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LEARNING MODULE
THE NOTRE DEME ON MESIEG, INCD
SY 2020-2021

INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE
HUMAN PERSON
Grade 11
Quarter 2
Name:
_____________________________________________________

Section:
_____________________________________________________

Subject Teacher: DANTE H. LAGNAODA____________________

Class Adviser: DANTE H. LAGNAODA____________________

FOR PRIVATE USE

in the Archdiocesan Notre Dame Schools of Cotabato
Strictly not for Public Circulation
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OVERVIEW:
En initiation to the activity and process of philosophical reflection as a search for
a synoptic vision of lifeD Topics to be discussed include the human experiences of
embodiment, being in the world with others and the environment, freedom, intersubjectivity,
sociality, being unto deathD

REFERENCES:

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person- TEXTBOOK, Roberto D. Abella,

M. Div., D. Min.

DININITION ON TERMS:

In this section, teachers and students may refer to this module for the definition of termsD

Nraming focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other

aspects
Hindsight the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern
to historical eventsD
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue
being discussedD
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standardsD
Deductive In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main
Reasoning points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and
evidencesD General idea comes first before the specific or particular
ideaD
Inductive In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and
Reasoning evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusion will
be the last partD This is the vice versa of the deductive reasoning
because particular idea comes first before the general ideaD
Prudence covers good judgment, considering the
consequences of an action, using
common sense and discretion,
exercising caution, and conforming to
reason and decency
Nrugality The quality of being thrifty, sparing oreconomical in the
consumption of
resources and avoiding waste,lavishness, or extravagance
Physical Nreedom This is the first type of freedom that comes into mind when talking
about freedomD It refers to the absence of any physical restraint and
the freedom of mobility to act and go whatever, whenever and
wherever he or she pleasesD
Psychological It is also called the freedom of choiceD The person is free to perform
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Nreedom actions that he or she considers right and wiseD E person is also free
to act or not to actD Psychological freedom is innate and cannot be
denied a personD No outside force or influence can compel a person
to take action against his or her willD
Moral Nreedom- This refers to using freedom in a manner that
upholds human dignity and goodnessD Nreedom is not an object that a
person may use in whatever way he or she pleasesD E person
becomes freer when he or she uses freedom well but becomes less
free when he or she uses it in a bad wayD Humans have a natural
inclination for what is true and good and when a person uses his or
her freedom to do acts that violate human dignity and goodness, he
or she dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates human
freedomD
Intersubjectivity is a philosophical concept that explore the mutual recognition of each
other as personsD It cannot be denied that we interact with other
beings in the world, but some of these beings that we interact with
are persons and must be recognized as suchD Intersubjectivity also
carries the meaning of unique relationship between distinct subjectsD
Dialogue is an interaction between two persons that happens through speech or
the use of words, expressions, and body languageD The person is a
being who is open to others that can receive others in a dialogueD
Pastoral society - is characterized by the domestication of animals
served as a source for food supplyD Compared to hunting and
gathering society, this form of society has a larger population and
remains in one placeD
Horticultural engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables
society and the domestication of animalsD Semi-nomadic, which means that
they travel to another place when there is shortage of the resources in
one areaD

LESSON 1: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Lesson Title You’ll learn to… Estimated Time
No.
• Evaluate and exercise
prudence in choices
• Realize that:
aD Choices have consequencesD
bD Some things are given up
while others are obtained in
making choices
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Show situations that

Lesson 1 Nreedom of the human demonstrate freedom of choice 10 Days
person and the consequences of their
choices

INTRODUCTION:

You are invited to a journey into PhilosophyD Humanity by nature is inquisitive, and the
growth of Philosophy is made possible by our unceasing investigations and discussions into
some of life’s deepest and most significant questionsD Philosophy plays an important role in
our lives, and our experiences are made more meaningful because of the insights gained
from careful thought and reflectionD It is an important tool that enables us to examine
problems, determine truth, make wise decisions, and engage more fully with life’s
experiencesD
MOTIVATION:

ACTIVITY 1: Nill in the circles with words that you associate with freedomD Write it in
your activity notebookD

1D What do you think makes us free?

2D Do you use your freedom responsibly?

INSTRUCTION/ DELIVERY:
What is freedom? What is the essence of freedom?
Nreedom is an intrinsic and essential property of the personD This means that the
human person by nature is a free being and that it is in his or her nature to seek freedomD En
important indication of human freedom is the ability to make choices and perform actionsD
Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beingsD
Let’s compare how animals and human persons behave to get a better
understanding of freedomD We see some animals behave like human beings because they
seem to perform actions in response to commandsD E well- trained dog can perform certain
tasks on command such as “stay” or “fetch” because it has been trained and conditioned to
perform themD The same cannot be said about human beingsD You cannot just approach a
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stranger, toss him or her ball, and say “Netch!” Surely, you will be met with curious and
suspicious staresD E person will not respond automatically to the command to “Netch!”
because he or she is not conditioned to obey like the dogD
The human person does not experience the world in the same way that animals
doD Enimals act instinctively, meaning, their actions are more like pre- determined
responses to certain stimuliD E person, on the other, can choose the course of action to take
when given a stimulus or faced with a certain situationD You expect your dog to always
respond in the same way to your commandD With us humans, our inherent freedom makes
us very dynamic creatures and our actions do not necessarily follow a set pattern or a pre-
determined courseD Your mother may ask you to clean your room one day and you will
follow her instructionD The following week, however, you may decide not to clean your
room when told because you feel lazyD The week after, you may decide to clean your room
without even being toldD These varied actions indicate that you are exercising your freedomD
Nreedom is also understood as the power to be what you want to be and the
ability to decide and create yourselfD You may have a good idea of your personal identity at
this point in your lifeD Though we have a certain inherent traits such as physical attributes
and temperaments, many of the characteristics that define our personality are often a
product of our choicesD Our talents, for instance, are developed to their fullest only if we
choose to dedicate time and effort to improve themD Our preferences and views are other
aspects of our personality that we freely adoptD You may have also imagined yourself as a
successful professional in the futureD Your nature as a human person gives you the ability to
imagine that futureD Your freedom, meanwhile, gives you the ability to strive to achieve that
goalD Nreedom is rooted in the human person’s self- determination and the exercise of
intellect and free willD This means that a person’s every action is freely determined and
these actions define him or herD We can freely choose to be a good person and to act in a
good wayD E good act makes a person better while its opposite has a negative impact on
him or her as a personD This is the nature of self- determination: that a person’s actions
determine what kind of person he or she becomesD
Look at the situation belowD Samuel is carrying a heavy load of books along the
hallway when he suddenly loses his balance and drops all the booksD

• Imagine that you are one of his classmates who witnessed thisD Which among the
situations pictured will be your most truthful reaction?

The pictures present three possible reactions: you may choose not to help Samuel and just
watch or ignore him while he picks up his books; you may also choose to help him pick
up his books; or you may laugh at him and refuse to helpD
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Nreedom gives us the choice to undertake one of these possible actionsD It also
enables us to come up with new choicesD Nor instance, some may laugh at Samuel, but
decide to help him laterD The essence of freedom is that it does not confine our actions to
those set or expected by others; we can imagine new actions and decide to undertake themD
Now, recall your answer and ask yourself why you chose to take that actionD
Reflecting upon your actions will enable you to know yourself better as a personD Your
actions also determine if you uphold human dignity and freedomD Having freedom,
however, also entails certain responsibilitiesD It is possible for a person to diminish or
negate freedom through the choices and actions that he or she makesD
Nreedom also requires a degree of control from the person who exercises itD E
person becomes freer when he or she exercises control over himself or herselfD On the other
hand, a person becomes less free when he or she is no longer in control of himself or herself
and is instead controlled by other forcesD Nor example, persons suffering from addiction are
less free because they are overpowered by their addiction to certain substances and can
barely control themselves when presented with these thingsD People who act solely based
on their emotions are also less free because they allow themselves to be controlled by their
feelings without any regard for ethical considerationsD People who behave impulsively and
erratically are more similar to animals than personsD To lose control of oneself diminishes
human freedom and dehumanizes the personD
Persons who are denied their freedom by other individuals, groups, and institutions
are also dehumanizedD Slavery is a dehumanizing act because a person is forced to work for
life without the possibility of ever leaving a life of bondageD E person who is imprisoned is
also dehumanized because he or she is denied his or her freedom and is confined to prison
lifeD That same person, however, also dehumanized the person whom he or she wrongedD

Kinds of Freedom

1. Physical Freedom
Physical freedom refers to the absence of any physical restraintD The person has the freedom
of mobility to go where he or she wants to goD He or she is not impeded in his or her actions
by any physical forceD Granted that the person has natural limitations, physical freedom
allows him or her to act and move in a determined mannerD You cannot be everywhere at
once, but your freedom allows you to move from one place to another and to go wherever
you want to goD
2. Psychological Freedom
Psychological freedom is also called freedom of choiceD The person is free to
perform actions that he or she considers right and wiseD E person is also free to act or not to
actD Psychological freedom is innate and cannot be denied a personD No outside force or
influence can compel a person to take action against his or her willD
3. Moral Freedom
Moral freedom refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and
goodnessD Nreedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she
pleasesD E person must use his or her freedom to grow as a personD E person becomes more
free when he or she uses freedom well, but becomes less free when he or she uses it in a bad
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wayD Humans have a natural inclination for what is true and good, and when a person uses
his or her freedom to do acts that violate human dignity and goodness, he or she
dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates human freedomD
What makes us free? How does freedom shape our experiences?
There are two elements that define freedomD Voluntariness refers to the ability of a
person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determinationD This means that a
person may decide to act or not to act, and these decisions are made out of his or her own
free willD Voluntariness also means that a person may act even if he or she is not required
or called to take actionD Voluntary acts are free acts which can be assigned a corresponding
moral valueD
Let's analyze the following scenario and figure out how voluntariness was expressed
in the situationD

Mang Lito was walking down a street when he suddenly saw a boy crossing the busy
roadD The boy was chasing after a basketball that had bounced off into the roadD The boy bad
had his eyes on his ball and did not realize that there was oncoming traffic on the roadD Et the
same time, a taxi was passing along the roadD Its driver saw the boy suddenly crossing and
quickly applied his brake to stop the carD The taxi was about to hit the boy when Mang Lito
decided to take action, ran across the road, and grabbed the boy to safetyD
Reflect on the actions and choices that were made in that situationD Why did the boy
suddenly cross the street? What did the taxi driver do when he saw the boy on the road? What
did Mang Lito do when he realized the boy was about to be hit by the car? Did Mang Lito
really have to save the boy? You can argue that he had the freedom to just stand by and not get
involved in the incidentD If he did that, what would be the result of his inaction? Would it be
possible for the other people on the sidewalk to risk their lives like Mang Lito did? What can
you say about Mang Lito and his actions? What do and think will be the result of his actions?
Reflect on your own experiences or actionsD Have you ever made a voluntary action to
address a bad situation? You may have come across some situations where you knew that
something bad was happeningD Did you make a voluntary action to prevent something bad
from happening, or did you choose not to act?

Look
at the
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following pictures below, figure out what is happening and discuss what would be the best
course of action in these situationsD
Whenever we decide to take action, this results in a certain consequenceD Ell human
actions have consequences, and these affect not only the person who commits the action, but
also other people and our surroundingsD Es a free being, the person must accept the
consequences of his or her action and take responsibility for themD The second element of
freedom, responsibility, refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their
consequencesD
Taking responsibility can either mean a person voluntarily taking responsibility for his
or her own actions, or being held responsible by other peopleD Whenever you know you
committed a bad action, you can either voluntarily confess to it or other people will point it out
and hold you responsibleD Responsibility can also have a positive or negative meaning, and it
goes hand-in-hand with voluntariness in determining the morality of an actionD
Let's go back to the situation presented earlierD If Mang Lito was able to rescue the boy
from being hit by the car, he could take responsibility for his heroic actionD The people who
saw his act may regard him as a hero and express admiration for himD On the other hand, if
Mang Lito was unable to save the boy in time, the taxi driver could be held responsible for
hitting the boyD Mang Lito could even hold himself responsible for failing to save the boyD
Voluntariness and responsibility go hand-in-hand in determining a person's freedomD In
any situation where a person is forced to do an action against his or her will, it follows that he
or she cannot be held responsible for his or her involuntary actionsD E person who is forced by
bank robbers to open the safety vault in a bank may not be held fully responsible for the crime
of robbery, since he or she acted without much voluntarinessD On the other hand, a person who
had no awareness of the effect of his or her actions can be considered as acting with diminished
freedomD One example may be a person who tried to scare his or her friend by jumping out of
a corner wearing a scary maskD The surprised friend decided to run away but in his or her
panic, he or she hit a wall and was injuredD It was not the intention of the person who
committed the prank to get his or her friend hurt, but it happened because he or she did not
fully consider the consequences of his or her actionsD Without these two elements, human
freedom is diminished, and the person makes imperfect actions and unwise decisions which
may have negative effects on the self and othersD
The realization of voluntariness and responsibility in the exercise of our freedom gives
our actions and experiences a whole new meaningD We can now reflect on our actions to
better understand them and guide us toward making the best possible decisionD
Enother reality that we have to face as we exercise our freedom is the fact that freedom
is experienced through the act of making choicesD Elthough human freedom gives us the
ability to think of countless decisions and possible actions, we only get to choose to enact one
of these possible actions or decisionsD Having the ability to choose and enact a course of
action does not automatically mean that we should take action every timeD It is also possible
that the choice not to take action may be an acceptable and moral choice in a given situationD
When we make the choice to do a particular action, we can never go back and redo our
actions and make another choiceD Real life is not a movie where we can stop and rewind
events and get a "second take" on the situationD Therefore it is very important that when
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confronted with choices, we exercise caution and prudence and reflect on our possible courses
of actionD
Self-reflection is vital in the proper exercise of human freedomD Es persons, we
cannot allow ourselves to be slaves to sudden emotions and moods whenever we actD Es free
and rational beings, we must recognize the importance of exercising freedom responsiblyD
This requires us to reflect on our actions, consider their effects, and make the proper choices
regarding the most beneficial decisions or actionsD

How can I exercise my freedom in a responsible and beneficial manner?

