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Chapter3

Periodic Table and

Periodicity of Properties
Major Concepts
Time allocation
Teaching periods 12
3.1 Periodic Table
Assessment periods 02
3.2 Periodic Properties
Weightage 10%

Students Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to:

• Distinguish between period and group in the Periodic table.
• State the Periodic law.
• Classify elements (into two categories: groups and periods) according to the
configuration of their outermost electrons.
• Determine the demarcation of the periodic table into s-block and /?-block.
• Explain the shape of the periodic table.
• Determine the location of families of the periodic table.
• Recognize the similarity in the physical and chemical properties of elements
in the same family of the elements.
• Identify the relationship between electronic configuration and position of
elements in the periodic table.
• Explain how shielding effect influences periodic trends.
• Describe how electronegativities change within a group and within a period
in the periodic table.

Introduction
In nineteenth century, chemists devoted much of their efforts in attempts to
arrange elements in a systematic manner. These efforts resulted in discovery of periodic
law. On the basis of this law, the elements known at that time, were arranged in the form
of a table which is known as periodic table. One of the significant features of the table
was that it predicted the properties of those elements which were not even discovered at
that time. The vertical columns of that table were called groups and horizontal lines were
called periods. That orderly arrangement of elements generally coincided with their
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Chemistry - IX 45 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

increasing atomic number. The periodic table contains huge amount of information for
scientists.
3.1 PERIODIC TABLE
With the discovery of the periodic table the study of individual properties of the
known elements is reduced to study of a few groups. We will describe various attempts
which were made to classify the elements into a tabular form.
Dobereiner's Triads
A German chemist Dobereiner observed relationship between atomic masses of several
groups of three elements called triads. In these groups, the central or middle element had
atomic mass average of the other two elements. One triad group example is that of
calcium (40), strontium(88) and barium (137). The atomic mass of strontium is the
average of the atomic masses of calcium and barium. Only a few elements could be Draw backs
arranged in this way. This classification did not get wide acceptance.
Newlands Octaves
After successful determination of correct atomic masses of
elements by Cannizzaro in 1860, attempts were again
initiated to organize elements. In 1864 British chemist
Newlands put forward his observations in the form of 'law of
octaves'. He noted that there was a repetition in chemical
properties of every eighth element if they were arranged by
their increasing atomic masses. He compared it with musical
notes. His work could not get much recognition as no space
Draw backs was left for undiscovered element. The noble gases were also
not known at that time. Mendeleev (1834-1907)
was a Russian chemist
Mendeleev's Periodic Table and inventor. He was the
creator of first version of
Russian chemist, Mendeleev arranged the known elements periodic table of
(only 63) in order of increasing atomic masses, in horizontal elements. With help of
rows called periods. So that elements with similar properties the table, he predicted
the properties of
were in the same vertical columns. elements yet to be
discovered.
This arrangement of elements was called Periodic Table. He
put forward the results of his work in the form of periodic
law, which is stated as "properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic
masses"
Although, Mendeleev periodic table was the first ever attempt to arrange the elements,
Draw backs yet it has a few demerits in it. He
Hisfailed
failure to explain the position of isotopes and wrong
order of the atomic masses of some elements suggested that atomic mass of an element
cannot serve as the basis for the arrangement of elements.
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Chemistry - IX 46 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Periodic Law
In 1913 H. Moseley discovered a new property of the elements i.e. atomic number. He
observed that atomic number instead of atomic mass should determine the position of
element in the periodic table and accordingly the periodic law was amended as
"properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers". Atomic
number of an element is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. So atomic
number provides the basis of electronic configurations as well.

Atomic number is a more fundamental property than atomic mass

because atomic number of every element is fixed and it increases
regularly by 1 from element to element. No two elements can have the
same atomic number.
Do you know?

