Track/Theme 

:-NANOTECHNOLGY

Registration ID:- P1313

Name of Author(s):-PARTH BHARADIYA

SANJAY DOBARIYA

NAME OF THE TOPIC:-NANOTECHNOLOGY

CRITICAL ENDEAVOR
IN CANCER

College Name:-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

University Name:-NIRMA UNIVERSITY

Title:-Nanotechnology Critical Endeavor

in Cancer

Email id:[email protected]
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1.0 ABSTRACT devices with nanoscale materials and components,
the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
The advent of nanotechnology in cancer research will facilitate their integration within the existing
couldn’t have come at a more opportune time. The cancer research infrastructure. The Alliance will
vast knowledge of cancer genomics and proteomics bring enabling technologies for:
emerging as a result of the Human Genome Project
is providing critically important details of how Imaging agents and diagnostics that will allow
cancer develops, which, in turn, creates new clinicians to detect cancer earliest stages
opportunities to attack the molecular underpinnings
of cancer. However, scientists lack the Systems that will provide real-time assessments of
technological innovations to turn promising therapeutic and surgical efficacy for accelerating
molecular discoveries into benefits for cancer clinical translation
patients. It is here that nanotechnology can play a Multifunctional, targeted devices capable of
pivotal role, providing the technological power and bypassing biological barriers to deliver multiple
tools that will enable those developing new therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells and those
diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventives to keep tissues in the microenvironment that play a critical
pace with today’s explosion in knowledge. role in the growth and metastasis of cancer .
 Agents that can monitor predictive molecular
Nanotechnology provides the sized materials that changes and prevent precancerous cells from
can be synthesized and function in the same general becoming malignant
size range and Biologic structures. Attempts are
 Novel methods to manage the symptoms of cancer
made to develop forms of anticancer therapeutics that adversely impact quality of life
based on nanomaterials. Dendritic polymer
nanodevices serves as a means for the detection of Research tools that will enable rapid identification
cancer cells, the identification of cancer signatures, of new targets for clinical development and predict
drug resistance.
and the targeted delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics
(cis-platin, methotrexate, and taxol) and contrast 3.0 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANCER
agents to tumor cells. Initial studies documented the
synthesis and function of a targeting module, Nanoscale devices are somewhere from one
several drug delivery components, and two hundred to ten thousand times smaller than human
imaging/contrast agents. Analytical techniques have cells. They are similar in size to large biological
been developed and used to confirm the structure of molecules ("biomolecules") such as enzymes and
the device. Progress has been made on the receptors. As an example, hemoglobin, the
molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells, is
specifically triggered release of the therapeutic
approximately 5 nanometers in diameter. Nanoscale
agent within a tumor using high-energy lasers. The devices smaller than 50 nanometers can easily enter
work to date has demonstrated the feasibility of the most cells, while those smaller than 20 nanometers
nano-device concept in actual cancer cells in vitro. can move out of blood vessels as they circulate
through the body.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Because of their small size, nanoscale
Nanotechnology offers the unprecedented devices can readily interact with biomolecules on
and paradigm-changing opportunity to study and both the surface of cells and inside of cells. By
interact with normal and cancer cells in real time, at gaining access to so many areas of the body, they
the molecular and cellular scales, and during the have the potential to detect disease and deliver
earliest stages of the cancer process. Through the treatment in ways unimagined before now. And
concerted development of nanoscale devices or since biological processes, including events that
lead to cancer, occur at the nanoscale at and inside They can detect the presence of altered genes
cells, nanotechnology offers a wealth of tools that associated with cancer and may help researchers
are providing cancer researchers with new and pinpoint the exact location of those changes
innovative ways to diagnose and treat cancer.

4.0 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CANCER

THERAPY

Nanoscale devices have the potential to radically

change cancer therapy for the better and to
dramatically increase the number of highly effective
therapeutic agents. Nanoscale constructs can serve
as customizable, targeted drug delivery vehicles
capable of ferrying large doses of chemotherapeutic
agents or therapeutic genes into malignant cells
while sparing healthy cells,greatly reducing or
eliminating the often unpalatable side effects that
accompany many current cancer therapies.

On an equally unconventional front, efforts are

focused on constructing robust “smart”
nanostructures that Will eventually be capable of
detecting malignant cells in vivo, pinpointing their
location in the body, killing the cells, and reporting
back that their payload has done its job. The 6.0 CANTILEVERS
operative principles driving these current efforts are
modularity and multifunctionality, i.e., creating Nanoscale cantilevers – microscopic, flexible
functional building blocks that can be snapped beams resembling a row of diving boards – are built
together and modified to meet the particular using semiconductor lithographic techniques. These
can be coated with molecules capable of binding
demands of a given clinical situation.
specific substrates—DNA complementary to a
5.0 NANOWIRES specific gene sequence, for example. Such micron-
sized devices, comprising many nanometer-sized
cantilevers, can detect single molecules of DNA or
In this diagram, nano sized sensing wires are laid
protein.
down across a microfluidic channel. These
nanowires by nature have incredible properties of
As a cancer cell secretes its molecular products, the
selectivity and specificity. As particles flow through
the microfluidic channel, the nanowire sensors pick antibodies coated on the cantilever fingers
up the molecular signatures of these particles and selectively bind to these secreted proteins. These
can immediately relay this information through a antibodies have been designed to pick up one or
connection of electrodes to the outside world. more different, specific molecular expressions from
a cancer cell. The physical properties of the
These nanodevices are man-made constructs made cantilevers change as a result of the binding event.
with carbon, silicon and other materials that have
Researcherscan read this change in real time and
the capability to monitor the complexity of
biological phenomenon and relay the information, provide not only information about the presence
as it is monitored, to the medical care provider. and the absence but also the concentration of
different molecular expressions.
Nanoscale cantilevers, constructed as part of a Nanoscale devices have the potential to radically
larger diagnostic device, can provide rapid and change cancer therapy for the better and to
sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules. dramatically increase the number of highly effective
therapeutic agents.In this example, nanoparticles
are targeted to cancer cells for use in the molecular
imaging of a malignant lesion. Large numbers of
nanoparticles are safely injected into the body and
preferentially bind to the cancer cell, defining the
anatomical contour of the lesion and making it
visible.