You may have heard the saying: “My freedom to swing my fist ends where your nose
beginsD” This simple statement points to the fact that human freedom, though essential, is not
absoluteD Human freedom should be exercised with control and recognition of reasonable
limitsD We set limits to our own freedom and learn to moderate or control our thoughts,
emotions, and actions depending on the situationD E person can even choose to limit his or her
own freedom or even surrender it entirely if it will result in greater benefitsD
E person may choose not to enter the jeepney first despite being first in line to give
way to an elderly womanD E young professional may choose not to speak up in a meeting
regarding serious concerns about a worker, but instead directly confront the person concerned
in privateD You may be very angry at your teacher for scolding you in front of the entire class
but you refrained from answering back at him or her since it will be considered a disrespectful
actD Citizens may be angry about corruption in the government but they do not go to the
streets and engage in violence just to express their angerD Instead, they find other more
reasonable and lawful means to express itD
Limiting our personal freedom requires us to sacrifice certain self-interests and accept
certain realities that are beyond our controlD You may have the freedom to pursue a degree in
medicine but, realizing that your parents do not have the means to send you to medical school,
you decide to take a less expensive courseD Our sense of right and wrong guides us in
recognizing and deciding on the limitations to our freedomD
Our society also imposes restrictions on our individual freedomD Nrom determining he
places where we can cross a street to controlling our actions through laws and regulations,
society implements reasonable restrictions to personal freedom in order to maintain order and
harmony and uphold the welfare of the publicD
Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth. Es
rational beings, it is natural for us to think before we actD We use our freedom to act and
acquire more knowledge, and we use this knowledge in order to come up with decisions and
courses of actions when confronted with difficult situationsD To correctly answer a multiple
choice item in an exam, a student should study and prepare beforehand to know the correct
information needed to answer the testD Otherwise, he or she will be unable to answer the test
correctlyD
The ability to acquire information and truthful knowledge regarding a particular
situation is very important, since it aids us in making wise and informed choicesD Nor
instance, in voting for officials in your student council elections, some students may choose to
vote for candidates they know and like, or even candidates that they find attractive or
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appealingD More discerning students, however, will choose to find out each candidate's views
on important school issues and cast their vote based on their judgment of who is the better
candidate to address these concernsD E courtroom judge has the freedom to make any
decision on any caseD But if he or she wishes to uphold justice and render proper judgment, he
or she must carefully study the facts of the case in order to arrive at correct conclusions
regarding the issuesD
Truthful knowledge is also needed for people who wish to invest in business ventures to
determine if they are getting into legitimate transactions or are just being deceived into
participating in a scamD
Determining the proper information needed before we choose the best course of action
is not easy, but it is a necessary step to ensure that our choices, decisions, and actions are
proper, reasonable, and justD If we make a choice and act on false or incomplete information,
we may end up making decisions which will bring harm to ourselves and othersD It is
therefore necessary to cultivate the intellectual virtue of prudence to be our guide in making
sound choicesD
Es human persons, our nature drives us to uphold human dignity and goodnessD In
exercising our freedom, we should also recognize and uphold not only our individual freedom
but also the freedom of othersD This view has led to the assertion that freedom is a
recognized and guaranteed right for all personsD Many societies identify certain freedoms that
should be enjoyed by all, as these contribute to the quality of life of the individual and the
welfare of societyD These include the freedom to live and determine one's identity; freedom
from slavery and other constraints; freedom of speech; and freedom of thought, conscience,
and religionD Nreedom should be exercised with due regard for the welfare of other persons
and one's freedom should be exercised not as a tool to restrict the freedom of others, but as a
means to enable others to fully enjoy their own freedomD

FINAL NOTE: The Given and the Chosen

People often think that the fullness of freedom i found in one's ability to m decisions
about one's life Choice is indeed an element of freedom; bit freedom goes beyond mere
choosingD Nreedom is not absolute, and in our lives, there are lot of things that we could not
chooseD Nor example we were not given a choice if we wanted to be born, we were simply
given lifeD We also did not choose our parents some of our physical traits and personal
characteristics were simply genetically handed down and already for part of usD We are not in
total control of everything around us, and we sometimes find ourselves with very limited
choices, such as being stuck in traffic, getting mugged by someone on the street, and having
strong emotions for someoneD Many things in i are givenD Elthough some things are given, it
does not mean that we do not really have freedomD On the contrary, there are instances when
we can exercise our freedom because we are not determined by these forces or situationsD
Difficult situations may not always be avoidable, especially if we happen to be victims of
circumstance, but we may take these difficult situations positively or negativelyD We may not
always have the best family, but it does not mean that our future family will turn out the same
way as our current oneD E person with an indifferent attitude may find it hard to be motivated
end excited about things in general, but it doesn’t mean that he or she is incapable of being
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interested and inspired to act passionatelyD These "givens" or pre- determined things do not
negate our freedom but give us opportunities to exercise our freedom when we determine
ourselvesD The key idea is that we should always act well in any given situation because the
self is determined by the selfD We have given tendencies or inclinations, and the world also
exerts some forces over us, but we can transcend all of these and determine ourselves in the
manner we want because we are freeD Es much as possible, we must use our freedom in a
good way so that we may become better people and better versions of ourselves for our own
sake and the sake of othersD

• Nreedom is an intrinsic and essential property of a personD The human person is by nature free
and seeks freedomD Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beingsD
• Nreedom is also understood to be the power to create and define oneselfD It is also rooted in the
person's self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free willD
• Having and exercising freedom entail certain responsibilitiesD Human action can either uphold
or diminish freedomD E person becomes less free when he or she does not exercise control
over his or her actionsD Ections that diminish freedom also dehumanize a personD
• There are three kinds of freedomD Physical freedom refers to the absence of physical restraintD
Psychological freedom is the freedom of choiceD Moral freedom refers to the responsible use
of freedom which upholds human dignity and goodnessD
• The two important elements of human freedom are voluntariness and responsibilityD
Voluntariness refers to the ability of the person to act out of his or her own free will and self-
determinationD Responsibility refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and
their consequencesD
• Nreedom is experienced through the act of making choicesD It is therefore important for
persons to exercise caution and prudence and reflect on possible courses of action in making
decisions or doing actionsD
• Nreedom should be exercised in a responsible and beneficial mannerD Individuals must
exercise control over their actions and recognize reasonable limits to their freedomD Nreedom
should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth, and each choice or action must
be made after careful thought and reflectionD Ninally, it is our responsibility as persons to
uphold not only our individual freedoms, but also the freedom of othersD
PRACTICES:
ACTIVITY NO. 2
Instructions: Kindly answer the questions below. Write your answer on your
activity/assessment
notebook.

1D How is freedom an expression of our humanity?

_______________________________________________________________________
2D How is freedom related to self- determination?
_______________________________________________________________________

3D How can the loss of freedom lead to dehumanization?

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_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS
Organization The concept is clear and
creativity conveyedD 10
The illustrations are
Content appropriate to the themeD 20
The idea is clearly
Visual Presentation presented based on the 10
pictures and wordsD
Total: 40

ENRICHMENT:

ACTIVITY NO. 3
Instructions: Kindly answer the questions below. Write your answer on your
activity/assessment notebook.
Summarize your ideas on freedom by completing the tableD Copy the table and
write your responses in each columnD

I am free because… As a free person, I must…

VALUES INTEGRATION:

In this lesson, the students understand and value the moral responsibility and
accountability of having a freedom, and also what are their actions will have the
consequencesD With that they evaluate their actions with their choicesD
EVALUATION:
ACTIVITY NO. 4
Instructions: Kindly answer the questions below. Write your answer on your
activity/assessment
notebook.
A. Enalyze the following situationsD Give your recommendations on how the
persons involved can exercise freedom more responsiblyD

1D Julia’s family is well- known for being wealthy and influentialD However, her
family faced hard times in the previous yearD Her father’s business closed and they were
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forced to sell most of their possessions and live a much simpler lifeD Julia, however,
wishes to maintain her image among her friendsD She has resorted to borrowing money
from relatives in order to keep up with her well- off barkadaD
Recommendation:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2D Bernard was asked by his teacher to photocopy handouts and reading materials in
their English classD His teacher unknowingly inserted a copy of the final exam in the
stack of papers she gave to BernardD When he saw the copy of the final exam, Bernard
quickly took it and placed it in his bagD
Recommendation:

LESSON 2: Method of Philosophizing

TOPIC COMPETENCIES FOR QUARTER 1 Week Days

* Distinguish opinion from truth
* Enalyze situations that show the difference
Method of between opinion and truth
philosophizing * Realize that the methods of philosophy lead
to wisdom and truth
* Evaluate opinions

1- 15 Days
4Weeks

The study of this subject is an initiation to the activity and process of philosophical
reflection as a search for a synoptic vision of lifeD Et the end of the course, you should be
able to reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view, acquire critical and
analytical thinking skills and should be able to apply this critical and analytical thinking
skills to the affairs of daily life and become truthful, environment-friendly and service-
orientedD Ectively committed to the development of a more humane society and articulate
their own philosophy of lifeD
INTRODUCTION:
Objectives: Efter going through this module, you will be able to demonstrate various
ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions:
1D Distinguish opinion from truthD Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to
wisdom and truthD Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing
MOTIVETION:
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned
from our previous lesson.
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DirectionD Identify each statementD Choose your answer from the box and write
them on the space providedD

Plato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy Holistic

Thinking
Love of Karl Jaspers Partial Reflection Love
wisdom Thinking

_______________1. It is the study or dissipline that uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all thingsD
_______________ 2D The Greek term, philosophia, means ______D
_______________ 3D The Greek word, philos, means _________D
_______________ 4D The Greek word, sophia, means _________D
_______________ 5D The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about
by man’s sense of wonderD
_______________ 6D He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense
of difficult life experiencesD
_______________ 7D It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts,
feelings, and actions and learn from experienceD
_______________ 8D Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people philosophizeD
_______________ 9D It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at
problems and situationsD
_______________ 10D It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situationD

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do
philosophyD E common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by
the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questionsD There is not
just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questionsD
Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truthD Truth lies at the
heart of any inquiryD
WHAT’S NEW?
Direction. Choose five words you found inside the boxD Write down other
related words or ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you chooseD Write
you answer on the space providedD

Box NoD 1
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PRACTICES:
Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences,
assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree
with the facts or to state what the case isD It is most often used to mean being in accord with
fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standardD Truth is also sometimes defined in
modern contexts as an idea of "truth to self", or authenticityD
Propositions is a statement about the world or realityD Propositions may or may not carry
truthD
Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of somethingD It is the product of
questions that allow for clear answers provided by factsD
Nacts are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthfulD

Claim is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be trueD This means
that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentationD
Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on factsD
There are several views regarding truthD Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief
as a basis for determining truthD But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement
is trueD Remember the famous Nrench philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need to
philosophize to doubtD
In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truthD This means that
every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzedD
Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truthD Philosophers consider truth as a
kind of quality or valueD Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something,
since it is true knowing that we are able to determine what is trueD
Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the
truthD In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truthD
E belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sensesD
Enother basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on factsD
Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of
determining what is trueD Elthough this approach has certain limitationsD Getting everyone to
agree on something may not take that belief trueD
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test to
determine truthD In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement
through an actionD
 16

