Mole Concept & Stoichiometry
Mole Concept & Stoichiometry
Mole Concept & Stoichiometry
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-2
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element =
Weight of 1 atom of hydrogen
When we state that the atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5, we mean that an atom of chlorine is
35.5 times heavier than an atom of hydrogen.
It was later felt that the standard for reference for atomic weight may be oxygen, the advantage
being that the atomic weights of most other elements became close to whole numbers.
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element =
1
weight of 1 atom of oxygen
16
The modern reference standard for atomic weights is carbon isotope of mass number 12.
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element =
1
weight of 1 atom of carbon 12
12
On this basis, atomic weight of oxygen 16 was changed to 15.9994.
Nowadays atomic weight is called relative atomic mass and denoted by amu (atomic mass
unit). The standard for atomic mass is C12.
Atomic weight is not a weight but a number.
Atomic weight is not absolute but relative to the weight of the standard reference element
(C12).
Gram atomic weight is atomic weight expressed in grams, but it has a special significance
with reference to a mole.
Dulong and Petit measured the specific heats of a number of metals and found that the product
of the specific heat and the atomic weight is a constant, having an approximate value of 6.4.
Specific heat (cal/g-deg) × atomic weight (g/g-atom) 6.4 (cal/deg.g.atom).
This correlation has been used to ‘correct’ the atomic weights of some elements in the periodic
table. Dulong and Petit’s law is applicable only to heavier metals.
Average/Mean Atomic Mass
The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element’s naturally occuring isotopes.
a1x1 a 2 x 2 ..... a n x n
Mathematically, average atomic mass of X (Ax) =
100
Where : a1, a2, a3 ........... atomic mass of isotopes and x1, x2, x3 ........... mole % of isotopes.
1. 3 THE MOLECULE
Avogadro (1811) suggested that the fundamental chemical unit is not an atom but a molecule,
which may be a cluster of atoms held together in some manner causing them to exist as a unit.
The term molecule means the smallest particle of an element or a compound that can exist
free and retain all its properties.
Consider a molecule of sulphur trioxide. It has been established that it contains one atom of
sulphur and three atoms of oxygen. So, the smallest particle of sulphur trioxide that can exist
free and retain all its properties is the molecule of sulphur trioxide. A compound molecule
should contain at least 2 different atoms.
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-3
The term molecule is also applied to describe the smallest particle of an element which can
exist free. Thus a hydrogen molecule is proved to contain 2 atoms; when it is split up into
atoms, there will be observed a change in properties.
Molecules of elementary gases like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, etc., contain 2 atoms
in a molecule; they are diatomic.
Molecules of noble gases like helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon are monoatomic.
Molecules of phosphorus contain 4 atoms (tetratomic) while those of sulphur contain 8 atoms.
The number of atoms of an element in a molecule of the element is called its atomicity.
1.4 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
1
It is the number of times a molecule is heavier than th of an atom of C–12.
12
Weight of 1 molecule
Molecular weight =
1
weight of 1 carbon 12 atom
12
Molecular weight is not a weight but a number.
Molecular weight is relative and not absolute.
Molecular weight expressed in grams is called gram-molecular weight.
Molecular weight is calculated by adding all the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.
Thus, the molecular weight of oxygen which contains 2 atoms in a molecule would be (2 × 16)
= 32. The molecular weight of carbon dioxide, which contains 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of
oxygen would be [12 + (2 × 16)] = 44. Molecular weight of sulphuric acid, which contains 2
atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen is [(2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16)]
= 98.
Molecular weight is now called relative molecular mass.
Mean Molar Mass or Molecular Mass
The average molar mass of the different substance present in the container
n1M1 n 2 M 2 ......n n M n
= .
n1 n 2 ....n n
Where: M1, M2, M3 ........... are molar masses and n1, n2, n3 ........... moles of substances.
1.5 AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS
According to this “equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules”. It means that 1 ml of hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, or a mixture
of gases taken at the same temperature and pressure contains the same number of molecules.
Application of Avogadro’s hypothesis
(a) To prove that simple elementary gas molecules are diatomic.
Consider the experimental result,
1 volume of hydrogen + 1 volume of chlorine
2 volumes of hydrogen chloride at the
same temperature and pressure.
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-4
1 volume contains ‘n’ molecules. Then n molecules of hydrogen + n molecules of chlorine
2n molecules of hydrogen chloride.
1
V.D. of a gas = Molecular weight of the gas
2
Molecular weight of the gas = 2 × Vapour density of the gas
(c) Gram-Molecular volume or Molar Volume
Weight of 1 L of the gas at old STP
Molecular weight of a gas = 2 ×
Weight of 1 L of hydrogen at old STP
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Weight of 1 L of the gas at old STP
Molecular weight of a gas = 2 ×
0.089 g
2
Gram-Molecular weight of a gas = × weight of 1 L of the gas at old STP
0.089
Gram-Molecular weight of a gas = 22.4 × weight of 1 L of the gas at old STP
= Weight of 22.4 L of the gas at old STP
This establishes that gram-molecular weight of any gas (or vapour) occupies the same volume
of 22.4 L at old S.T.P. The volume occupied by a gram-molecular weight of any gas is called
molar volume and its value is 22.4 L at old STP.
1.6 EMPIRICAL FORMULA, % COMPOSITION OF A GIVEN COMPOUND BY MASS, % BY
MOLE, MINIMUM MOLECULAR MASS DETERMINATION.
Percentage Composition
Here we are going to find out the percentage of each element in the compound by knowing the
molecular formula of compound.
We know that according to law of definite proportions any sample of a pure compound always
possess constant ratio with their combining elements.
Empirical and molecular formula
We have just seen that knowing the molecular formula of the compound we can calculate percentage
composition of the elements. Conversely if we know the percentage composition of the elements
initially, we can calculate the relative number of atoms of each element in the molecules of the
compound. This gives us the empirical formula of the compound. Further if the molecular mass is
known then the molecular formula can easily be determined.
The empirical formula of a compound is a chemical formula showing the relative number of
atoms in the simplest ratio. An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
various atoms present in a compound.
The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. The
molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of
a compound.
The molecular formula is an integral multiple of the empirical formula.
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n
molecular formula mass
where n =
empirical formula mass
Illustration-1
Acetylene and benzene both have the empirical formula CH. The molecular masses of acetylene and
benzene are 26 and 78 respectively. Deduce their molecular formulae.
Solution:
Empirical Formula is CH
Step-1: The empirical formula of the compound is CH
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2. STOICHIOMETRY
Chemical stoichiometry deals with the determination of quantities of reactants or products of a
chemical reaction.
The word “stoichiometry” is derived from greek work “stoichion” means element and “metry”
means measure.
Stoichiometry is divided into two subsections.
Gravimetric analysis and
Volumetric analysis.
The problems on gravimetric and volumetric analysis can be solved using two well known
concepts i.e. mole concept and equivalent concept. But generally, the problems on gravimetric
analysis are solved using mole concept while problems on volumetric analysis are solved
making use of equivalent concept since it does not require the use of a balanced chemical
reaction.
2. 1 THE MOLE
Let us take elements Ag, Mg and Hg with masses equal to their atomic masses in grams, and
then to our surprise, each element contains equal number of atoms.
This is not only limited to atoms but also applicable to molecules. For example, if we have
molecules like CO2, NO2 and SO2 with masses equal to their molecular masses in grams, then
they would also contain equal number of molecules. This specified number of atoms or
molecules is referred as a “mole”.
Thus a system containing a specified number (6.023 × 1023) of elementary entities is said to
contain 1 mole of the entities. Thus 1 mole of an iron sample mean that the sample contain
6.023 × 1023 atoms of iron. Similarly, 1 mole of NaCl crystal contains 6.023 × 1023 ion paris
(Na+ Cl–).
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-7
This specific number 6.023 × 1023 elementary entities is called Avogadro number or constant
(NAV). The SI unit for amount of substance is the mole. One mole of any substance contains
the same number of elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon–
12.
The mass of specific number (6.023 × 1023) of elementary entities is equal to atomic mass for
atoms and molecular mass for molecules.
Let M g/mole be the molecular mass of a species. Thus M g be the mass of 1 mole (equal to the
mass of 6.023 × 1023 molecules) of the species. Then, x g of the species contain x
1
M
mole. Hence
weight (grams) w
Number of moles of a species =
Atomic or molecular mass (g / mole) M
It is also known that one mole of a gas at old STP occupies a volume of 22.4 litres. Thus, if a
gas occupies x L at old STP, then the number of moles of the gas can be calculated by dividing
the actual volume occupied by the gas at old STP with the volume occupied by 1 mole of the
gas at old STP.
Volume occupied by gas at old STP
Thus, number of moles of a gas =
Volume occupied by 1 mole of the gas at old STP
The volume of gas and the number of moles of gas at temperature and pressure other than the
old STP can be related by ideal gas equation, PV = nRT.
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-8
Thus, after time t, the composition of the system would be
n MnO n MnO x , n HCl n HCl 4x ,
2 2
n MnCl n MnCl x , n H2O n MnO2 2x , n Cl2 n Cl2 x
2 2
The algebric signs, + and – indicates that the reactants are consumed and products are formed.
In general, mole numbers of various species at any time would be given as
ni ni i x
Where n i is the initial amount, x is the degree of advancement and i is the stoichiometric
coefficient which will be given a negative sign for reactants and a positive sign for products.
