ROOFS

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FUNCTIONS

2
the functional requirement of a roof
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 WEATHER PROTECTION
• Protect a building from the damaging effect of rain, wind,
snow and heat.
• Ingress of rain and snow can damage decorations and
structural damage to timber and other materials due to attack
by fungus and insects.
• Wind may be deflected around a building, resulting in the
occurrence of suction on the windward slope of a roof

4
 STRUCTURAL STABILITY

• Is necessary in order to provide

a means of support for the roof
covering

• Must take into account the span of

structural members. If the span of a
joist or other structural member is
too great, it will bend

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 GOOD APPEARENCE
• The roof might be a major visual element in the design of
a building.
• Actually three type of roof was classified base on shape

Traditional roof shape

Modern roof shape

Different treatments for eaves and verge

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TRADITIONAL ROOF SHAPE

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MODERN ROOF SHAPE

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DIFFERENTTREATMENT

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 THERMAL INSULATION
• The roof constitutes a substantial proportion of external surface area of a
building and consequently has considerable potential for heat loss
• Roof insulation consists of either :-
Flexible materials ( such as glass-fiber quilting )

Boards ( such as expended polystyrene )

Loose granules ( such as perlite )

• Thermal insulation for pitched roofs

Insulation above rafters
Picture
Insulation between ceiling joist

• Thermal insulation for roofs

Eaves ventilation for pitched roof
Picture
Insulation above decking of flat roof
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THERMAL INSULATION FOR PICTHED
ROOFS

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THERMAL INSULATION FOR ROOFS

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 SOUND INSULATION
• The degree of sound insulation offered by roofs of domestic building is usually
adequate to reduce external noise ( such as aircraft ) to an acceptable level

• In areas which suffer from excessive levels of noise interface, special forms of
roof construction may be necessary.

• A concrete roof, being of dense material, will provide a noise reduction similar
to that of typical brick or block external walls.

• Most domestic timber roof constructions will provide a noise reduction less
than that of a brick or block wall, but somewhat better than of a single-glazed
window.

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 PROTECTION FROM FIRE
A roof could contribute to the spread of fire
either:

Within a building

From one building to another

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 WITHIN A BUILDING
• Some factory roofs consist of a covering material, separated by an air
space from a layer of insulation material. Fires within such buildings could
spread through the air space causing burning pieces of insulation material
to fall elsewhere in the building
• Measure design to combat this problem include :

Using non-combustible insulation material

Restricting the area of air gap

Fixing the insulation in such a way that no air gap exists

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 FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER

• Roof constructions are designated with two letter A (good) to D

(poor) in accordance British Standard Test (BS 476: PART 3: 1958)
To resistance to external penetration from fire.

To resistance to spread of flame over the outer

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 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PITCHED ROOFS
During heavy storms, large quantities of water fall on a roof. Water falling down the
surface of a pitched roof is collected at the lower end in a gutter.
A vertical pipe connected to the underside of the gutter
(Down pipe) carries the rain-water to ground level
The lower end of the down pipe discharges the rain-
water into a ‘gully’ which is a clayware or plastic
chamber installed below ground level.
The down pipe is connected to the upper end of gully, and
the lower end of the gully connects to the drain.
The gullies are ‘trapped, ( shape with a bend which
allows water to remain in the gully
The trap prevents the escape of any noxious gases from the
drain, which otherwise could rise up the down pipe and into
the open air 17
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FLAT ROOF
Flat roofs are designed and built to slope slightly in one direction. This slope is
known as the ‘Fall” of a roof. At the lower end of the fall, a gutter and down pipe

Alternatively, the edge of the roof could

be raised, which in effect forms a gutter.
In this case, the down pipe is installed
inside the building.

Whilst it is usual to calculate the sizes of

gutter and down pipes for roofs of large
buildings, a typical domestic pitched roof
would usually require 100 mm diameter
gutters and 62 mm diameter down pipes

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ROOFING STYLE….

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 MANSARD
A couple planed hip roof.

CROSS GABLE ROOF

Pair of gable roofs set a right angles to each
other

HIP ON GABLE
A partial hip applied to the peak of gable roof

SHED
A roof that starts at the eaves of the existing
roof and continues at a lower pitch

GABLE
Two pitch roof, back to back,forming a 20
rectangular roof.
 GAMBREL ROOF
A gable type roof with breaks in the
planes

PYRAMID
A hip roof built on a square base with
eaves of the same length

HIP AND GABLE

A combination hip and gable where the hip
end partially up the gable.