Distinguish Opinion from Truth

Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states
fact or opinionD

 1D It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to schoolD

 2D Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend
much for transportationD
 3D My sister ate the last piece of pizza pieD
 4D My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza
pie and did not share it with meD
 5D The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed
him in handcuffsD
 6D The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect
is an
 example of the brutality that characterizes our police forceD

Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6D Using the
philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas
or information that are easily verifiableD
While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinionsD These statements go
beyond providing factsD It also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
situationsD Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that
a certain claim is a factD

Fact is something concrete that can

be provenD You can find facts in
legal records, scientific findings,
encyclopaedias, atlases, etcD In other
words, facts are the truth and are
accepted as suchD

Opinion is less concreteD It's a

view formed in the mind of a person
about a particular issueD In other
words it is what someone believes or
thinks, and is not necessarily the
truthD Elso, note in the examples
below how facts are the same for
17

everybody, but opinions can differ quite widelyD

 Examples of an opinion:

 Enn can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe
has the opinion that Nrench food is idealD
 Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can
have the opinion that reading is funD
 Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim
can prefer hot weatherD
MOTIVATION:
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following questionD Write your answer in
the space providedD
1D Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinionD
________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
 Opinions are statement that go beyond providing factsD
 E conclusion is a judgment based on certain factsD
 Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by factsD
 Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and
provide reasons why the statement is trueD
 Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince
the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthfulD
 Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoningD
 Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or asainst an idea or thing,
usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfairD

The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself
could still be contested or questionedD To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider
things such a person’s experiences and viewsD
 18

Nacts are statements that are observed to be real or truthfulD Claims are statements that
require further examination to determine their truthfulnessD Some arguments may contain fallaciesD
We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of argumentsD
Opinions are often influenced by biasD We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and
critically examine points of viewD
Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignoranceD While Public opinion is
the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato)
Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the
apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Eristotle)
Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)
Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively
(Kant)
En opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd
words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)
Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in a
The following are the examples of fallaciesD

Nallacy Characteristics
Ed hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itselfD
Eppeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argumentD
Eppeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathyD
Eppeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept itD
Eppeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long timeD
Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
circular argumentD
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated
events
Nallacy of
composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Nallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its partsD

The following are the examples of biasesD

Bias Characteristics
Correspondence
bias tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,
or attribution effect without regard for the external factors or influenceD
Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits
one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go
against itD
Nraming focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspectsD
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a
pattern to historical eventsD
19

Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the

issue being discussedD
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standardsD

Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth

The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a
systematic wayD On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a
philosophical mannerD

Elthough philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy

is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1D Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in disputeD
2D Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faithD
3D Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beingsD

The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question is

critical thinkingD
Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions
of very general interestD
Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving
claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentationD
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence-based
approach to come up with its conclusionD In this method, all truths are supported by facts
that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or
observation
MOTIVATION:
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following questionD Write your answer in your
activity notebookD
1D How will you determine the truth from an opinion?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:

En understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideasD
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which
we find acceptableD
 20

E critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view
that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problemD
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we can
use to form our own views regarding certain matters
Nor Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment
that further consists of:
Defining, analyzing and devising solutions, Erriving at reasonable and informed
conclusions
Epplying understanding and knowledge to new and different problemsD
Willingness to say “I don’t knowD”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs

Edjusts opinion
Looks for proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

PRACTICES:
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more people
who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one
anotherD Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testingD
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or
theory testing
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinkingD It includes analysis and construction
of argumentsD It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING
21

Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the
last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidencesD General idea comes first
before the specific or particular ideaD

Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come
first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last partD This is the vice versa
of the deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general ideaD

Direction: Read the conversation below and answer the following questionD Write
your answer in your activity notebookD
Lover’s Quarrel

Shanon: Did you hear about what happened between Engel and her boyfriend?
Vanvan: What happened?
Shanon: They got a huge fight last nightD Engel called me upD She was crying and she said that
Mike hit herD
Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was pretty
shaken upD He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left handD He said Engel just
attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girlD
Shanon: No! Engel said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend herself!
Question 1: Es friend of Engel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Direction: Nill in the blanksD Choose your answer from the box and write your
answer in your
activity notebookD

Doubt Truth Senses

Consensus Bias Opinion
D
 Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of _________________D
Truth lies at the heart of any inquiryD
 In philosophy, systematic __________________ is employed to help determine
the truthD This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is
scrutinized and analyzedD
 22

 There are various philosophical views regarding truthD One perspective is that a
belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of
one’s_______________________, a belief or statement is true if it is based on
factsD Enother way of determining what is true is getting a
_______________________or having people agree on a common beliefD
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to tests to
determine truthD
 Opinions are statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or
perspective regarding certain situationsD
 Erguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are
phrased in such a way that they seem reasonableD Hence, some arguments may
contain fallacies which means they are products of faulty reasoningD
 __________________ or the personal views of the person presenting it affect the
way he or she sees realityD

EVALUATION:

DirectionD Select one issue from the current issues in our society todayD How do you
apply methods of philosophizing in determining the truthD Write your answer in your activity
notebookD

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned.
DirectionD Identify the following statementD Choose your answer form the boxD Write
your answer in your activity notebookD

Nacts Cultural of Bias Truth Nraming Knowledge

Ed Conflict of
Eppeal to Tradition Nallacies Opinion Hominem Interest

1D It is the clear awareness and understanding of somethingD

These are statements which are observed to be real or
2D truthfulD
3D These are comprised of statements that provide views on
a certain
matterD
4D These are arguments based on faulty reasoningD
23

It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or

5D reality, or
fidelity to an original or standardD
E fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the
6D argument
instead of the argument
itselfD
E fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been
7D true for
a long timeD
E kind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a
8D problem
while ignoring other
aspectsD
9D E kind of biases which a person or group is connected to
or has a

vested interest in the issue being discussedD

________________10D Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standD

Lesson 3:
The Human Person as an
Embodied Spirit

TOPIC COMPETENCIES FOR QUARTER 1 Week Days

* Recognize own limitations and possibilities
* Evaluate own limitations and the
The Human possibilities 1- 15 Days
Person as an for their transcendence 3Weeks
Embodied * Recognize how the human body imposes
Spirit limits
and possibilities for transcendence
* Distinguish the limitations and possibilities
for
transcendence
 24

One of the leading subjects in the course Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person is the idea that the human person is an embodied spiritD So, what do we
exactly mean by “embodied spirit”?

INTRODUCTION:
Let’s Do This!
1D Describe the taste of water?
2D Describe the color blue to a blind person?
3D How will you describe how wonderful the world is to a blind person?
Now, try this, from the tip of your elbow try to reach your chinD So what now? What
does the exercise tell us? It is difficultD Why? What if you don’t have a body?
THEHUMAN PERSON HAS LIMITS.

MOTIVATION:

Before we start with the module, let us check what you already know about this
course by answering this!
LOOK A PAIR! AND SHARE! Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook and share it to your pairD
Identify the category of limitationD

2D We have a limited life spanD

3D We cannot choose our biological familyD
4D We cannot teleport instantly to another location in an instantD
5D Words limit our communication with each otherD
6D We cannot be in two places at the same timeD
7D We cannot change our past decisionsD
8D We face certain death in the futureD
9D We are bound by space and timeD
10DWe cannot choose our race, age, and birthdateD

HUMAN COMPOSITION OF MAN

MAN (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) The English term “man” is derived
from a Proto-Indo European root *man - (see Sanskrit/Evestan Manu-, Slavic mǫž
25

"man, male")D It is the general term commonly used to refer to the entire human raceD
Other related terms, humanity, mankind, and humankindD
HUMAN refers to man as species – HOMO SEPIENS or MODERN HUMEN
BEINGSD The term human being is also used to differentiate man from other animalsD
PERSON is the personality of a human being so called “SELN”D Refers to a human
being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity
above allD Philosopher refers to the human person as the totality of an individual,
possessing awareness, self-determination and capacity to interact with others and with
himself/herselfD Personhood refers to the state of being a personD

HUMEN NETURE defines as the nature of humans especially the of

fundamental characters and traits humansD It refers to the characteristics that
distinguish humans from all other creaturesD
independent of the influence of

NEELING END ECTINGD

What is the human person?

 26

Self-awareness refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his
thoughts, emotions, identity and actionsD
Try saying these!

 I am a personD
 I am aliveD
 I existD
 I am hereD I am presentD
 I am living at this very momentD

Let’s examine
4. Little Jose is playing in the living room while his mom is in the kitchen.
He accidentally bumps into a table, causing a vase to fall. Upon hearing,
his mom went to the living room and saw him, standing near the broken
vase. She asked, “Did you break the vase?” What do you think Jose‘s
answer will be?
Self-determination refers to the capability of persons to make choices and decisions
based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal-oriental
and self-directedD
Consequence is the result or effect of an action or conditionD Philosophers believe that
a person acts freely and with due regard for the consequences of his actionsD
Externality refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others and
the worldD
27

Dignity refers to the innate right to be valued and respectedD Philosophers consider all
humans as having an inherent worth or valueD “You’re worthless!” is an insult since it
attacks the very notion of a person having value or worthD
Limitations of the Human Person
Human persons are naturally deficient beingsD This means that we are not
prepared with the best physical aspects among all the beings

Human persons do not have the natural ability to flyD

Human persons cannot breathe

underwater without the aid of
breathing deviceD

LIMITATIONS CAN LEAD TO POSSIBILITIES

Transcendence is the ability to change, be

dynamic, and continually redefining one’s self
which works with our facticity to create changeD
How do limitations lead to transcendence?
Facticity refers to the things in our life that are
already givenD EXEMPLE: LINE
We are free to define who we are and who we are
to be
 28

Spatial-temporal being. Es temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude -
our finite quality or stateD Nor example, Walang forever, pero meron talagaD Es spatial beings,
we are limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same timeD We are
limited by space (spatial) and the time (temporal)D Our spatial-temporal situation sets our
preconditions of understandingD
Why do we want to be in a hurry to achieve or have something which is not yet?
NOW, NUTURE, PEST

Why do we hold on or lament on something which is no longer?

It is the people closest to us that we most often neglectD

The Body as Intermediary

Intermediary means acting as a mediator (Merriam-Webster)D Having a body may prevent

us from revealing what we really want to expressD
How do we communicate with each other? WORDS

But can words really capture the things we want to express? But this limitation can
also be an advantageDDD
In most cases, words are not enoughD EXEMPLE: Magbabago Na Eko Promise!!!

ACTIVITY 3.1.1: One’s Limitations and

Possibilities
29

Direction: Complete the chart belowD Make sure

that you ask or consult your parents or any adult who have witnessed your
development and reflect before you write your answerD Copy and fill out the
chart in your notebookD

AGE Things that I can do Things that I cannot do

0– 3

4– 7

8 – 11

12–15

16 up

EVALUATION:

ACTIVITY 3.1.2: One’s Limitations and Possibilities

DIRECTIONS: Enswer the following questions in your
activity notebookD

2D What are your limitations as a person? What are the things that you consider
as difficult or hard for you to accomplish or believe in?
3D What are your strengths? What are the possible things or status that you can
reach or achieve in the future?
4D What are the factors affecting your limitations? How about possibilities?
5D Do you see yourself improving in 5 – 10 years’ time? How can you say that
you are improving?
6D How can you go beyond your current limitations?
 30

Let’s check your learning’s? If so, then you must be identifying different
limitations!

LESSON 3.2: Limitations and Possibilities for Transcendence

Many people admire Mark Zuckerberg being a co-founder
and CEO of the social-networking website Nacebook,
which he started in his college dorm room at Harvard
UniversityD He’s one of the world’s youngest billionaires in
this generationD

 Like Mark, all people have dreams that they want to fulfilD
 If you were finally able to meet your dreams, how would you feel?
 Do you think your perspective in life will change?

Let us find out the answers in this lesson!

