CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING - II

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

FIFTH SEMESTER / THIRD YEAR

A Publication under

Government of Tamil Nadu

Distribution of Free Text Book Programme

(NOT FOR SALE)

Untouchability is a sin

Untouchability is a crime

Untouchability is a inhuman

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
Government of Tamil Nadu

First Edition – 2018

CHAIR PERSON
Dr. R. Palaniswamy I.A.S.,
Commissioner of Technical Education (FAC) / Chief Implementation Officer
Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai

CONVENER

Thiru N. Muralikrishniah, M.E.,M.I.S.T.E.,

Principal
Dr. Dharmambal Government Polytechnic College for Women, Chennai
Principal (addtl charge)
Institute of Printing Technology, Chennai

AUTHORS

Thiru T. Arul Kumar M.Tech.

Lecturer in Civil Engineering,
Central Polytechnic College, Chennai

Thiru R. Ramarathnam M.Tech.

Lecturer in Civil Engineering,
Government Polytechnic College, Uthangarai

Tmt N. Ramya Gandhi M.E.

Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Government Polytechnic College, Uthangarai

REVIEWER :

Dr. R. Amutha, M.E., Ph.D, F.I.E

Principal
Rajagopal Polytechnic College, Gudiyatham

This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper
Through the Tamil Nadu Text book and Educational Services Corporation
 PREFACE
We are in much happiest occasion to present CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING - II
book for Diploma in Civil Engineering under Directorate of Technical Education, Tamil Nadu.
An attempt has been made in this text learning material to meet the requirements and standards
of M-Scheme curriculum of Civil Engineering Drawing -II of Fifth Semester Diploma in Civil
Engineering prescribed by DOTE.

It is important to every Civil Engineer to have knowledge of public health engineering

drawings, bridge drawings and structural drawings. This book deals about public health
engineering drawings in first part, bridge drawings in second part and structural engineering
drawings in the third part.

It is hoped that with the content exposed in this text, the readers and learners will be able
to understand and pursue further in their studies. This book is written in simple and easily
understandable manner.

The convener, authors and reviewer are very much grateful to the Commissioner of
Technical Education Chennai for his deep involvement and encouragement in preparing this
syllabus based learning material. Thanks are due to officials of DOTE, Chennai for their timely
help whenever needed. Further suggestions and fair criticisms are welcome for fine tuning in
future

CONVENER, AUTHORS and REVIEWER

 INDEX

S. No. Content Page no.

1 List of Drawings -

2 Public Health Engineering Drawing 1

3 Bridge Drawing 14

4 Structural Engineering Drawing with Bar Bending Schedule 20

5 Annexure 59
 LIST OF DRAWINGS

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. Infiltration gallery (with one infiltration well, one straight gallery pipe, one inspection well
and one jack well)

2. Rapid Sand Filter

3. Septic Tank with dispersion Trench / Soak pit

4. Bio gas plant with floating type

BRIDGE DRAWING

5. Two span Pipe Culvert

6. Two span Tee Beam Bridge with square returns.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DRAWING WITH BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

7. Simply supported one-way slab

8. Simply supported two-way slab

9. Restrained two-way slab

10. Singly reinforced Simply supported beam

11. Doubly reinforced Continuous beam with two spans

12. Tee Beams supporting continuous slab

13. Dog-legged staircase

14. Lintel cum Sunshade

15. R.C.C Column with square Isolated footing

 1

1. INFILTRATION GALLERY (WITH ONE INFILTRATION WELL ONE

STRAIGHT GALLERY PIPE, ONEINSPECTION WELL AND ONE JACK
WELL)

If a perennial river is running nearer to the town, the infiltration gallery is

one of the cheapest sources of water supply for a town. The water from Infiltration
Gallery does not require any treatment except chlorination.

The infiltration gallery consists of infiltration well, inspection well and

jackwell.

Infiltration Well
Infiltration wells are shallow wells which are constructed in series along the
banks of the rivers. The water will be collected into the wells by seeping through
their bottom. The wells are covered at top and open at bottom so water can be
easily entered through its bottom. The sides of the wells are constructed by brick
masonry with open joints. The water which received through the filtration well is
very pure. Sandy beds are placed at the bottom of the tank. So that the suspended
impurities and inorganic impurities get filtered.

Inspection Well
Inspection wells are also called man holes. For inspection purpose man
holes are provided. Inspection wells are provided at an interval of 30m to 50m.

Jack Well
The infiltration wells are connected by porous pipes to a collecting sump
known as jack well. The water thus collected through the infiltration wells flows by
gravity into the jack well. Then the water from the jack well is pumped to the
purification plant for further treatment.
The following particulars of an infiltration gallery are.

River bed level - + 100.000m

River bank level - + 104.50m
Inner diameter of infiltration well - 4m
Outer diameter of infiltration well = 4.80m
Number of infiltration well =1
Maximum flood level (MFL) = 103.0m
Lowest summer water level (LSWL) = + 98.20m
Invert level of stone water pipe - + 94.00
Diameter of stone water pipe - 0.40m
Length of gallery pipe - 50m
Width of gallery - 1.80m
Cover Slab Thickness - 100mm
 2

Filter media
Layer of filter media adjacent to the pipe 200mm
Next two layers are of 100mm each
Inner diameter of jack well with pump house = 6m
Outer diameter of jack well = 6.90m
Inner diameter of inspection well = 3.00m
Outer diameter of inspection well = 3.60m

Assume any data suitably if required.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. General layout of the scheme showing infiltration well, infiltration galleries,
inspection wells, jack well and pump house. (Not to scale).
2. Longitudinal section of infiltration well, one straight gallery, one inspection
well and one jack well.
3. Sectional plan of infiltration well, gallery, inspection well and jack well.
4. Cross sectional details of infiltration gallery.