HIP WITH CROSS GABLE

A central hip with crossing gables.
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Gable
A very triangular roof, the gable allows rain
and snow to run off easily.

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Cross Gable
This is like the gable roof, but has two parts that cross.

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Flat
A flat roof is exactly that - flat. It is easy to build and uses
few materials.

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Mansard
A French gable roof. The difference is that the mansard has a
flat area at the top instead of being perfectly triangular.
These are common in French Chateau houses and Second
Empire style houses.

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Hipped
A low-pitched roof that Cross Hipped
allows rain and snow to Similar to a hipped
run off easily, the hipped roof, but this roof
roof also allows for large has two parts that
eaves on a building. cross .

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Pyramidal
A hipped roof that forms a pyramid shape.

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Barrel vault
Barrel vault are commonly installed in commercial and
industrial buildings as well as large public buildings such as
hall and factory.

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Shed
Similar to a gable roof, as it allows rain and snow to run
off easily. This is one of the easiest roofs to build.

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 Saltbox
Similar to a gable roof, but the two sides of
it are not symmetrical.

Gambrel
This roof looks more bell-like than triangular when viewed from the
side. It is like a flattened gable roof. Many farms have gambrel
roofs.
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 Roof Classification
• Roofs can be covered with many different materials. These can
be arranged into two groups:
1. Steep / Pitched roofs,
10°< angle of slope < 70° notes: angle of slope above 70 ° classified as wall

2. Low-slope / Low-pitched roofs (flat roof),

angle of slope < 10°

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 STEEP ROOFS
• Water drain quickly, giving wind and
gravity little opportunity to push or pull it
through the roofing material.
• They can therefore be covered with
materials that are fabricated and applied in
small, overlapping units:
– shingles of wood or slate
– tiles of fired clay or concrete
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 STEEP ROOFS
• Advantages of slates and tiles:
– many of them are inexpensive
– the small, individual units are easy to handle
and install
– the effects of thermal expansion and
contraction, and of movements in the structure
that supports the roof, are minimised by the
ability of the small units to move with respect
to one another
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 STEEP ROOFS
– repair of localised
damage to a roof is easy
– water vapour vents
itself easily from the
interior of the building
through the loose joints
in the roofing material
– steep roofs can be
aesthetically pleasing

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 LOW-SLOPE ROOFS
• Low-slope roofs have none of the
previously mentioned advantages...
– water drains relatively slowly
– small errors in design and/or construction can
cause puddles of standing water
– slight structural movements can tear the
membrane that keeps water out of the building
– water vapour pressure from within the building
can blister and rupture the membrane

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 LOW-SLOPE ROOFS
• Advantages:
– a low-slope roof can cover a building of any
horizontal dimension while a steep roof
becomes uneconomically tall when used on a
broad building
– a low-slope roof has much simpler, and often
cheaper, geometry
– they can also serve as balconies, decks patios
and even landscaped parks when appropriately
detailed. 36
 LOW-SLOPE ROOFS
• A low-slope roof is a complex, highly
interactive assembly of several components:
– Deck
– Thermal insulation
– Vapour barrier
– Membrane
– Drainage
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1 Roof Decks
• Many different forms of construction may
be used to create structural decks ordinarily
used under low-slope roofs:
– plywood over wood joists
– solid wood decking over heavy timber framing
– corrugated steel decking
– in-situ concrete
– pre-cast concrete
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1 Roof Decks
• For a durable low-slope roof installation, it
is important that the deck be:
– adequately stiff under expected roof loadings
– fully resistant to wind uplift forces
• The deck must also slope towards drainage
points at an angle sufficient to drain reliably
despite the effects of structural deflections
(min. slopes of 1:100 - 1:50 recommended).

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1 Roof Decks
• To produce these slopes:
– the beams that support the deck may be sloped
by shortening some of the columns
– a tapered fill of light-weight insulating screed
may be poured over a dead-level structural deck
to create the required slopes
– a system of tapered boards of rigid insulation
may be laid over the deck

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1 Roof Decks
• If a roof is insufficiently sloped, puddles of
water will stand for extended periods of
time in the low spots leading to premature
deterioration of the roofing materials in
those areas.

