Introduction to the

Philosophy of the Human

Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Ways of Doing Philosophy
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Ways of Doing Philosophy
First Edition, 2020

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 Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Ways of Doing Philosophy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade

12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Ways of Doing Philosophy!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or

facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum

while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also

aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into

consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the

body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this

module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to

manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist

the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade

12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Ways of Doing Philosophy!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Philosophy as we define it is the study of all things with their ultimate cause
under the light of reason. Many of us are not acquainted to it. In fact, when hear this
discipline, we are often nervous and afraid of it. Philosophy is not an abstract concept
out in the air. Philosophy is with us every day. We cannot negate its existence
because we just opt to do so.

Thanks to the DepEd’s K to 12 Curriculum that Philosophy was included as

one of the Core Subjects. By such, you as a learner will better understand the things
that are happening within your society, the environment and even within you. It will
not only facilitate your academic maturity but the holistic aspect of your being.

This module was initiated, conceptualized and written to help you better
understand the ways of Doing Philosophy. This will guide you to see the many
aspects that Philosophy must do to your life. By such, you will see that life cannot
simply done the way want it to be. We will realize that by knowing and understanding
the many things and aspects of doing such is beneficial to you.

Everyone of us is a Philosopher. Everybody wants to be informed. Everybody

wants to know and understand that whats, hows and whys of their particular life.
As a rational animal, you must have the drive to dig deeper the reason of your
existence so that you will realize that you are indeed different and unique from the
other beings in this world.

After finishing this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish opinion from truth. (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1);

2. realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth

(PPT11/12-Id-2.2); and

3. evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of

Philosophizing. (PPT11/12-Id-2.3) .

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 What I Know

INSTRUCTIONS: Identify who, what, or which is being referred to the following

statements. Write your answer on a piece of paper.

__________________1. They are considered as the first lovers of Philosophy.

__________________2. It is the study of all things with their ultimate causes under the
light of reason.

__________________3. He is the proponent of Plato.

__________________4. He believes that Methodic Doubt should be done instead of just

doubting.

__________________5. It is a Greek word which means “wisdom.”

__________________6. It is the science for inferring.

__________________7. It is a process where the mind is being used in order to arrive

at something.

__________________8. It is being referred to as the “what-ness” of a thing.

__________________9. It is a classification of being which is being referred to as the

“material.”

_________________10. It is a classification of being which is being referred to as the

“non-material.”

_________________11. Color “green” belongs to what kind/type of being?

_________________12. It is a Greek word which means “love.”

_________________13. The term “wood” belongs to what kind/ type of being?

_________________14. He said that “the more we know, the more we do not know”.

_________________15. He said that “the unexamined life is not worth living”.

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 Lesson

2 Ways of Doing Philosophy

Philosophy as we understood on our first lesson is the study of all things with
their ultimate causes under the light of reason. By this, we can say that Philosophy
is inseparable from the human activities.

One may ask: “Are there ways of doing Philosophy?” or “Is Philosophy relevant
to one’s life?” The answer is YES! There are methods or ways of doing Philosophy by
which one can use in his/her everyday life.

These methods or ways of doing Philosophy will be helpful to everyone,

especially you, as a senior high school student as you sail in the “ocean of life.” In
this lesson, let us try to explore more about the “Ways of Doing Philosophy.”

What’s In

Directions: Examine the following statements. Can you tell if such statement is true
or not? Put a check (/) if the statement is true; (X) if the statement is misleading.
Write the answers on your notebook.

_________________1. My mother is the bravest person on earth.

_________________2. Superman is an American citizen.

_________________3. The Earth is the third planet in the Solar System.

_________________4. All dogs are loyal.

_________________5. A leader of the nation is perfect.

_________________6. My sister is a scientist because she loves science.

_________________7. I am tall because I sleep during siestas.

_________________8. Pedro is good at singing because he got it from his parents.

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________________9. Cats are not good pets.

________________10. Covid-19 can be avoided by following the health protocols

directed by the government.