After long time interval from the commencement of reaction i.e. after time, the composition
of the system would be
n MnO o, n HCl 0
2
n HCl n HCl
n Mn Cl n MnCl n MnO n MnCl , nH nH 2n M nO n H
2 2 2 2 4 2O 2O 2 2O 2
n HCl
n Cl n Cl n MnO n Cl
2 2 2 2 4
2.3 THE LIMITING REAGENT AND EXCESS REAGENT
Let the initial moles of MnO2 and HCl be n MnO and n HCl respectively and n HCl 4n MnO .
2 2
Thus, in the given chemical reaction, after time, one of the reactant will be completely
consumed while the other would be left in excess.
Thus, the reactant which is completely consumed when a reaction goes to completion and
which decides the yield of the product is called limiting reagent.
For example, if in the given case n HCl 4n MnO and there is no MnCl2, Cl2 and H2O in the
2
beginning, then
MnO2 + 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Initially n MnO n HCl 0 0 0
2
After time 0 n HCl 4n MnO n MnO n MnO 2n MnO
2 2 2 2
Thus, MnO2 is the limiting reagent and the yield of all the products is governed by the amount
of MnO2 taken initially. HCl is the excess reagent in this reaction.
Similarly, if in the given case n HCl 4n MnO and no MnCl2, Cl2 & H2O are present initially,
2
then
MnO2 + 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Initially n MnO n HCl 0 0 0
2
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-9
n n HCl n HCl n HCl
After time n MnO HCl 0
2 4 4 4 2
Here, HCl would become limiting reagent & the products yield are decided by the amount of
HCl taken initially. MnO2 is the excess reagent in this case.
2.4 THE YIELD OF PRODUCT
n HCl
Let us suppose that the amount of MnCl2 produced in the last case actually be less than
4
n HCl
while the theoretical yield should be . This means that the yield of the product is not
4
100%. Thus, percentage yield of the product is given as ratio of actual yield by theoretical
maximum yield multiplied by 100.
Actual yield
% yield of the product = 100
Theoretical max imum yield
3. GRAVIMATRIC ANALYSIS
Gravimetric analysis is an analytical technique based on the measurement of mass of solid
substances and/or volume of gaseous species.
The gravivimetrmetric analysis is broadly classified into three heads.
Masstance-mass relationship
Mass gravi-volume relationship and
VoluMass-me-volume relationship
3.1 MASS – MASS RELATIONSHIP
This relates the mass of a species (reactant or product) with the mass of another species
(reactant or product) involved in a chemical reaction.
Let us consider a chemical reaction,
BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g)
Let the mass of BaCO3 taken be x g and we want to calculate the mass of BaO obtained by
x
heating x g BaCO3. Then the moles of BaCO3 taken would be (where M1 represents the
M1
molar mass of BaCO3). According to the balanced reaction, the molar ratio of BaCO3 and BaO
x
is 1:1, so same number of moles of BaO would be formed. Now for converting the
M1
moles of BaO into mass of BaO obtained, we need to multiply the moles of BaO with the
molar mass of BaO.
Let the molar mass of BaO be M2, so the mass of BaO obtained by heating x g of BaCO3 would
x
be M2 g.
M1
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-10
3.2 MASS – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
This establishes the relationship between the mass of a species (reactant or product) and the
volume of a gaseous species (reactant or product) involved in a chemical reaction. Let us take x
g of BaCO3 in a vessel of capacity V L and the vessel is heated so that BaCO3 decomposes as
BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g)
We want to find out the volume of CO2 evolved at old STP by heating x g of BaCO3. Then
x
Moles of BaCO3 =
M1
x
Moles of CO2 evolved = (since molar ratio of BaCO3 and CO2 is 1:1)
M1
x
Volume of CO2 evolved at old STP = 22.4 L
M1
But, if the volume of CO2 evolved is to be calculated at pressure P atm and temperature TK.
x
Then, moles of CO2 evolved = .
M1
x RT
Volume of CO2 evolved at pressure P and temperature T = (Using PV = nRT)
M1 P
3.3 VOLUME – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
This relationship deals with the volume of a gaseous species (reactant or product) with the
volume of another gaseous species (reactant or product) involved in a chemical reaction.
Let us consider the reaction, N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g). We are given x L of N2 at
pressure P atm and temperature TK and we want to know the volume of H2 required to react
with it at the same pressure and temperature.
Px
Moles of N2 =
RT
3 P x
Moles of H2 required = (since molar ratio of N2 & H2 is 1:3)
RT
3 P x RT
Volume of H2 required at same pressure & temperature = =3xL
RT P
This result could also have been obtained by knowing that for a gaseous relation, at the same
pressure and temperature, the moles of gas is directly proportional to volume of the gas (V n
since P & T are constant) or molar ratio and volume ratio are same.
Thus, when x L of N2 is taken at Pressure P atm and temperature TK, then at the same pressure
and temperature, the volume of H2 required would be 3 x L (since the volume ratio of N2 & H2
would be same as molar ratio i.e. 1:3). But if the volume of H2 required is to be calculated at
another pressure ‘P’ atm and temperature T’K, then
3 P x
Moles of H2 required =
RT
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-11
Volume of H2 required at pressure P’ atm & temperature T’K
3 P x RT 3x PT
= L
RT P P T
Calculate the volume of NH3 evolved by reacting x L of N2 with excess of H2 at pressure P’ atm and
temperature T’K.
Illustration-2
How much zinc should be added to 0.01 mol AgNO3 solution to displace all the silver in the solution?
Solution:
The involved balanced reaction would be
Zn + 2AgNO3
Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Moles of AgNO3 in the solution = 0.01
Moles of Zn to be added to solution = 0.005
(since AgNO3 and Zn are reacting in the molar ratio of 2 : 1)
Mass of Zn to be added to solution = 0.005 × 65.4 = 0.327 g
Illustration-3
NaCl of 95% purity is used to prepare salt cake (Na2SO4) by the reaction,
2NaCl + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
If the product (Na2SO4) is only 85% pure, what weight of NaCl is used up in producing 1 kg of the
impure salt cake?
Solution:
Let the weight of NaCl used up in producing 1 kg of impure product be x g.
x 95
Mass of pure NaCl =
100
x 95
Moles of pure NaCl =
100 58.5
x 95 1
Moles of pure Na2SO4 =
100 58.5 2
x 95 1 1000 85
Mass of pure Na2SO4 = 142 =
100 58.5 2 100
x = 737.2 g
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Illustration-4
KClO3 decomposes on heating in two possible ways as
KClO3 KCl + 3/2 O2
4KClO3 KCl + 3KClO4
When 15 g of KClO3 were heated in an experiment, analysis of the product showed that 5.21 g of KCl
and 4.59 g of KClO4 were formed. What was the weight of KClO3 remaining undecomposed? What
fraction of the KClO3 decomposed yielded KClO4?
Solution:
In order to calculate the weight of KClO3 remaining undecomposed, we need to find out the total
weight of KClO3 that decomposes. The weight of KClO3 that decomposes in second reaction would
be known using the KClO4 data. Using KClO4 data, we would also calculate the weight of KCl
obtained in second reaction. Since, total weight of KCl obtained is known to us, so the weight of
KCl obtained in first reaction would also be known, using this we will find out the weight of KClO3
decomposed in first reaction.
4.59
Moles of KClO4 obtained =
138.5
4.59 1
Moles of KCl obtained in IInd reaction = = 0.011 (since molar ratio of KClO4 and KCl
138.5 3
in IInd reaction is 3:1).
4.59 4
Moles of KClO3 that decomposes in IInd reaction = (since molar ratio of KClO4 and
138.5 3
KClO3 in IInd reaction is 3:4)
4.59 4
Mass of KClO3 that decomposes in IInd reaction = 122.5 = 5.41 g
138.5 3
4. CONCENTRATION TERMS
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4.1 MOLARITY (M)
It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution.
number of moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (in litres)
Let the weight of solute be w g, molar mass of solute be M1g/mol and the volume of solution
weight of solute w
be V litre. Number of moles of solute = =
Atomic or molar mass of solute M1
w 1
M=
M1 V(in litres)
w
Number of moles of solute = = M × V (in litres)
M1
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-14
It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 ml of solution.
mass of solute in g
i.e., % w/v = × 100
volume of solution in ml
4.6 % VOLUME BY VOLUME (v/v)
It is given as volume of solute present in per 100 ml solution.
volume of solute in ml
i.e., % v/v = × 100
volume of solution in ml
4.7 PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)
When the solute is present in very less amount, then this concentration term is used. It is
defined as the number of parts of the solute present in every 1 million parts of the solution.
ppm can both be in terms of mass or in terms of moles. If nothing has been specified, we take
ppm to be in terms of mass. Hence, a 100 ppm solution means that 100 g of solute is present in
every 1000000 g of solution.
mass of A
ppmA = × 106 = mass fraction × 106
Total mass
w
Number of equivalents of solute = = N × V (in litre)
E
4.9 EQUIVALENT MASS
Atomic or molecular mass M
Equivalents mass = = 1
'n ' factor n
w w wn
Number of equivalents of solute = =
E M1 / n M1
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-15
N=M×n
Normality of solution = n × molarity of solution
4.10 DILUTION EFFECT
When a solution is diluted, the moles and equivalents of solute do not change but molarity and
normality changes while on taking out a small volume of solution from a larger volume, the
molarity and normality of solution do not change but moles and equivalents change
proportionately.