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1 Roof Decks
• If water accumulates in low spots caused by
structural deflections, progressive structural
collapse becomes a possibility
• If large in extent, the deck should be
provided with enough movement joints to
control the effects of expansion and
contraction on the roof membrane.

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1 Roof Decks
• If the building separation joints in the
structure of the building are too far apart to
satisfy the requirements of the membrane,
area dividers, which are much like
separation joints but do not extend below
the surface of the roof deck, may be
installed.

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1 Roof Decks
• The roofing membrane must be laid over a
smooth surface.
• If laid directly on the deck, a wooden deck
should have no large gaps or knotholes.
• Concrete deck should be trowelled smooth.
• A pre-cast concrete plank deck, if not
screeded, must be smoothed over with
mortar at junctions between planks

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1 Roof Decks
• A corrugated steel
deck must be
covered with rigid
boards (usually
made of insulating
material) to bridge
the flutes in the
deck and create a
smooth surface.

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 1 Roof Decks
• It is extremely
important that the
deck be dry at the time
the roofing operations
are undertaken to
avoid later problems
with water vapour
trapped under the
membrane.
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2 Thermal Insulation and
Vapour Barrier
• Thermal insulation can be installed in any
of 3 positions:
– below the structural deck of a flat roof
– between the deck and the membrane
– above the membrane

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Insulation below the deck

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Insulation below the deck
• Insulation of mineral or glass fibre is
installed above a vapour barrier - either
between wooden joists on top of a
suspended ceiling assembly.
• A ventilated air space should be provided
between the insulation and the deck to
dissipate any stray water vapour.

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Insulation below the deck
• Insulation in this position is relatively
economical and trouble free, but it leaves
the deck and the membrane exposed to the
full range of outdoor temperature
fluctuations.

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Insulation between deck and
membrane

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Insulation between deck and
membrane
• Insulation should be in the form of low
density rigid panels or lightweight screeds
to support the loads on the membrane
without the membrane to be punctured.
• In this position the insulation protects the
deck from temperature extremes and is
itself protected from the weather by the
membrane.
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Insulation between deck and
membrane
• However, membranes in this position are
subjected to extreme temperature variations
and any water vapour in the insulation is
trapped beneath the membrane.
• In cold climates a vapour barrier should be
installed below the insulation and the
insulation should be ventilated to allow the
escape of any moisture that may accumulate
there.
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 Insulation between deck and
membrane
• This is done by installing topside vents (one per
100 m2) that direct escaping moisture upward
through the membrane.

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Insulation between deck and
membrane

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Insulation above the membrane:
the protected membrane roof

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Insulation above the membrane:
the protected membrane roof
• This method of construction offers 2 major
advantages:
– The membrane is protected from the extremes
of heat and cold
– The membrane is on the warm side of the
insulation - where it is virtually immune to
vapour blistering problems.

57
Insulation above the membrane:
the protected membrane roof
• The insulating material must be one that
retains its insulating value when wet and
does not decay or disintegrate in these
conditions.
• Expanded polystyrene foam board is a
material that has all these qualities and is
most used in this type of construction.

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Insulation above the membrane:
the protected membrane roof
• The insulating board is either:
– embedded in a coat of hot asphalt to adhere it to
the membrane below, or
– laid loose

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 Insulation above the membrane:
the protected membrane roof
• It is held down and protected
from sunlight by a layer of
ballast which may be:
– crushed stone
– a thin concrete layer factory
laminated to the upper surface
of the insulating board or
– interlocking concrete blocks
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Rigid insulating materials for
low-slope roofs
• These materials should have:
– a high thermal resistance
– adequate resistance to denting and gouging
– adequate resistance to moisture decay
– adequate resistance to fire
– an ability to contact hot asphalt without melting
or dissolving

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Rigid insulating materials for
low-slope roofs
• No single material has all these properties
and there is increasing preference for
composite insulating materials which
approach the ideal.

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 Rigid insulating materials for
low-slope roofs
• If insulating boards
are located below the
membrane, they may
be fastened to the
deck mechanically
with nails, screws or
similar fixings or
embedded in asphalt.

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Vapour barriers
• The vapour barrier must be located at such a
point in the roof assembly that it will
always be warmer than the dew point of
the air under any conceivable condition
of use.
• Usually this means putting the vapour
barrier below the insulation.