I. What was the contribution of Dobereiner towards classification

of elements?
ii. How Newlands arranged the elements?
iii. Who introduced the name Periodic Table ?
iv. Why the improvement in Mendeleev's periodic table was made?
Test yourself v. State Mendeleev's periodic law.
3.1 vi. Why and how elements are arranged in a period?

Modern Periodic Table

why Atomic number of an element is more fundamental property than atomic mass in
two respects, (a) It increases regularly from element to element, (b) It is fixed for every
element. So the discovery of atomic number of an element in 1913 led to change in
Mendeleev's periodic law which was based on atomic mass.
The modern periodic table is based upon the arrangement of elements according
to increasing atomic number. When the elements are arranged according to increasing
atomic number from left to right in a horizontal row, properties of elements were found
repeating after regular intervals such that elements of similar properties and similar
configuration are placed in the same group.
It was observed that after every eighth element, ninth element had similar
properties to the first element. For example, sodium (Z=ll) had similar properties to
lithium (Z=3). After atomic number 18, every nineteenth element was showing similar
behaviour. So the long rows of elements were cut into rows of eight and eighteen
elements and placed one above the other so that a table of vertical and horizontal rows
was obtained.
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Chemistry - IX 47 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Long form of Periodic Table

The significance of atomic number in the arrangement of elements in the modern
periodic table lies in the fact that as electronic configuration is based upon atomic
number, so the arrangement of elements according to increasing atomic number shows
the periodicity (repetition of properties after regular intervals) in the electronic
configuration of the elements that leads to periodicity in their properties. Hence, the
arrangement of elements based on their electronic configuration created a long form of
periodic table as shown in figure 3.1.
The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. The There are 7 periods in the
elements in a period have continuously increasing atomic number i.e. continuously periodic table.
changing electronic configuration along a period. As a result properties of elements in a
period are continuously changing. The number of valence electrons decides the position
of an element in a period. For example, elements which have 1 electron in their valence
shell occupies the left most position in the respective periods, such as alkali metals.
Similarly, the elements having 8 electrons in their valence shells such as noble gases
always occupy the right most position in the respective periods.
The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. These groups are
numbered from left to right as 1 to 18. The elements in a group do not have continuously
increasing atomic numbers. Rather the atomic numbers of elements in a group increase
with irregular gaps.
But the elements of a group have similar electronic configuration i.e. same
number of electrons are present in their valence shells. For example, the first group
elements have only 1 electron in their valence shells. Similarly, group 2 elements have 2
electrons in their valence shells. It is the reason due to which elements of a group have
similar chemical properties.
Salient Features of Long Form of Periodic Table:
i. This table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods.
ii. First period consists of only two elements. Second and third periods consist of
8 elements each. Fourth and fifth periods consist of 18 elements each. Sixth
period has 32 elements while seventh period has 23 elements and is
incomplete.
iii. Elements of a period show different properties.
iv. There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table numbered 1 to 18 from left
to right, which are called groups.
v. The elements of a group show similar chemical properties.
vi. Elements are classified into four blocks depending upon the type of the
subshell which gets the last electron.
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Chemistry - IX 48 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Fig. 3.1 Modern Periodic Table or long form of the Periodic Table of Elements. Nobel
Light metals gases

1On the basis of completion of a particular subshell, elements with similar 18

Non-metals
subshell 1 electronic configuration are referred as a block of elements. There are2four
blocks
1 Hin the periodic table named after the name of the subshell which is in the process
2 13 14 15 16 17
He
1.0079 4.00
of completion by the electrons. These are s, p, d and f blocks as shown in figure 3.2. For
3 4 Heavy metals 5 6 7 8 9 10
example,
2 Li Be elements of group 1 and 2 have valence electrons B in ‘s’
C subshell.
N O Therefore,
F Ne
they are 9.01 s-block elements as shown in figure 3.2.
6.94called 10.81 12.01 14.01 15.99 18.99 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 NaElements
Mg of group 13 to 18 have their valence electrons
Al Siin subshell.
P S Therefore,
Cl Ar
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
they are
22.99referred
24.30 as p-block elements. The d-block lies between 28.08s and
26.98 the 30.97 p blocks.
32.07 While
35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
f-block lies separately at the bottom. d-block constitutes period 4,5 and 6. Each 32 33 34 35 period
36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
consists of ten groups starting from group 3 to group 12. These are called transition
39.09 40.08 44.95 47.87 50.94 51.99 54.94 55.84 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
metals.37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.90 91.22 92.91 95.94 97.91 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
*
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 208.98 209.99 222.02
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
**
7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
223.02 226.02 261.11 262.11 263.12 262.12 265 266.14 269 272 277 284 289 288 292 293 294