Assumptions
1. Diameter of infiltration well - 2m to 6m
2. Diameter of inspection well 2m to 3m
3. The gallery should be laid at a minimum depth of 2m below the lowest
summer water level.
4. Diameter of gallery pipe 300mm to 450mm.
5. Rate of infiltration for wells and galleries = 4500 to 6000 lit/m2/day.
3
 4

2. RAPID SAND FILTER

Filtration is the process of removing bacteria, colour, taste, odour, iron,
manganese from water. The efficiency of rapid sand filter is 55% more than the
slow sand filter. It removes 95% of bacterial impurities. Its rate of filtration is
4000 - 5000 liters / m2 / hours.
The components of rapid sand filter are
1. Enclosure tank
2. Bases materials
3. Filter media
4. Wash water trough
5. Air compressor
Enclosure tank
It is a rectangular water tight tank constructed either of masonry or
concrete generally the length of tank is 6m to 9m.
Filter media
Filter mediais provided to a depth of 600mm to 900mm using a sand of
effective size 0.35 to 0.6.
Base materials
Here gravel is used as a base material and is placed on the top of the under
drainage system. This depth varies from 450mm to 600mm.

Under drainage system

Area of cross section of main drain or manifold should be greater than twice
the area of cross section of lateral drain. The laterals are provided approximately
at a rate of 150mm c/c to 300mm c/c. Diameter of perforations in the laterals
should be between 6mm and 12mm and the spacing of perforations varies from
80mm to 200mm.

Wash water trough

The troughs are placed at a distance of 1.5m to 2m edge to edge. The
bottom of the trough is about 450mm to 750mm above the sand bed. The dirty
water coming from the filter bed is collected and removed.

Air compressor
The agitation of sand grains during washing of filter is carried by
compressed air. Compressed air is passed at the rate of 60 - 80 mm3/ minute /
m2 of filter area for 4 minutes. By this process sand gets purified and can be
reused.
 5

The following particulars of rapid sand filters are given below.

Size of filter unit - 8000 x 5000mm
Size of inlet chamber - 5000 x 1000mm
Depth of filtration tank - 3500mm
Depth of Filtration Chamber - 2600 mm
Thickness of Filter media - 1350 mm
Wall thickness at top -450mm
Wall thickness of bottom - 600mm
Thickness of foundation -450mm
Diameter of main drain - 380mm
Diameter of laterals -80mm @ 300mm c/c
Diameter of air laterals -70mm @300mmc/c
Diameter of air pipe -150mm
Slope of lateral - 1 in 50
Diameter of inlet pipe - 300mm
Diameter of wash water drain pipe- 300mm
Number of wash water drain pipe- 3 Nos
Size of wash water trough- 300mm x 450mm
Free board - 300mm
Diameter of wash water inlet-200mm

Assume any other data suitably if required.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Plan of the filter unit
2. Longitudinal section of the filter unit.
3. Cross section of filter unit.
6
 7

3. a) SEPTIC TANK WITH DISPERSION TRENCH

Septic tank is a type of sedimentation tank. It is a water tight tank in which

sewage is retained for sufficient time to permit sedimentation is called a septic
tank. It is a rectangular tank whose length is 2 to 4 times more than the breadth.
Free board of 0.3 to 0.45m is provided. ‘T’ shaped outlet pipe is provide to a depth
of 150mm below the liquid level.

Baffle wall is provided at 1/5 length of the tank from the inlet pipe. The floor
is provided with all sides sloping towards one point to facilitate de-sludging
operation. R.C.C cover slab with man hole is provided on the top of the tank.

Ventilation is provided with vent pipe.The vent pipe is made of PVC of 50 to

100mm diameter and 3m height. It prevents foul smell and birds for nesting.
It can be disposed-off on land by
1. Disposal by soak pit
2. Disposal by absorption (or) dispersion trenches

1. Disposal by soak pit

Soak pit is also called seepage pitwhere space is restricted as in towns.
Soak pit may be used particularly in areas where rainfall is not heavy. No
underground drinking water supply line should be situated within a radius of at
least 60m from a disposal site or soak pit. The pit is laid with brick or concrete
blocks with dry joints which should be packed with clean coarse aggregate. The
lining above the inlet level should be finished with cement mortar 1:3 to form a
masonry ring to support the R.C.C covers.

2. Disposal by Dispersion trench

They are also called soakage trenches. The effluent is discharged through
open jointed pipes placed in trenches. Trenches should be 0.5 to 1m deep and
0.3m to 1m wide excavated to a slight gradient. It should be provided with 150mm
to 250mm of washed gravel or crushed stone. The open jointed pipes shall be
made of unglazed earthen ware or concrete, have a minimum internal diameter of
75mm to 100mm. The dispersion trench should not be longer than 30m and
placed should not closer than 1.8m.
Following are the particulars of a septic tank with dispersion trench.
Septic Tank
Cleaning Interval - 2 years
Length of tank - 10.50m
Breath of tank - 3.00m
Width of walls - 300mm
Foundation concrete in CC 1:4:8 - 200mm
 8

Wearing coat is provided at a slope of 1 in 20 above the foundation concrete

Depth of liquid - 1.20m
Free board - 0.40m
Distance of baffle wall from inlet end - 2.0m
Height of 50mm thick baffle wall - 750mm
Distance of partition baffle wall from inlet - 7.0m
Height of 50mm thick partition baffle wall - 1500mm
Outlet Chamber - 1000x1000x550 mm

Dispersion trench

Number of trenches - 3Nos

Length of trench - 30m
Width of trench - 1m
Slope of pipe - 1 in 100
Depth below ground level - 0.9m
Diameter of inlet and outlet pipes - 100mmφ

Any more data required may be assumed suitably.