4.11 DILUTION & MIXING OF TWO LIQUIDS
If a particular solution having volume V1 and molarity = M1 is diluted upto volume V2 mL than
M1V1 = M2V2
M2 : Resultant molarity
If a solution having volume V1 and molarity M1 is mixed with another solution of same solute
having
volume V2 mL & molarity M2 then M1V1 + M2V2 = MR (V1 + V2)
M1V1 M 2 V2
MR = Resultant molarity =
V1 V2
5. LAW OF EQUIVALENTS
In stoichiometry, the biggest problem is that for solving a problem we need to know a balanced
chemical reaction. Since the number of chemical reactions are too many, it is not possible to
remember all those chemical reactions. So, there is need to develop an approach which does
not require the use of balanced chemical reaction. This approach makes use of a law called law
of equivalence. The law of equivalence provides us the molar ratio of reactants and products
without knowing the complete balanced reaction, which is as good as having a balanced
chemical reaction. The molar ratio of reactants and products can be known by knowing the n-
factor of relevant species.
According to the law of equivalence, whenever two substances react, the equivalents of one
will be equal to the equivalents of other and the equivalents of any product will also be equal
to that of the reactant.
Let us suppose we have a reaction, A + B
C + D. In this reaction, the number of moles
of electrons lost by 1 mole of A are x and the number of mole of electrons gained by 1 mole of
B are y. Since, the number of mole of electrons lost and gained are not same, the molar ratio in
which A & B react cannot be 1:1. Thus, if we take y moles of A, then the total moles of
electrons lost by y moles of A would be (x × y). Similarly, if x moles of B are taken, then the
total mole of electrons gained by x moles of B would be (y × x). Thus, the number of electrons
lost by A and number of electrons gained by B becomes equal. For reactant A, its n-factor is x
and the number of moles used are y. So,
The equivalents of A reacting = moles of A reacting × n-factor of A = y × x.
Similarly, for reactant B, its n-factor is y and the number of moles used are x. So,
The equivalents of B reacting = moles of B reacting × n-factor of B = x × y
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-16
Thus, the equivalents of A reacting would be equal to the equivalents of B reacting. Thus, the
balancing coefficients of the reactant would be as
yA + xB
C + D
(n – factor = x) (n – factor = y)
The n-factor of A & B are in the ratio of x : y, and their molar ratio is y : x. Thus, molar ratio is
inverse of the n-factor ratio.
In general, whenever two substances react with their n-factors in the ratio of a : b, then their
molar ratio in a balanced chemical reaction would be b : a.
To get the equivalents of a substance, its n-factor has to be known. Let the weight of the
substance used in the reaction be w g.
w w w
Then, equivalents of substance reacted would be or = n (where E and M1 are
E M1 / n M1
the equivalent mass and molar mass of the substance) Thus, in order to calculate the
equivalents of a substance, knowledge of n-factor is a must (which we will be dealing in
section–II)
6. n-FACTOR CALCULATION
6.1 ACIDS
Acids are the species which furnish H+ ions when dissolved in a solvent. For acids, nfactor is
defined as the number of H+ ions replaced by 1 mole of acid in a reaction. Note that the
nfactor for acid is not equal to its basicity; i.e. the number of moles of replaceable H+ atoms
present in one mole of acid.
For example, nfactor of HCl = 1,
nfactor of HNO3 = 1,
nfactor of H2SO4 = 1 or 2, depending upon extent of reaction it
undergoes.
H2SO4 + NaOH
NaHSO4 + H2O
Although one mole of H2SO4 has 2 replaceable H atoms but in this reaction H2SO4 has given
only one H+ ion, so its nfactor would be 1.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-17
nfactor of H3PO3 = 1 or 2 because one of the H is not replaceable in H3PO3. This can be seen
using its structure . The H atoms which are linked to oxygen are replaceable
while the H atom linked directly to central atom (P) is non-replaceable.
nfactor of H3BO3 = 1
In H3BO3, although all three H are linked to oxygen, yet all 3 H are not replaceable. Here,
boron atom is electron deficient, so it acts as a Lewis acid. When H3BO3 is added to water, then
oxygen atom of H2O through its lone pair attack the boron atom, as follows
[B(OH)4] + H3O+.
The net reaction is H3BO3 + 2H2O
Thus, one mole of H3BO3 in solution gives only one mole of H+, so its nfactor is 1.
6.2 BASES
Bases are the species, which furnish OH ions when dissolved in a solvent. For bases, nfactor
is defined as the number of OH ions replaced by 1 mole of base in a reaction. Note that
nfactor is not equal to its acidity i.e. the number of moles of replaceable OH ions present in 1
mole of base.
For example, nfactor of NaOH =1
nfactor of Zn(OH)2 = 1 or 2
n–factor of Ca(OH)2 = 1 or 2
n–factor of Al(OH)3 = 1 or 2 or 3
n–factor of NH4(OH) = 1.
6.3 SALTS WHICH REACT SUCH THAT NO ATOM UNDERGOES CHANGE IN
OXIDATION STATE
The nfactor for such salts is defined as the total moles of cationic /anionic charge replaced in
1 mole of the salt. For the reaction,
Na3PO4 + BaCl2
NaCl + Ba3(PO4)2
To get one mole of Ba3(PO4)2, two moles of Na3PO4 are required, which means six moles of
Na+ are completely replaced by 3 moles of Ba2+ ions. So, six moles of cationic charge is
replaced by 2 moles of Na3PO4, thus each mole of Na3PO4 replaces 3 moles of cationic charge.
Hence, nfactor of Na3PO4 in this reaction is 3.
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6.4 SALTS WHICH REACT IN A MANNER THAT ONLY ONE ATOM UNDERGOES
CHANGE IN OXIDATION STATE AND GOES IN ONLY ONE PRODUCT
The nfactor of such salts is defined as the number of moles of electrons exchanged (lost or
gained) by one mole of the salt.
Let us have a salt AaBb in which oxidation state of A is +x. It changes to a compound, which
has atom D in it. The oxidation state of A in AcD be +y.
A a x Bb
A c y D
Illustration-5
Calculate the nfactor of reactants in the given chemical changes?
C2O42
(a) K2Cr2O7
H
Cr3+ (b) CO2
Solution:
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-19
6
(a) H
K 2 Cr2O7 Cr3
The oxidation state of Cr changes from +6 to +3.
n = | 2 (+6) 2 (+3) | = 6
3 4
(b) C 2 O42
CO2
(c) I
I 2 (d) IO3
ICl
(e) FeSO4
Fe2O3
(a) Fe2 O3
FeSO4 (b) Cu 2 SO2
CuS
(c) NO3
N 2O (d) As2 S 6
H 2 SO4 H 3 AsO4
(e) As2 O3
As2 O5
6.5 SALTS THAT REACT IN A MANNER THAT ONLY ONE ATOM UNDERGOES CHANGE
IN OXIDATION STATE BUT GOES IN TWO PRODUCTS WITH THE SAME OXIDATION
STATE.
Let us have a salt AaBb in which oxidation state of A is x. It undergoes a reaction such that
element A changes it oxidation state and goes in more than one (two) products with the same
oxidation state (but different oxidation state than in the reactant). In such case, the nfactor is
calculated in the same manner as in case 4.
Let the chemical change be
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-20
A a x B b
A c y D A e y F
In such cases, the number of products in which element A is present is of no significance since
the oxidation state of A in both the products is same. The point of importance is not the number
of products containing that element which undergoes change in oxidation state but the
oxidation state of the element is of importance. The nfactor of AaBb is calculated in the same
way as in case 4.
nfactor of AaBb = |ax ay|
For example, let us calculate the nfactor of K2Cr2O7 for the given chemical change.
Cr2 O 72
Cr 3 Cr 3
(a) Fe3 Cr 6
FeCr2O4 (b) Fe3 CO2
FeC2 O4
(c) [ Fe(CN ) 6 ]4
Fe3 CO2 NO3 (d) Fe 2 NO
Fe( NO3 )3
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-21
6.7 SALTS THAT REACT IN A MANNER THAT TWO ATOMS IN THE SALT UNDERGOES
CHANGE IN OXIDATION STATE (ONE ATOM IS GETTING OXIDISED AND THE
OTHER IS GETTING REDUCED).
If we have a salt which react in a fashion that atoms of one of the element are getting oxidised
and the atoms of another element are getting reduced and no other element on the reactant side
is getting oxidised or reduced, than the nfactor of such a salt can be calculated either by
taking the total number of moles of electrons lost or total number of mole of electrons gained
by one mole of the salt.
For example, decomposition reaction of KClO3 is represented as
5 2 1 0
K ClO3
K Cl O2
In this reaction, O2 is getting oxidised to O2 and Cl+5 is getting reduced to Cl1. In each case, 6
mole of electrons are exchanged whether we consider oxidation or reduction.
nfactor of KClO3 considering oxidation = |3(2)3(0)| = 6
or nfactor of KClO3 considering reduction = | 1 (+5) 1 (1)| = 6
(i)
FeCl3 Fe2+ + 1/2Cl2 + 2Cl
(ii) (NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
Out of the 2 mole of H2O2 used in reaction, one mole of H2O2 gets oxidised to O2
(oxidation state of O changes from 1 to 0) while the other mole of H2O2 gets reduced to
H2O (oxidation state of O changes from 1 to 2). When 1 mole of H2O2 gets oxidised to
O2, the halfreaction would be O 22
O 02 2e and when 1 mole of H2O2 gets
reduced to H2O, the halfreaction would be O 22 2e
2O 2
Thus, it is evident that one mole of H2O2 (which is either getting oxidised or reduced)
will lose or gain 2 mole of electrons. Therefore, nfactor of H2O2 as oxidizing as well as
reducing agent in this reaction is 2. Thus,
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-22
(b) Disproportionation reactions in which moles of compound getting oxidised and reduced
are not same i.e. moles of oxidising agent and reducing agent are not same.