* 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.90 140.11 140.91 144.24 144.91 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.92 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97

**
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244.66 243.06 247.07 247.07 251.08 252.08 257.10 258.10 259.10 262.11

Key:
Colour of box of elements Colour of symbol of elements
Metals Black = Solid
Non metals Blue = Liquid
Metalloids Red = Gas
Nobel Gases Purple = Synthetic

s Block
The elements of groups 1 and 2 are called s block elements because the last
electron is present in the s subshell.
p Block
The elements of groups 13 and 18 are called p block elements because the
last electron is present in the p subshell.
d Block
The elements of groups 3 and 12 are called d block elements because the
last electron is present in the d subshell.
f Block
The elements of lanthanides and actinides are called f block elements
because the last electron is present in the f subshell.
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Chemistry - IX 49 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

1 18
13 14 15 16 17
2
s- block

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
p - block
d- block

f- block

Alchemy! For thousand years alchemy remained field of interest for the
scientists. They worked with two main objectives; change common metals
into gold and second find cure to diseases and give eternal life to people.
They believed all kinds of matter were same combination of four basic
elements. Substances are different because these elements combine
differently. Changing composition or ratio of any one element, new
substances can be formed. The way of making gold from silver or lead was
Do you know? never found and secret of eternal life was never discovered. However,
many methods and techniques invented by alchemists are still used in
chemistry.

3.1.1 Periods
First period is called short period. It consists of only two elements, hydrogen and
helium. Second and third periods are called normal periods. Each of them has eight
elements in it. Second period consists of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, fluorine and ends at neon, a noble gas. Fourth and fifth periods are called long
periods. Each one of them consists of eighteen elements.
Whereas, sixth and seventh periods are called very long periods. In these periods
after atomic number 57 and 89, two series of fourteen elements each, were
accommodated. Because of space problem, these two series were placed separately
below the normal periodic table to keep it in a manageable and presentable form. Since
the two series start after Lanthanum (Z=57) and Actinium (Z=89), so these two series of
elements are named as Lanthanides and Actinides respectively. Table 3.1 shows the
distribution of elements in periods. These were placed separately 1) Becaue of space problem2) to keep it manangeable
and presentable form.
All the periods except the first period start with an alkali metal and end at a noble
gas. It is to be observed that number of elements in a period is fixed because of maximum
number of electrons which can be accommodated in the particular valence shell of the
elements.
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Chemistry - IX 50 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Table 3.1 Different Periods of the Periodic Table

*Since new elements are expected to be discovered, it is an incomplete period

3.1.2 Groups
Group 1 consists of hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium
and francium. Although elements of a group do not have continuously increasing atomic
numbers, yet they have similar electronic configuration in their valence shells. That is
the reason elements of a group are also called a family. For example, all the group 1
elements have one electron in their valence shells, they are given the family name of
alkali metals.
The groups 1 and 2 and 13 to 17 contain the normal elements. In the normal
elements, all the inner shells are completely filled with electrons, only the outermost
shells are incomplete. For example, group 17 elements (halogens) have 7 electrons in
their valence (outermost) shell.
The groups 3 to 12 are called transition elements. In these elements 'af' sub-shell
is in the process of completion. Table 3.2 shows the distribution of elements in groups.
Table 3.2 Different Groups of the Periodic Table

Alkali Metals
Elements of group 1 are called alkali metals.They have electronic configuration ns1.

