University of the Philippines Open University

Faculty of Management and Development Studies

Master of Management Program

Roldan A. Talaugon June 5, 2021

PM 208 PAS Faculty-in-Charge: MSBaylon

Integrating Activity

Issue Paper
 ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY

IN THE PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM:

AN ISSUE PAPER

I. ISSUE OR PROBLEM AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

For many years now and after several presidential administrations that have

passed, it appears that ethics and accountability as well as the integrity and

productivity in the Philippine Administrative System (PAS) was marred with

cancerous issues such as graft and corruption, inefficiency, lack of

transparency, and lack of incentives, among others. Unfortunately, these

problems have entered into a state of normalcy in our country’s bureaucracy and

public administration.

It is important to delve into this already seemingly normal, degrading, and

critical issue in order to understand how it started and its effect on the famous

phrase “public office is a public trust” and in the field of good governance. This

paper will specifically look into the root causes of the issues; its nature, extent, and

magnitude; the effects on the effective and responsive functioning of the PAS; its

outcomes and impact to the government or the country; the various reforms

instituted by the government; the success and effectiveness of the reforms and what

made them successful or unsuccessful; and lastly, some suggestions in order to

address the problems or gaps in the enforcement and implementation of those

reforms.

Before going further into the issue, it is important to lay down the acceptable

definitions or concept of ethics and accountability in the field of public administration.

Duque (2104) mentioned in his speech in reference to the academic journal of the

University of Sta. Clara, Ethics “refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong

that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations,

benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtue.” The primary guide for promoting the

highest standards of ethics in public service in the Philippines is the Republic Act No.

6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and

Employees. Accountability on the other hand “refers to the legal and reporting

framework, organizational structure, strategy, procedures, and actions to help

ensure that any organizations that use public money and make decisions that affect

people's lives can be held responsible for their actions” (Controller and Auditor-

General, 2001). Furthermore, Section 1, Article XI of the 1987 Philippine

Constitution states that “Public office is a public trust. Public officers and

employees must, at all times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost

responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and

lead modest lives.” With no less than the 1987 Philippine Constitution and RA 6713

being primary guides for promoting and enforcing ethics and accountability in the

PAS, it can be understood that we truly emphasize its importance in public service.

The question is what happened and where have we gone wrong towards strictly

achieving and implementing such concepts and how can we address or improve on it

towards having an effective and efficient public service delivery.

II. ROOT CAUSE/S

We as Filipinos are known to take so much pride on our deeply rooted

values, traits, and culture as our distinct identity and guiding principles in our daily
lives and interaction especially in maintaining close ties with our immediate family

members and other people in the community whom we develop special ties with.

However, as positive as these culture and values are towards preserving our identity

and interpersonal relationships with other people, these are also the very root cause

of our problems in promoting and enforcing ethics and accountability in the public

service as being challenged by widespread graft and corruption, lack of

transparency, and inefficiency.

San Juan (2014) mentioned in her article the “importance of culture in

understanding politics and the government, especially when we decry of reforms

made in our public organizations.” She further elaborated that by looking and

understanding our values and culture we could then relate it towards understanding

our present problems and thereby be able to form concrete solutions to address

issues in our PAS, “for it is in understanding the norms, the value and belief systems

underlying the behavior of people that we begin to see how we can significantly

reform the system to make it work for the good of everyone.” As mentioned in her

article, authors Varela (1996), Andres and Ilada-Andres (1987) identified three main

traits or values that emphasizes our behavior and daily interaction and decision-

making: Personalism, Familism, and Particularism or Popularism.

“Personalism has to do with the degree of emphasis Filipinos give to

interpersonal relations or to face-to-face encounters. Familism emphasizes the

welfare and interest of the family over the welfare and interest of the community. The

pervasive influence of the family on individual and group behavior, as reinforced by

personalistic orientation, gives rise to particularism or popularism” (Varela, 1996,

and Andres and Ilada-Andres,1987 in San Juan, 2014). From these traits alone and

their corresponding explanation or description, we can immediately and undeniably

relate much and somehow derive an understanding on why we struggle so much in

enforcing ethics and accountability as well as integrity and productivity in the public

service.