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3 Roof Membrane
• These fall into 3 categories:
– Built-up roof membrane
– Single ply membrane
– Fluid applied membrane

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Built-up roof membrane
• This is comprised of multiple layers of
roofing felt bedded in bitumen.
• The bitumen is applied hot to merge with the
saturant bitumens in
the felt and so form
a single-piece
membrane.

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Built-up roof membrane

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Built-up roof membrane
• The felt is laminated in overlapping layers
to form a membrane that is 2 to 4 plies thick
(the more plies used, the more durable the
roof).
• To protect the membrane from sunlight and
psychical wear, a layer of aggregate
(crushed stone or other mineral granules) is
embedded in the surface.
68
Built-up roof membrane
• Cold applied mastics can be used instead of
molten bitumen.
• These harden by the evaporation of
solvents.

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Single-ply roof membrane
• These are a diverse and rapidly growing
group of sheet materials that are applied in a
single layer.
• The obviously require less on-site labour
than built-up membranes and are usually
more elastic and therefore less prone to
cracking and tearing.

70
Single-ply roof membrane
• They are fixed to the roof by one of several
methods:
– adhesives
– by the weight of ballast
– by fasteners concealed in the seams between
sheets
– if sufficiently flexible - with mechanical
fasteners that do not penetrate the membrane.
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Single-ply roof membrane
• These materials are developing rapidly and
the latest manufacturers' literature should be
consulted for current information.
• The materials used include:
– neoprene
– EPDM
– PVC
– Chlorinated polyethylene
– Polymer-modified bitumens 72
Neoprene
• This is a high performance synthetic rubber
compound.
• It is applied in sheets 0.75mm to 3.0mm
thick and joined at the seams with an
adhesive.
• It is vulnerable to UV attack and is
therefore coated with a protective layer of
chlorosolphonated polyethylene.
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Neoprene
• It may be stuck to the roof deck,
mechanically fastened, or laid loose and
ballasted.
• It can be used in a protected membrane
roof.

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EPDM
• Ethylene propylene diene monomer
• This is the most widely used single-ply roof
membrane.
• It is relatively low cost.
• Thickness 0.75mm to 1.5mm.
• It is joined with adhesive.

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EPDM
• It may be laid loose, stuck or mechanically
fastened to deck.
• It can be used in a protected membrane
roof.

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PVC
• This is also relatively low cost.
• Thickness 1.15mm to 1.5mm.
• Seams are sealed either by solvent welding
or by hot air welding.
• It may be laid loose, stuck or mechanically
fastened to deck.
• It can be used in a protected membrane
roof.
77
Chlorinated polyethylene and
chlorosulphonated polyethylene
• These are highly resistant to UV attack.
• It can be manufactured in light, heat
reflective colours.
• It is used mainly on roofs where ballasting
is unacceptable because of appearance or
excessive slope.

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Polymer-modified bitumens
• These are sheets composed of bituminous
materials to which polymeric compounds
have been added to increase their flexibility,
cohesion, toughness and resistance to flow.
• Most are reinforced with fibres, fibrous
mats or plastic films.
• Thickness ranges from 1.0mm to 4.0mm.

79
 Polymer-modified bitumens
• Some are designed to self-
adhere to the roof surface
• Others are meant to be
loose laid, bedded in hot
asphalt or softened on the
underside with a gas fired
torch at the moment of
application so they will
stick to the roof. 80
Polymer-modified bitumens
• Most are factory-surfaced with mineral
granules, metallic laminates or elastomeric
coatings to protect against UV deterioration
and fire.
• Seams are sealed either by torching or by
using hot asphalt as an adhesive.

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Fluid-applied roof membrane
• These are used primarily for domes, vaults
and other complex shapes that are difficult
to roof by conventional means.
• Such shapes are too flat on top for tiles but
too steep on the sides for built-up roof
membranes - and if doubly curved are
difficult to fit with single-ply membranes.

82
Fluid-applied roof membrane
• Fluid applied membranes are applied with a
roller or spray gun usually in several coats -
and cure to form a rubbery membrane.
• Materials applied by this method
include neoprene, silicone,
polyurethane, butyl rubber
and asphalt emulsion.

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Ballasting
• Ballast serves to hold roof membranes
down against wind uplift.
• It also protects from UV light and physical
wear.
• It contributes to the fire resistance of a roof
covering.