Note:Write all families definitions

according to the above definiton of alkali
matals with proper aditing.
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Chemistry - IX 51 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Fire Works
Beautiful fireworks display are common on celebrations like Pakistan Day
or even on marriages. A technology invented in China is used all over the
world. It is dangerous but careful use of various elements and particularly
Do you know? metal salts of different composition give beauty and colors to the fireworks.
Elements like magnesium, aluminium are used in powdered form. Salts of
sodium give yellow color, calcium - red; strontium-scarlet; barium-green
and copper-bluish green. Usually nitrates and chlorates are used. Other
chemicals are added to give brilliance and different shades. Because of fire
hazard and risk to life and property, only skilled professionals use them.

i. How the properties of elements repeat after regular intervals?

ii. In which pattern modern periodic table was arranged?
iii. How many elements are in first period and what are their names and
symbols?
iv. How many elements are placed in 4th period?
Test yourself v. From which element lanthanide series starts?
3.3 vi. From which period actinides series starts?
vii. How many elements are in 3rd period, write their names and
symbols?
viii. How many periods are considered normal periods ?
ix. What do you mean by a group in a periodic table?
x. What is the reason of arranging elements in a group?
xi. What do you mean by periodic function?
xii. Why the elements are called sorp block elements?
xiii. Write down the names of elements of group 1 with their symbols?
xiv. How many members are in group 17, is there any liquid, what is
its name ?

3.2 PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIES

3.2.1 Atomic Size and Atomic Radius
As we know that atoms are very small and don't have defined boundaries that fix
their size. So it is difficult to measure the size of an atom. Therefore, the common method
to determine the size of an atom is to assume that atoms are spheres. When they lie close
to each other, they touch each other.
Half of the distance between the nuclei of the two
bonded atoms is referred as the atomic radius of the atom.
For example, the distance between the nuclei of two
carbon atoms in its elemental form is 154 pm, its means its
half 77 pm is radius of carbon atom as shown in Figure 3.3:
Trend in period When we move from left to right in a period
although atomic number increases, yet the size of atoms
decreases gradually. It is because with the increase of
Fig. 3.3 The radius of carbon atom.
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Chemistry - IX 52 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

atomic number, the effective nuclear charge increases gradually because of addition of
more and more protons in the nucleus. But on the other hand addition of electrons takes
place in the same valence shell i.e. shells do not increase. There is gradual increase of
effective nuclear charge which increases due to addition of protons. This force pulls
down or contracts the outermost shell towards the nucleus. For example, atomic size in
period 2 decreases from Li (152 pm) to Ne (69 pm).

1 group Atomic
2nd period elements elements radii (pm)

Atomic radii (pm) 152 113 88 77 75 73 71 69 Li 152

Trend in group Na 186

The size of atoms or their radii increases from top to
bottom in a group. It is because a new shell of electrons is
K 227
added up in the successive period, which decreases the
effective nuclear charge.
Trend in transition Rb 248
The trend of atomic size of transition elements has
elements slight variation when we consider this series in a period. The
Cs 265
atomic size of the elements first reduces or atom contracts and
then there is increase in it when we move from left to right in
4th period.
3.2.2 Shielding Effect
The electrons present between the nucleus and the outer most shell of an atom,
reduce the nuclear charge felt by the electrons present in the outer most shell. The
attractions of outer electrons towards nucleus is partially reduced because of presence of
inner electrons. As a result valance electron experiences less nuclear charge than that of
the actual charge, which is called effective nuclear charge (Zeff). It means that the
electrons present in the inner shells screen or shield the force of attraction of nucleus felt
by the valence shell electrons. This is called shielding effect. With increase of atomic
number, the number of electrons in an atom also increases, that results in increase of
shielding effect.
The shielding effect increases down
Trend in group the group in the periodic table as shown in
the figure 3.4. Because of this it is easy to
take away electron from Potassium (Z=19)
than from Sodium (Z=ll) atoms. Similarly
Trend in period the shielding effect decreases in a period if
Sodium atom Potassium atom
we move from left to right.
Fig. 3.4: Shielding effect is more in potassium
atom than that of sodium atom.
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Chemistry - IX 53 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