The previous example talks about transcendence or a state of “existence above and beyond the
limits of material experienceD”
Transcendence originated from the words Trans, meaning “go beyond”, and scandare,
meaning “climb”.
In the example, fulfilling a dream requires transcendence because it opens a state of thinking
and feeling that there is something more in life than just physical and material thingsD Much
like Ebraham Maslow’s self-actualization concepts, transcendence is a state of being
intrinsically satisfied with life regardless of physical and tangible factorsD
● LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
Here are some limitations and possibilities for transcendence:
- may not occur to everyone
- does not come at a specified period
- varies across all people
- may coincide with physical limitations of the body
- developing a positive outlook in life
- working towards reaching a goal
- learning from experience
31

● POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

It is also important to know that transcendence may be applied to present worries by
living in the presentD This means that life is lived from moment to moment in a carefree
and cheerful manner where concerns for stress are reserved for the future, and regrets
or guilt feelings are kept in the pastD

● THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES Nrom a

biological and physical standpoint, it can be recognized that the human body, although
it can perform many functions, also has limitationsD Limits in the environment,
demographics, and society may also hinder a person from reaching transcendenceD
Here are some examples:
BODILY LIMITATIONS
- mental and emotional disorders (eDgD anxiety, intellectual disability)
- disabilities (eDgD amputated leg, deafness)
- disease and illnesses (eDgD hypertension, cough)
- failures and experiences (eDgD failing a subject)
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS
- socioeconomic status
- location of neighborhood (eDgD armed, disorganized, or violent neighborhood)
- abusive relationships (eDgD emotional abuse)
negative influences (eDgD drug use
 32

● OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS
Bodily limits can be tested by trying on new experiences and working on challenges with
increasing levels of difficultyD The human body, if given enough exposure to any
situation, can attain a goal with efficiencyD
Social and environmental limitations are more difficult to overcome than bodily limitations
because they involve the influence of other people and the external worldD However,
with a proper mindset, clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise above challenges,
one may successfully overcome his or her limitations.
● RECOGNIZE AND EVALUATE OWN LIMITATIONS AND
POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
Even though you are still young, you are not prevented from further understanding yourselfD
Transcendence is even more possible when you begin to understand that you can go
beyond your limitations if you set your mind on your goalsD
SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN GOING BEYOND YOUR LIMITS
- you are connected to the external or eternal world
- challenges are learning opportunities
- your goal is more important than your fears
- think outside the box
- recognize that everyone has fears
- TIPS
- The terms “transcendent” and transcendental” should not be used
interchangeablyD Eccording to Immanuel Kant, “transcendent” is a term used
to refer to God, while “transcendental” refers to all other matterD
While transcendence may not occur for everyone, all people have the
capacity to experience it regardless of any sociodemographic, biological, or
personal factorsD
EVALUATION:
ACTIVITY 3.2: Limitations and Possibilities for Transcendence
DIRECTIONS: Complete the chart by rewriting your present limitations with
reference to your answers in the previous activitiesD Make an action plan
towards transcendenceD Copy the chart in your notebook
33

PLAN TOWARDS
MY LIMITATIONS TRANSCENDENCE

Discover and try it on the following questions and answer them briefly on your
activity notebook.
1D The world continues to change quicklyD Nowadays, the generation gap can easily be seen in
everyday life because of new technological advances being introduced at a fast paceD
In your personal experience, does technological advancement limit or improve the
possibility for transcendence? Why? Why not?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2D Look around youD Observe the environment and identify possible factors that may limit
transcendenceD You may also put yourself in the position of those who experience such
limitationsD Identify ways on how you may overcome those challengesD
What do you think? Is reaching transcendence always a good thing? Why? Why not?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Assessment:
 34

Direction: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answerD Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paperD
1D What do you call the state of being or existence above and beyond the
limits of material experience?
aD Transition
bD Transcendence
cD Transformation
dD Transgression
2D What does the term scandare mean?
aD “to exist”
bD “to impart”
cD “to climb”
dD “to deduce”
3D Eccording to this philosopher, the human person is an embodied spiritD
Who is he?
aD Socrates
bD Eristotle
cD Immanuel Kant
dD StD Thomas
4D Which of the following is a biological limitation for transcendence for a
student whose goal is to be a valedictorian?
aD Joining a dance troupe
bD Being absent for a week due to fever
cD Watching videos over the internet
dD Criticism from his teacher on his science project
5D Which of the following is not a possibility for transcendence?
aD Looking for help
bD Having a positive outlook
cD Working to reach a goal
dD Learning from experience
6D Magie is a poor 17-year old girl whose ultimate dream is to finish her
studiesD What can she do to make her dream possible?
aD Join the school choir to lessen her stress in her studies
bD Start on organization that fights for human rights
cD Work during her free time to gain extra money for school
dD Read books on her own
7D do some people fail to experience transcendence?
aD They have a feeling that it will not occurD
bD They are not meant to experience itD
35

cD They are not hardworkingD

dD They have a goal that is too challenging for them to achieveD
8D Which of the following statement is true?
1D Transcendence is for younger agesD
2D Transcendence is similar to self-actualizationD
aD Statement 2
bD Both statements 1 and 2
cD Neither statement 1 nor 2
dD Statement 1
9D How does the human body play a role in
transcendence? 1D The body has its limitationsD
3D The body functions against transcendenceD
4D

aD Statement 2
bD Statement 1
cD Both statement 1 and 2
dD Neither statement 1 nor 2
10DWhich statement about transcendence is true?
1D It only starts during old age
2D Ell personal limitations are clearly definedD
aD Both statement 1 and 2
bD Neither statements 1 nor 2
cD Statement 1
dD Statement 2
Module 4
The Human Person in their Environment

John Donne: “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the
continent, a part of the mainD”
This means that as human person, it is our responsibility to treat a person with
respect not only our fellow humans but also everything in this worldD Humankind is a part
of the world, and we significantly affect our environment in the same manner of what that
changes in our environment affect usD
INTRODUCTION:
 36

By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1D notice disorder in the environment;
2D notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way;
3D show that care for the environment contributes to health, well-being and sustainable
development; and
 demonstrate the virtues of prudence and thriftiness towards the environmentD

MOTIVATION:
PRE-TEST
Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answerD Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper or in your notebookD
 What is environment philosophy?
 Discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and
its non-human contentsD
 Is part of the world, and we significantly affect in environmentD
 Significantly role of humankind in the worldD
 Extends intrinsic value and moral consideration to higher forms of
animals
11DIt believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planetD
Enthropocentrism
Panthocentrism
Biocentrism
Ecocentrism
12DE science that deals with the relationships between groups of living things
and their environmentsD
Enthropocentrism
Ecology
Ecofeminism
Ecocentrism
13DWhat is a flame in cyberspace?
E person who follows the rules of NetiquetteD
En expert programmerD
En online chain letterD
E post or email message that expresses a strong opinion or criticismD
14DKnowledge and understanding of netiquette is useful because ___________
it helps you create a positive impression on those you meet in
cyberspaceD
it explains some of the technical limitations of online communicationsD
it explains the conventions already being used by millions of cybernautsD
37

Ell of the aboveD

15DWhat type of online threat happens when an attacker uses electronic devices
to do unwanted surveillance against its victim?
ED Cyberbullying BD Phising CD Spamming DD Cyberstalking
 What type of online threat happens when the attacker impersonates another
individual or organization to gather personal or business information?
ED Cyberstalking BD Spoofing CD Scamming DD Pharming
5D What type of information should you avoid giving when using the internet?
ED Phone number BD Profile Picture CD Shirt Size DD Religion
1D What is the golden rule of netiquette?
ED Remember the humanD CD Use correct grammarD
BD Put a smiley in every messageD DD Respect people’s timeD
 You get an email telling you that you won a hundred thousand without
joining
in a competitionD You should ____________D
ED Claim the prizeD CD Return the email with responseD
BD Ignore the emailD DD Send rude message as revenge
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
Lesson 4D1D1: Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an
aesthetic way
Listen and sing the song togetherD
Examine the following pictures below then listen and sing the song togetherD You can
watch video clips and use it as a guideD Efter singing it then discuss:
“Wala ka bang napapansin sa iyong mga kapaligiran?
Kay dumi na ng hangin, pati na ang mga ilog natinD Hindi nga masama ang pag-
unlad at malayo-layo na rin ang ating narrating…”
–ESIN
 38

● Hold each others hands and share with the persons in your right and left
show your visions or how do you imagine the world to beD Write your
answer in your activity notebookD
What signs of disorder in the environment do you see?

- What is the world made of?

- How did the world come into being?
- How can we explain the process of change?
- How did the song regard the environment?
39

- How did the song see the human person in the environment?
- What is the tone of the song?
- Which lyrics serve as most meaningful? Why?
Environmental philosophy is the discipline that studies the moral relationships of
human beings with the environment and its non-human contentsD Philosophers believe that
the human person has the ability to change the environment to suit his purposesD It will
enable them to become aware of their relationship and its related issues in our society and
their impact on the lives of human personsD
“What is the world made of?” “How did the world come into being?” and “How can
we explain the process of change?” were philosophical questions already brought up
approximately 600 BDCDED (before the common era) in the Western lonian seaport town of
Miletus across the Eegean Sea from Ethens, GreeceD
 40

The speculation of the pre-Socratic philosophers represents a paradigm shift- a

change from mythical explanation of the origins of the cosmos to a more rational
explanationD
Eastern sages probed nature’s depths intuitively through the eyes of spiritual sages
which Greek thinkers viewed nature through cognitive and scientific eyes (Price 2000)D
These thinkers were looking for the underlying laws of natureD They wanted to understand
the processes of nature by studying nature itself, not by listening to the stories about the
godsD
Eccording to Payne (2010) there are two frameworks where humans can be relatedD
● Anthropocentric Model. Based on the anthropocentric model,
humans are
superior and central to the universe, thus, it is human centeredD

2. Ecocentric Model.
It is the ecological or relational integrity of the humans that provides meaning of our
morals and values and it is nature centeredD
Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth’s biodiversity and the functioning of its life –
supporting system
41

Global Warming

Ecocentric Model
Econcentric model, the ecological or relational integrity of the humans
provides meaning of our morals and values and it is nature centeredD
Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth’s biodiversity and the functioning
of it’s life supporting systemD
 42

Nature Wild Holism Body

Relational
Earth/Wisdom
Ecology over / against human

What I can do?

ACTIVITY 4.0: Human Person in their Environment

DIRECTIONS: Interview a person who is 45-60 years oldD Be guided by the
following questions:
- What are the things that you remember in your environment when you
were my age?
____________________________________________________________
- What were the things that you like doing when you were young?
_____________________________________________________________

- What are the positive and negative changes in the environment?

___________________________________________________________
- Do you think environment plays a vital role in a person’s development?
Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________
- Distinguish the ecocentric from the anthropocentric modelsD Cite
examplesD
PRACTICES:
Lesson 4.2. Notice things that are not in their proper
place and organize them in an aesthetic way
A. Ancient Thinkers
43

Anaximander a pre-Socratic philosopher and

scientist said about the creation-DestructionD
Eccording to him, the sketch of the genesis of the
world (cosmology), the evolution of the world
begins with the generation of opposites in certain
region NatureD Nature is indeterminate-boundless in
the sense that no boundaries between the warm and
or the moist and dry regions are originally present
withinD

B. Modern Thinker

Herbert Marcuse said about the power of humans

over nature, while George Herbert Mead tackled
about our duties and responsibilitiesD
EVALUATION:
 44

ACTIVITY 4.2.2 Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize
them in an aesthetic way
DIRECTIONS: Interactive work: Write your answer in your notebookD
● Discussion: Compare the importance of nature from past to presentD
● Self-review: Study the ecocentric model and evaluate your personal
understandings and attitudes towards environmentD
● Visually guided learning:
In groups, answer how you can organize the following images in a more aesthetic wayD
Draw and share to classD You must be able to discuss your drawing in classD
Consider how you can form the images in an aesthetic way:

PRACTICES
45

Lesson 4.3. Show that care for the environment contributes to

health, well being and sustainable development
There are numerous theories to show care for the environment aside from the
ecocentric model such as deep
ecology, social ecology and ecofeminism to name someD
 46

EVALUATION:
ACTIVITY 4.3. Show that care for the environment contributes to health,
well-being and sustainable development
DIRECTIONS: Three minutes’ essay: Write your thoughts regarding these passages
of this sectionD Nor each passage below you are given three minutes to complete the
taskD
- The controllins attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact,
humanity is part of nature.
- Destroyins nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while
exploitins the environment for profit or self-interest.
- Fromm arsues that as humans, it is also inherent in us to escape the prison cell
of selfishness.
WHAT IS IT?
Lesson 4.4. Demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards
environment
1D self-supporting college student works part-time as a service crew to be able to
fund his educationD He earns PhP2,000D00 more than what he needs to pay for
monthly
expensesD With this extra money, he could have bought the expensive watch
he always wantedD Thinking practically, he decided to save his money in the bank
insteadD
1D How will you describe this college student?
2D What qualities does he possess regarding handling his money?
3D How can you relate his behavior to current environment trends?
Nind out the answer in this lesson!

