory Auditing
Courses for M.Sc students across the faculty, like:
60