1. In the statements you considered as true, what made you say that they are
true?
2. Do you think that identifying if something is true or not is important? Why?
Why Not?
3. Can you justify that the statements that you consider to be true, must also be
true to all people ?

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
The The insight The insight The insight The insight
insight given was given was given was given was
given was somewhat vague and somehow poorly
Quality of excellent informative general. not related organized
Writing and to the and not
organized. concepts. related to
the given.
No Few errors Minimal Moderate Many
Grammar grammatical in spelling number of spelling and spelling or
Usage errors and errors punctuation grammar
punctuation errors errors

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module will give the learners an understanding ways of doing
philosophy in able to distinguish opinion from truth that will lead
to wisdom and truth.

What’s New

The “Allegory of the Cave” was conceived by Plato about the way human beings
perceive things and the world around us. He claimed knowledge that is acquired
merely through our senses is not real knowledge at all. It is through philosophical
reasoning where we gain true knowledge.

Allegory is the expression of truths or generalizations about human

existence by means of symbolic fictional figures and their actions. It
encompasses such forms as fable and parable.-Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Directions: Carefully look at the image below and read the story on the next page.
Answer the questions that follow. Write the answers on your notebook.

ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE BY PLATO

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/An_Illustration_of_The_Allegory_of_the_Cave%2C_from_Plato%E2%80%
99s_Republic.jpg/800px-An_Illustration_of_The_Allegory_of_the_Cave%2C_from_Plato%E2%80%99s_Republic.jpg

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 ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
A summary by Amy Trumpeter

The Cave

• Imagine a cave, in which there are three prisoners. The prisoners

are tied to some rocks, their arms and legs are bound and their
head is tied so that they cannot look at anything but the stonewall
in front of them.
• These prisoners have been here since birth and have never seen the
outside of the cave.
• Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between them is a raised
walkway.
• People outside the cave walk along this walkway carrying things on
their head including; animals, plants, wood and stone.

The Shadows

• So, imagine that you are one of the prisoners. You cannot look at
anything behind or to the side of you – you must look at the wall in
front of you.
• When people walk along the walkway, you can see shadows of the
objects they are carrying cast on to the wall.
• If you had never seen the real objects ever before, you would believe
that the shadows of objects were ‘real.

The Game

• Plato suggests that the prisoners would begin a ‘game’ of guessing

which shadow would appear next.
• If one of the prisoners were to correctly guess, the others would
praise him as clever and say that he were a master of nature.

The Escape

• One of the prisoners then escapes from their bindings and leaves
the cave.
• He is shocked at the world he discovers outside the cave and does
not believe it can be real.
• As he becomes used to his new surroundings, he realizes that his
former view of reality was wrong.
• He begins to understand his new world, and sees that the Sun is the
source of life and goes on an intellectual journey where he
discovers beauty and meaning
• He sees that his former life, and the guessing game they played is
useless.

The Return

• The prisoner returns to the cave, to inform the other prisoners of

his findings.
• They do not believe him and threaten to kill him if he tries to set
them free.

https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-the-cave-by-plato-summary-and-meaning/

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 QUESTIONS:
1. Describe how the people in the cave are situated in Plato's allegory. What is the
only thing they are capable of seeing?
2. What do these prisoners trapped in the cavern believe is real or true?
3. According to Plato, how would the people in the cave react to an escapee who tried
to explain the truth to them,
4. In your own understanding, what is Truth?
5. Do you agree that “the truth will set you free” ?

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
The answer The answer The The answer The
given is given answer given is answer
Quality of congruent somehow given is poorly given is
Writing with the manifests broad and answered not
question. congruence not relevant to
with the specific. the
question. question
The idea is The idea of The idea The idea of The idea
coherent the of the the of the
Coherence and concise statement statement statement is statement
and somehow is lacks confusing. is not
conciseness coherent coherence coherent
and concise.