Draw the following views with suitable scale

1. Sectional plan of septic tank and dispersion trench.

2. Longitudinal section of septic tank and dispersion trench.
3. Cross section of dispersion trench.
9
 10

3. b) SEPTIC TANK WITH SOAK PIT

Following are the particulars of a septic tank with soak pit.

Septic tank
Length of tank = 3.0m
Breadth of tank = 1.50m
Depth of liquid = 1.80m
Free board = 0.3m
Distance of baffle wall from inlet end = 450mm
Tank walls of B.W in C.M 1:3 300mm thick
Diameter if inlet and outlet = 100mm
Precast R.C.C cover slab = 100mm thick
Diameter of ventilating pipe = 50mm
Size of distribution chamber = 750mm x 750mm
Size of manhole = 750mm x 750mm
Foundation concrete in CC 1:4:8 = 200mm
Wearing coat is provided at a slope of 1 in 20
Distribution Chamber = 750x750x400mm

Soak pit
Inner diameter - 1.5m
Depth below invert level of inlet pipe - 2m
B.W in Cm 1:5 dry open joint below inlet pipe - 200mm
Depth below ground level - 2.6m
Cover slab in CC 1:2:4 - 100mm
B.W in Cm 1:5 above inlet pipe with plastering - 200mm

Any more data required may be assumed suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Sectional plan of septic tank
2. Longitudinal section of septic tank
11
 12

4. BIO-GAS PLANT (FLOATING TYPE)

Bio gas is obtained by anaerobic fermentation of organic materials. Bio gas
is used for cooking and lighting. The Bio-gas plant consists of the following parts.
1. Inlet tank
2. Digester
3. Outlet tank
4. Gas holder

Inlet tank
In this tank, the raw cowdung is mixed with water and then allowed to pass
through an inlet pipe into the digester.

Digester
The digester is a deep well, connected by inlet and outlet pipes.

Gas holder
A mild steel gas - storage drum, inverted over the slurry goes up and down
around a guide pipe corresponding to the accumulation of gas.

The following are the particulars of a floating type bio-gas plant.

1. Dia of cylindrical drum - 1900mm

2. Height of drum - 1000mm
3. Dia of digester well - 2000mm
4. Height of digester well from foundation of cornice- 1350mm
5. Height of inlet and outlet at the digester well - 700mm
6. Thickness of foundation concrete for digester well- 150mm
7. Thickness of brick wall in C.M 1:4 - 230mm
8. Thickness of partition wall - 150mm
9. Size of brick pillar at the centre - 230mm x 230mm
10. Size of cornice - 75mm x 300mm
11. Size of inlet tank -750 x 750 x 600mm
12. Size of outlet tank -600 x 600 x 600mm
13. Diameter of inlet and outlet pipe - 100mmφ

Any more data required may be assumed suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale.

1. Top plan
2. Sectional elevation
13
 14

5. TWO SPAN PIPE CULVERT

Pipe culverts are provided when discharge of stream is small. Usually one or more
pipes of diameter not less than 300mm are provided side by side. These pipes may be of
cement concrete, cast iron or steel. Pipe culvert should be provided with suitable concrete
bedding at bottom. The gradient of the pipe should not be less than 1 in 1000. A
minimum clearance of 150mm is maintained between the H.F.L and the crowns of the
pipe. An earth cushion of minimum depth of 450mm should be provided at the top of
pipes. R.C.C Hume pipes are commonly used.

The specifications for a two span pipe culvert are given below.

Hydraulic Particulars
Road and stream
Width of road - 5000mm
Bed level of stream - + 20.00
Road level - + 22.10
Water level - + 21.80
Thickness of W.B.M road - 250mm
Pipes
Number of pipes - 2 Nos
Diameter of concrete Hume pipe - 1000mm
c/c distance of pipes - 1600mm
Type of joint - Collar joint in C.M 1:2
Width of concrete seating for pipes at top - 3300mm
Width of concrete seating for pipes at bottom - 2700mm
Thickness of concrete seating for pipes - 500mm
Retaining wall
Top level - +22.20m
Bottom level - + 19.20m
Top width - 500mm
Bottom width - 1200mm
Front face vertical
Width of foundation concrete - 1600mm
Thickness of foundation concrete - 300mm
 15

Parapet
Length - 4100mm
Thickness - 400mm
Height - 600mm
Coping - 100mmtk

Earth filling
Earth filling above the pipe - 700mm
Thickness of surface dressing - 10mm

Draw the following views of the pipe culvert

1. Half plant at top and half plan at foundation.
2. Longitudinal section
3. Front elevation
4. Section showing bedding details of the pipe
16
 17

6. TWO SPAN TEE BEAM BRIDGE WITH SQUARE RETURNS

These types of bridges are constructed when the width of the drain is to be crossed
by a road is wider. It consists of ‘Tee’ beams supported on piers and abutments.
Abutment
Abutments are provided with wing walls.The wing walls are constructed on both
sides of abutments to protect the earthen banks. The wing walls may be of straight,
splayed or return. The depth of foundation is based on the scour depth. Cut water and
ease water shall be provided for piers and abutments.
Piers
The intermediate supports of abridge super structure are known as piers. The pier
end of upstream side is called cut water and on the downstream side is known as ease
water. The R.C.C piers are normally rectangular in cross section.
Approach road
The approach road width is reduced at the point of crossing. Road kerbs are
provided at the end of the deck slab. IRC recommends that a minimum straight length of
15m on either side of a bridge has to be provided. Suitable handrails and parapet are
provided at the bridge. The width of approach should be equal to the width of bridge.