For example,
10Br + 2BrO3 + 6H2O
6Br2 + 12 OH
In this reaction, the mole of electrons lost by the oxidation of some of the moles of Br2
are same as the number of mole of electrons gained by the reduction of rest of the moles
of Br2. Of the 6 moles of Br2 used, one mole is getting oxidized, loosing 10 electrons (as
reducing agent) and 5 moles of Br2 are getting reduced and accepts 10 moles of electron
(as oxidizing agent).
2Br+5 + 10e–
Br2
5Br2 + 10e–
10Br
Thus, nfactor of Br2 acting as oxidizing agent is 2 and that Br2 acting as reducing agent
has nfactor 10.
Or when the reaction is written as
10Br + 2Br+5
6Br2
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-23
Where, Br2 is not distinguished as how much of it functions as oxidizing agent and how
much as reducing agent, then for calculating nfactor of compound in such reactions,
first find the total number of mole of electrons exchanged (lost or gained) using the
balanced equation and divide it with the number of mole of Br2 involved in the reaction
to get the number of mole of electrons exchanged by one mole of Br2.
In the overall reaction, the number of mole of electrons exchanged (lost or gained) is 10
and the moles of Br2 used in the reaction are 6. Thus, each mole of Br2 has exchanged
10/6 or 5/3 mole of electrons. Therefore, the nfactor of Br2 when the reaction is written
without segregating oxidising and reducing agent is 5/3.
10Br 2Br 5
6Br2
(n 5/3) (n 1) (n 5)
Calculate nfactor of KClO3 in the following reaction, 4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl.
7. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
The volumetric analysis is an analytical method of estimating the concentration of a
substance in a solution by adding exactly same number of equivalents of another substance
present in a solution of known concentration.
This is the basic principle of titration. Volumetric analysis is also known as titrimetric
analysis.
The substance whose solution is employed to estimate the concentration of unknown solution
is called titrant and the substance whose concentration is to be estimated is called titrate.
The volumetric analysis is divided into following types:
(a) Simple titrations (b) Back titrations (c) Double titrations
7.1 SIMPLE TITRATIONS
The aim of simple titration is to find the concentration of an unknown solution with the help of
the known concentration of another solution.
Let us take a solution of a substance ‘A’ of unknown concentration. We are provided with
solution of another substance ‘B’ whose concentration is known (N1). We take a certain known
volume (V2 litre) of ‘A’ in a flask and start adding ‘B’ from burette to ‘A’ slowly till all the ‘A’
is consumed by ‘B’. This can be known with the aid of suitable indicator, which shows colour
change after the complete consumption of ‘A’. Let the volume of B consumed is V1 litre.
According to the law of equivalents, the number of equivalents of ‘A’ would be equal to the
number of equivalents of ‘B’.
N1V1 = N2V2, where N2 is the concentration of ‘A’.
Thus using this equation, the value of N2 can be calculated.
There are four types of simple titrations, namely
(a) Acidbase titrations (b) Redox titrations
(c) Precipitation titrations and (d) Complexometric titrations
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-24
Fe 2
Fe3 e ] 5
MnO 4 8H 5Fe 2
Mn 2 5Fe3 4H 2 O
(n 5) (n 1)
In addition to acidified KMnO4, acidified KCr2O7 can also be employed. Other redox titrations
are iodimetry, iodometry etc.
7.1.3 PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS
In a titration of this kind, cations and anions combine to form a compound of very low
solubility. Thus, a solid residue separates out. For example,
AgNO3 NaCl
AgCl NaNO3
white
BaCl2 H 2SO4
BaSO4 2HCl
white
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-25
7.1.4 COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS
In this type of titration, the titrate combines with the titrant to form complex salts. The complex
salts may or may not be soluble. For example,
CuSO4 + 4NH4OH
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 4H2O
AgNO3 + 2KCN
K[Ag(CN)2] + KNO3
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-26
We first dissolve this mixture in water to make an alkaline solution and then we add two
indicators, (Indicators are substances that indicate colour change of solution when a reaction
gets completed), namely phenolphthalein and methyl orange to the solution. Now, we titrate this
alkaline solution with standard HCl.
NaOH is a strong base while Na2CO3 is a weak base. So it is obvious that NaOH reacts first
with HCl completely and Na2CO3 reacts only after complete NaOH is neutralized.
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O …(i)
Once NaOH has reacted completely, then Na2CO3 starts reacting with HCl in two steps, shown
as
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl …(ii)
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O …(iii)
It is clear that when we add HCl to the alkaline solution, alkali is neutralized and the pH of the
solution decreases. Initially the pH decrease would be rapid as strong base (NaOH) is
neutralized completely. When Na2CO3 is converted to NaHCO3 completely, the solution is still
weakly basic due to the presence of NaHCO3 (which is weaker as compared to Na2CO3). At
this point, phenolphthalein changes colour since it requires this weakly basic solution to show
its colour change. When HCl is further added, the pH again decreases and when all the
NaHCO3 reacts to form NaCl, CO2 and H2O the solution becomes weakly acidic due to the
presence of the weak acid (H2CO3). At this point, methyl orange changes colour as it requires
this weakly acidic solution to show its colour change.
Thus in general, phenolphthalein shows colour change when the solution contains weakly
basic NaHCO3 along with other neutral substances while methyl orange shows colour
change when solution contains weakly acidic H2CO3 along with other neutral substances.
Let the volume of HCl used up for the first and the second reaction be V1 litre (this is the
volume of HCl used from the beginning of the titration up to the point when phenolphthalein
shows colour change) and the volume of HCl required for the third reaction be V2 litre (this is
the volume of HCl used from the point where phenolphthalein had changed colour upto the
point when methyl orange shows colour change). Then,
Moles of HCl consumed by NaHCO3 = Moles of NaHCO3 reacted = M1V2
Moles of NaHCO3 formed from Na2CO3 = M1V2
Moles of Na2CO3 in the mixture = M1V2
Mass of Na2CO3 in the mixture = M1V2 106
M1V2 106
% of Na2CO3 in the mixture = 100
w
Moles of HCl used in the reaction (i) and (ii) = M1V1
Moles of HCl used in reaction (ii) = M1V2
Moles of HCl used in reaction (i) = (M1V1 M1V2)
Moles of NaOH = (M1V1 M1V2)
Mass of NaOH = (M1V1 M1V2) 40
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-27
(M1V1 M1V2 ) 40
% of NaOH in the mixture = 100
w
Here, we have determined the percentage composition of the mixture using mole concept, as
the balanced reactions were available. If we were to solve this by equivalent concept, then the
procedure adopted would be
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O …(i)
Na 2 CO3 HCl
NaHCO3 NaCl …(ii)
(n 1) (n 1) (n 1)
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-28
(ii) If a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 has been taken
(a) ½ Equivalents of Na2CO3 (n = 2)
= Equivalents of HCl required upto phenolphthalein end point
(b) ½ Equivalents of Na2CO3 (n = 2) + Equivalents of NaHCO3 initially (n = 1)
= Equivalents of HCl required from phenolphthalein end point to methyl orange
end point.
(iii) If a mixture of NaOH, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 has been taken
(a) Equivalents of NaOH + ½ Equivalents of Na2CO3 (n = 2)
= Equivalents of HCl required upto phenolphthalein end point
(b) ½ Equivalents of Na2CO3 (n = 2) + Equivalents of NaHCO3 initially (n = 1)
= Equivalents of HCl required from phenolphthalein end point to methyl orange
end point.
Illustration-6
A solution contains a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaOH. Using phenolphthalein as indicator, 25 ml of
mixture required 21 ml of 1.1 N HCl for the end point. With methyl orange as indicator, 25 ml of
solution required 25 ml of the same HCl for the end point. Calculate grams per litre of each
substance in the mixture.
Solution:
Since, the volume of HCl required in titration using methyl orange is greater than the volume of
HCl required using phenolphthalein, this means that the titration is carried out separately two
times using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators, respectively.
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O …(i)
Na2CO3 + HCl
NaHCO3 + NaCl …(ii)
NaHCO3 + HCl
NaCl + CO2 + H2O …(iii)
Thus, the volume of HCl used in third reaction = (25 21) = 4.0 ml
Moles of HCl used in third reaction = 4.0 103 1.1
Moles of NaHCO3 reacted = 4.4 103
Moles of NaHCO3 produced = 4.4 103
Moles of Na2CO3 present in 25 ml = 4.4 103
Mass of Na2CO3 present in 1 litre = 4.4 103 106 40 = 18.656 g
Moles of HCl reacted in second reaction = 4.4 103
Moles of HCl used in first two reactions = 21 103 1.1 = 23.1 103
Moles of HCl used in first reaction = (23.1 4.4) 103 = 18.7 103
Moles of NaOH present in 25 ml = 18.7 103
Mass of NaOH present in 1 litre = 18.7 103 40 40 = 29.92 g
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-29
1 N
Moles of H2O2 in 1 ml of this solution = [from equation (ii)]
2 1000
When these many moles of H2O2 in 1 ml of solution are allowed to decompose according to the
reaction, H2O2 H2O + ½O2, the volume of O2 released (in ml) by them at STP will give
the volume strength of H2O2 solution.