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 What is It

As a Senior High School Student, Plato’s Allegory of the Cave will be helpful to
in your personal journey in finding the truth. Nowadays, you are bombarded with
information from different sources around you and these information would cause
confusions and conflict within you just like in the Allegory of the Cave.
Plato believes that not all that we see is true. For him, those things are just
mere representation of things. In practical sense, not because you see that Pedro is
smiling at you necessarily mean that he is a good person and he is good to you. You
just don’t know exactly his real sentiment towards you. Another example, suppose
you saw a piece of an apple, reddish and looks sweet and nutritious, but actually, it
is just made of styrofoam and was just painted with red paint so that it will look
exactly like that of the real apple. So what will you do if your classmates would tell
you that it is a real apple and you should eat it? Of course, as a thinking person, you
must see to it that what you are seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling and smelling must
be real, in such a way that your senses would tell you so. You must not simply believe
something to be true or not because your friends tell you so. Plato wants you to do
whatever it takes, even if it results to an argument with your friends just to prove
that the apple is not real and that is made from styrofoam that is painted red and it
cannot be eaten just because it looks like the real one. In your daily experiences,
many would go against you or argue with you because you insisting on sticking to
the truth because you have verified it using your senses and intellect, but that is
what Plato is saying. Finding the truth and sticking to it no matter what happens,
that is the challenge!

FINDING THE TRUTH

Maybe, you have already heard the notion about the “New Normal” brought
about by the pandemic COVID-19. Since all of us went through the Enhanced
Community Quarantine that led us to be locked down in our homes, most of us used
the Social Media platforms to avoid boredom and monotony of our daily activities. By
such, we have gathered a lot of information. Lots of them! Consequently, because of
this, we have been wondering and pondering if those information are all true.

As a senior high school student, you need to be vigilant in terms of identifying

the truth. We are no longer children that are easily manipulated and confused. We
need to use our minds so that we can arrive at the truth.

Knowing the truth is like winning E-Games such as ML, LOL, ROS etc.
because we have realized and reached our goal and that is, being informed in the
right path to its truest sense.

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 For sure, there are mind-boggling questions you are constantly asking
yourself, and that is a good sign that you are on the right track! “But, what is the
truth?” “How do I know if something is true or not?” “Are there any rules to determine
if something is true or not?” Such questions are valid and logical. In this lesson, let
us try to answer those questions, philosophically! For this reason, we might say that
in searching for the truth, you are already philosophizing. Searching for the truth is
what prompted Philosophers to philosophize in the first place.

Logic came from the Greek word “Logike” which pertains to art of reasoning.
It is also a science since it deals with the systematic process of reasoning in order to
arrive at something. Logic helps us to understand why things arrived into such.
There are laws to be considered and followed so that we can be assured that we are
guided on the right track. Philosophy and Logic are inseparable. We explain things
using logic. As a rational being, we cannot simply accept and understand things just
because we got accustomed to it. One would ask, what if there is a person who did
not come to school and do not know the laws of logic, can he still be a logical person?
Of course! Our mind is always directed to the logical order of things. It is innate to
us as human persons.

Before we discuss further, let us first define truth. Truth is defined as

something which can be proven and justified using one’s faculties or senses that
follows the order of logic which is factual and valid under the normal human reason.
For instance, to say that a glass is a glass, we need to define it first. But defining it
must follow the logical order. So what is logic? So, how will you define a glass? A
glass is something which is made up of sand and silicate that is being used as
windows, wind shields, vessels or mirrors, valid and factual. But you see, when you
are asked what a glass is, you may say that a glass is a container made up of glass
which is use as a vessel for drinking potable liquids.” All the ideas given here about
the word glass are logical, factual and valid in the strictest sense. By using the idea
about the term “glass”, can you now see the point?

