Matsuda and Ohara (1991)
Matsuda and Ohara (1991)
Matsuda and Ohara (1991)
Scholars' Mine
International Conferences on Recent Advances 1991 - Second International Conference on
in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake
Soil Dynamics Engineering & Soil Dynamics
Eiichi Hoshiyama
Yamaguchi University, Japan
Sukeo Ōhara
Ube Technical College, Yamaguchi, Japan
Recommended Citation
Matsuda, Hiroshi; Hoshiyama, Eiichi; and Ōhara, Sukeo, "Settlement Calculations of Clay Layers Induced
by Earthquake" (1991). International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering and Soil Dynamics. 45.
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/02icrageesd/session03/45
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A
'*" Proceedings: Second International Conference on Recent Advances In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics,
March 11-15, 1991, St. Louis, Missouri, Paper No. 3.35
Sukeo Ohara
President of Ube Technical College, Yamaguchi, Japan
SYNOPSIS: A procedure to calculate the seismic settlement of clayey layers is developed based on the
strain-controlled cyclic simple shear test results. By using this procedure the seismic ground
settlements are estimated and also the results are compared with the observed ones. In the calcula-
tions, six types of accelerogram are used. As a result of estimations, following conclusions are ob-
tained. (1) In the case of a horizontal soil layer of 5 m in height, the settlements are in the
range from 3 to 6 em for a maximum acceleration of about 340 gal. (2) In the case of clay deposits
in Mexico City, the settlements of about 0-3 em are obtained for the maximum acceleration of 34 gal
and these values reasonably agree with the leveling results after the Mexico Earthquake on 1985. (3)
Seismic settlements are affected by the differences in the accelerograms.
473
1.0
o\. 0 =49(kPa)
n n OCR=l
0
200 0 200 0
-:>
100 0
--
0
100 0
>::
;:.., 50 0 50 0
~ .;.: 0• 5 10 6
..._,
Q)
""
::::> 10 6 co
....,
~
- - : Ca 1cul a ted
"'0
::.:·~
...., 0.5 Vl
<lJ co u
!-0::
0
o..w
~
"'::::> OCR=l
"'"'
u
QJV1
<lJ o,:. 0 =49(kPa) 0
)( .... >
w 0..
--:Calculated
0 0
1.0 0.1 1.0
0.1
Shear Strain Amplitude Ydyn(%) Shear Strain Amplitude Ydyn(%)
Fig. 1 Relationships between Yctyn and udyn/0~ 0 • Fig. 3 Settlement in strain induced by cyclic
shear strain.
In Fig.1, the ratios of the excess pore water
pressure induced by cyclic shear ud n to 0~ 0 are Therefore the settlement in strain Ev due to the
plotted against the number of cycles n for the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure is
specimens with OCR=1. In the same figure, sym- given by
bols show the observed results and the solid
curves show the ones calculated by Eq.(1 ).
Ev - - - - • log - - - - - - -
When the accumulated excess pore water pressure ( 6)
in the clay specimen is dissipated, the void
ratio reduces gradually. It has been shown that
there is a linear relationship between the where e 0 is the initial void ratio.
change of the void ratio 6e and the logarithm of
the increment of effective stress log(1/(1- Since ud n in Eqs.(S) and (6), is expressed by
udy1/0~0)), regardless of the number of strain Eq.(1 ), Ythe settlement in strain induced by
cyc~es and the vertical effective stress. In cyclic shear is obtained as a function of the
Fig.2, the gradient of solid line (=Cd nl cor- shear strain amplitude Yctyn and the number of
responds to the compression index in theye-log p strain cycles n.
relations.
The relations between the settlement in strain
By using Cd n' the change of the void ratio 6e E and the shear strain amplitude yd are shown
is able to be expressed as follows, i~ Fig.3, which are the results foryg=10,50,100
and 200. In the same figure, symbols corresponds
to the observed results and the solid curves to
the calculated ones by using Eq.(6). So, it is
- Cdyn · log - - - - - - - ( 5) possible to estimate the settlement of clay
1- (Udyn/o,:.o) layer induced by cyclic shear with a constant
strain amplitude.
Fig. 2 Change of void ratio due to the dissi- The apparatus used in this study is the dynamic
pation of excess pore water pressure. simple shear test apparatus (Ohara and Matsuda,
474
1988) with the Kjellman type of shear box (75mm 100 and 200), Pattern (2) shows that the strain
in diameter and 20mm in height). The shear amplitude reduces from a predetermined maximum
deformations are applied to the specimens by shear strain amplitude Ymax to zero during N
using the servo-controlled electro-hydraulic cycles (N=10, 50, 100 and 200), Pattern (3)
loading unit. shows that the strain amplitude increases from
zero to a predetermined maximum value Ymax
The sample is Kaolinite clayey powder. It's during N cycles (N=1 0, 50, 100 and 200). In
specific gravity G is 2.70, the liquid limit wL these tests, the maximum shear strain
is 53.5% and the plastic limit wp is 28.5%. amplitude Ymax was varied in the range from
0.05% to 3.0% and the period was kept constant
In tests, normally consolidated clay specimens as 2.0s for all strain patterns, because it has
were subjected to the dynamic shear strain with been reported (Matsuda and Ohara, 1989) that the
the wave forms as shown in Fig.4, under the earthquake-induced settlement of clayey layer is
undrained condition. Then the horizontal dis- independent of the periods of cyclic shear.
placement, shear resistance and the pore water
pressure were measured. In Fig.4, Pattern (1) In the tests, after the undrained cyclic shear
shows that the wave form is a uniform sine wave was stopped, the drainage from the top of the
with the number of cycles n ( n=10, 30, 50, specimen was allowed and then the settlement was
measured with time.