Following are the particulars of a two span ‘T’ Beam bridge with square returns.
Hydraulic particulars

Drain
Bed level of canal - + 50.00
Full supply level (F.S.L) - + 51.30
Bed width of canal - 6600mm
Top level of Road - + 52.50
Clear width of road way - 4000mm
Top width of approach road way - 5000mm
Top of foundation for all walls - + 49.70
Bottom level of foundation for all walls - + 49.40
Offset of foundation concrete - 200mm
Top of parapet - + 53.35
Top of kerb - + 52.65
Size of kerb - 300 x 150mm
 18

Abutment
Top width - 600mm
Bottom width - 1200mm
Water face vertical
Length of abutment - 5700mm
Size of bed block - 600 x 600 x 150mm
Width of foundation concrete - 1600mm
Thickness of foundation concrete - 300mm
Pier
Top and bottom width - 600mm
Length of pier - 5700mm
Return wall in C.R masonry C.M 1:5
Length of return wall - 3500mm
Top width - 600mm
Bottom width - 1200mm
Front face vertical
Tee Beam
Size of beam - 150 x 300mm
Thickness of R.C.C deck slab - 200mm
Parapet
Thickness of parapet - 300mm
Size of parapet pillars - 300mm x 700mm
Spacing of parapet pillars - 2500mm
Provide 25mmφ G.I pipe for hand rails
Length of rough stone revetment on both side U/s and D/s 2000mm
Thickness of revetment - 400mm
Size of RCC post - 100x100x700mm
Assume any other data required suitably

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Half plan at foundation and half plan at top
2. Longitudinal sectional elevation
3. Cross section
19
 20

7) SIMPLY SUPPORTED ONE WAY SLAB

When the slab is supported on two opposite sides alone by walls or
beams is said to be one way slab. When Ly/Lx ratio is greater than 2, one way
slabs are provided.

The load on the way slab is transferred to the two supports only,
hence the main reinforcement is provided along the shorter span direction 50%
of the main reinforcements are bend to the top for length of 0.1 l from the face
of the support.

The bars in longer direction of the slab are called distribution or

transverse steel. Distributors are placed in the upper layer and tied with the
main steel bars to keep them in correct position during concreting.

Problem

The following are the particulars of a simply supported one way roof
slab.

Size of room = 3.10 m x 7m

Clear span = 3.10m

Width of supporting walls = 230 mm

Total thickness of slab = 120 mm

Clear cover =15 mm

Main reinforcement = 10mm dia Fe 415 Bars

@140 mm c/c

Distributors =8mm dia Fe 415 Bars

@ 250 mm c/c

50% of main Reinforcement can be bent up 0.1 from the face of the
support.
 21

Cover: For tensile, compressive, shear or any other reinforcement in

Slabs, minimum cover shall not be less then 15mm, and the side
Cover 25 mm.

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values. Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw to a suitable scale

1. Plan at bottom showing reinforcement arrangements.

2. Plan at top showing reinforcement arrangements.
3. Cross section of the slab showing reinforcement details.
4. Prepare bar bending schedule for 1m width to slab

CRANK LENGTH CALCULATION

1.414 X D =1.414 x 90 =127.26

Where D = Depth of slab – top @ Bottom cover

D = 120 – (2 x 15) = 90
22
 23

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/Unit Total
Type Length
Size Shape Number length in weight Remarks
No. In m
N/m in ‘N’

1000
1. 10# 3.547 = 3.70 6.2 81.36 Main Reinforcement
280

1000
2. 10# 3.547 = 3.70 6.2 81.36 Main Reinforcement
280

3510
3. 8# 1.000 + 1 = 15.04 4.0 60.00 Distributors
250

448
� + 1�×2
4. 8# 1.000 250 4.0 24.00 Supporting main bar

=5.58≈ 6
Total weights 246.72

Add 5% extra for wastage in cutting & others 12.34 N

Total quantity of steel required 259.06 N Say 260 N

 24

8) SIMPLY SUPPORT TWO WAY SLAB (CORNERSNOT HELD DOWN)

A slab is called ‘two way slab’ when the load on it is distributed in both
directions to all its four supports. Two way slabs are provided whenly/lx ratio
is less than 2 [ Ly/Lx< 2 ].

Since two way slabs deflect in both directions the tension reinforcement
(main reinforcement) is provided in bothshorter span and longer span.

50% of the reinforcement are curtailed or cranked at 0.1 Lx and 0.1 Ly

for shorter and longer direction respectively. Remaining 50% of the
reinforcements should be extended in to the supports.

Problem
The following are the particulars of a simply supported two way slab in
which corners are not held down.

Size of the room = 4.50 x 6.10 m

Width of support = 300 mm

Thickness of slab = 150 mm

Clear cover = 15 mm

Edge cover = 25 mm

Reinforcement details:

Reinforcement along shorter span = 10 mm Fe 415 @ 200 mm C/C

Reinforcementalong longer span =10 mm Fe 415 @ 220 mm C/C

Distributors in both directions = 8 mmFe 415 @ 290 mm

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with standard

values and any more data required may be assumed suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Plan at bottom showing reinforcement arrangements.