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Traffic decks
• These are installed over flat roof
membranes for walks, roof terraces and
sometimes driveways or parking surfaces.
• Two different details are usually used:

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Traffic decks
– Low blocks of plastic
on concrete are set on
top of the roof
membrane to support
the corners of heavy
square paving stones
or slabs with open
joints.

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Traffic decks
– In the other, a
drainage layer of
gravel or no-fines
concrete is
levelled over the
membrane - and
open-jointed
paving blocks are
installed on top.
87
Traffic decks
• In either detail, water falls through the
joints in the paving and is caught and
drained away by the membrane below.
• The membrane is not pierced in either case.

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CEILINGS

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 This lecture...
• Functions of Ceilings
• Types of Ceilings
– Exposed Structural and Mechanical
Components
– Tightly Attached Ceilings
– Suspended Ceilings
– Interstitial Ceilings
90
FUNCTIONS OF CEILINGS
• They help control the diffusion of light and
sound about a room
• They may also play a part in preventing the
passage of sound vertically between rooms
• Ceilings are expected to resist the passage
of fire
• They may also accommodate sprinkler
heads for fire suppression
91
FUNCTIONS OF CEILINGS
• Ceilings are frequently used to distribute:
– conditioned air
– artificial light
– electrical energy
– water supply
– water supply for sprinkler systems
– water waste disposal
– communications wiring
– Sound insulation
92
FUNCTIONS OF CEILINGS
• The visual impact of ceilings is influenced
by the following aspects:
– colour
– texture
– pattern
– shape

93
 TYPES OF CEILINGS
• Exposed Structural and Mechanical
Components
• Tightly Attached Ceilings
• Suspended Ceilings
• Interstitial Ceilings

94
 Exposed Structural And
Mechanical Components
• In many buildings it makes sense to omit a
finished ceiling surface and simply expose
the structural and mechanical components
• This approach offers advantages of:
– economy and
– ease of access for maintenance

95
 Exposed Structural And
Mechanical Components
• Many types of roof structures are inherently
attractive if left exposed (e.g. heavy timber
beams, concrete waffle slabs, steel truss and
space trusses).
• In some buildings the structural and
mechanical elements at ceiling level, if
carefully designed, installed and painted,
can create a pleasing aesthetic effect of their
own. 96
 Exposed Structural And
Mechanical Components
• It is worth noting that exposing structural
and mechanical components rather than
covering them with a ceiling does not
necessarily save money.
• This work is not normally done in a precise,
attractive fashion.
• This work should be expected to cost more
than similar operations that are hidden
behind suspended ceilings. 97
Exposed Structural And
Mechanical Components

98
 Tightly Attached Ceilings
• Ceilings of various materials (e.g. gypsum
plasterboard, timber) may be attached
tightly to wooden joists, wooden rafters,
steel joists or concrete slabs.
• Special arrangements need to be worked out
where beams and girders protrude through
the plane of the ceiling - also for ducts,
conduits, pipes and sprinkler heads that fall
below the ceiling.

99
Tightly Attached Ceilings

100
 Suspended Ceilings
• A ceiling suspended on wires some distance
below the floor or roof structure can hang
level and flat despite girders, beams, joists
and slabs above.
• This is even possible where the roof
structure is pitched towards roof drains.
• Ducts, pipes and conduits can be contained
entirely in the plenum space between the
ceiling and the structure.

101
Suspended Ceilings

102
Suspended Ceilings

103
 Suspended Ceilings
• Lighting fixtures, sprinkler heads,
loudspeakers and fire detection devices may
be recessed into ceiling.

104
 Suspended Ceilings
• Many suspended ceilings can also serve as a
membrane fire protection for the floor or
roof structure above - thus eliminating the
need for intricate, individual fireproofing of
steel joists.
• For these reasons, suspended ceilings have
become a popular and economical feature of
many types of buildings.
105
 Suspended Ceilings
• Suspended ceilings can be made of almost
any material- the most widely used are:
– gypsum plasterboard (sometimes skim-
coated with plaster)
– various proprietary boards composed of
incombustible fibres.