3.2.3 Ionization Energy

The ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the most
loosely bound electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom. The amount
of energy needed to remove successive electrons present in an atom increases. If there is
only 1 electron in the valence shell, the energy required to remove it will be called
first ionization energy. For example, the first ionization energy of sodium atom
is + 496 kJmol1.
496 .
But when there are more than one electrons in the valence shell, they can be
removed one by one by providing more and more energy. Such as group 2 and 3 elements
have more than one electrons in their shells. Therefore, they will have more than one
ionization energy values.
Trend in period If we move from left to right in a period, the value of ionization energy increases.
It is because the size of atoms reduces and valence electrons are held strongly by the
electrostatic force of nucleus. Therefore, elements on left side of the periodic table have
low ionization energies as compared to those on right side of the periodic table as shown
for the 2nd period.

Ionization energy increasing in a period

st
As we move down the group more and 2 more 1 group Ionization energy
1
Trend in group shells lie between the valence shell and the nucleus (kJmol )
Ionization energy decreasing in a group

of the atom, these additional that shells reduce the

520
electrostatic force felt by the electrons present in the
outermost shell. Resultantly the valence shell
electrons can be taken away easily. Therefore, 496
1 ionization energy of elements decreases from top to
bottom in a group. 419
3.2.4 Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity is defined as the amount of 403
energy released when an electron is added in the
outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom. 377
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Chemistry - IX 54 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Affinity means attraction. Therefore, electron affinity means tendency of an

atom to accept an electron to form an anion. For example, the electron affinity of fluorine

is 328 kJ mol i.e. one mole atom of fluorine release 328 kJ of energy to form one mole
of fluoride ions.
Trend in period Let us discuss the trend of electron affinity in the periodic table. Electron affinity
values increase from left to right in the period.

2nd period elements

Electron affinity
1 60 0 29 122 0 141 328 0
(kJmol )

Electron affinity increasing in a period

The reason for this increase is, as the size of atoms decreases in a period, the
attraction of the nucleus for the incoming electron increases. That means more is
attraction for the electron, more energy will be released.
Trend in group In a group electron affinity values
Electron affinity
decrease from top to bottom because the size of (kJmol1)
atoms increases down the group. With the

Electron affinity decreasing in a group

increase in size of atom shielding effect increases 328
that results in poor attraction for the incoming
electron i.e. less energy is released out. For 349
example, as the size of iodine atom is bigger than
chlorine, its electron affinity is less than iodine, as
325
given in the adjacent table.
3.2.5 Electronegativity 295
The ability of an atom to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself in a molecule, is
called electronegativity. It is an important property especially when covalent type of
bonding of elements is under consideration.
Trend in period The trend of electronegativity is same as of ionization energy and electron
affinity. It increases in a period from left to right because higher Zeff shortens distance
from the nucleus of the shared pair of electrons. This enhances the power to attract the
shared pair of electrons. For example, electronegativity values of group 2 are as follow:
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Chemistry - IX 55 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Electronegativity 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0

Electronegativity increasing in a period

Trend in group It generally decreases down a group Electro

negativity
because size of the atom increases. Thus attraction

Electronegativity decreasing in a group

for the shared pair of electrons weakens. For 4.0
example, electronegativity values of group 17
(halogens) are presented here.
3.2

3.0

2.7

i. Define atomic radius?

ii. What are SI units of atomic radius?
iii. Why the size of atoms decreases in a period?
iv. Define ionization energy.
v. Why the 2nd ionization energy of an elements is higher than first
Test yourself one?
3.3 vi. What is the trend of ionization energy in a group?
vii. Why the ionization energy of sodium is less than that of magnesium?
viii. Why is it difficult to remove an electron from halogens?
ix. What is shielding effect?
x. How does shielding effect decrease the forces of electrostatic
attractions between nucleus and outer most electrons?
xi. Why does the bigger size atoms have more shielding effect?
xii. Why does the trend of electron affinity and electronegativity is same
in a period?
xiii. Which element has the highest electronegativity?