G
L
A
S
S https://images.app.goo.gl/9rJtxag8jeuWpiVN9
https://www.maxpixel.net/static/p
hoto/1x/Tableware-Faceted-
Glass-Transparent-3540133.png

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 You might say now that truth differs from the way people think. What is true
to me, may not be true to you. Not at all! Truth is a universal idea about something
that exists based on logic. The idea presented about the idea of a glass may be best
understood by being specific, isn’t it? If the word to be defined is specific, then you
will arrive at the truth per se. But you might argue that it is not always the case. The
word “glass”, for example, can be purely understood as a vessel used for drinking. In
that case, we can call it as common sense. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines
common sense as a sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of
the situation or facts. Supposing that you, as a simple teenager, have the power to
give life to a dead lion by which you believe that such creature is ferocious and
savage, would you do it or not? Of course, you will not, because if you do, you’ll be
dead. So, is common sense always reliable? Is it a process of philosophizing too?
Common sense leads us to judge wisely, not because there are rules, it simply
means that such is logical and valid. The human mind will always come to a point
wherein it will always do what is sound and valid

Let us now go to knowledge. We can define knowledge as something which

we deem to understand or grasp fully. Knowledge has been proven by laws of logic
and human persons’ intellect and experiences. For example, when we try to say that
we have a knowledge about a dog, we can say that it is a four-legged animal under
the phylum Mammalia that has “fur”, “sharp teeth”, barks and is considered as
man’s best friend.

You can probably say that “because we have knowledge about something, we
are able to form our personal opinions and arguments regarding such things.
Because one cannot argue about something he or she does not know. As senior high
school student, perhaps you have already encountered the words argument and
opinion. In your classes, most of the time, you are being engaged in debates,
discourses or in “fliptops.” Young people are fond of this. Such is a good sign that
you are intellectually maturing. One would ask, “Do opinions and arguments
matter?” Of course! Our constitution guarantees us of our opinion and we are entitled
to it. We argue, not for the sake of lambasting other people. We do it because we
want to prove a point.

So, what are opinions and arguments? Opinions are basically the product of
our own belief and self-expression about something. To say that your mother is the
best mother in the world does not mean that you are wrong. It is merely an expression
of oneself because your belief is being validated by your experiences of your mother.

Arguments on the other hand are statements which provides reasons to

persuade someone that your point is truthful. In debates, balagtasan or fliptops, the
two parties, try to outsmart each other so that each can prove that his/her point is
sound and logical. If he/she wins, hence his/her claim is the more acceptable one.

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 However, not all arguments/statements are truthful. Sometimes, we will
encounter faulty arguments that do not lead us to the truth. So, how do we confirm
an argument’s truthfulness? In Philosophy, we can use various ways to validate the
truthfulness of a statement/argument. Let us try to examine this example:

All that has legs are living;

Chairs have legs;
Therefore, chairs are living.

What have you noticed about the given statements? Are they valid and logical?
Why? Why not? Yes, you are right! Not all “beings” that have legs can be considered
as living. We have to understand that the term “leg” cannot be equated with the “leg”
that animals and humans have. Moreover, simply using the word “all” does not
guarantee that the argument is sound and valid.

Have you encountered such arguments that may seem valid and logical at first
but are actually invalid and illogical? These types of statements are called fallacies.
They are defined as statements which are misleading and erroneous. We tend to
commit fallacies because our arguments are crafted and stated in a wrong way. Below
are some examples of informal fallacies.

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 FALLACIES

 Appeal to Pity - Persuading somebody out of emotion or sympathy

Example: Teachers should give a passing to grade to poor students.

 Ad Hominem - Directly attacking the person to destroy his/her argument

Example: Politicians who talk against corruption should not be heard since
they too are corrupt.

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 Ad Baculum - Applying force/position to escape from answering the argument
directed towards him/her.
Example: The boss is always right since he is the one who pays the salary of
the employees.

 Hasty Generalization - The conclusion given to an argument is lacking and

is illogical and baseless.
Example: Jenny is from Camaya Campus and she is intelligent. Therefore, all
students from Camaya Campus are intelligent.

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 Post Hoc - Determining and argument using false cause and effect between
different events.
Example: A spoon fell from the dining table, therefore, we must expect a lady
guest.

 Ad Populum The argument is acceptable since many are doing it.

Example: Liza wants to buy an Iphone 12 because everyone in her class has
it and she is afraid that she is out of fad or not “in”.

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 False Analogy - Comparing two similar terms/ ideas but has wrongful usage/
meaning.
Example: Our santol tree has a bark. My dog barks, therefore, the santol tree
also barks.