 25

2. Plan at top showing reinforcement arrangements.

3. Cross section of the slab showing reinforcement details.
4. Prepare bar bending schedule for 1m width of slab.
26
 27

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/Unit Total
Type Length
Size Shape Number length in weight Remarks
No. In m
N/m in ‘N’

6650
+ 1 = 17.6 Main Reinforcement
1. 10# 5.100 400 6.2 569.16
along shorter span
(say 18)

6650
= 16.6 Main Reinforcement
2. 10# 5.100 400 6.2 537.54
along shorter span
(say 17)

5050
+ 1 = 12.47 Main reinforcement along
3. 10# 6.696 440 6.2 498.18
longer span
(say 12)

5050
= 11.47 Main reinforcement along
4. 10# 6.696 440 6.2 456.66
longer span
(say 11)
635
+ 1 = 3010 Distributor along longer
5. 8# 6.650 290 4.0 159.60
span
(say 3+3 = 6)
805
+ 1 = 3.7 Distributor along shorter
6. 8# 5.050 290 4.0 161.60
span
(say 4) 4+4 = 8
Total weights 2382.74
Add 5% for wastage in cutting, bending overlapping etc 119.13
2501.87 N
 28

9) RESTRAINED TWO WAY SLAB

In restrained two way slabs, the corners are restrained and not allowed
to lift away from the supports. If this is done, torsion is induced at corners and
the slab be suitably reinforced for torsion.

Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle strip and
edge strips. The middle strip being 3/4th of the width and each edge strip 1/8th
of the width. Reinforcement in edge strip parallel to the edge, shall comply
with the minimum reinforcement requirements and the requirements for
tension.

Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab

is simply supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consist of top
and bottom reinforcement, each layer of bars placed parallel to the sides of the
slab and extending from the edges to a minimum distance of 1/5th the shorter
span.

Problem

The following are the details of a simply supported slab of a reading

room of dimension 5m x7m which is discontinuous along all of its four edges.
The corners of the slab are prevented from lifting.

Width of support =300mm

Thickness of slab =150mm

Clear cover of reinforcement =15mm

 29

Reinforcement details

In middle strip

Rft. along shorter span = 10mm dia Fe 415 bars @100mm c/c

Rft. along longer span = 10mm dia Fe415bars @ 150mm c/c

Edge strip

10mm Fe415 bars @ 150 mmc/c along both spans.

Torsion reinforcement

Both at top and bottom8mmdia Fe 415 bars @ 100mm c/c in both

directions forming a mesh.

Use standard anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be

adopted with standard values.

Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale.

1. Plan showing the arrangement of reinforcement at bottom.

2. The plan showing arrangement of reinforcement at top.
3. The cross section along shorter span middle strip.
4. The cross section along longer span middle strip.
5. Prepare a bar bending schedule.
30
31
 32

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/Unit Total
Type Size Shape Length
Number length in weight Remarks
No. Grade Dimension In m
N/m in ‘N’
5475 Main Reinforcement
1. 10# 5.60 = 27.4 6.17 987.27 along shorter span
200
say 28 (middle strip)
5475 Main Reinforcement
2. 10# 5.60 = 27.4 6.17 987.27 along shorter span
200
say 28 (middle strip)
3975 Main Reinforcement
3. 10# 7.60 = 13.25 6.17 656.11 along longer span (middle
300
Say 14 strip)
3975 Main Reinforcement
4. 10# 7.60 = 13.25 6.17 656.11 along longer span (middle
300
Say 14 strip)
912.5 Reinforcement along
5. 10# 5.550 = 6.08 6.17 410.92 shorter span
150
6+6 = 12 (edge strip)
662.5 Reinforcement along
6. 10# 7.550 = 4.42 6.17 465.84 longer span
150
5+5 = 10 (edge strip)
895
+ 1 = 6.97 Distributor at top along
7. 10# 3.825 150 6.17 330.40
7+7 = 14 shorter span.

685
+ 1 = 5.57 Distributor at top along
8. 10# 5.375 150 6.17 397.96
longer span.
6+6 = 12
 33

1060
+ 1 = 11.60
9. 8# 1..335 100 3.95 126.55 Torsion reinforcement
Say 12
12+12 = 24
Total weights 5018.44 N
INCL 5%EXTRA 5269.34
Say 5270 N
 34

10. SINGLY REINFORCED SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

A singly reinforced simply supported beam is a structural member

supported on bearing walls or columns and subjected to roof or floor loads and
reinforced on the tension side only.

Problem

The following are the details of a singly reinforced simply supported

fixed beam.

1. Size of beam =300 x 450 mm

2. Clear span =4000 mm
3. Width of support =300 mm
4. Clear cover to rft = 25 mm
5. Reinforcement details:

Main reinforcement (tensile) = 16 mmdia Fe 415 bars - 5 Nos

Hanger rods =12 mmdia Fe 415 bars- 2 Nos

Stirrups = 8mm dia 2 legged Fe415 steel

@ 160 mm c/c

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values.

Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale.

1. Longitudinal section of the beam showing reinforcement details.

2. Top and bottom plan showing arrangement of reinforcement details.
3. Cross sectional view of the beam at mid span and at supports.
4. Prepare a bar bending schedule.
35
 36

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/Unit Total
Type Size Shape Length
Number length in weight Remarks
No. Grade Dimension In m
N/m in ‘N’

1. 16# 4.550 3 15.78 215.39 Tensile reinforcement

Tensile reinforcement
2. 16# 3.312 2 15.78 104.53
(Curtailed)

3. 12# 4.550 2 8.88 80.80 Hanger rods

4550
4. 8# 1.560 + 1 = 31.33 3.95 193.05 Stirrups
150

Total weights 593.77

Add 5% of above total weight for wastage 29.69
623.46 N Say 624 N
 37

11) DOUBLY REINFORCEMENT BEAM

Doubly reinforced beams are reinforced both on the tension and
compression zones. If the depth of beam is restricted for any reasons, it
becomes necessary section by providing reinforcements on the compression
side.
Curtailment of main reinforcement is made for a length of 0.08l from the
support on either side.