Key Points
In nineteenth century attempts were made to arrange elements in a systematic
manner.
Dobereiner arranged elements in a group of three called triads.
Newlands arranged elements in groups of eight like musical notes.
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Chemistry - IX 56 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

Mendeleev constructed Periodic Table containing periods and columns, by

arranging elements in order of increasing atomic weights.
There are total eighteen groups and seven periods in the modern Periodic Table.
Depending on outermost electrons and electronic configuration, element in
periodic table are grouped in s, p, d and f blocks.
Atomic size increases down a group but decreases along the period .
Ionization energy decreases down a group but increases along a period.
Shielding effect is greater in atoms with greater number of electrons.
Electronegativity increases along a period and decreases down the group.

EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions
Put a ( ) on the correct answer
1. The atomic radii of the elements in Periodic Table:
(a) increase from left to right in a period
(b) increase from top to bottom in a group
(c) do not change from left to right in a period
(d) decrease from top to bottom in a group
2. The amount of energy given out when an electron is added to an atom is
called:
(a) lattice energy (b) ionization energy
(b) electronegativity (d) electron affinity
3. Mendeleev Periodic Table was based upon the:
(a) electronic configuration (b) atomic mass
(c) atomic number (d) completion of a subshell
4. Long form of Periodic Table is constructed on the basis of:
(a) Mendeleev Postulate (b) atomic number
(c) atomic mass (d) mass number
5. 4th and 5th period of the long form of Periodic Table are called:
(a) short periods (b) normal periods
(c) long periods (d) very long periods
6. Which one of the following halogen has lowest electronegativity?
(a) fluorine (b) chlorine
(c) bromine (d) iodine
7. Along the period, which one of the following decreases:
(a) atomic radius (b) ionization energy
(c) electron affinity (d) electronegativity
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Chemistry - IX 57 Unit 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties

8. Transition elements are:

(a) all gases (b) all metals
(c) all non-metals (d) all metalloids
9. Mark the incorrect statement about ionization energy:
(a) it is measured in kJmol1 (b) it is absorption of energy
(c) it decreases in a period (d) it decreases in a group
10. Point out the incorrect statement about electron affinity:
1
(a) it is measured in kJmol (b) it involves release of energy
(c) it decreases in a period (d) it decreases in a group
Short answer questions.
1. Why are noble gases not reactive?
2. Why Cesium (at. no.55) requires little energy to release its one electron present in the
outermost shell?
3. How is periodicity of properties dependent upon number of protons in an atom?
4. Why shielding effect of electrons makes cation formation easy?
5. What is the difference between Mendeleev's periodic law and modern periodic law?
6. What do you mean by groups and periods in the Periodic Table?
7. Why and how are elements arranged in 4th period?
8. Why the size of atom does not decrease regularly in a period?
9. Give the trend of ionization energy in a period.

Short answer questions.

1. Explain the contributions of Mendeleev for the arrangement of elements in his
Periodic Table.
2. Show why in a 'period’ the size of an atom decreases if one moves from left to right.
3. Describe the trends of electronegativity in a period and in a group.
4. Discuss the important features of modern Periodic Table.
5. What do you mean by blocks in a periodic table and why elements were placed in
blocks?
6. Discuss in detail the periods in Periodic Table?
7. Why and how elements are arranged in a Periodic Table?
8. What is ionization energy? Describe its trend in the Periodic Table?
9. Define electron affinity, why it increases in a period and decreases in a group in the
Periodic Table.
10. Justify the statement, bigger size atoms have more shielding effect thus low ionization
energy.