106
Suspended Ceilings

107
 Suspended Ceilings
• Each of these materials is supported on its
own special system of small steel framing
members - and the framing members are
hung from the structure on heavy steel wires

108
Suspended Ceilings

109
Suspended Ceilings

110
 Suspended Ceilings
• Gypsum board
ceilings are
screwed to
ordinary light-
gauge channels
suspended on
wires.

111
 Suspended Ceilings
• Suspended plaster ceilings have been in use
for many years.
• Most suspended ceilings are flat
• Metal lathe is capable of being formed into
non-linear shapes and this capability is
especially useful in auditoriums, theatres
and other uniquely shaped rooms.

112
Suspended Ceilings

113
 Suspended Ceilings
• Fibrous ceilings are delivered to site as
lightweight tiles or panels.
• Ceilings made from fibrous materials are
customarily called acoustical ceilings
because most of them are highly absorptive
of sound energy - unlike plaster and gypsum
ceilings.

114
Suspended Ceilings

115
 Suspended Ceilings
• The sound absorption performance of a
ceiling material is measured as its Noise
Reduction Coefficient (NRC).
• A NRC of 0.85 means that a ceiling
material absorbs 85% of the sound that
reaches it - and reflects only 15% back into
the room.

116
 Suspended Ceilings
• NRCs for most acoustical ceiling materials
range from 0.5 to 0.9 - compared to values
below 0.10 for plaster and gypsum ceiling
board materials.
• The lightweight, porous materials that
produce high NRC ratings allow most
sound energy to pass through (thus ceiling
material with a high NRC generally has a
low Sound Transmission Class (STC)). 117
Suspended Ceilings

118
 Suspended Ceilings
• These ceilings will thus not provide good
acoustic privacy between rooms unless a
suitable full-height wall separates the rooms
- thus blocking the ceiling plenum.
• Where acoustic privacy is required - a
heavier ceiling material (such as plaster,
gypsum board or a dense type of lay-in
panel) should be used.
119
 Suspended Ceilings
• Composite ceiling panels with a highly
absorbent material laminated to a dense
substrate are manufactured to meet both
noise reduction and sound transmission
criteria simultaneously.
• The same result can be obtained by
mounting acoustically absorbent tiles on a
suspended ceiling of plaster or gypsum
board. 120
 Suspended Ceilings
• The most economical acoustical ceiling
systems consist of lay-in panels that are
supported by an exposed grid.
• Any panel in the ceiling can be lifted and
removed for
access to
services in the
plenum space.
121
 Suspended Ceilings
• For a 'smoother' appearance, a concealed
grid system may be used - but special
panels are generally required for plenum
access.

122
 Suspended Ceilings
• Acoustical ceilings are often less expensive
than plaster or gypsum board ceilings and
are available in many different designs
(many of which are rated for fire resistance)

123
 Suspended Ceilings
• Where a suspended ceiling is used as a
membrane fireproofing for the structure
above, or where it is part of a fire-resistive
assembly, penetrations of the ceiling must
be detailed so as to maintain the required
degree of fire resistance.
• Lighting fixtures must be backed up with
fire-resistive material.
124
 Suspended Ceilings
• Air-conditioning grilles must be isolated
from the ducts that feed them by means of
automatic fire dampers

125
 Suspended Ceilings
• Access panels provided for maintenance of
above ceiling services must meet
requirements for fire resistance.

126
 Interstitial Ceilings
• Many hospital and laboratory buildings have
extremely elaborate services including:
– air conditioning ducts,
– water and waste piping,
– electrical and communications wiring
– fuel gas lines,
– compressed air lines,
– oxygen piping,
– chilled water piping,
– vacuum piping,
127
– chemical waste piping.
 Interstitial Ceilings
• These ducts and tubes occupy a
considerable volume of space in a building
often in an amount that virtually equals the
inhabited volume!
• Furthermore, all these systems require
continual maintenance and are subject to
frequent change.
• As consequence, many such buildings are
designed with interstitial ceilings. 128
Interstitial Ceilings

129
 Interstitial Ceilings
• These are ceilings suspended at a level that
allows workers to travel freely in the
plenum space (usually while walking erect)
and is designed to be strong enough to
support the weight of workers and their
tools.
• In effect, the plenum becomes another floor
of the building - and the overall height of
the building increases accordingly. 130
 Interstitial Ceilings
• Its advantage is that maintenance and
updating work can be carried on without
interruption to the activities below.

131
 This lecture...
• Functions of Ceilings
• Types of Ceilings
– Exposed Structural and Mechanical
Components
– Tightly Attached Ceilings
– Suspended Ceilings
– Interstitial Ceilings
132