1 1 N
Moles of O2 given by 1 ml of this solution = [from equation (i)]
2 2 1000
1 1 N
Volume of O2 at STP given by 1 ml of this solution = 22400 = 5.6 N
2 2 1000
Volume strength of H2O2 = 5.6 Normality of H2O2
9. PERCENTAGE LABELING OF OLEUM
Oleum contains H2SO4 and SO3 only. When oleum is diluted (by adding water), SO3 reacts
with H2O to form H2SO4, thus increasing the mass of the solution.
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
The total mass of H2SO4 obtained by diluting 100 g of oleum sample with required amount of
water, is equal to the percentage labeling of oleum.
Percentage labeling of oleum = Total mass of H2SO4 present in oleum after dilution.
= mass of H2SO4 initially present + mass of H2SO4 produced on dilution.
If we have a sample of oleum labeled as 109%, this means that 100 g of oleum on dilution
gives 109 g of H2SO4.
Let us calculate the composition of oleum, which is labeled as 109%.
Let the mass of SO3 in the sample be x g, then the mass of H2SO4 would be (100 x) g. On
dilution,
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-30
x
Moles of SO3 in oleum = = Moles of H2SO4 formed on dilution
80
x 98
Mass of H2SO4 formed on dilution =
80
x 98
Total mass of H2SO4 present in oleum after dilution = + (100 x) = 109
80
x = 40
Thus, oleum contained 40% SO3 & 60% H2SO4.
Alternatively,
Let the mass of oleum sample be 100 g, which on dilution becomes 109 g. This implies that 9 g of
H2O was added.
SO3 + H2O
H2SO4
9
Moles of H2O added = = Moles of SO3 present in oleum sample.
18
9
Mass of SO3 in oleum = 80 = 40 g
18
Thus, oleum sample contained 40% SO3 and 60% H2SO4.
10. SOME IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REACTIONS
There are some chemical reactions, which a student should remember in order to solve
problems on stoichiometry. These are categorised as
10.1 COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS WITH OXYGEN
(i) Heating mercury at its boiling point in air.
Hg + O2
2HgO (red mercuric oxide)
(ii) Heating magnesium in air. It forms mostly magnesium oxide and some magnesium nitride.
2Mg + O2
2MgO
3Mg + N2
Mg3N2
3Ca + N2
Ca3N2
(iv) Silver does not combine with oxygen, as Ag2O is unstable to heat.
(v) Many non-metals burn in O2 forming their respective oxides.
2H2 + O2
2H2O; S + O2
SO2
C + O2
CO2; P4 + 5O2
P4O10
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-31
3000 C
N2 + O2
2NO
(ii) Various higher oxides, dioxides, mixed oxides and peroxides are decomposed to oxygen and a
lower oxide.
2Pb3O4
6PbO + O2; 2PbO2
2PbO + O2
3MnO2
Mn3O4 + O2; 2BaO2
2BaO + O2
(ii) 2KMnO 4
K 2 MnO 4 MnO 2 O 2
(purple) (green) (black )
(iii) 4K 2 Cr2 O 7
4K 2 CrO 4 2Cr2 O3 3O 2
(orange red) ( yellow ) (green )
Potassium chlorate when heated just above its melting point decomposes into potassium
perchlorate and potassium chloride. This reaction is called disproportionation or auto-oxidation and
auto-reduction. On heating further, KClO decomposes to KCl and oxygen.
4
(iv) 4KClO3
3KClO4 + KCl
KClO4
KCl + 2O2
2Pb(NO3)2
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
litharge or lead (II) oxide
(red when hot and yellow when cold)
(ii) Cupric nitrate decomposes to CuO + 4NO2 & O2.
2Cu NO3 2
2CuO 4NO 2 O 2
(black)
(green)
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-32
(iv) Nitrates of mercury and silver, whose oxides are unstable, decompose into the metal, NO2 and
O2.
Hg(NO3)2
Hg + 2NO2 + O2
2AgNO3
2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
(v) Alkali metal nitrates decompose to give the metal nitrite and O2 (No reddish brown NO2 gas).
2KNO3
2KNO2 + O2
2NaNO3
2NaNO2 + O2
(vi) Ammonium nitrate on heating leaves no residue and forms nitrous oxide and steam.
NH4NO3
N2O + 2H2O
(ii) (NH4)2SO4
2NH3 + H2SO4
(iii) (NH4)3PO4
3NH3 + H3PO4
(iv) (NH4)2CO3
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
(v) Ammonium compounds which do not give ammonia on heating are ammonium nitrate,
ammonium nitrite and ammonium dichromate.
NH4NO3
N2O + 2H2O
NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O
(NH4)2Cr2O7
N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3
CuCO3
CuO CO 2
(pale green) (black)
PbCO3
PbO CO 2
(yellow )
ZnO + CO2
ZnCO3
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(ii) Carbonates of strongly electropositive metals (alkali metals except lithium) do not decompose on
heating.
(iii) Silver carbonate decomposes to give the metal, CO2 & O2.
2Ag2CO3
4Ag + 2CO2 + O2
(iv) Ammonium carbonate (smelling salt) decomposes to give NH3, H2O & CO2. All the products
are in gaseous phase and there is no residue left.
(NH4)2CO3
2NH3 + H2O + CO2
(ii) Al2Cl612H2O
Al2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O
(iv) On heating, certain halides of metal ions in higher oxidation state changes to halides of lower
oxidation state.
2FeCl3
2FeCl2 + Cl2
2CuCl2
Cu2Cl2 + Cl2
(ii) Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O35H2O loses water of hydration and becomes anhydrous salt,
which on further heating gives a mixture of sodium sulphate, sodium sulphide and sulphur.
Na2S2O3 5H2O
Na2S2O3 + 5H2O
4Na2S2O3
3Na2SO4 + Na2S + 4S
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-34
(iii) When hydrated copper sulphate (blue vitriol) is heated, CuO & SO2 formed.
100 C
CuSO 4 5H 2 O
CuSO 4 H 2O 4H 2 O
230 C
CuSO 4 H 2 O
CuSO 4 H 2 O
750 C
CuSO 4
CuO SO3
2SO3
2SO2 + O2
(iv) Gypsum CaSO42H2O, when heated to 120130C forms a hemihydrate called Plaster of Paris.
CaSO4.2H2O
CaSO4.½ H2O + 3/2 H2O
If heated above 200C, it forms anhydrous calcium sulphate which does not set with water.
(v) Green vitriol, FeSO47H2O, when heated forms Fe2O3, SO2, SO3 & H2O.
2FeSO4 7H2 O
Fe2 O3 SO2 SO3 14H 2O
(vi) MgSO4 .7H 2 O MgSO4 7H 2 O
(Epsom salt)
MgSO4 MgO SO 3
(ix) Fe 2 SO 4 3
Fe 2 O3 3SO3
( yellow) (blackish brown )
(x) 2FeSO 4 Fe2 O3 SO3 SO 2
(light green)
KNO3 H2SO4
KHSO4 HNO3
Ca 3 (PO4 )2 3H 2SO4
3CaSO4 2H3 PO4
CH3CO2Na + HCl
CH3CO2H + NaCl
(ii) Almost all acids displace carbonic acid from carbonates and bicarbonates. Since carbonic acid
is unstable, it decomposes liberating CO2 with effervescence (Test for acids).
Na 2 CO3 2HCl
2NaCl H 2 O CO 2
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-35
Na 2 CO3 H 2SO 4
Na 2SO 4 H 2 O CO 2
KHCO 3 HNO 3
KNO 3 H 2 O CO 2
(iii) A strong base can displace a weak base from a salt of strong acid and weak base.
NH4Cl + NaOH
NaCl + NH4OH
(iv) A salt of strong acid and strong base do not react with any acid or base.
10.11 SOME OTHER USEFUL REACTIONS
(i) O3 + 2KI + H2O
2KOH + I2 + O2
(ii) BaCO3 + HCl
BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(iii) BaCl2 + H2CrO4
BaCrO4 + 2HCl
(iv) 2BaCrO4 + 6KI + 8H2SO4
3I2 + 2BaSO4 + 3K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 8H2O
(v) 2CuSO4 + 4KI
Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4
The Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water react with soap to form a precipitate of Ca and
Mg salts of fatty acids & hence no lather is formed.
The hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of Ca and
Mg.
The temporary hardness or carbonate hardness is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates,
Ca(HCO3)2 & Mg(HCO3)2 and permanent or non-carbonate hardness is due to chlorides and
sulphates of Ca and Mg. i.e. CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4 & MgSO4.
Hard water is harmful to steam boilers due to the formation of boiler scales (CaSO4 & CaCO3).
It reduces the efficiency of boiler & damages it.
The process of removal of Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions is called softening of water.
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-36
The extent of hardness is known as degree of hardness (DOH) defined as the number of parts
by weight of CaCO3 present in one million parts (106) by weight of water.