Problem

The following are the details of a doubly reinforced beam.

1. Clear span =4000 mm

2. Width of support =300 mm
3. Size of beam =300 x 500 mm

Reinforcement details

MID SPAN

Tensile reinforcement =4 Nos16mmdia Fe415 steel

Compressive reinforcement =2Nos16mmdia Fe 415 steel

AT SUPPORT

Tension = 3 Nos #16mm, Fe415

Compression = 2 Nos #16mm, Fe415

Shear reinforcement =8mmdia Fe 415bars 2

leggedstirrups at 160 mm c/c up to
a distance of 800mm from the edge
of the support on both sides.
Beyond this point use these shear
stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values.
 38

Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw the views to a suitable scale

1. The longitudinal section of the beam.

2. The c/s of the beam at mid span.
3. The cross section of the beam at support.
4. The top and bottom plan of reinforcement.
5. Prepare the bar bending schedule for the beam.
39
 40

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/Unit Total
Type Size Shape Length
Number length in weight Remarks
No. Grade Dimension In m
N/m in ‘N’

1. 16# 8.850 2 15.78 279.06 Tensile reinforcement

Tensile reinforcement
2. 16# 2.580 4 15.78 153.38
(Curtailed)

Compressive
3. 16# 8.850 2 15.78 279.06
reinforcement
Compressive
4. 16# 2.880 1 15.78 45.45 reinforcement
(Curtailed)
800
+1 =6
160
2x6 = 12
2700
−1 =8
5. 8# 1.560 300 3.95 240.32 Stirrups
12 + 8 = 20
For two spans
20+19=39

Total weights 880.19

Add 5% of above total weight etc 44.01
924.20 N Say 925N
 41

12. TEE BEAMS SUPPORTING CONTINUOUS SLAB

A slab having three or more supports is called a continuous slab. Slabs

spanning in one direction supported at ends and also at intermediate points on
beams shall be designed for maximum sagging moment (+ve bending moment)
at spans and hogging moment (negative bending moment) at supports.

Tension Reinforcement is to be provided at the bottom of mid span

section and at the top of support sections.

Problem

The following are the particulars of a continuous one way slab over the
beams.

Size of room = 12m x 4m

Spacing of ‘T’ beams = 3m c/c

Depth of Tee beams = 450 mm overall

Breadth of web or rib = 250 mm

Width of support = 250 mm

Thickness of slab = 120 mm

Main Reinforcement in Tee beam

Main Tensile reinforcement = 20 mmdia Fe 415 bars 5 Nos

Hanger rods =12 mmdia Fe 415 bars 2 Nos

Shear reinforcement =2 legged stirrups 8mmdia Fe 415 steel @250

mm c/c
 42

Reinforcement in slab

Main reinforcement for positive moment at ends spans

= 10mmdia Fe415 bars @ 300 mm c/c

Main reinforcement for negative moment at support next end support

=10mmdia Fe415 bars @ 290 mm c/c

Main reinforcement for positive moment at interior span

=10mmdia Fe415 steel 230 mm c/c

Distribution = 8mmdia Fe415 steel 340mm c/c

Reinforcement at top at support

=16 mmdia Fe415 steel 2 Nos for a length 0.1 l

(orLd) whichever is greater.

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values.

Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale.

1. The layout of beams

2. Plan showing reinforcement details at bottom and at top
3. The cross section of beam and slab for end span and interior span
showing reinforcement details.
4. Longitudinal section of Tee beam.
5. Cross section of beam at mid span and at supports.
6. Prepare a bar bending schedule for all spans except beam portion for 1m
width of slab.
43
 44

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR TEE BEAM

Weight/
Type Size Shape Length No. of Unit Total weight
Number Remarks
No. Grade Dimension In m span length in ‘N’
in N/m

1000 Main reinforcement at

1. 10# 3.070 2 = 1.67 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 75.77
600 end span

1000 Main reinforcement at

2. 10# 2.665 2 = 1.67 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 65.77
600 end span

1000 Main reinforcement at

3. 10# 2.250 2 = 1.67 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 55.53
600 interior span

1000 Main reinforcement at

4. 10# 2.250 2 = 1.67 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 55.53
600 interior span

1000 Main reinforcement at

5. 10# 2.090 2 = 1.72 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 51.58
580 next to end support
1000 Main reinforcement at
6. 10# 1.170 2 = 1.72 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 28.88
580 next to end support
1000 Main reinforcement at
7. 10# 2.050 2 = 2.17 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 50.59
460 interior support

1000 Main reinforcement at

8. 10# 1.150 2 = 2.17 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 6.17 23.38
460 interior support
 45

3225
+ 1 = 10.48 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 11
340
3000
+ 1 = 9.80 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 10
340
540
1.000 2 + 1 = 2.58 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3 Distributor at end span
9. 8# 340 3.95 86.90
2090
+ 1 = 7.14 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8
340
2050
+ 1 = 7.03 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8
340

Total weights 723.03

Adding 5% of above total weight for wastage 36.15

Total quantity of steel required 759.18 Say 760 N
 46

13. DOG –LEGGED STAIRCASE

Staircase is a structural form provided in building to facilitate easy
vertical movements of persons from one floor to another.

Dog legged stairs are one of the different stairs adopted and in which the
succeeding flight goes in the opposite direction.