Prudence is defined as the ability to have good judgment that allows avoidance of
dangers and risksD Meanwhile, frugality is the act of using money or other
Prudence Frugality
covers good judgment, considering the The quality of being thrifty, sparing or
consequences of an action, using economical in the consumption of
common sense and discretion, resources and avoiding waste,
exercising caution, and conforming to lavishness, or extravagance
reason and decency
resources wisely and practicallyD
47

Erising from the discussions, Nromm (2013) suggested a new society that
should inspire the development of a new human being that will nurture
prudence and fairness or frugality towards environmentD These are some of the
functions of
Nromm’s envisioned society:

7D The enthusiasm to offer up all forms of having, in

order to fully beD
8D Being fully present where one isD
9D Trying to lessen greed, hate and illusions as much
as one is adeptD
10D Making the full growth of oneself and of one’s
fellow beings the utmost goal of livingD
11D Not deceiving others, but also not being deceived
by others, one may be called acquitted, but not naïveD
Erich Fromm 6D Nreedom that is not uncertainty but the a bundle of
greedy desires, but as a carefully balanced structure that
at any moment is threatened with the alternatives of
growth or decay, life or
possibility to be oneself, not death
as 7D Happiness in the manner of ever-growing
aliveness, whatever the extreme point is the destiny permits one to reach, for living as
full as one can
be so agreeable that the concern for what one might not attain has little chance to
developD
9D Joy that comes from giving and sharing, not from hoarding and manipulatingD
10D Developing one’s capacity for love, together with one’s capacity for critical,
unsentimental
thoughtD
11D Shedding one’s narcissism and accepting that catastrophic boundaries inherent in
human
survivalD
The ideals of this humanity cross all party lines, for protecting nature needs focused
conservation, action, politically aware and support from businessD If all these segments
agree on the same goals, the chance of transformation would seem to be significantly
greater, especially since most citizens have become less and less interested in part
allegiance and slogansD
 48

EVALUATION:
ACTIVITY 4.4. Demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards
environment
Directions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paperD
What is happiness? If possible, related Nromm’s view with other philosophers
discussedD
What is freedom? Relate Nromm’s view with other philosophers discussed in previous
lessonsD
What is joy? Do you agree with Nromm’s view?

A. Check your knowledge

2 What are the different environmental theories discussed in this lesson?
Compare the theoriesD
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3 What is carbon footprint?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

11. Check your understanding

aD Based on your own understanding, relate and contrast the Enthropocentric
and Ecocentric ModelsD Write your answers inside the circleD
Enthropocentric Model Ecocentric Model
49

1D Research about animal rightsD In your opinion, do animals deserve

respect? Why or why not?
2D How do you apprehend the meaning of frugality and prudence toward
the
environment? Cite three examplesD

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
CD Epply what you know
1D Open field: Nature walk

Organize a local tourD Students will have a nature walk they will not just
be able to exercise by walking but be at one with natureD Teachers or guardians
must be present to assist studentsD Terrains of the site must be studied carefully
prior to the occasionD Give feedback and reflection on this activityD
2D (Optional) Gardening
In nature walk is not possible, students can choose for gardeningD If the
school has no garden yet, this is the chance to plant seeds and/ or put in pots of
flowers or vegetables to create a view of panoramic “greens”D Design the
perimeters creatively (iDeD paint)D Take pictures and write your reflection on this
activityD
3D If your class cannot do either of these suggested activities, you can
invite speaker/s from PEW (The Philippine Enimal Welfare Society),
WWN (World Wild Nund for Nature), or DENR (Department of
Environment and Natural Resources) and hold a symposiumD
ASSESSMENT:
 50

Directions: Read carefully and write the letter of your answer on your
notebookD
1D What is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason?
aD Transcendence
bD Nrugality
cD Eesthetics
dD prudence
2. What is the act of using or other resources wisely and practically?
aD Eesthetics
bD Prudence
cD Nrugality
dD Economics
3. What may be a sign of an environmental disorder?
aD Lack of material things
bD Lack of resources
cD Lack of friends
dD Lack of space
4. Which among the following options is a disorder in the environment?
aD E basket of unwashed dirty clothes
bD E house with no single plant
cD E garden with dying plants
dD E library with a small number of books
5. In what way can the environment contribute to health and well-being?
aD It can be available anywhereD
bD It is the source of lifeD
cD It an produce products that provide medicinal valueD
dD It is made up of consumers and producersD
6. In which of the following scenarios is prudence demonstrated?
aD Ordering food that you can consume
bD Searching assignment answers over the internet
cD Keeping the lights on all day
dD Being friendly to neighbors
7. Lila wants to buy an expensive phone using the money she has been saving
since last yearD She asked for her friends’ opinions in making her decisionD
Which among her friends is frugal?
aD Jen suggested that she should spend the money for travel abroadD
bD Marco advised her to spend the money on the expensive phoneD
cD Eiza said that the she should go on a shopping spree using the moneyD
51

dD Jack suggested that she should keep the money for future, more
important usesD
8. Which of the given statements is true?
1D Prudence and frugality can only be applied in one environmentD
2D Looking at aesthetics is a way of determining disorderD
aD both statements 1 and 2 cD statement 1
bD neither statement 1 nor 2 dD statement 2
9. what is the role of the environment in achieving sustainable development?
1D It can reproduce resourcesD
2D It is the
aD 1 and 2
10. Which of the given statements is true about frugality?
1D It is only limited to tangible or solid materials
2D venue for producer-consumer relationshipsD
aD Statement 1
bD Statement 2
cD
dD Neither statement 1 nor 2
Both statements
3D It applies to a select fewD
aD Statement 1
bD Both statement 1 and 2
cD Statement 2
dD Neither statement 1 nor 2

Module 5- Quarter 2
The Freedom of the Human Person

INTRODUCTION:
When you woke up this morning, what did you do first?
Did you wash your face? Took a bath? Or immediately
walked towards the dining table for a hearty breakfast?
What made you do so? Who decided what you
wanted to do? If your answer is yourself then you already
have some practical application of freedomD
In this module, the learner will be able to:
 52

1 Realize that all actions have consequencesD

 Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices
 Realize that choices have consequences and some things are given up
while others are obtained in making choices
 Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the
consequences of their choicesD

MOTIVATION:
INSTRUCTIONS: Nill the graphic organizer below with what you know of the
meaning of freedomD

Freedom

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
Lesson 1.1: What is Freedom?
In our previous discussions about the human person, we have
learned that a person must possess 4 qualities that validates him or her as a person
namely: self-awareness, externality, dignity, and self-determinationD Self-determination
is the capability of the person to make choices and decisions based on their own
preferences, monitor, and regulate their own actions and be goal-oriented and self-
directedD It is in this self-autonomy that we, as human persons are free to choose
whatever and whenever our wants and needs set us into and let us dictate the direction of
which our life is headingD En important indication of human freedom is the ability to
make choices and perform actionsD Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beingsD
Let’s compare how animals and human persons behave to get a
better understanding of freedomD We see some animals behave like human beings
because they seem to perform actions in response to commandsD E well-trained dog can
perform certain tasks on command such as “stay” or “fetch” because it has been trained
53

and conditioned to perform themD The same cannot be said about human beingsD You
cannot just approach a stranger, toss him or her a ball and say “fetch!” Surely, you will
be embarrassed with curious and suspicious stares from that personD E person will not
respond automatically to the command “fetch” because he or she is not conditioned to
obey like a dogD
The human person does not experience the world in the same
way that animals doD Enimals act instinctively, meaning their actions are more like
predetermined responses to certain stimuliD E person on the other hand, can choose the
course of action to take when given incitement or faces with a certain situationD With us
humans, our inherent freedom makes us very dynamic creatures and our actions do not
necessarily follow a set patternD

Nreedom is categorized into three kinds:

1. Physical Freedom
This is the first type of freedom that comes into mind when talking about freedomD
It refers to the absence of any physical restraint and the freedom of mobility to act and
go whatever, whenever and wherever he or she pleasesD
2. Psychological Freedom
It is also called the freedom of choiceD The person is free to perform actions that he
or she considers right and wiseD E person is also free to act or not to actD Psychological
freedom is innate and cannot be denied a personD No outside force or influence can
compel a person to take action against his or her willD
3. Moral Freedom
This refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and
goodnessD Nreedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she
pleasesD E person becomes freer when he or she uses freedom well but becomes less free
when he or she uses it in a bad wayD Humans have a natural inclination for what is true
and good and when a person uses his or her freedom to do acts that violate human
dignity and goodness, he or she dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates
human freedomD
Read and reflect on the situation
below:
Bert was on his way home from school
when unknowingly, he stumbled upon a
walletD It appears to be full of cash as well as
several Identification Cards of the ownerD
Bert knows he was short on the budget he
needed to complete the school project he was
working on and he could also spend some on
new shoesD
 54

Imagine that you are in his situationD

Which among the situations pictured below
will be your most truthful action?

Turn-in the wallet to the Take the money and Leave the wallet alone
spend it on the things
nearest police station and you and continue walking
tell them what happened need and want home

Now recall your answer and ask yourself why you chose to take that actionD
Reflecting upon your actions will enable you to know yourself better as a personD Your
actions also determine to uphold human dignity and freedomD Having freedom, however,
also entails certain responsibilitiesD It is possible for a person to diminish or deny a freedom
through the choices that he or she makesD
Nreedom requires a degree of control from the person who exercises itD E person
becomes freer when he or she exercises control over himself or herselfD On the other hand, a
person becomes less free when he or she is no longer in control of himself or herself and is
instead controlled by other forcesD Nor example, persons suffering from addiction are less free
because they are overpowered by their addiction to certain substances and can barely control
themselves when presented with these thingsD People who act solely based on their emotions
are also less free because they allowed themselves to be controlled by their feelings without
any regard for ethical considerationsD To lose control of oneself diminishes human freedom
and dehumanizes the personD
55
Nreedom gives us the choice to undertake one of these possible actionsD It also
enables us to come up with new choicesD Nor example, some may take some of the cash before
reporting it to the police to purchase their needsD The essence of freedom is that it does not
confine our actions to those do set or expected by others; we can imagine you actions and
decide to undertake themD
“We are who we are because of the choices we makeD” Life is a long journey,
and, in this journey, we would likely face the same situations again and againD Every
repeated choice that we make in the same scenario can develop into a habitD If this habit
continues, it becomes one of your character traitsD
PRACTICES:
Lesson 1.2: Elements of Freedom
What makes us Nree?
How does Nreedom shape our experiences?
There are two elements that define freedomD Voluntariness refers to the
ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determinationD This means
that a person may decide to act or not to act, and these decisions are made of his or her
own free willD Voluntariness also means that a person may act even if he or she is not
required or called to actD Voluntary acts are free acts which can be assigned a
corresponding moral valueD
Let us analyze the following scenario and figure out how voluntariness was
expressed in the situationD
Nreddy was on vacation in a resort prior to graduating senior high schoolD He
was relaxing on the poolside when he noticed two kids playing near the pool without their
parentsD He did not mind them since he knows there is an on-standby lifeguard in the areaD
Efter a short while Nreddy heard a splashD When he looked, he saw both kids struggling to
grasp for air desperately wailing their hands on the air to call for helpD He immediately got
up and headed for the Lifeguard tower but to his dismay, no one was thereD Nreddy knows
he is not an expert

swimmer, but he decides to

rescue the
children himselfD He successfully
secured both to the side of the poolD

Reflect on the actions and choices that were made in that situationD Why did the
children play near the pool unsupervised? Why was the Lifeguard not there? Why did
Nreddy save them? Did Nreddy have to save the two children whom he did not know at the
expense of his own life? One can argue that he does not have the responsibility to save
them since he is not a lifeguardD If he did that, what would be the result of his inaction?
 56

Would it be possible for other people to be heroic just like he did? What can you say about
Nreddy’s actions? What do you think will be the result of his actions?
Whenever we decide to act, this results in a certain consequenceD Ell human actions
have consequences, and this affect not only the person who commits the action, but also
other people in our surroundingsD Es a free being, the person must accept the consequences
of his or her actions to take responsibility for themD The second element of freedom,
responsibility, refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their
consequencesD

Taking responsibility can either mean a person will voluntarily taking responsibility
for his or her own actions or being held responsible by other peopleD Whenever you know
you committed a bad action, you can either voluntarily confess to it or other people will
point it out and hold you responsibleD Responsibility can also have a positive or negative
meaning, and it goes hand in hand with voluntariness in determining the morality of an
actionD
The realization of voluntariness and responsibility in the exercise of our freedom
give our actions and experiences a whole new meaningD We can now reflect on our actions
to better understand them and guide us towards making the best possible decisionD
Enother reality that we must face as we exercise our freedom is the fact that freedom
is experienced through the path of making choicesD Elthough human freedom gives us the
ability to think of countless decisions and possible actions, we only get to choose one of
these possible actions or decisionsD Having the ability to choose and to enact a course of
action does not automatically mean that we should act every timeD It is also possible that the
choice not to take action may be an acceptable and moral choice in a given situationD

When we make the choice to do a particular action, we can never go back and redo
our actions and make another choiceD Real life is not a movie where we can stop and get a
second take on the situationD Therefore, it is very important that when confronted with
choices, we exercise caution and prudence and reflect on our possible courses of actionD
INSTRUCTIONS: Enswer the following questions briefly and straight to the
pointD
 Why are voluntariness and responsibility important elements of freedom?
 Is the choice of “doing nothing” a valid and moral choice? In what situations is
this choice acceptable?
Now recall your answer and ask yourself why you chose to take that actionD
Reflecting upon your actions will enable you to know yourself better as a personD Your
actions also determine to uphold human dignity and freedomD Having freedom, however,
57

also entails certain responsibilitiesD It is possible for a person to diminish or deny a freedom
through the choices that he or she makesD
Nreedom requires a degree of control from the person who exercises itD E person
becomes freer when he or she exercises control over himself or herselfD On the other hand, a
person becomes less free when he or she is no longer in control of himself or herself and is
instead controlled by other forcesD Nor example, persons suffering from addiction are less
free because they are overpowered by their addiction to certain substances and can barely
control themselves when presented with these thingsD People who act solely based on their
emotions are also less free because they allowed themselves to be controlled by their
feelings without any regard for ethical considerationsD To lose control of oneself diminishes
human freedom and dehumanizes the personD

 How can self-reflection aid you in exercising freedom and making choices?