 Fallacy of Composition - One thinks that what is true to a part is true to the
whole.
Example: Hydrogen is not wet and Oxygen is not wet, therefore, water (H2O)
is not wet.

Hydrogen (H) is Therefore, water which

not wet has 2 atoms of Hydrogen
Oxygen (O) is and 1 atom of Oxygen
not wet (H2O) is NOT WET!

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 Fallacy of Division - One thinks that what is true to the whole is true to a
part.
Example: America is the wealthiest nation on earth, so George (an American)
must be rich.

 Dicto Simpliciter - assuming that something true in general is true in every

possible case
Example: “There’s nothing I won’t do for my children.”

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  Petitio Principii/ Begging the Question - It is a fallacy that treats matters
under debate as already established and assumes that the thing or idea to
be proven is true.
Example: “ I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from
talking.”

Now that you have been give examples of these kinds of fallacies, you are now
more than ready to spot faulty reasonings and illogical statements from people
around you. This brings you one step closer to the truth, being able to tell whether
a statement is valid or not, logical or not, truth or opinion. Ultimately, being able to
recognize fallacious statements leads to truth and wisdom.

Congratulations on finishing your 2nd Module! Are you ready for the activities? Let’s go!

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 What’s More

Directions: Write the correct answer being pertained to in the following statements.
Choose your answers from the pool of words below. Write your answers on your
notebook.

______________________1. These are defined as misleading reasonings or arguments.

______________________2. These are based from one’s belief.

______________________3. It is a prudent or sound judgement used to validate if a

thing is valid or not.

______________________4. It is defined as something which can be proven, justified

using one’s faculties or senses that follows the order of logic which is factual and
valid under the normal human reason.

______________________5. It is something which we deem to understand or grasp fully.

Knowledge Belief
Fallacy Truth
Common sense Opinion

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 What I Have Learned

In this lesson YOU have learned that Truth is defined as something which can
be proven, justified using one’s faculties or senses that follows the order of logic
which is factual and valid under the normal human reason.

We also learned that Logic is the science and art of correct and valid
reasoning. Without it, truth cannot be driven out or determined easily. Moreover, we
have also learned that not all things/ phenomena can be understood without the
rigid laws of logic and that is Common sense. It is a sound and prudent judgment
based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. (www.merriam-webster.com)

Knowledge on the other hand is something which we deem to understand or

grasp fully. Knowledge has been proven by laws of logic and human persons intellect
and experiences.

We also found out that opinions matter, but we have drawn a line between it
and the truth. Opinions are basically the product of our own belief and self-
expression about something. Arguments on the other hand are statements which
provides reason to persuade someone about your point is truthful.

Lastly, we have understood what a fallacy is. Fallacies are defined as

statements which are misleading and erroneous.

Examples:

 Appeal to Pity - Persuading somebody out of emotion or sympathy

 Ad Hominem - Directly attacking the person to destroy his/her argument
 Ad Baculum - Applying force/position to escape from answering the argument
directed towards him/her.
 Hasty Generalization - The conclusion given to an argument is lacking and is
illogical and baseless.
 Post Hoc - Determining and argument using false cause and effect between
different events.
 Ad Populum - The argument is acceptable since many are doing it.
 False Analogy - Comparing two similar terms/ ideas but has wrongful
usage/meaning.

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  Dicto Simpliciter - assuming that something true in general is true in every
possible case
 Fallacy of Composition - One thinks that what is true to a part is true to the
whole.
 Fallacy of Division - One thinks that what is true to the whole is true to a part
 Dicto Simpliciter - One is basing his argument out of an unqualified
generalization.
 Petitio Principii/ Begging the Question - It is a fallacy that treats matters
under debate as already established and assumes that the thing or idea to be
proven is true.

To sum it up, it is really important for us to better understand how Philosophy

works in our daily lives. Without it, life would be absurd to us since we are rational
beings. If we can bear it always in our minds, then, we could live life to the fullest.