The two flights are not separated with the gap and are suited where the
width of room is sufficient to accommodate the width of two flights.

Problems

The following are the particulars of a dog legged staircase

Clear size of staircase room = 5.90 x 3.40 m

Width of supporting wall = 230 mm

Height of the floors = 3.30 m

Width of Landing =1600mm

Number of flight =2 Nos

Rise of steps =150 mm

Tread of steps =270mm

Main reinforcement = 10mmdia Fe415 steel

@ 120mm c/c

Distributors =8mmdia Fe415 steel

@ 160 mm c/c

50% of the main reinforcement is provided at the bottom of landing slab and
extended to the top of waist slab for a length of 0.15 l(or) Ld whichever is
greater.
 47

Assume any other data required suitably.

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Plan and elevation of dog legged stair.

2. Section of waist slab.
3. Prepare a bar bending schedule.
48
 49

Bar bending schedule for First flight

Weight/U
Total
Type Size Shape Length nit
Number weight Remarks
No. grade Dimension in m length in
in ‘N’
N/m
1550
1. 10# 5.165 + 1 = 13.92 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 14 6.17 446.15 Main reinforcement
120

1550
+ 1 = 7.46 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8
2. 10# 2.577 240 6.17 127.20 Main reinforcement

1550
3. 10# 1.219 + 1 = 7.46 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8 6.17 60.17 Main reinforcement
240

195
+ 1 = 2.22 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3
160
3892
= 24.33 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 25
160
1078
= 6.74 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 7
160
650
+ 1 = 5.10 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6
4. 8# 1.550 160 3.95 385.72 Distributor
1927
= 12.04 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 12
160
569
+ 1 = 4.56 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 5
160
650
= 4.120 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 5
160
Total= 63
Total weights 1019.24

Add 5% of above total weight for wastage during cutting, bending etc 50.96 N

Total quantity of steel required 1070.20 N

say 1075 N
 50

Bar bending schedule for Second flight

Weight/
Total
Size Shape Length Unit
Type No. Number weight Remarks
grade Dimension in m length
in ‘N’
in N/m
1550
1. 10# 6.738 + 1 = 13.92 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 14 6.17 582.03 Main reinforcement
120

1550
2. 10# 2.786 + 1 = 7.46 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8 6.17 137.52 Main reinforcement
240

1550
3. 10# + 1 = 7.46 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8
2.847 240 6.17 140.53 Main reinforcement
1078
+ 1 = 7.74 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 8
160
3898
= 24.33 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 22
160
2262
= 14.14 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 15
160
1373
+ 1 = 9.58 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 10
160
4. 8# 1.550 1413 508.17
= 8.83 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 9
160
1927
= 13.04 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 13
160
920
= 5.75 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6
160
Total= 83

Total weights1368.25N
Add 5% of above total weight for wastage during cutting, bending etc 68.4 N
Total quantity of steel required 1436.66 N
Say 1440 N
 51

14. LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE

Lintels are horizontal structural elements provided over the openings

on walls (doors, windows, ventilators etc) to carry the masonry over them.
Lintel beams are designed as small rectangular beams of width always equal to
the thickness of wall.

In the external openings it may be cast monolithically with sunshade. In

sunshade the tension develops at top. The reinforcements of sunshade are well
anchored into the lintel.

Problem

The following are the details of a lintel cm sunshade.

Clear span of lintel =2.10m

Bearing on either side =300 mm

Size of lintel =300 x 200 mm

Width of support =300 mm

Width of sunshade =900mm

Thickness of sunshade =70 mm @ support and 50 mm @ free end.

Reinforcement details

Main reinforcement (tension) =12mm Fe415 bars 5Nos

Hanger rods =10mm Fe415 bars 2 Nos

Shear reinforcement = 8mm Fe415 bars 2 legged stirrups

@ 175 mm c/c
 52

Sunshade

Main reinforcement = 10 mm Fe 415 bars @ 230 mm c/c

Distributor = 8 mm Fe 415 bars @ 300 mm c/c

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values.

Assume any other suitable data if not given

Draw the following views to a suitable scale

1. Longitudinal section of lintel

2. Cross section of lintel and sunshade at mid span and at support.
3. Prepare a bar bending schedule for the lintel cum sunshade.
53
 54

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Weight/
Total
Type Size Shape Length Unit
Number weight Remarks
No. Grade Dimension In m length in
in ‘N’
N/m

1. 12# 2.650 3 8.88 70.59 Main reinforcement

2. 12# 1.740 2 8.88 30.90 Main reinforcement

3. 10# 2.650 2 6.17 32.70 Hanger rods

2250
4. 8# 0.960 + 1 = 15.57 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 16 3.95 60.67 Stirrups
175

2550
5. 10# 1.345 + 1 = 6.54 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 7 6.17 58.09 Main reinforcement
460

2550
6. 10# 0.920 = 5.54 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6 6.17 34.06 Main reinforcement
460

875
7. 8# 2.650 + 1 = 3.92 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4 3.95 41.87 Distributor
300

Total weights 328.88

Add 5% of above total weight etc 16.44
345.32 N Say 350 N
 55

15. R.C.C COLUMN WITH SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTING

A column is a vertical compression member provided to carry a

compressive load and whose effective length exceeds three times its least
laterals dimensions. Columns are used to transmit the load from super
structure to foundation. Based on the shape of columns, it is classified into
square, rectangular and circle.

The foundation provided for a R.C. column is called a ‘Column base’

or a ‘Column footing’. The main function of column base is to transfer the load
carried by the column safely on a larger area of the soil. Individual footings are
generally square and supports a central column.

Problems

The following are the particulars of a R.C.C square column with

square footing.