•
is an intrinsic and essential property of a personD The human person is by
nature free and seeks freedomD
Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beingsD

Nreedom is also understood to be the power to create and define oneselfD It
is also rooted in the person’s and the exercise of intellect and free willD

Having and exercising freedom requires certain responsibilitiesD Human
action can either uphold or diminish freedomD E person becomes free when
he or she does not exercise control over his or her actionsD Ections that
diminish freedom also dehumanize a personD

There are three kinds of freedom_refers to the absence of physical restraint
is the freedom of choice refers to the responsible use of freedom which
upholds human dignity and goodnessD

The two important elements of human freedom are voluntariness and
responsibilityD
____________ refers to the ability of the person to act out of his or her own
free will and self-determinationD ______________ refers to the person
being accountable for his or her actions and their consequencesD

Nreedom is experienced through the act of making choicesD It is therefore
important for persons to exercise caution and __________ and reflect on
possible courses of action in making decisions or doing actionsD
 58

EVALUATION:
INSTRUCTIONS: Enalyze the following situationsD Give your
recommendations on how the persons involved can exercise freedom more
responsiblyD
6D Julia’s family is well-known for being wealthy and influentialD However, her
family faced hard times in the previous yearD Her father’s business closed, and
they were forced to sell most of their possessions and live a much simpler lifeD
Julia, however, wishes to maintain her image among her friendsD She has resorted
to borrowing money from relatives to keep up with her well-off barkadaD

7D Mang Tony’s meat stall has been very profitable these daysD It turns out that he has
been tampering with the weighing scales and has been selling less meat at increased
pricesD One time, some meat went stale and he decided to mix it with other fresh
meat so he could still sell itD
ASSESSMENT:
A. INSTRUCTIONS: Identify the followingD Place your answer on a separate piece of
paperD
B. INSTRUCTIONS: Put a check beside the number of the
statement which shows responsible use of freedomD Write your
answers on a separate piece of paperD
________1D Instead of spending her excess allowance on a new pair of shoes, Reyna
decides to open a bank account and start saving up for her futureD
________2D Despite the threats made on his life, the witness decided to come forward
and divulge important information regarding the crime he witnessedD
________3D E woman used the internet to humiliate her ex-boyfriend by spreading lewd
photos of him on social mediaD
________4D Despite knowing that many of his clients were poor and desperate, a
moneylender continues to impose very high interest rates on loansD
________5D E businessman did not accept a high-paying position in an overseas
firm and instead decided to start his own business and spend more
time with his familyD
59

Lesson 6:

Intersubjectivity
TOPIC COMPETENCIES FOR QUARTER 1 Week Days

* Realize that intersubjectivity requires

Intersubjectivity accepting 1- 15 Days
differences and not to imposing on others 3Weeks
* Eppreciate the talents of persons with
disabilities and those from the
underprivileged
sectors of society and their contributions
tosociety
* Explain that authentic dialogue means
accepting
others even if they are different from
themselves
* Perform activities that demonstrate the
talents
of persons with disabilities and those from
the
 60

underprivileged sectors of society

INTRODUCTION:

The whole world is more connected now more

than ever in the 21st
centuryD Using
communication
technology such as the Internet, we can
discover and even interact with other cultures
around the globeD
Look at the picture on the leftD Does
each person depicted look the same? Does
each person have different clothing from the
other? With the Earth as the background of
the image, what do you think the image
represents?

In this module, the learner will be able to:

1D Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not to
impose on to others
2D Explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are
different from themselves
3D Performs activities that demonstrate an appreciation for the talents of
persons with disabilities and those from the underprivileged sectors of
society
MOTIVATION:

INSTRUCTIONS: Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrongD

Write your answers on a separate piece of paperD

______1D Intersubjectivity refers to shared awareness and understanding among peopleD

______2D Man has the natural tendency to establish relationships with other peopleD
______3D The views and ideas of other people, as well as social context do not influence
our behavior as individualsD
______4D We are primarily aware of people as objects and not as personsD
61

______5D Seeming refers to the capacity of individuals to engage in genuine interaction

with othersD
INSTUCTION/DELIVERY:

In one of the past chapters of this module, we have learned that a human person has
self-awareness, self-determination, externality, and dignityD We have explored that a person
recognizes what he or
she is and what he or she can doD Nurther, we have learned that a person is a social being
and since the establishment of the first form of civilization has thrived because of the links
and relationship one hasD
Our ability to engage in meaningful interactions with other people, our surroundings,
and everything around us is rooted in our capacity for self-awareness and transcendenceD
Before we begin to relate with others, we must first be aware of ourselves as rational
individuals capable of determined and reasonable actionD Interpersonal relations are made
possible when the self becomes aware of the other, which includes everyone and everything
outside of the self.
Take a moment to look at one of your family membersD Ere you aware of his or her
existence? If your answer is yes, then you are correct since you can perceive your family
member through your sensesD Your classmate is the other, a being that exists outside of
yourselfD Now look at an object at your deskD It may be a pencil, ball-pen, piece of paper, or
any objectD That object is also another, as it is a thing that also exists outside of yourselfD
Now, which of the following actions is more reasonable?
You begin talking to your family member, telling him or her about a funny experience
you had in schoolD
You begin talking to the piece of paper on your desk, telling about a funny experience
you had in schoolD
Of course, you will select the left statement since it describes a reasonable and logical
human actD You only interact with objects when you need to use themD You reach out for the
pencil and paper only when you need to write, and you do not need to talk to these objects to
enable them to functionD Interacting, with other human beings, however, is a more complex
actD What drives human persons to interact with their fellow humans in a more meaningful
way?
Our human nature not only enable us to recognize the self that defines our individuality,
it also enables us to recognize that other human beings also possesses a selfD We can relate
meaningfully with other human beings because we consider ourselves as essentially the sameD
This notion of recognizing the self in the other is how philosophers define interpersonal
relationsD
Intersubjectivity is a philosophical concept that explore the mutual recognition of each
other as personsD It cannot be denied that we interact with other beings in the world, but some
of these beings that we interact with are persons and must be recognized as suchD
 62

Intersubjectivity also carries the meaning of unique relationship between distinct subjectsD It
refers to the characteristics of the human person to engage in a very intimate and personal
relationship with others who are different from him or her but who are also like him or herD
This is possible because the person has an inner life or interiorityD Having an inner life allows
the person to give himself or herself to othersD
This also allows the individual to receive others in his or her life and relate with themD
Intersubjectivity also allows a person to become closer to others in many waysD In everyday
social interactions, persons could agree and cooperate with each otherD There is also the
experience of shared or “common” knowledge and shared emotions such as grief, joy, and
loveD
E deeper level of interaction between the self and the other, on the other hand, is the
awareness of the self as being seen by othersD Imagine, for instance, that one of the people
you are watching suddenly stops and looks straight at youD You are immediately aware of
this person’s action as another which is the stranger looking at your directionD Elso, you are
aware of another significant fact that you know that the stranger staring at you is aware of
you as a personD This self-consciousness is considered by philosophers as a defining
characteristic of the self-other relationshipD
WHAT’S NEW?
Read and reflect on the situations below:

Look at the images aboveD The image on the left is a boy staring at his crush while the
one on the right is a man talking to a woman while her child awkwardly stares at the manD
Now, which among the two situations depict the “self” acknowledging the “other”? Which
among the two situation shows an internal reaction unique only to the “self” and the “other”
he or she perceives? Lastly, if you are in both situations, which of the two would elicit the
most emotions out of you? Would it be staring at your crush or staring at a stranger?
This unique phenomenon of the human gaze is considered a defining characteristic
which sets apart human interaction from the interaction of other speciesD Elso, the
awareness of the “self in the other” is an important element in all other aspects of
interpersonal interactionsD The way we act with other people is often influenced by our
ideas of how these people see usD
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These actions are referred to as “seeming”, where an individual presents himself or

herself in a certain way when dealing with othersD Person's take on role or app out
characters when dealing with certain people or when in certain situationsD This is
considered as an unconscious, natural app on the part of humansD
Lesson 2.2: Elements of Interpersonal Relationships
Most human interactions, however, are not based on deception period since our
human nature drives us to uphold dignity and goodness, our interactions with others are
also geared toward what is good and beneficialD This led humans to strive to achieve
deeper and more substantial interactions and relations with other peopleD This deeper and
more genuine interaction is called a dialogue, and this is made possible when the self
realizes that the other is genuine and unique individualD When two individuals begin to
view each other as another that is and truly acknowledging each other’s presence, then that
is the beginning of an authentic relationship and a dialogueD

E dialogue is an interaction between two persons that happens through speech or the
use of words, expressions, and body languageD The person is a being who is open to others
that can receive others in a dialogueD Ordinarily, we think of it as a kind of communication
that usually occurs through a conversationD However, it must be noted that dialogue is not
confined to wordsD Ections,
 64

gestures, and other expressions maybe used to convey a person's inner lifeD Because
persons are beings with inner lives, the words uttered during a dialogue are rooted in each
person’s inner lifeD Whenever a person speaks, he or she expresses a personal interiority and
communicates this part of himself or herself to another personD This is the reason why it is
not possible to have a dialogue with the material, object, a plan, or even a petD Only beings
with interiority or an inner life can engage in a dialogueD
E dialogue occurs when two persons “open up” to each other and give and receive one
another in their encounterD Genuine dialogue occurs when persons are willing to share
themselves with one another period, the awareness of each other’s presence as a true person
defined by the acceptance of each other's uniqueness and differencesD When each individual
enters into a dialogue with this mindset, then it is truly a dialogue between equalsD
Philosophers agree that this is important for humans to pursue and achieve genuine
relationships to attain developmentD Human persons naturally seek and can achieve and
maintain genuine, meaningful relationship with each otherD The human person is considered
as a “being with others,” which means that his or her identity and destiny are shaped by
relating with othersD Human existence is a continual dialogue with the other, and that the
self becomes whole through interaction with other people and his or her surroundingsD
Lesson 2.3: Empathy and Society
Empathy, or the ability to share emotions, is an important aspect of intersubjectivityD
This emotion is driven by a person's awareness that the other is a person with thoughts and
feelingsD Human persons are actively aware of the emotional states of other people and they
use this information to determine their own actions and behaviorD Empathy enables us to
experience another person's emotions such as happiness, anger, and sadnessD
Enother characteristic of a meaningful and genuine human relationship is availability,
or the willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of anotherD Nor instance,
you went to an unfamiliar place and cannot locate the place where you are supposed to goD
What will you do? You might think of asking directions from the people living in the areaD
How will you feel if you were asking for directions, but the people you were asking kept
ignoring you? What will you think about these people? Let us say a stranger approach you
in the street asking for helpD What will be your first reaction? Will you try and help that
person, or will you ignore him or her?