Those three traits form the core values from where other cultural values which

are far more familiar to us: “pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob, amor propio, and

delicadeza” (Varela, 1996 in San Juan, 2014). Most important to highlight are that

these traits were already inculcated to us even before Spanish and American

colonization. These supporting traits may seem positive in maintaining interpersonal

relationship but have negative implications when brought into practice in the field of

public administration. Additionally, these traits were further reinforced by the

negative practices introduced especially in the Spanish colonization, which was

characterized by graft and corruption, patronage than merit, abuse of power,

incompetence, and inefficiency towards public service.

III. NATURE, EXTENT, AND MAGNITUDE

Majority of public administrative and disciplinary cases in the government

basically starts from issues on the failure of upholding ethical standards among

public officials and employees. As stated, it has already very rampant and in fact

seem to have entered a state of normalcy.

Going back on our historical background, the root cause of our issues on

ethics and accountability are deeply rooted basically on our Filipino cultural traits and

values which were already intrinsic even in the pre-colonial periods. It was then in

the Spanish colonization where it was reinforced and practiced negatively in a higher

level with the introduction of early public administration. In the article of Calina and
Brillantes (2018), they noted that Dr. Jose Rizal have made mention of the flaws

especially on bribery, graft and corruption of the working administrative system

during the Spanish period. More so, when the Americans came in, they confirmed

the rampant corruption and the inefficiency of the governance as started by the

Spanish occupation. As also cited in their article for the report of the Philippine

Commission in 1956, it was observed that governmental services in the Spanish

period were “not well developed,” that the Spanish government was “exploitative,”

“did not even achieve the basic objective of good government in that it was not able

to maintain peace and order,” and did not sustain a “satisfactory level in the

administration of justice.”

As years pass by and the growth of global, environmental, and societal

demands continue to rise and become more and more complex, many different

government agencies, offices, and units continue to increase as well. From the

establishment of the Spanish government starting with few administrative agencies

or offices such as the Office of the Governor General, Departments of Army and

Navy, Royal Audiencia, Department of Finance, and the Directorate General of Civil

Administration, to a present total of 23 national government agencies (NGAs), other

than the different regular and constitutional commissions, government-owned and

controlled corporations (GOCCs), local government units (LGUs), and government

ad hoc or task forces. With this increase, so is the spreading of ethical and

accountability issues among the different organizations. As mentioned in the article

of the then Chair of the House Committee on Civil Service and Professional

Regulations, Representative Antonio V. Cuenco of Cebu, pointing the Department of

Foreign Affairs as an example, “It is riddled with employees who do nothing but

polish their fingernails, engage in telebabad, talk of Marimar, or ruminate lotto

numbers. But if you give P100 as the regulation says, your passport will be approved

in one day” (Calina and Brillantes, 2018). And this simple yet malignant practice is

suspected to be the same with other government organizations.

In 1998, the World Bank created the Worldwide Governance Indicators which

our country has also been using as reference for monitoring and institutionalizing

future reforms and efforts to improve public service, administration, and governance.

It gives data with regard to the six broad dimensions of governance. Among the six

indicators, three of which are considered under the auspices of ethics and

accountability which were also used in one of the pillars of the Philippine

Development Plan 2017-2022 by the Duterte administration, the pillar on Enhancing

the Social Fabric “Malasakit” specifically on the aim to Ensure People-Centered,

Clean, and Efficient Governance. The three indicators mentioned are the Voice

and Accountability, Government Effectiveness, and Control of Corruption (PDP

2017-2022).

Voice and Accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which a

country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as

freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. Government

Effectiveness, on the other hand, captures perceptions of the quality of public

services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from

political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the

credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. While Control of

Corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for

private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture"

of the state by elites and private interests (WGI, n.d.).

Table 1. Philippines’ Performance in the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) as
Compared with Selected ASEAN Countries, 1998-2019.

Source: World Bank (WB)

It must be noted that data started with 1998 since it was on that year when the

WGI was established and first used. The following years shown in the table

represents the end of term of each presidential administration, except for 2001

wherein there was no available data thus using the 2002 figures, to gauge how have

their administrations performed with regard to the three indicators relating to ethics

and accountability. Being a democratic government and where democracy has even

been overly practiced and thereby enhancing citizen’s participation, we rank higher

among other selected ASEAN countries. However, we rank low and even taking the

last ranking in Government Effectiveness and Control of Corruption due to various

issues especially on the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam in 2015 (PDP

2017-2022).