DOH is used in determining the hardness of water due to the presence of bicarbonates
(temporary hardness), chlorides and sulphates (permanent hardness) of Ca and Mg.
g of CaCO 3
Hardness of water =
106 g of water
100
Equivalent weight of CaCO3 = E CaCO3 50
2
162 146 111
E Ca (HCO3 )2 81, E Mg(HCO3 )2 73, E CaCl2 55.5
2 2 2
95 136 120
E MgCl2 47.5, E CaSO4 68, E MgSO4 60
2 2 2
This means 50 g of CaCO3 60 g of MgSO4 55.5 g of CaCl2 68 g of CaSO4
The reason of expressing hardness as number of parts by weight of CaCO3, is that it is the most
insoluble salt that can be precipitated in water treatment.
Mass of hardness producing subs tan ce Mass of CaCO 3
Eq Mass of hardness producing subs tan ce Eq Mass of CaCO 3
Illustration-7
A sample of hard water contains 1 mg of CaCl2 and 1 mg of MgCl2 per litre. Calculate the hardness
of water in terms of CaCO3 present in per 106 parts of water.
(a) 2.5 ppm (b) 1.95 ppm (c) 2.15 ppm (d) 195 ppm
Solution: (b)
wCaCl2 wCaCO3 10 3 10 3 wCaCO3
CaCl2 CaCO3 ; ;
ECaCl2 ECaCO3 55.5 50
1 50
wCaCO3 0.9 g
55.5
wMgCl2 wCaCO3 10 3 10 3 wCaCO3
MgCl2 CaCO3 ; ;
EMgCl2 ECaCO3 47.5 50
1 50
wCaCO3 1.05 g
47.5
Mass of CaCO3 in 106 g water = (0.9 + 1.05) = 1.95 g
Hardness of water = (0.9 + 1.05) = 1.95 ppm.
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-37
EXERCISE-1
MCQs with One Correct Answer type
1. Molarity of H2SO4 (density 1.8 g/mL) is 18 M. The molality of this H2SO4 is
(a) 36 (b) 200 (c) 500 (d) 18
2. The percentage of sodium in a breakfast cereal be labeled as 110 mg of sodium per 100 g of cereal is
(a) 11% (b) 1.10% (c) 0.11% (d) 1.10%
3. 4.4 g of CO2 and 2.24 litre of H2 at STP are mixed in a container. The total number of molecules
present in the container will be
(a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 1.2046 × 1023 (c) 6.023 × 1022 (d) 6.023 × 1024
4. Two elements A (atomic mass = 75) and B (atomic mass = 16) combine to yield a compound. The %
by weight of A in the compound was found to be 75.08. The formula of the compound is
(a) A2B (b) A2B3 (c) AB (d) AB2
5. What weight of HNO3 is needed to convert 5 g of iodine into iodic acid according to the reaction,
I2 + HNO3
HIO3 + NO2 + H2O
VO + Fe2O3
FeO + V2O5
HPO32 + 2H2O
H3PO3 + 2OH–
would be
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.05
10. How much Cl2 at STP is liberated when 1 mole KMnO4 reacts with HCl?
(a) 11.2 L (b) 22.4 L (c) 44.8 L (d) 56 L
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-38
11. The minimum quantity of H2S needed to precipitate 63.5 g of Cu2+ is nearly
(a) 63.5 g (b) 34 g (c) 20.0 g (d) 126.0 g
12. 2 g of CaCO3(s) was treated with 0.1 M HCl (500 ml). The volume of CO2 evolved at STP after
heating the solution is
(a) 0.448 L (b) 0.224 L (c) 4.48 L (d) 44.8 L
13. 10 g of CaCO3 on heating gives 5 g of the residue (as CaO). The percent yield of the reaction is
approximately
(a) 50% (b) 72% (c) 89% (d) 100%
14. 33.6 g of an impure sample of sodium bicarbonate when heated strongly gave 4.4 g of CO2. The
percentage purity of NaHCO3 would be
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 100%
15. 0.16 g of dibasic acid required 25 ml of N/10 NaOH for complete neutralization. Molecular weight of
acid is
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 128 (d) 256
16. Which of the following is a disproportionation reaction?
(a) CaCO3 2H
Ca 2 H 2 O CO2 (b) 2CrO24 2H
Cr2 O72 H2O
M + X2
M X2 , 3MX2 + X2
M3X8 , M3 X8 + N2CO3
NX + CO2 + M3O4
How much M (metal) is consumed to produce 206 g of NX. (Take at wt. of M = 56, N=23, X = 80)
14 7
(a) 42 g (b) 56 g (c) g (d) g
3 4
18. Decreasing order of mass of pure NaOH in each of the aqueous solution.
(I) 50 g of 40% (W/W) NaOH
(II) 50 ml of 50% (W/V) NaOH (dsol = 1.2 g/ml).
(III) 50 g of 15 M NaOH (dsol = 1 g/ml).
(a) I, II, III (b) III, II, I (c) II, III, I (d) III = II = I
19. When the same amount of zinc is treated separately with excess of H2SO4 and excess of NaOH, the
ratio of volumes of H2 evolved is
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 9:4
20. The red pigment in blood contains 0.32% iron by weight. Molecular mass of the pigment is 70,000 g
mol–1. The number of iron atoms in each molecule of the pigment would be
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-39
21. 27 g of Al will react completely with how many grams of oxygen?
(a) 8g (b) 16g (c) 32g (d) 24g
22. A compound was found to contain nitrogen and oxygen in the ratio 28 gm and 80 gm respectively.
The formula of compound is
(a) NO (b) N2O3 (c) N2O5 (d) N2O4
23. The largest number of molecules are in
(a) 36 g of water (b) 28 g of carbon monoxide
(c) 46 g of ethyl alcohol (d) 54 g of nitrogen pentoxide
24. The total number of electrons in one molecule of carbon dioxide is
(a) 22 (b) 44 (c) 66 (d) 88
25. A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 1 : 4 by weight. Therefore the ratio of
their number of molecules is
(a) 1:4 (b) 1:8 (c) 7 : 32 (d) 3 : 16
26. 2. 76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields a residue weighing
(a) 2.16g (b) 2.48g (c) 2.32 g (d) 2.64 g
27. If 0.50 mole of BaC12 is mixed with 0.20 mol of Na3PO4, the maximum number of moles of
Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is
(a) 0.70 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.10
28. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of a solute in:
(a) 1000 g of the solvent (b) one litre of the solvent
(c) one litre of the solution (d) 22.4 litres of the solution
29. The equivalent weight of MnSO4 is half of its molecular weight when it is converted to:
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-40
34. How many moles of electron weigh one kilogram?
1
(a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 1031
9.108
6.023 1
(c) 1054 (d) 108
9.108 9.108 6.023
35. Which has maximum number of atoms?
(a) 24 g of C (12) (b) 56 g of Fe (56)
(c) 27 g of Al (27) (d) 108 g of Ag (108)
36. Mixture X = 0.02 mol of [Co(NH3)5SO4] Br and 0.02 mol of [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 was prepared in 2
litre of solution.
(a) has been neutralised to HPO24 (b) has been neutralised to PO34
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-41
41. A metal oxide is reduced by heating it in a stream of hydrogen. It is found that after complete
reduction 3.15 g of the oxide have yielded 1.05 g of the metal. We may conclude that
(a) atomic mass of the metal is 4 (b) atomic mass of the metal is 8
(c) equivalent mass of the metal is 4 (d) equivalent mass of the metal is 8
42. The n-factor of FeS2 in the following reaction,
Fe3+ + SO2
FeS2
would be
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 11
43. A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 10 mL of the solution required 2.5 mL of 0.1M H2SO4 for
neutralisation using phenolphthalein as indicator. Methyl orange is then added when a further 2.5 mL
of 0.2 M H2SO4 was required. The amount of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in 1 litre of the solution is
(a) 5.3 g and 4.2 g (b) 3.3 g and 6.2 g (c) 4.2 g and 5.3 g (d) 6.2 g and 3.3 g
44. Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution decomposes on warming to give oxygen according to the
equation,
2H2O2(aq)
2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Under conditions where 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3. 100 cm3 of X M solution of H2O2 produces 3
dm3 of O2. Thus X is
(a) 2.5 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25
45. 12 g of alkaline earth metal gives 14.8 g of its nitride. Atomic weight of metal is
(a) 12 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d) 14.8
46. How many liters of CO2 at STP will be formed when 0.01 mol of H2SO4 reacts with excess of
Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
(a) 0.12 litre (b) 0.028 litre (c) 0.56 litre (d) 1.12 litre
48. 100 mL of a sample of hard water requires 25.1 mL of 0.02 N H2SO4 for complete reaction. The
hardness of water (density 1 g/mL) based on CaCO3 is
(a) 200 ppm (b) 250 ppm (c) 251 ppm (d) 258 ppm
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-42
49. Equal weight of 'X' (At. wt. = 36) and 'Y' (At. wt. = 24) are reacted to form the compound X2Y3.
Then:
(a) X is the limiting reagent
(b) Y is the limiting reagent
(c) No reactant is left over and mass of X2Y3 formed is double the mass of ‘X’ taken
(d) none of these
50. If the equivalent weight of a compound ‘A’ is MA/4 when it reacts with compound ‘B’ whose
equivalent weight is MB/5, then 4 mol of ‘A’ requires (where MA and MB are molecular weights of A
& B respectively)
(a) 4 mol of ‘B’ (b) 5 mol of ‘B’
(c) less than 4 mol of ‘B’ (d) more than 5 mol of ‘B’
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-43
EXERCISE-2
MCQs with One or More Correct Answer(s) Type
1. In the following redox reaction 2MnO4 10Cl 16H
2Mn 2 5Cl2 8H 2O. Pick up the
correct statements.