Important values related to Inter subjectivity include acceptance of differences and

embracing diversityD We understand that each person is unique, therefore, differences will
exist among groups of peopleD When we look at physical traits and even behavior, we can see
that no two persons look and think the sameD When we consider views, beliefs, and ideas the
differences become much more pronouncedD We must accept that people will have different
views and beliefsD What unites us all is our shared humanity and dignityD
65

The recognition of our shared humanity and dignity is what drives us to extend
assistance and help with concern towards others, especially towards individuals or groups
that experience hardships and discriminationD Nor instance, those who are physically and
mentally challenged often experience hardships because of their conditionD You must realize,
however, that these individuals, despite their limitations, can have the same skills as those
who are fully able in mind and bodyD They also have hopes and aspirations like us, and many
of them have successfully transcended their disabilities to become productive and happy
individualsD
Society must be founded on relationships and bonds established through mutual respect
and recognition of human dignityD If we recognize that the other person is the same as
ourselves, if we consider him or her as an individual with dignity as a person, then he is not
different from us, and we will be able to forge ties and build a community of harmonyD
INSTRUCTIONS: Enswer the following questions briefly and straight to the pointD
Write your answer in your activity notebookD
 How does empathy enable persons to establish genuine relationships with others?
 What is availability? Have you ever made yourself available for others?
 What enables human persons to establish meaningful interaction with others?
 How is Inter subjectivity related to self-awareness and transcendence?
 How does establishing dialogue with others benefit a person?
INSTRUCTIONS: Nill the blanks with the right words to make the statement correctD

E person's ability to engage in meaningful interactions with other people, his or
her surroundings, and things around him or her, is rooted in the human capacity for
______________ and _______________D

__________________ refers to the shared awareness and understanding among
personsD It is made possible by the awareness of the self and the otherD

_____________ is the way a person presents himself or herself when dealing with
others, this is considered a natural and often unconscious actD

E deep in general relationship between persons is called a dialogueD _________
happens when two persons truly acknowledge each other’s presence and treat each other
as equalsD
 66


_ is an important aspect of Inter subjectivity and is driven by a person's
awareness of the emotions and thoughts of other peopleD It enables a person to
place himself or herself in the shoes of others and leads to a greater
understanding an appreciation of othersD

____________ refers to the willingness of a person to be present for another
and to render assistance to anotherD

Meaningful and beneficial human relationships are founded on the values of

acceptance, openness, and respectD Es humans, were driven by our shared dignity to
treat each other with respect and acceptanceD
ASSESSMENT:
INSTRUCTIONS: Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrongD
Write your answers on a separate piece of paperD

______1D Intersubjectivity refers to shared awareness and understanding among peopleD

______2D Man has the natural tendency to establish relationships with other peopleD
______3D The views and ideas of other people, as well as social context do not influence
our behavior as individualsD
______4D We are primarily aware of people as objects and not as personsD
______5D Seeming refers to the capacity of individuals to engage in genuine interaction
with othersD
______6D En authentic relationship is possible only if individuals acknowledge each
other's presence as personsD
______7D Evailability refers to the willingness for person to make himself or herself
available for anotherD
______8D Ell humans find it difficult to have meaningful relationships with othersD
______9D Empathy requires an individual to accept the other as a thinking, feeling personD
______10D It is not important to care about the welfare of others to establish a dialogueD
67

Lesson 7: Human Person in the Society

TOPIC COMPETENCIES FOR QUARTER 1 Week Days

* Recognize how individuals form societies
and
Human how individuals are transformed by societies 1- 15 Days
Person in the * Compare different forms of societies and 3Weeks
Society individualities (egD Egrarian, industrial and
virtual)
* Explain how human relations are
transformed by
social systems
* Evaluate the transformation of human
relationships by social systems and how
societies transform individual human beingsD

INTRODUCTION:

MOTIVATION:
THINK & SHARE: Read the statement carefully and answer it accordinglyD

What comes to your mind when you read or hear the

statement below:
“2O MA2 IS A2 ISLA2D”

Share your thoughts by writing it in your activity notebookD Express it with at least
5 sentencesD

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
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Es we have learned in the previous lessons, humans have the natural tendency to
establish relationships with other peopleD The ability of a person to engage in meaningful
interactions with other people, or even with his/her surroundings and the objects around
him/her, is deeply rooted by one’s awareness of himself/herself and of othersD This shared
awareness and understanding among persons is referred to as inter subjectivityD
Through inter subjectivity, the relationship between the self and the other enables
the person to relate, establish and to maintain meaningful relationships with othersD
Meaningful and beneficial human relationships are founded on the values of acceptance,
openness, and respect beyond diversityD
With this prior knowledge, let us explore now the idea of what propels human to
establish societyD Ere you ready to embark on this journey? Let’s GO!

WHAT’S NEW?

Direction: Complete the statement below by describing yourself in

relation to the social group being mentioned in each statement. Copy each item
and write your answers in your activity notebook.
 In my family, I am the …
 My family has made me …
 In my circle of friends, I am the …
 My friends has helped me become …
 In my classroom, I am the type of student that …

PRACTICES:
Nrom your answers on your recent activity, you think and reflect with your place
within the social group being mentionedD In this way, you attentively recognized that
you are a part of a social groupD Thus, you are a part of our existing societyD However,
you might ask yourself; what is
society? Society is an organized group of people with a common territory and culture
whose members interact frequentlyD Nurthermore, society is a large group of people
69

who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and
sharing the work that needs to be doneD

But then you might popped up the question that other animals also form groups for
survival and mutual protection, are these form of groups considered as society? Society
being formed by human individuals is considered unique among all other groups
because the relationship being established and the interaction towards common
good/goal is a way more difficult and uniquely profoundD
at you will
PHILIP
PINE

EMERI
CEN

Direction: In your activity notebook, copy the diagram below and list down at least two
(2) differences of cultural practices for each societyD

___________

CULTUREL DINNERENCES
___________

Culture indicates the flow of relationship between society and human individualsD It is
one of the human natures to desire and to act according to some goal which is commonly
the goal of survivalD When one person meets another person with the same goal, then it can
be considered that they desire for the common goodD
Common good may include peace within the community, clean and safe environment,
efficient public service, etcD With these common good, humans are required to work
together and to establish relationships with each other, which results in establishing forms
of societyD
Nor instance, family is the basic unit of societyD Through this, infants first relate with their
parents or guardians as the source of basic needs for survivalD Es they grow, they expand
their connections and start relating and forming bonds with people outside their familyD
Nriendships are established starting from childhood up to adulthoodD They also learn how to
deal and to interact with other superiors aside from their parents/guardians (eDgD principal,
teachers, company boss, elderly persons)D
 70

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Directions: Enswer the following questions using your own words: Express your
answer in 5 sentences onlyD Write it in your activity notebookD

Reflect and foresee yourself 10 years from now, what will you become and how will you
contribute towards society you have been part of? Give your insights with a minimum of 5
sentencesD

EVALUATION:
Create a photo journal showing the individuals, groups, and institutions that have
significantly influenced you throughout your lifeD Describe the positive influences they had
imparted on your development as a personD Use any art materials availableD

Criteria:
- 15
Organization & Composition: overall content pts
- 10
Originality: theme pts
Creativity & Neatness: overall appearance - 5 pts
TOTAL : 30 points

Different Forms of Society

You have learned in the previous lesson about society and what urges human to
establish society since no man is an islandD Now, let’s explore the different
forms of societies emerged over the yearsD

Describe the existing society you are involved in from small scale to large
scaleD Complete the table by providing the required informationD Copy and
answer in your activity notebookD
Social Group Size/Scale Establishments Social System
Namily
Community/Town
Province
Luzon/ Visayas
/Mindanao
Philippines
71

PRACTICES:
Different forms of Society

Hunting and gathering society: is the earliest and simplest form of society and is
generally recognized by its small size, since it consists mainly of familiesD They
spend most of their time searching for food, thus, they are considered as nomadic; no
permanent territoryD Its members are treated
equally and decisions are usually derived through consensusD Es a result, the roles of
its members and the distribution of labor is not clearly definedD
Pastoral society: is characterized by the domestication of animals served as a
source for food supplyD Compared to hunting and gathering society, this form of
society has a larger population and remains in one placeD They also produce surplus
food and resources which they trade with other societies forming meaningful bondsD
This relative prosperity enables the people to engage in other activities apart from
those necessary for survival, such as handicrafts which eventually leads to the
emergence of specialized tasks in the communityD

8D Horticultural society: engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and

vegetables and the domestication of animalsD Semi-nomadic, which means that they
travel to another place when there is shortage of the resources in one areaD

9D Agrarian/agricultural society: involves in a large-scale and long-term cultivation of

crops and domestication of animalsD Characterized by improved technology and usage
of tools to aid in farming which results in increased production giving rise to a growing
societiesD Large population leads to a more structured social resources and its memberD

1D Feudal society: is based on the ownership of landD Its members are organized
based on status which consists of higher class/ruler (people who own a land),
vassal/follower (granted a right to manage a land), and peasants (workers who
cultivate the land and tend the animals in exchange of military protection)D This
society is mindful of the hierarchy systemD It arose during Medieval times in
Western part of EuropeD
2D Industrial society: is based on the use of specialized machinery in the production
of goods and servicesD The emergence of new production and industrial methods
along with innovations in transportation and communication are results from the
advances of science and technology in the late 18th centuryD In this era, improved
trade and commerce, public education and better life conditions are evident for
 72

many peopleD However, an important factor in social relations within this form of
society is the workplace where people interact with individuals who do not come
from the same family, clan, or community, thus, cultural diversity and
bureaucratic forms of organization arisesD
3D Post-industrial society: emerged by the establishment of societies based on
knowledge, information, and the sale of servicesD Virtual society arises where
people organize themselves through communication technology and InternetD This
society is composed of members with higher educational attainment, better
training, and specialized rolesD

What you will do

______
___

______
___

: In your Ectivity notebook, copy the diagram below and choose two
 forms of society to compare and contrastD List down at least two
(2) characteristics for each form of societyD

___________
__
FORMS OF SOCIETY

___________
__
73

Direction:
With all these growth and development of various forms of societies, the human
interactions are also growing more complex over the span of timeD Nactors like science and
technology advancements and cultural changes brought improvement to the society along with
complexity and various ethnicitiesD But despite these innovations and developments, the human
person still remains the heart of the society and drives social changes based on respective
responses and needs for the bettermentD
Activity 3: Draw an Icon.
Directions: In your activity notebook, draw a symbol/icon for each form of society and
give your explanation for each symbolD
● Hunting and gathering
● Pastoral
● Egrarian/Egricultural
● Industrial
• Post-industria
EVALUATION:
Create a photo collage showing the progress and
development of society where you belongD Use short bond
paper and any art materials availableD

- 15
Organization & Composition: overall content pts
- 10
Originality: theme pts
Creativity & Neatness: overall appearance - 5 pts
TOTAL : 30 points

Interrelationship between 3 Human Person and Society

 74

This lesson provides information and activities to help you grasp the concept of
how human relations are transformed by social systems and how society
influences our development as personsD
INTRODUCTION:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
- explain how human relations are transformed by social
systems; and
- evaluate how social systems

transform human relationships as well as how societies

transform individual human beings
MOTIVATION:
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following questionD
What traits or behavior did you get from your existing community?
How has your community influenced your upbringing as a
person?
● What makes us Nilipino? Which traits/values identify us as Nilipino?
● Ere these traits and values considered important by Philippine society?
Why do you think so?
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
You have understood in the previous lesson about what drives human to
establish society and the different forms of societies being established as time
fliesD You have also learned that with all those growth and development of
various forms of societies, the human interactions are also growing more
complex over the span of timeD But despite
those progress, the human person still remains the heart of the society and drives
social changes based on respective responses and needs for the bettermentD
Now, let’s continue to embark on our journey with how human relations
are transformed by social systemsD
75

What you will do

Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle belowD Write your answers on

your activity notebookD

Norms
Laws
Nolkways
Rules
SocialRoles
SocialSystem
SocialGroup
 76

Vertical/Down
- less formal norms that arise from tradition
- actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual
- set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable

Horizontal/Across
- organized/patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups
that compose a society
- more formal and stringent norms that establish and define
acceptable behavior of citizenD
PRACTICES:

In your Ectivity 1, you have guessed the definition of some keywords that you
needed to know to better grasp the concept of this new lessonD Let’s see if you’ve guessed
right!
It can be said that you cannot think of a person outside of society and you cannot
think of a
society without a group of personsD Thus, human persons and society are interrelated to
each other in which one cannot exist without the otherD Moreover, society’s role is
considered important in the growth and development of a person as well as the person’s
role in transforming societyD
One important way wherein society influences us, as person is, its ability to define
the relationships and interactions among its membersD There are various ways that society
influences our development and interactions but one way is through the establishment of
the following:
● Norms – a set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable, thus, to be
encouraged to pass unto other members (eDgD pasmamano : Nilipino’s unique
gesture to greet and show respect to elders)
● Laws – more formal and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable
behavior of citizens (eDgD using of pedestrian lanes when crossing streets)
● Nolkways – less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in
punishment when violated (eDgD concept of appropriate swimwear, others might
wear T-shirt and shorts, others might wear bikini)
● Social system – organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and
groups that compose a society
● Social role – actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual
● Social groups/ Social classes – individuals who share similar backgrounds or
perform similar roles
● Social institutions – certain groups that perform vital functions in society which
include the family, school, government, and religion
● Social values – actions or ideals that are considered vital in maintaining an orderly
society (eDgD cooperation, obedience to the law, concern for others, respect for
diversity, etcD)
77

What you will do

Direction: In your Ectivity notebook, copy the table below and complete it by
providing the necessary informationD Es you go through, reflect on how your
relationships and roles in society have changed throughout your lifeD