IV. EFFECT ON THE EFFECTIVE AND RESPONSIVE FUNCTIONING OF THE

PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM (PAS)

 Graft and Corruption, being the most extensive and known unethical practice

in the administrative system, creates an image of distrust and doubt of the public

towards the efficiency on the effective and responsive functioning of the PAS. With

the issues on ethical standards and accountability of public officials and employees,

much of the financial resources and time are being put to waste. All the issues

combined, no matter how little they may seem, contributes to the overall inefficiency

of the government thus slowing economic growth and development which in turn

greatly degrades the quality of public service delivery.

The cycle of clientelism, patronage, and nepotism which is also very evident

in our country’s governance and administration are also in a way breeding grounds

or causes for corruption. Incompetent individuals are being prioritized or placed into

public positions for the sake of close familial ties or political relationship in return for

any favors to be reaped upon on an appropriate time. This promotes an environment

of unfairness, dishonesty, and inequity.

Low or unstandardized salaries on the other hand will also lead to public

officials engaging on secret private businesses, or worst, delay public services while

waiting for a generous amount of bribe spanning from simple and small-scale

applications or requests to the much larger processes involving different companies,

corporations, and other organizations.

With the abovementioned issues, conflicts also arise which in turn creates

dysfunction of the public administration. As mentioned by Ghsoub (2018), “conflicts

present incidents provoked by existing deviations between the means, methods and

attitudes of actions regarding a phenomenon which represents the object of

analysis. Organizational conflicts can be observed as disputes that occur when

values, goals or interests of individuals contradict each other... Dysfunctions are

accompanied by tension and their consequences consist of animosity, low yield,

stress, absenteeism, frustration, aggressiveness, fear, discontent and resentments.”

V. OUTCOMES OR IMPACT TO THE PAS AND THE WHOLE

GOVERNMENT/COUNTRY

The effects of the issues on ethics and accountability among public officials

creates distrust and discontent of the public towards government officials and public

servants. With these issues seen as a daily and normal activity already, trust is being

questioned by the public as to where their taxes really go. Erosion of democratic

system and principles are then being felt and as a result, the public withdraw their

participation in government decision-making with the thought that no matter how they

raise their issues and concerns, it will still not be answered for as long as favoritism

and corruption exist in the government.

Additionally, Ghsoub (2018) also stated in his article that “corruption may

dissolve the significant strength of political legitimacy, which most governments seek

to preserve and build on. Due to corruption and abuse of power, policymakers

ultimately fail in their goal to predict events in the long term. And ultimately, due to

corruption in public administration, the state may fail and be powerless of providing

even basic services such as public order for the society in any meaningful form.

Corruption leads to the failure of the state to deal with fundamental, political, and

governance issues such as the public budget and appointment of significant public

officials.”

VI. REFORMS INSTITUTED BY THE GOVERNMENT

 Until the end of the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, public

administrations was in a very bad shape noting especially with the spoils of Spanish

governance in the Philippines such as nepotism, patronage, sponsorship, familism,

recruitment through purchase of public positions, no standard salary, engaging on

private businesses or getting commission from fees and charges collected,

incompetence and inefficiency, abuse of power, no accountability, and widespread

graft and corruption. As mentioned earlier, these problems reinforced our innate

cultural traits which had negative implications when practiced in the government. To

improve the quality of public service and the administrative system in our country,

many reforms and initiatives were created and put into law.

Establishment of the Civil Service Commission (CSC)

After many developments and reforms in the civil service since its introduction

by the Americans in 1900, it was finally enacted through Republic Act 2260,

otherwise known as the Civil Service Law, thereby legally and formally establishing

of the Civil Service Commission and was conferred with the status of a

department. In the 1987 Constitution, the Commission was then mandated “to

promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness, and

courtesy in the Civil Service” (CSC, n.d.).