(a) MnO4 is reduced (b) Cl– is oxidising agent
1
(c) 2H2S + 8O2
2H2O + 3S (d) Na + Cl2
NaCl
2
5. Which of the following changes involve oxidation?
(a) change of Zn to ZnSO4 by reaction with H2SO4
(b) change of Cl2 to chloride ion
(c) change of H2S to S
(d) change of sodium sulphide to sodium sulphate
6. When 16.6 g of KI is treated with excess of KIO3 in the presence of 6 N HCl, ICl is produced. Which
of the following is correct choice?
(a) Moles of KIO3 consumed are 0.1 mol (b) Moles of KIO3 consumed are 0.05 mol
(c) Moles of ICl produced are 0.15 mol (d) Moles of ICl produced are 0.3 mol
7. The concentration of an aqueous solution of NaOCl can be determined by a redox titration with
iodide ion in acidic solution.
Assume that the concentration of I– ions in the buret is 0.12 M and the volumes in the buret and the
flask are identical. What would be the concentration of the NaOCl in the flask and what fraction of
the I– solution in the buret must be added to the flask to react with all the OCl– ions?
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-44
1
(a) 0.06 M NaOCl; th of the I– must be added
2
1
(b) 0.05 M NaOCl; rd of the I– must be added
3
2
(c) 0.04 M NaOCl; rd of the I– must be added
3
2
(d) 0.03 M NaOCl; rd of the I– must be added
3
8. A mixture of 0.84 g of NaHCO3, 4.0 g of NaOH and 10.6 g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 100 ml H2O.
The solution obtained is thus titrated with 0.5 M HCl solution. Which of the following option is
correct?
(a) The volume of HCl used at phenolphthalein end point is 400 ml.
(b) The volume of HCl used at methyl orange end point is 840 ml.
(c) The volume of HCl used at methyl orange end point after phenolphthalein end point is 220 ml.
(d) The volume of HCl used at phenolphthalein end point after methyl orange end point is 220 ml.
9. 100 ml of 0.1 M KMnO4 solution (acidified) will oxidise
(a) 200 ml of 0.125 M C2O24 solution. (b) 300 ml of 0.167 M Fe2+ solution.
(c) 100 ml of 0.125 M C2O24 solution. (d) 400 ml of 0.125 M Fe2+ solution.
5
(c) KMnO4 + 8HCl
KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O
2
11. Which of the following reactants in the given half–reactions has n–factor 2?
(a) KI
I2 (b) KI
ICl
(c) C2O24
CO2 (d) Fe2O3
FeSO4
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-45
13. An H2O2 solution has volume strength of ‘10’. Which of the following statement is not true?
(a) When 100 ml of the same H2O2 solution is decomposed, the volume of O2 liberated at STP is
1000 ml.
(b) 100 ml of the same H2O2 solution is oxidised by 35.7 ml of 0.1 M KMnO4 solution.
(c) 100 ml of the same H2O2 solution oxidises 17.8 ml of 1 M of Fe2+ solution.
14. In which of the following reactions, the reactant has fractional n–factor?
(a) Na2S2O3
Na2S4O6 (b) Fe3O4
FeO
15. 53 mg of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water. The solution obtained is titrated with 0.01
M HCl solution. Which of the following statements are true?
(a) The volume of HCl used at phenolphthalein end point is 100 ml.
(c) The volume of HCl used at methyl orange end point is 200 ml.
(d) The volume of HCl used at methyl orange end point is 100 ml.
16. The density of air is 0.001293 g/cm3 at STP. Identify which of the following statement is correct
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-46
18. Solutions containing 23 g HCOOH is/are:
50 g of 25% HCOOH
W
(c)
W
(d) 46 g of 5 M HCOOH (dsolution = 1 g/mL)
19. If 100 ml of 1M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 100 ml of 9.8%(w/w) H2SO4 solution (d = 1 g/ml)
then:
(a) concentration of solution remains same (b) volume of solution become 200 ml
(c) mass of H2SO4 in the solution is 98 g (d) mass of H2SO4 in the solution is 19.6 g
20. Equal volume of 0.1M NaCl and 0.1M FeCl2 are mixed with no change in volume due to mixing.
Which of the following will be true for the final solution. (No precipitation occurs). Assume
complete dissociation of salts and neglect any hydrolysis.
(a) [Na+] = 0.05 M (b) [Fe2+] = 0.05M (c) [Cl–] = 0.3M (d) [Cl–] = 0.15M
21. Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The mass percentage
of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. Its molar mass is:
(a) 176.5 (b) 252.2 (c) 287.6 (d) 360.1
22. 0.05 mole of LiAlH4 in ether solution was placed in a flask containing 74g (1 mole) of t-butyl
alcohol. The product LiAlHC12H27O3 weighed 12.7 g. If Li atoms are conserved, the percentage yield
is:
(Li = 7, Al = 27, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16).
(a) 25% (b) 75% (c) 100% (d) 15%
23. The following process has been used to obtain iodine from oil-field brines in California.
Nal + AgNO3
Agl + NaNO3; 2AgI + Fe
Fel2 + 2Ag
2Fel2 + 3Cl2
2FeCl3 + 2l2
How many grams of AgNO3 are required in the first step for every 254 kg I2 produced in the third
step.
(a) 340 kg (b) 85 kg (c) 68 kg (d) 380 kg
24. When 100g of ethylene polymerises entirely to polyethene, the weight of polyethene formed as per
the equation n(C2H4)
(–CH2–CH2–)n is:
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-47
25. If 27 g of Carbon is mixed with 88 g of Oxygen and is allowed to burn to produce CO2, then:
(a) Oxygen is the limiting reagent
(b) Volume of CO2 gas produced at NTP is 50.4 L
(c) C and O combine in mass ratio 3:8
(d) Volume of unreacted O2 at STP is 11.2 L
26. What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution that has a density of 1.84 g/cc and contains 98% by mass of
H2SO4? (Given atomic mass of S = 32)
(a) 4.18 M (b) 8.14 M (c) 18.4 M (d) 18 M
27. A sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 4.44 g was treated to precipitate all the Ca as
CaCO3, which was then heated and quantitatively converted to 1.12g of CaO.
(At. wt. Ca = 40, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
(a) Mixture contains 50% NaCl (b) Mixture contains 60% CaCl2
(c) Mass of CaCl2 is 2.22 g (d) Mass of CaCl2 1.11 g
28. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1.0 g mixture of CaCO3(s) and glass beads liberate
0.22 g of CO2 upon treatment with excess of HCl. Glass does not react with HCl.
CaCO3 + 2HCl
CO2 + H2O + CaCl2
[M. wt. of CaCO3 = 100, M. wt. of CO2 = 44, [Atomic weight of Ca = 40]
(a) The weight of CaCO3 in the original mixture is 0.5 g
(b) The weight of calcium in the original mixture is 0.2 g
(c) The weight percent of calcium in the original mixture is 40% Ca.
(d) The weight percent of Ca in the original mixture is 20% Ca.
29. 100 g sample of clay (containing 19% H2O, 40% silica, and inert impurities as rest) is partially dried
so as to contain 10% H2O
Which of the following is/are correct statements (s)?
(a) The percentage of silica in paritially dried clay is 44.4%
(b) The mass of paritially dried clay is 90.0 g.
(c) The percentage of inert impurity in paritially dried clay is 45.6%
(d) The mass of water evaporated is 10.0 g
30. 21.2 g sample of impure Na2CO3 is dissolved and reacted with a solution of CaCl2, the weight of
precipitate of CaCO3 is 10.0 g. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) The % purity of Na2CO3 is 50%
(b) The percentage purity of Na2CO3 is 60%
(c) The number of moles of Na2CO3 = CaCO3 = 0.1 mol
(d) The number of moles of NaCl formed is 0.1 mol
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-48
EXERCISE-3
Matrix Match Type
1. Match the column. (Note: Each statement in column I has only one match in column II.)
Column-I Column-II
I. SO24 + HCN
SCN– (A) Disproportionation reaction
II. KClO3
KClO4 + KCl (B) n–factor = 6
2. Match the column. (Note: Each statement in column I has only one match in column II.)
Column-I Column-II
3. Match the column. (Note: Each statement in column I has only one match in column II.)
Column-I Column-II
I2 + Na2S2O3
NaI + Na2S4O6
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-49
4. Match the column. (Note: Each statement in column I has one or more matches in column II.)
Column – I Column – II
5. Match the column. (Note: Each statement in column I has one or more matches in column II.)
Column – I Column – II
Numerical Type
6. Consider the following reaction involved in the preparation of teflon polymer ( CF2 CF2 ) n .
XeF6 ( CH 2 CH 2 ) n
( CF2 CF2 ) n HF XeF4 .
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-50
8. 92 g mixture of CaCO3, and MgCO3 heated strongly in an open vessel. After complete decomposition
of the carbonates it was found that the weight of residue left behind is 48 g. Find the mass of MgCO3
in grams in the mixture.