These nanoparticles give us the ability to see cells

and molecules that we otherwise cannot detect
through conventional imaging. The ability to pick
up what happens in the cell — to monitor
therapeutic intervention and to see when a cancer
cell is mortally wounded or is actually activated —
is critical to the successful diagnosis and treatment
of the disease.

Nanoparticulate technology can prove to be very

7.0 NANOSHELLS useful in cancer therapy allowing for effective and
targeted drug delivery by overcoming the many
Nanoshells have a core of silica and a metallic biological, biophysical and biomedical barriers that
outer layer. These nanoshells can be injected safely, the body stages against a standard intervention such
as demonstrated in animal models.Because of their as the administration of drugs or contrast agents.
size, nanoshells will preferentially concentrate in
cancer lesion sites. This physical selectivity occurs
through a phenomenon called enhanced permeation
retention (EPR).Scientists can further decorate the
nanoshells to carry molecular conjugates to the
antigens that are expressed on the cancer cells
themselves or in the tumor microenvironment. This
second degree of specificity preferentially links the
nanoshells to the tumor and not to neighboring
healthy cells. As shown in this example, scientists
can then externally supply energy to these cells.
The specific properties associated with nanoshells
allow for the absorption of this directed energy,
creating an intense heat that selectively kills the
tumor cells. The external energy can be mechanical,
radio frequency, optical – the therapeutic action is
the same.The result is greater efficacy of the
therapeutic treatment and a significantly reduced set
of side effects. 9.0 CHALLENGES

8.0 NANOPARTICALS The six major challenge areas of emphasis include:

9.1 Prevention and Control of Cancer:

  Developing nanoscale devices that can generation of researchers skilled in both
deliver cancer prevention agents cancer biology and nanotechnology.
 Designing multicomponent anticancer
vaccines using nanoscale delivery vehicles

9.2 Early Detection and Proteomics:

 Creating implantable, biofouling-indifferent 10.0 CONCLUSION

molecular sensors that can detect cancer-
associated biomarkers that can be collected Work is currently being done to
for ex vivo analysis or analyzed in situ, with find ways to safely move these new research
the results being transmitted via wireless tools into clinical practice. Today, cancer-
technology to the physician related nanotechnology is proceeding on
 Developing “smart” collection platforms for two main fronts: laboratory-based
simultaneous mass spectroscopic analysis of diagnostics and in vivo diagnostics and
multiple cancer-associated markers. therapeutics.
9.3 Imaging Diagnostics:
Nanodevices can provide rapid
 Designing “smart” injectable, targeted and sensitive detection of cancer-related
contrast agents that improve the resolution molecules byenabling scientists to detect
of cancer to the single cell level molecular changes even when they occur
 Engineering nanoscale devices capable of only in a small percentage of cells.
addressing the biological and evolutionary Nanotechnology is providing a critical
diversity of the multiple cancer cells that bridge between the physical sciences and
make up a tumor within an individual. engineering, on the one hand, and modern
9.4 Multifunctional Therapeutics: molecular biology on the other. Materials
scientists, for example, are learning the
 Developing nanoscale devices that integrate principles of the nanoscale world by
diagnostic and therapeutic functions studying the behavior of biomolecules and
 Creating “smart” therapeutic devices that biomolecular assemblies. In return,
can control the spatial and temporal release engineers are creating a host of nanoscale
of therapeutic agents while monitoring the tools that are required to develop the
effectiveness of these agents systems biology models of malignancy
9.5 Quality of Life Enhancement in Cancer: needed to better diagnose, treat, and
ultimately prevent cancer. In particular,
 Designing nanoscale devices that can biomedical nanotechnology is benefiting
optimally deliver medications for treating from the combined efforts of scientists from
conditions that may arise over time with a wide range of disciplines, in both the
chronic anticancer therapy, including pain, physical and biological sciences, who
nausea, loss of appetite, depression, and together are producing many different types
difficulty breathing. and sizes of nanoscale devices, each with its
9.6 Interdisciplinary Training: own useful characteristics.

 Coordinating efforts to provide cross- 11.0 REFERENCES

training in molecular and systems biology to
nanotechnology engineers and in http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/understanding/n
nanotechnology to cancer researchers.
 Creating new interdisciplinary anotech_nanoshells.asp
coursework/degree programs to train a new
http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/understanding/n
anotech_nanoparticles.asp

http://nano.cancer.gov