Duque (2014) and Aranas (2016) elaborated the different human resource

(HR) initiatives through awards and programs of the CSC to promote the

principles of ethics, integrity, and accountability into the public service and

administration and were “meant to help both individual and organization reach their

maximum potential”:
 a. Program to Institutionalize Meritocracy and Excellence in Human

Resource Management (PRIME-HRM) - aims to upgrade the maturity level of HR

systems in government agencies to make them at par with global HR standards.

b. Competency - Based Recruitment and Qualification System

(CBRQS) - gauges both applicants and employees not just on the basis of their

education, experience, training, and eligibility, but on a set of required competencies

as well.

c. Leadership and Coaching Program (LCP) - adopt the coaching

approach to help our human resource get over hurdles and challenges in their

career.

d. Competency - Based Learning and Development Program

(CBLDP) - directly addresses the problem of competency gaps through trainings and

HR interventions, preparing individuals as their agencies upgrade their maturity level.

e. Strategic Performance Management System (SPMS) – a

performance evaluation system that links individual performance to organizational

performance.

f. Presidential Lingkod Bayan Award - conferred by the President to an

individual for consistent and dedicated performance which made significant impact to

the public and the country as a whole.

g. CSC Pag-asa Award - granted to a group of individuals or a team who

demonstrated outstanding teamwork and cooperation which resulted in better

delivery of public service, improved the lives of clients or beneficiaries, or instituted

efficiency and economy in government operations.

h. Alay sa Bayan Induction Program - This aims to focus and enhance

the energies and commitment of new employees as they assume their new roles as
government employees and prepare them for different ethical dilemmas that they

may face.

i. Values Orientation Workshop - designed to inculcate appropriate

norms and conduct becoming of government employees.

j. Gabay ng Paglilingkod - a program for career executives as a

capability building program that provides a forum for discussion on values and

principles of public ethics and accountability among government managers.

k. Training on public sector ethics and accountability, which is being

developed under the auspices of the United Nations Development Programme -

PARAGON Regional Governance Reform Program. The framework that is being

pursued for this training course basically focuses on the individual.

Creation of Oversight Institutions

Three oversight institutions were created as mandated by the Constitution: the

Civil Service Commission, Office of the Ombudsman, and the Commission on

Audit.

The Civil Service Commission, as mentioned above, is the central personnel

agency of the government. The Office of the Ombudsman acts as a prosecutor

against those charged with the violation of RAs 3019, 6713, and the law against ill-

gotten wealth, among others, and mandated to investigate and prosecute the

criminal liability of public officials and employees involved in graft and corruption.

Lastly, the Commission on Audit is responsible for ensuring legal and proper

disbursement of public funds and preventing irregular, unnecessary, or extravagant

expenditures or usage of public funds (CSC, 2000).

 RA No. 6713 or the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public

Officials and Employees"

Section 2 of RA No. 6713 aimed “to promote a high standard of ethics in

public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable

to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility,

integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism.” Section 4 clearly

outlines the eight Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees:

Commitment to Public Interest, Professionalism, Justness and Sincerity,

Political Neutrality, Responsiveness to the Public, Nationalism and Patriotism,

Commitment to Democracy, and Simple Living.

Additionally, specific duties and responsibilities for all public officials and

employees was also established in this act wherein they will be obliged to perform or

follow. These are:

a. To act promptly on letters and requests within 15 working days from

receipt and reply must contain action taken on the said request;

b. For all government agencies and government-owned or controlled

corporations (GOCCs) to submit annual performance reports within 45 working

days from the end of the year which shall be open and available to the public;

c. Process documents and papers expeditiously and must contain, as

far as practicable, not more that three signatories therein;

d. Act immediately on the public's personal transactions at all times;

and

e. Make documents accessible to the public within reasonable working

hours.
 More so, RA 6713 states the establishment of a System of Incentives and

Rewards in all branches and agencies of the government especially due recognition

to those deserving public officials and employees of outstanding merit. Prohibited

acts and transactions for public servants were also outlined such as financial and

material interest; outside employment and other activities related such as private

practice unless authorized; disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information; and

solicitation of acceptance of gifts. It is also in this Act where the Statement of

Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth, and Financial Disclosure of Business

Interests and Financial Connections must be complied and made available for

inspection.