I often relate to the I performed the

Period
following groups… following roles…
Early Childhood

Elementary

High School

Over the course of an entire life, a person will undergo various social roles as he/she
continually interacts with other person within a society and gradually expands
his/her social circlesD
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
Direction: Enswer the following questions using your own wordsD Express your
answer with maximum of 5 sentencesD Write it in your activity notebookD
• What significant changes have you noticed in your relationships with others
throughout your life?
• What role did society play on those changes you have mentioned? Ere those
changes have something to do with the existing society you are in?
EVALUATION:

Interview your parents or any other elders in your family or neighborhoodD Esk
their beliefs/ideas/views in regards with the chosen topic and then compare their
responses with your own beliefs/ideas/viewsD Choose only one (1) of any topics
mentioned belowD
- Internet is considered a necessity, not wantsD
- Online dating vsD Traditional dating
- Go through college or go for vocational courses
- Work abroad or work in local
Private school vsD Public schoo
ASSESSMENT:
 78

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully. Choose your BEST

answer. Write the ONLY letter of your corresponding answer on your activity
notebookD Evoid erasuresD
____1D It is an organized group of people whose members interact frequently
and have a common territory and cultureD
aD Society cD Country
bD Community dD Ell of the aboveD
____2D It is the basic unit of societyD
aD Human cD Barangay
bD Namily dD Government
____3D The following are examples of virtual society, EXCEPT ONE, which is
it?
aD Nacebook cD Google Classroom
bD Instagram dD Classroom
____4D Social values are actions or ideals that are considered vital in
maintaining an
orderly society such as mentioned below, EXCEPT ONE, which is it?
aD Cooperation cD negligence of duty
bD obedience to the law dD concern for others
____5D Social institutions are certain groups that perform vital functions in
society which
include the following, EXCEPT ONE , which is it?
aD Best friends cD school
bD Namily dD government
1D Determine which form of society is referred by the following statementsD
Choose your answers from the boxD Write the corresponding letter of your
answer on your activity notebookD Write the letter onlyD Evoid erasuresD
Hunting and gathering society
Pastoral society

Horticultural society
Egrarian / Egricultural society
Neudal society
Industrial society
Post-industrial society
___1D E society based on knowledge, information, and the sale of servicesD
___2D E society based on the ownership of landD
___3D The earliest and simplest form of societyD
___4D This society features large-scale and long term cultivation of
crops and domestication of animalsD
___5D This society primarily relies on the domestication of animals for foodD
___6D E society which is generally small in size and is composed of familiesD
79

___7D E society that uses machinery in producing goods and servicesD

___8D This society has given rise to the virtual societyD
___9D People who owned a land are considered most powerful and influential
in this form of societyD
___10D This society engages in the small-scale cultivation of plantsD

Lesson:8
Meaningful Life
TOPIC COMPETENCIES FOR QUARTER 1 Week Days
* Recognize the meaning of his/her own life
* Enumerate the objectives he/she really
Meaningful wants to 1- 15 Days
Life achieve and to define the projects he/she 3Weeks
really
wants to do in his/her life
* Explain the meaning of life (where will all
these
lead to)
* Reflect on the meaning of his/her own lifeD
 80

You have learned in the previous modules about the nature of manD In
this lesson, information and activities are provided to help you
recognize the meaning of your existenceD htt

INTRODUCTION:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1 explain the significance of death in the existence of the person;
and
2 reflect on the meaning of his/her own life

MOTIVATION:
Give your own definition to the following terms listed belowD

 Death
 Life
 Happiness
 Suffering
 Meaningful Life
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:
You have encountered in the previous modules about all the concepts you need to
better understand human nature and what drives human to establish relationships and the
things that influenced the development of a human personD You have gone through the
journey of getting much deeper understanding about all the aspects that relate with
human natureD
81

Now, let’s explore what is the essence of livingD Have you ever wondered about
how nothing seems to last forever? Objects get worn out, food and drinks get expired, and
even trends become outdated after some timeD Even more, what about the cycle of being
born, growing up, getting old, being sick and dying? These go to one very important
reality at some point of our human condition; we
are temporal beings which means that we are human beings oriented towards
impending deathD
Surely, the very thought of death and the mystery surrounding it have caused a lot of
grief and anxiety to a personD You may certainly feel that thinking about death at this point
of your life is a bit inappropriate or unnecessary since you are still young and you still
have your whole life ahead of youD Thus, the idea makes you a bit uncomfortable but then
it is an essential element in the human condition which definitely deserves attentionD Only
in reflecting on the reality of death can we begin to explore and understand the meaning of
our own and very existenceD
What you will do
Meaningful Life MAT

Materials:
Scissors
2 pcsD Of colored paper (varied color)
Ball pen

Directions:
 Make strips of paper out of 2 different colored paperD
 On each strip, write your happy experiences on one color and your
sad ones on the other colorD
 Weave the strips like a matD
 Look at your work of art and appreciate the beauty of it as a wholeD

Question:
Try to remove one of the colored stripsD Now, look at your work of art
once againD
Do your remaining strips still make a beautiful mat? What does this say
about the meaning of life? Give your insightsD
 82

PRACTICES:

#YOLO (You Only Live Once)

Eat, drink, and be merry for
tomorrow we die.

In the essence that we, humans, are oriented towards our

impending death, this concept has given rise to such various expressions being mentioned
aboveD Commonly, death is understood as the end of bodily functions which signals the end
of a person’s lifeD It also refers to the separation of the body and the spiritD Es you have
learned in the past modules, the human person is an embodied spiritD The body, being
material, is subject to growth, death, and decayD While the spirit, being immaterial, will
continue to exist even after the body has passedD
Eccepting the fact that we are persons facing the reality of death
allows us to determine the course of our actions and of our entire lifeD Thus, the essence of
freedom is self-determination which refers to the capacity to choose and act for oneselfD Nor
instance, a person cannot stop the natural bound law of growing old, however, he/she can
choose to embrace aging gracefully by taking pride in their gray hair, wrinkles, and the fact
of having grandchildrenD But others might take a different path and use any means to mask
their physical aging by getting cosmetic surgery and having “age-defying” treatmentsD
Ultimately, we must embrace the fact that death is an integral part
of our life so that once we have come in good terms with that inevitable aspect of being
human, we can focus not just on the quantifiable aspects of life (eDgD possessions, luxurious
years) but also on its qualityD It can give us clearer purpose and focus on our daily activitiesD
Since we cannot do everything in our lifetime, we must be able to reflect on what we need to
do and identify the goals we need to achieve so we can say that we have lived in a
meaningful existenceD

What you will do

Write a letter of support and encouragement to a person who you know is undergoing
difficulties in life Highlight the points where you apply your learning about happiness,
suffering, death, and meaningfuL lifeD Write it in your Ectivity NotebookD
The human person is an embodied spirit which refers to the unity of a body and a
spiritD The body grows and dies, while the soul continues to exist even after the body has
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passedD It is true that there was no exception, we will face the inevitability of death, but we
have the freedom to live our lives well or notD Temporality challenges us to make choices
that will be good for us and the people around usD Elthough we are oriented towards our
impending death, death, itself, is not the goal of lifeD Yet, the challenge is to live a
meaningful lifeD

Direction: Enswer the following questions using your own words: Express your
answer with a maximum of 5 sentencesD Write it in your activity notebookD
Challenge:
Based on what you have learned about happiness, suffering, death, and
the meaning of life, could you give advice to the following people in
various situations? Be realistic as much as possibleD
16DYour sister is an overachieverD Being on top of the class is what makes
her feel fulfilledD However, she got lower grades than usual for this
quarterD She is extremely saddened and discouraged by this and becomes
withdrawn and aloofD
17DYour best friend is dating a married manD Despite her family’s
disapproval, she does not want to break up with himD She says that he is
the only one who makes her very happyD
EVALUATION:
Create a photo collage showing the things that makes your life meaningfulD You can
also include things that makes you happy or things that drives you to do more in life
despite of adversitiesD Bring out your uniqueness and creativenessD
Critera
Organization & Composition: overall content- 15 pts
Originality: theme - 10 pts
Creativity & Neatness: overall appearance - 5 pts
TOTEL : 30 points
Realizing Goals Positive Life
You have learned in the preceded lesson about what makes life more
meaningfulD Realizing one’s meaning of life help you focus to list and
enumerate life goals and prioritize more meaningful objectives as you live
throughD
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INTRODUCTION:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

 explain the essence of happiness and suffering to one’s
life
 enumerate the objectives he/she really wants to
achieve; and
 define the projects he/she really wants to do in his/her life

MOTIVATION:
Direction: Give your own insights in regards with the
following expressions belowD Write it legibly in your
Ectivity NotebookD

10D #YOLO (You Only Live Once)

11D Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we
dieD
12D Live as If you were to die tomorrowD
13D Learn as if you were to live foreverD
14D There is a rainbow after the rainD
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:

Es you go through the previous modules, you have encountered the reality of deathD
By the law of nature, it is inevitable that we all face the brink of our existenceD Thus, by
embracing this knowledge, we are motivated to spend our life in a more meaningful way as
possibleD
Now, let’s continue to loosen the amazing journey of one’s existenceD We all know
that as we approach our death, we experience both happiness and sufferingD The two are not
really meant to be polar opposites, for they can also enrich one anotherD You cannot
appreciate the essence of genuine happiness and success if you did not experience
suffering, pain or difficultiesD

What you will do

Direction: Read the following questions and answer it brieflyD
4D What makes you happy?
5D What is your perception about real happiness?
6D Do you prefer a life without suffering/adversities? Justify your answerD
Happiness is a state of being, not just an emotional experience or a chosen mental
attitudeD In fact, we do not choose happiness, happiness is always there, and we just choose
the means/path to achieve itD We consider the sources of happiness as something that is
good for usD That good has three kinds:
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 Noble good is one which is pursued for its own sake; it is good in itselfD Nor example: love and
friendshipD
 Useful good is considered good as long as it serves as a means to an end; its goodness is found
only from what it can provideD Nor example, moneyD
 Pleasurable good provides some form of pleasure, though it doesn’t have to be physicalD Nor
example a trip to favorite placesD
However, you should always remember that happiness from a material thing slowly
fades away as soon as you have itD Meanwhile, happiness formed by friendship only grows as it
progressesD Happy moments with people precious to you are pricelessD Thus, do not be blinded
by earthly living and live a meaningful life for real happiness can be found in more permanent
and meaningful thingsD
On the other hand, negative experiences are also part of our livesD Suffering takes place
when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and painD It comes in the form of
physical suffering (eDgD physical sensations such as discomfort, hunger, distress, homelessness,
and pain from an injury, disease, or even lack of basic needs) and mental suffering (eDgD
emotional and mental states such as depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness, and grief)D
Disappointments and rejections in life may also be a cause of sufferingD
More often, we normally experience adversities in life and how we deal with them is
determined by our mindset regarding sufferingD Efter all, without pain and suffering, we are
unable to grow and improve to become wiser and tougherD Thus, our positive experiences
might lose meaning and significance without the recognizance of one’s suffering and
difficulties in lifeD

What you will do

Instructions: Interview someone older than youD It could be your parents, teachers,
neighbors, or anyone acquainted to youD Esk the same questions you have asked to yourself
in the previous activityD This time, ask also for
their own personal bucket list and do not forget to let them sign for credibilityD
Make a narrative report for this activityD
Questions:
● What makes you happy?
● What is your perception about real happiness?
● Do you prefer a life without suffering/adversities? Justify your answerD
With all these growth and development of various forms of societies, the human interactions
are also growing more complex over the span of timeD Nactors like science and technology
advancements and cultural changes brought improvement to the society along with
complexity and various ethnicitiesD But despite these innovations and developments, the
human person still remains the heart of the society and drives social changes based on
respective responses and needs for the bettermentD
Directions: Enswer the following questions using your own words: Express your answer in 5
sentencesD
1D What does living a meaningful life mean to you?
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2D What objectives do you feel you need to achieve before you can say that you have lived a
meaningful life? Give at least two (2) objectives and justify itD

EVALUATION:
Make a personal “Bucket List” of what you wish to do or accomplish in lifeD List them in
your Ectivity NotebookD
In addition, answer these questions that follow and write your answers at the bottom of your
bucket listD
aD Why did you choose these things to be in your “Bucket List”?
bD Which among these do you feel is the easiest to accomplish in your lifetime?
cD Which would be the most difficult to do?
ASSESSMENT:
Direction: Read and reflect each of the questions thoroughlyD Give
your insights on your activity notebook
What is that one thing that, if taken from you, would take away
the meaning of your life?
● How would you have turned out as a person if you have not experienced happiness?
● What will you become if you have not gone through any suffering in life?
● Have you experienced dealing with the death of a loved one? How did you cope up
with the situation?
• Why do you think most of the people are afraid of death?

Congratulations!
You have completed your module!