Column size = 400mm x 400 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

Size of footing = 2100mm x 2100 mm

Thickness of footing = 600 mm

Bottom cover = 50 mm

Side cover = 75mm

Reinforcement details

Main reinforcement = 20 mm Fe415 bars 8Nos

Lateral ties = 8 mm Fe415 bars @ 250 mm c/c

Footing =12mm Fe415 bars @ 150 mm c/c

 56

Anchorage and curtailment of reinforcement may be adopted with

standard values.

Assume any other data required suitable

Draw the following views to a suitable scale.

1. Plan column with reinforcement details

2. Sectional view of column with footing
3. Plan of footing showing reinforce details
4. Prepare a bar bending schedule for column and footing (for 1m ht of
column)
 57

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR R.C.C COLUMN WITH FOOTING (SQUARE)

 58

Shape Weight/Unit
Type Length Total weight
Size Number length in Remarks
No. In m in ‘N’
Column Footing N/m

1. 20# 1.752 8 24.66 345.63 Main Reinforcement

1526 34.13
2. 8# 1.440 = 6.10 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6 3.95 Lateral ties
250

1526
3. 8# 1.065 = 6.10 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6 3.95 25.24 Lateral ties
250

1950
4. 12# 1.950 = 13 8.88 225.10 Main Reinforcement
150

1950
5. 12# 1.950 = 13 8.88 225.10 Main Reinforcement
150
Total weights 855.20+42.76 =897.96
Add 5% of above total weight etc Say 900 N
 59

Annexure
 60

Development Length for fully stressed plain Bars

f y = 250 N/mm2 for bars up to 20 mm diameter

= 240 N/mm2 for bars over 20 mm diameter

(Tabulated values are in millimeters)

Bar Tension Bars for Grade of Concrete Compression Bars for Grade of Concrete
Diameter M15 M20 M25 M30 M15 M20 M25 M30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

mm

6 326 272 233 218 261 218 186 174

8 435 363 311 290 348 290 249 232

10 544 453 388 363 435 363 311 290

12 653 544 466 435 522 435 373 348

16 870 725 621 580 696 580 497 464

18 979 816 699 653 783 653 559 522
20 1088 906 777 725 870 725 621 580
22 1148 957 820 766 919 766 656 612

25 1305 1088 932 870 1044 870 746 696

28 1462 1218 1044 974 1169 974 835 780

32 1670 1392 1193 1114 1336 1114 955 896

36 1879 1566 1342 1253 1503 1253 1074 1002

Note 1 : The development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 f y in the bar.
Note 2 : It is important to note that hook should normally be provided for plain bars in
tension. Threfore, the straight length required in such cases is equal to the
value taken from the table minus the anchorage value of hook.
 61

Development Length for fully stressed deformed Bars

f y = 415 N/mm2

(Tabulated values are in millimeters)

Bar Tension Bars for Grade of Concrete Compression Bars for Grade of Concrete
Diameter M15 M20 M25 M30 M15 M20 M25 M30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mm
6 338 282 242 226 271 226 193 181
8 451 376 322 301 361 301 258 241
10 564 470 403 376 451 376 322 301
12 677 564 484 451 542 451 387 361

16 903 752 645 602 722 602 516 481

18 1015 846 725 677 812 677 580 542

20 1128 940 806 752 903 752 645 602

22 1241 1034 887 827 993 827 709 662

25 1410 1175 1007 940 1128 940 806 752

28 1580 1316 1128 1053 1264 1053 903 842

32 1805 1504 1289 1203 1444 1203 1032 963

36 2031 1693 1450 1354 1625 1354 1161 1083

Note : The development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 f y in the bar.
 62

Development Length for fully stressed deformed Bars

f y = 500 N/mm2 (Tabulated values are in millimeters)

Bar Tension Bars for Grade of Concrete Compression Bars for Grade of Concrete
Diameter M15 M20 M25 M30 M15 M20 M25 M30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mm
6 408 340 291 272 326 272 232 218

8 544 453 388 363 435 363 312 290

10 680 566 485 453 544 453 388 363

12 816 680 583 544 653 544 466 435

16 1088 906 777 725 870 725 621 580

18 1223 1020 874 816 979 816 699 653

20 1359 1133 971 906 1088 906 727 725

22 1495 1246 1068 997 1196 997 854 798

25 1699 1416 1214 1133 1359 1133 971 906

28 1903 1586 1359 1269 1523 1269 1088 1015

32 2175 1813 1554 1450 1740 1450 1243 1160

36 2447 2039 1748 1631 1958 1631 1398 1305

Note : The development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 f y in the bar.
 63

Reinforcement characteristics – Area, Weight and Perimeter

Length Length
Size Area Weight Perimeter Size Area Weight Perimeter
per Kn per Kn
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

mm mm2 (N/m) (mm) (m) mm mm2 (N/m) (mm) (m)

6 28.3 2.22 18.90 450.5 22 380.1 29.8 69.1 33.6

8 50.3 3.95 25.10 253.2 25 490.9 38.54 78.5 26.0

10 78.5 6.17 31.40 162.1 28 615.7 48.30 88.0 20.7

12 113.1 8.88 57.70 112.5 32 804.2 63.13 100.5 15.9

14 153.9 12.06 44.00 82.9 36 1017.9 79.90 113.1 12.5
16 201.1 15.78 50.30 63.3 40 1256.6 98.64 125.7 10.1

18 254.5 20.00 56.50 50.0 45 1590.4 124.90 141.4 8.0

20 314.2 24.66 62.80 40.5 50 1963.5 154.10 157.1 6.5