RA No. 11032 or the “Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government

Service Delivery Act of 2017”

RA No. 11032 is a revision or amendment of the RA 9485 or Anti-Red Tape

Act (ARTA) of 2007. It is still aimed “to promote integrity, accountability, proper

management of public affairs and public property as well as to establish

effective practices aimed at the prevention of graft and corruption in

government.” Specific additions to the Act are the inclusion of overseas government

instrumentalities such as consular offices and Philippine embassies; the Zero-

Contact policy which aims to reduce bribery and corruption in frontline public

transactions during application and processing. To further enforce such reform, a

web-based application and processing system will be established to serve as the

point of contact or interaction between government offices and the public. This also

features bigger accountability for receiving officers and shorter processing times for

any transaction or application into three, seven, and twenty working days for
transactions classified as simple, complex, and requests involving activities which

could be a threat to public health, safety, morals, policy, or a highly technical

application, respectively.

Among the parts retained from the ARTA are the Reengineering of systems

and procedures; Setting up respective service standards known as the Citizen’s

Charter; Accountability of the heads of offices and agencies; Accessibility of frontline

services; Automatic extension of permits and licenses; and the Report Card Survey.

VII. EFFECTIVENESS AND SUCCESS OF THE REFORMS AND ITS GAPS

With the numerous reforms through laws and programs instituted by the

government and the different oversight institutions such as the CSC, it can be

positively concluded that in a better degree, these are being followed or

implemented. This can be seen with the different political or public officials who were

charged and tried with different anomalies in public service as broadcasted in media

outlets, aside from those numerous actual cases filed before the different oversight

committees especially in the Office of the Ombudsman. However, in the interest of

personal gains and favors, some public servants seem to find a way to draw

technicalities or circumvent around the established laws especially those who have

greater political or financial connections. This mindset generally sums up all the gaps

or problems among the reforms instituted.

VIII. SUGGESTIONS TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM AND GAPS ON THE

REFORMS
 As Aranas (2016) mentioned, what is needed to address issues on ethics and

accountability for public officials and employees are the combination and harmonious

collaboration of different legal infrastructures as guided by our Constitution,

political commitment through policy guidance and pronouncements, oversight

institutions and their respective programs and initiatives as mandated by the

Constitution, and the ethical and accountability mechanisms and infrastructures

in the personal or individual level and more importantly to all levels of the community

and the organization or the whole Philippine Administrative System.

There is no question that we have enough legal and ethical infrastructure as

well as the oversight institutions to implement and guide as towards solving the

issues on ethics and accountability. What we need is true and purposeful political

commitment towards enforcing the much-needed reforms and changes for a better

public service delivery and governance. Changes are needed to be realized and

done first on our own behavior, mindsets, and attitudes addressing the negative

cultural traits and values when practiced in the field of public administration. The

media being a primary and strong tool in publicizing government efforts as well as

issues on inefficiency and graft and corruption must maintain a sense of impartiality

and fairness, going away with political affiliations or connections. This takes a

collaborated and mutual effort from the citizens, private and public individuals and

organizations, and the whole country to change the whole system and achieve

sincere and true development in all aspects of government, whether economic,

social, or political.
 FEEDBACK
Grade 29.00 / 30.00
Graded on Sunday, 13 June 2021, 3:29 PM
Graded by Picture of Minerva BaylonMinerva Baylon
Feedback comments
Hi Dan! Thank you for submitting your Issue Paper earlier than the deadline. I
really appreciate it.

There are my comments:

You said:

Unfortunately, these problems have entered into a state of normalcy in our

country’s bureaucracy and public administration.

It saddens me greatly to hear of such a conclusion. I still would like to believe

that corruption and the like are more of exceptions than the rule. We know of so
many dedicated and honest government servants.

good that you defined the term ethics and accountability

from Most important to highlight are that these traits were already inculcated
to us even before Spanish and American colonization.

from your answer: "Most important to highlight are that these traits were
already inculcated to us even before Spanish and American colonization." You need
to provide studies to support this contention. They may be already present in our
culture, but in terms of affecting the operations of the PAS and the whole govt is
another matter. I think those are practiced also in other countries but not to the
extent that we allow them to influence or even determine our actions and decisions
in a negative way. They have both the positive and negative aspects; we can decide
to harness the positive side. Carino calls them lights and shadows of our cultural
values.

as to the nature and extent of these problems on ethics and accountability,

you could have provided statistics for example on the estimated amount of public
money lost to corruption or examples of events or cases where pakikisama have
negatively affected proper government transactions. Or nature and number of cases
filed in the CSC and OMB. How did these unethical values contributed to the
problem?