I
2 0
~;>
0
----~ 1.0
5-
OJ :::>
""
"0
-1-'
3"' .,....
0
-1-'
OJ "'
5-0::
0
"- OJ
5-
0.5
Vl :::>
Vl Vl
OJ "'
u OJ
..
X 5-
WC..
c..
""' 0
0 50 100 150 200
Number of Cycles N
475
l.O Table I. Comparisons of the estimated excess
pore water pressure with observed
results.
Pattern
0 N ( 2) (3)
·:>
---c::
0
200 0
100 0
•• Ymax N
(%)
n Ydyn/Ymax Ydyn
(%)
Udy,n n:,, error
(calculated) (observed) (%)
,_
••
:>,
50 0 200
....,
"'"'
'0
10 !::::, 100
0.3103
0 402
U.U//
0 080
-
-
0
"' ...., 0.5
3: •r 0.200 ll 0 074 0.063 17 0
50 0477 0 095
"'"-0:::
"' 30 0.515 0.103 0.092
0.324
itt
0
200 0.240 0.139 ~
Cl...
"',_ 100 0.255 o. 148 0.303 0.217 ~
Vl
Vl "'
"'(/\ (/\ 0.580 ll 50 0.310 0.180 0.295 ~
u ,_ 22 4
>< "' 30 0 360 0 209 0 266
...._, 0..
200 0 225 0 249 0 571 ~
100 0 250 0 276 0 534 0.380 ~
l. 105 16 0 285 0 315 0 474
0 50 ~
25.8
0.1 1.0 30 0.390 0.431 0.478
I~~-~
200 0.224 0.452 0.750
Maximum Shear Strain Amplitude Ymax(%) 100 0.258 0.521 0. 725
2.020 23 50 0.576 0.659 0.593 ~
0.285 ~
Fig. 7 Relationships between Ymax and Udyn/ 0 ~o. 30 0.420 0.848 0.680 14.7
476
shear moduli, damping ratios and densities. 3) QJ 0.5
<ll
Calculate the shear strain response in each <:::
0
layer. 4) Evaluate the equivalent uniform strain 0.
0.4 Simulated EarthC]uake
V1
amplitude Ydyn and the equivalent number QJ
Dmax= 771 . l em
0:0
c:
V1 0.3
- - - - r - - - - - - - G. L. 0 h=O 02
-a 0.2
Clay
QJ
N h=O 05 ~=0.00
0
E
G=4.9MPa <0
.._
E
0. l ~ l
L{") h=O. 10 0
z: 0 "-.....(
0 2 3 4 5
Period (S)
~~~,f~.J.;-4"'j,/lw¥14\r·""·~'''"'-'""'~
0
~
400 layer of Sm in height underlain by a rock
[ Hachinohe material. In this case, the shear
~ o '-.,j\·/'fv.f\\J'N~\~.,/V../'''·'v-.:,. .j""-v.rv\. "'\i'\I\J\r\l\l\f~~j1\bv\rv'V'',-
modulus(G=4.9MPa) and the damping ratios (h=5%
or 10%) were assumed to be constant in the ver-
tical direction.
"'~ -400
<( 0 10 15
The underlying rock layer was subjected to such
20
seismic motions as El Centro Earthquake of 1940,
Tokachi-Oki Earthquake of 1968, Miyagiken-oki
Earthquake of 1978, Niigata Earthquake of 1964,
Taft Earthquake of 1952, and the simulated
earthquake which was generated by random num-
bers. The accelerograms are shown in Fig.11,
and the normalized displacement response
spectrum for the simulated earthquake is shown
Time Cs) in Fig.12.
400 The shear strain-time histories of clay layers
"'
.?)
c
0
were calculated by the lumped mass type of ap-
+-'
proach. In calculations, to compare the effects
0 of the wave forms on the settlement, the maxi-
"''-
"' mum acceleration for each accelerogram was
"'
::; -400 equalized to that of El Centro Earthquake
<(
0 10 15 20 (amax=341.7 gal).
Time Cs)
400
"'
.?) Table II. Calculation of the settlement induced
c
0 by an earthquake. (for the simulated
';;; 0 earthquake and n=30 )
'-
"'
"' -400
::; Layer Thick- Ymax N Ydyn/Ymax Ydyn Udyn/O~o Ezi L'IHi
0
<(
Time (s)
10 15 20 ness(m (%) en (%) (em)
l 0.50 0.062 12 0.924 0.057 0.000 0,000 0,000
~ ": r~~~~~~~~:~~
2 0,50 0.181 33 0.710 0.129 0.150 0.268 0.134
3 0.50 0.286 41 0.698 0.200 0.253 0.483 0.241
4 0.50 0.379 43 0,690 0.262 0,322 0,642 0 321
5 0.50 0.472 44 0.679 0.321 0.378 0.785 0.393
6 0.50 0,559 44 0.659 0.368 0.418 0,896 0.448
:;_ -400 [ 7 0,50 0.640 43 0.642 0.411 0.451 0.991 0.495
0 10 15 20 8 0.50 0 717 44 0 648 0.465 0.488 l. 107 0.553
Time Cs) 9 0.50 o. 771 43 0.630 0.486 0.502 l. 151 0.576
10 0.50 0.801 41 0.620 0.497 0.509 1.174 0.587
Fig.11 Accelerograms used in the calculations. Total 5.00 - - -- - -- - 3.749
477
Table III. Estimated settlements in the case of Table IV. Estimated settlements in the case of
soil profile as shown in Fig.10. soil profile as shown in Fig.13.
Fig.13 A soil profile in Mexico City. (3) The settlements induced by earthquakes are
( after Herrera, 1965) considerably affected by the differences in the
478
accelerograms or the displacement spectrums.
REFERENCES
479