9. H3PO4 (98 g mol–1) is 98% by mass of solution. If the density is 1.8 g/ml, calculate the molarity.
10. A student performs a titration with different burettes and finds titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL, and
25.0 mL. The number of significant figures in the average titre value is
11. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a
surface of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y × 10x. The value of x is:
12. The difference in the oxidation numbers of the two types of sulphur atoms in Na2S4O6 is
13. If the value of Avogadro number is 6.023 × 1023 mol–1 and the value of Boltzmann constant is 1.380
× 10–23 J K–1, then the number of significant digits in the calculated value of the universal gas
constant is
14. A solution containing 0.1 mol of a metal chloride MClx requires 500 ml of 0.8 M AgNO3 solution for
complete reaction MClx + xAgNO3 xAgCl + M(NO3)x. Then the value of x is:
15. If 240 g of carbon is taken in a container to convert it completely to CO2 but in industry it has been
found that 280 g of CO was also formed along with CO2. Find the mole percentage yield of CO2. The
reactions occurring are:
1
C + O2 CO2; C + O2 CO
2
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-51
Comprehension # 2
The concentrations of solutions can be expressed in number of ways; viz: mass fraction of solute (or
mass percent), Molar concentration (Molarity) and Molal concentration (molality). These terms are
known as concentration terms and also they are related with each other i.e. knowing one
concentration term for the solution, we can find other concentration terms also. The definition of
different concentration terms are given below:
Molarity: It is number of moles of solute present in one litre of the solution.
Molality: It is the number of moles of solute present in one kg of the solvent.
moles of solute
Mole Fraction =
moles of solute moles of solvent
If molality of the solution is given as ‘a’ then mole fraction of the solute can be calculated by
a a M solvent
Mole Fraction = ;
1000 (a M solvent 1000)
a
M solvent
Comprehension # 3
Dissolved oxygen in water is determined by using a redox reaction. Following equations describe the
procedure:
22. How many moles of S2O32 are equivalent to each mole of O2?
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-52
24. If 3 × 10–3 moles O2 is dissolved per litre of water, then what will be the molarity of I– produced in
the given reaction?
(a) 3 × 10–3 M (b) 4 × 3 × 10–3 M (c) 2 × 3 × 10–3 M (d) ½ × 3 × 10–3 M
25. If 50 ml of water containing dissolved oxygen requires 20 ml of 0.05 N Na2S2O3 for complete
estimation of I2 liberated in the process, what will be the strength of dissolved oxygen in g / L?
(a) 0.08 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.24 (d) 0.32
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-53
EXERCISE-4
Previous Years JEE Main /AIEEE
MCQ with One Correct Answer Type
1. In a compound C, H and N atoms are present in 9:1:3.5 by weight. Molecular weight of compound is
108. Molecular formula of compound is
(a) C2H6N2 (b) C3H4N (c) C6H8N2 (d) C9H12N3
2. With increase of temperature, which of these changes?
(a) molality (b) mass fraction (c) molarity (d) mole fraction
3. Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt. of Fe = 55.85 g mol–1) is
(a) twice that in 60 g carbon (b) 6.023 x 1022
(c) half that in 8 g He (d) 558.5 × 6.023 × 1023
4. What volume of hydrogen gas, at 273 K and 1 atm. pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6 g of
elemental boron (atomic mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride by hydrogen?
(a) 67.2L (b) 44.8 L (c) 22.4 L (d) 89.6 L
5. 25 ml of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration with a 0.1 molar solution of hydrochloric acid
gave a litre value of 35ml. The molarity of barium hydroxide solution was
(a) 0.14 (b) 0.28 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.07
6. 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration of urea solution
is
(a) 0.02M (b) 0.0l M (c) 0.001 M (d) 0.l M
(Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1)
7. To neutralise completely 20 mL of 0.l M aqueous solution of phosphorous acid (H3PO3), the value of
0. l M aqueous KOH solution required is
(a) 40mL (b) 20mL (c) 10mL (d) 60mL
8. The ammonia evolved from the treatment of 0.30 g of an organic compound for the estimation of
nitrogen was passed in 100 mL of 0.1 M sulphuric acid. The excess of acid required 20 mL of 0.5 M
sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutralization. The organic compound is
(a) urea (b) benzamide (c) acetamide (d) thiourea
9. Two solutions of a substance (non electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner. 480 ml of 1.5 M
first solution +520 ml of 1.2 M second solution. What is the molarity of the final mixture?
(a) 2.70 M (b) 1.344M (c) 1.50 M (d) 1.20 M
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-54
10. If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass
unit, the mass of one mole of the substance will
(a) be a function of molecular mass of substance (b) remain unchanged
(c) increase two fold (d) decrease twice
11. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
(a) 1.25 × 10–2 (b) 2.5 × 10–2 (c) 0.02 (d) 3.125 × 10–2
12. Density of a 2.05M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is
(a) 2.28 mol kg–1 (b) 0.44 mol kg–1 (c) 1.14 mol kg–1 (d) 3.28 mol kg–1
13. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% H2SO4 (molar mass = 98g
mol–1) by mass will be
(a) 1.45 (b) 1.64 (c) 1,88 (d) 1.22
14. In the reaction,
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2A13+ (aq) + 6Cl– (aq) + 3H2(g)
(a) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole HCl (aq) consumed
(b) 6 L HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2(g) produced
(c) 33.6L H2(g) is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts
(d) 67.2 H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts.
15. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is:
(a) C2H4 (b) C3H4 (c) C6H5 (d) C7H8
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-55
EXERCISE-5
Previous Years JEE Advanced
Paragraph for Question Nos. (1) to (3)
Chemical reactions involve interaction of atoms and molecules. A large number of atoms/molecules
(approximately 6.023 × 1023) are present in a few grams of any chemical compound varying with
their atomic/molecular masses. To handle such large numbers conveniently, the mole concept was
introduced. This concept has implications in diverse areas such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry,
electrochemistry and radiochemistry. The following example illustrates a typical case, involving
chemical / electrochemical reaction, which requires a clear understanding of the mole concept.
A 4.0 molar aqueous solution of NaCl is prepared and 500 mL of this solution is electrolysed. This
leads to the evolution of chlorine gas at one of the electrodes
(Atomic mass: Na = 23, Hg = 200; 1 Faraday = 96500 coulombs).
[Hint: At the anode: 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e–
At the cathode: Na+ + e– Na
Na + Hg Na-Hg (sodium amalgam)]
1. The total number of moles of chlorine gas evolved is:
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (d) 3.0
2. If the cathode is a Hg electrode, the maximum weight (g) of amalgam formed from this solution is:
(a) 200 (b) 225 (c) 400 (d) 446
3. The total charge (coulombs) required for complete electrolysis is:
(a) 24125 (b) 48250 (c) 96500 (d) 193000
4. A student performs a titration with different burettes and finds titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL, and
25.0 mL. The number of significant figures in the average titre value is:
5. Reaction of Br2 with Na2CO3 in aqueous solution gives sodium bromide and sodium bromate with
evolution of CO2 gas. The number of sodium bromide molecules involved in the balanced chemical
equation is
6. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is:
(a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M (c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M
7. 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol–1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is:
8. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of 0.4 g ml–1.
Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-56
9. The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1. At 298 K, molarity of this solution is the same as its
molality. Density of this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm–3. The ratio of the molecular weights of the
solute and solvent is _______.
10. To measure the quantity of MnCl2 dissolved in an aqueous solution, it was completely converted to
KMnO4 using the reaction,
1 12.5
2 10.5
3 9.0
4 9.0
5 9.0
13. Aluminium reacts with sulfuric acid to form aluminium sulfate and hydrogen. What is the volume of
hydrogen gas in liters (L) produced at 300 K and 1.0 atm pressure, when 5.4 g of aluminium and 50.0
mL of 5.0 M sulfuric acid are combined for the reaction?
(Use molar mass of aluminium as 27.0 g mol−1, R = 0.082 atm L mol−1 K−1)
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-57
ANSWER KEY
Exercise-1
MCQs with One Correct Answer Type
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a)
36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (c)
46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (c)
Exercise-2
MCQs with One or More Correct Answer(s) Type
1. (a, c) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (a, b) 4. (a, b) 5. (a, c, d)
6. (b, c) 7. (a, c) 8. (a, c) 9. (a, b, d) 10. (b, d)
11. (b, c) 12. (a, b) 13. (b, c) 14. (c, d) 15. (b, d)
16. (a, b) 17. (a, b, c) 18. (a, b) 19. (a, b, d) 20. (a, b, d)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b, c, d)
26. (c) 27. (a, c) 28. (a, b, d) 29. (a, b, c, d) 30. (a, c)
Exercise-3
Matrix Match Type
1. I. (B), (D) II. (A) III. (B) IV. (C), (D)
2. I. (D) II. (C) III. (B) IV. (A)
3. I. (B) II. (C) III. (E) IV. (A)
4. A. (p, q, r, s) B. (p, s) C. (q, r) D. (q)
5. A. (p, s) B. (s) C. (p, q) D. (r)
Numerical Type
6. 4 7. 11 8. 42 9. 18 10. 3
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MOLE CONCEPT & STOICHIOMETRY XI-CMI-58
11. 7 12. 5 13. 4 14. 4 15. 50
Exercise-4
Previous Years JEE Main /AIEEE
MCQ with One Correct Answer Type
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d)
Exercise-5
Previous Years JEE Advanced
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (3) 5. (5)
6. (c) 7. 8 mL 8. (8) 9. (9) 10. 126 mg.
11. 2.98 M 12. 0.11 M 13. 6.15 L
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