Honestly, I am quite uneasy why you referred to Duque twice. With the
charges against him, I don't think he is the person to quote.

reforms

good discussion on reforms which can be classified into policy and

organizational reforms.

creation of PACC, anti-corruption as the 0 in the socio-economic agenda of

the Duterte Adm

effects and impact

this is where surveys both local and international may be cited in terms of our
ranking, number of cases disposed, etc.

you have a good number of resource materials

If you actually used the References that you listed at the end of your paper,
please use Bibiliography.
References:

Aranas, A. G. L. (2016). Bureaucracy on Trail: Ethical Standards for Public Officials

and Employees. International Journal of Public Administration and Management
Research. ISSN: 2350-2231. Retrieved from
https://www.journalcra.com/article/bureaucracy-trail-ethical-standards-public-officials-
and-employees. Accessed: June 1, 2021.

Berman, E. M. (2011). Public Administration in Southeast Asia: Thailand,

Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Macao. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press – Taylor
and Francis Group. Retrieved from http://blancopeck.net/Public-Administration-in-
Southeast-Asia.pdf. Accessed: June 4, 2021.

Brillantes, A. B. and Fernandez, M. T. (2011). Restoring Trust and Building Integrity

in Government: Issues and Concerns in the Philippines and Areas for Reform. 2nd
Annual International Conference of the Asian Association for Public Administration.
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https://journals.sfu.ca/ipmr/index.php/ipmr/article/viewFile/102/102.
Accessed: June 2, 2021.

Calina, L. and Brillantes, A. (2018). An Assessment of Governmental Services in the

Philippines from Spanish to Contemporary Times. 2018 Annual Conference of Asian
Association for Public Administration. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325724839_An_Assessment_Of_Governm
ental_Services_In_The_Philippines_From_Spanish_To_Contemporary_Times.
Accessed: June 1, 2021.

Civil Service Commission Historical Highlights. Retrieved from

http://www.csc.gov.ph/beta/about/historical-highlights. Accessed: June 4, 2021.

Controller and Auditor-General. (2016). Public Sector Accountability Through

Raising Concerns. New Zealand: Wellington. ISBN 978-0-478-44233-5. Retrieved
from https://oag.parliament.nz/2016/accountability/part2.htm. Accessed: June 3,
2021.

Ghsoub, D. (2018). The Impact of Corruption on the Effectiveness of Public

Administration. Retrieved from https://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/en/content/impact-
corruption-effectiveness-public-administration. Accessed: June 5, 2021.

Republic Act No. 6713. (1989). Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees. Retrieved from
https://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/docs/republicacts/Republic_Act_No_6713.pdf.
Accessed: June 3, 2021.

Republic Act No. 9485. (2007). Anti-Red Tape Act. Retrieved from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/06/02/republic-act-no-9485/.
Accessed: June 3, 2021.

San Juan, M. J. S. (2014). Administrative Values in the Philippines and Their

Implications to the Efficiency of the Bureaucracy and Governance. Philippine
Governance Digest Vol. 1 Issue 2. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/8412371/Administrative_Values_in_the_Philippines_and_
their_Implications_to_the_Efficiency_of_the_Bureaucracy_and_Governance_Part_1.
Accessed: June 1, 2021.

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. (1987). Article XI.
Accountability of Public Officers. Retrieved from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-
of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xi.
Accessed: June 3, 2021.

University of Texas Arlington Online. (2016). The Importance of Ethics in Public

Administration. Retrieved from https://academicpartnerships.uta.edu/articles/public-
administration/the-importance-of-ethics-in-public-administration.aspx. Accessed:
June 3, 2021.

World Bank. Worldwide Governance Indicators. Retrieved from

https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/. Accessed: June 4, 2021.