23
 What I Can Do

Directions: Answer the following questions to further establish the significance of

Ways of Doing Philosophy in your life as a senior high school student. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.

1. How is opinion different from truth? (10 points)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Being a senior high school student, is there any relevance to uphold the truth
given the consequences that it may bring to your life. (10 points)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Plato said that “Knowledge is power.” Do you think it is valid and true? Why?
Why not? How does it relate to your personal experience?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
The answer The answer The The answer The
given is given answer given is answer
Quality of congruent somehow given is poorly given is
Writing with the manifests broad and answered not
question. congruence not relevant to
with the specific. the
question. question
The idea is The idea of The idea The idea of The idea
coherent the of the the of the
Coherence and concise statement statement statement is statement
and somehow is lacks confusing. is not
conciseness coherent coherence coherent
and concise.

24
 Assessment

A. Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your
answer on your notebook.
1. It is defined as the science and art of correct thinking and reasoning.
a. Metaphysics c. Epistemology
b. Ethics d. Logic
2. This is defined as erroneous and false reasoning.
a. Fallacy c. Principle of excluded middle
b. Highest principle d. Principle of non-contradiction
3. These are statements which provide reasons to persuade someone about
someone’s point is truthful.
a. Science c. Argument
b. Natural light of reason d. Highest principle
4. It refers to a prudent or sound judgement used to validate if a thing is valid
or not.
a. Sophia c. Lovia
b. Logike d. Common sense
5. It is something which we deem to understand or grasp fully.
a. Knowledge c. Principle of identity
b. Logic d. Principle of sufficient reason

B. Directions: Identify what informal fallacy is being implied on the following

statement.

________________1. All boys are brave.

________________2. Singing must be done so that our vocal cords are revitalized.

________________3. We should not vote for indigenous people since they are nomadic.

________________4. “You should give a passing grade to me because I am poor.”

________________5. Cats are bad omens because whenever I see them, I meet
accidents.

25
 Additional Activities

Directions: Write a brief essay on the following terms. Compose your essays on a
neat sheet of paper.

1. Common Sense as an essential part of my daily life

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Should I trust the opinion of others?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How can Philosophy help me to be a better person?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
The answer The answer The The answer The
given is given answer given is answer
Quality congruent somehow given is poorly given is
of with the manifests broad and answered not
Writing question. congruence not relevant to
with the specific. the
question. question
The idea is The idea of The idea The idea of The idea
coherent the of the the of the
Grammar and concise statement statement statement is statement
Usage somehow is lacks confusing. is not
coherent coherence coherent
and concise.

26
 27
Assessment:
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
B.
1. HASTY GENERALIZATION
2. DICTO SIMPLICITER
3. AD HOMINEM
4. APPEAL TO PITY
5. POST HOC
6. AD POPULUM
7. AD HOMINEM
8. APPEAL TO PITY
9. POST HOC
10.APPEAL TO FORCE
11. DICTO SIMPLICITER
12 POST HOC
13. AD HOMINEM
14. AD POPULUM
15. PRINCIPIO PRINCIPII/ BEGGING THE
QUESTION
What I Know:
1. Greeks
What’s More: 2. Philosophy
3. Socrates
1. Fallacies X 5.
4. Plato
2. Opinions X 4.
5. Philein
3. Common / 3.
6. Logic
Sense X 2.
7. Inference
4. Truth X 1.
5. Knowledge 8. Being
What’s In: 9. Corporeal/
material
10. Spiritual/
immaterial
Answer Key
References

"Allegory Of The Cave". 2020. Faculty.Washington.Edu.

https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm.

"Dictionary By Merriam-Webster: America's Most-Trusted Online Dictionary".

2020. Merriam-Webster.Com. https://www.merriam-webster.com/.

DepEd (2016). K to 12 Curriculum Guide. Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Trumpeter, Amy. 2020. "Allegory Of The Cave By Plato - Summary And

Meaning". Philosophyzer. https://www.philosophyzer.com/the-allegory-of-
the-cave-by-plato-summary-and-meaning/.

28
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: [email protected]