DATE: Week 1 and 2

CLASS: Year Eight

SUBJECT: Basic Science (Chemistry)
FOCUS: The Periodic Table
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to:
(i) describe the Periodic Table
(ii) categorize elements based on period and group

REFERENCE: Cambridge checkpoint Science Year Eight, www.passnownow.com

The most important classification in chemistry is the arrangement of the elements in the
periodic table.

Periodic table helps us to correlate the properties of the elements and thus remember their
chemistry. The modern periodic law states that the properties of the elements are a
periodic function of their atomic numbers.
Electronic Configuration of Atoms as the Basis of the Periodic Table

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. As an atom is neutral, the
number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The electrons and their
arrangement in the atom of an element are responsible for many of the properties of the
element.

Groups and Periods

The modern form of periodic table is divided into eight vertical columns known as groups
and seven horizontal rows known as periods.

GROUPS: The vertical columns of elements or groups, are numbered from 0 to 7.

Elements in the same group have the same number of electron in the outermost shell of
their atom i.e. they have the same number of valence electrons. Hydrogen does not fit into
any group. But for convenience, it is placed in Group 1 because of the single electron. In
Group 0, helium has two electrons, while the other elements have eight valence electrons.
Besides the eight main groups, there are also the transition groups of elements. These are
between Group 2 and 3 in the periodic table.

PERIODS: The horizontal rows of elements, or periods, are numbered from 1 to 7.

Elements in the same periods have the same number of electron shells i.e. elements of
periods 2 have two electron shells those of periods 3 have three and so on. The number of
valence electrons of the elements in the same periods increases progressively by one across
the period from left to right. Among the elements in the periods 6 and 7 are the elements of
the lanthanides and actinide series respectively. They are also known as the inner transition
elements.

Metals, Metalloids and Non –Metals

The periodic table shows a diagonal division of the elements into metals and non-metals.
The metals are found on the left side of this line and the non-metals on the right. The
metalloids occur along the boundary line.

Assessment

1. Elements in the same group of periodic table have

a. similar electronic configuration
b. similar orbital configuration
c. the same number of valence electrons
d. the same number of electrons
2. In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to their_________.
a. atomic masses
b. mass numbers
c. atomic numbers
d. valence electrons
DATE: Week 3
CLASS: Year Eight
SUBJECT: Basic Science (Chemistry)
FOCUS: Compounds and Mixtures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to:
(i) define compounds and mixtures with examples
(ii) State the properties of compounds and mixtures
(iii) List the differences between compounds and mixtures

(n >>COMPOUND

A compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. A
compound is formed as a result of a chemical change. It is a new substance with entirely different
properties from those of 
  the substance from which it was formed
 the component elements
Properties of Compound
 
1. Compounds consist of molecules formed from atoms of 2 or more different elements
bound together chemically.
2. Compounds can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by
chemical means; not by physical means
3. Compounds always contain the same ratio of component elements.
4. Compounds have properties different from their component elements
e.g. the compound water (H2O) is a liquid at room temperature and pressure and
has different chemical properties from those of the two elements, hydrogen (H2) and
oxygen (O2), from which it is formed.
5. Compounds can be represented using chemical formulae.

MIXTURE

A mixture consists of more than one element or compound. The components of a mixture can be
separated by physical methods.

Comparison of Mixture and Compound

MIXTURE COMPOUND
It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous It is always homogeneous
The constituents are not chemically bound together The component elements are chemically bound
and can therefore be easily separated and recovered together and cannot be separated by physical
by physical means means
The constituents are added together in any ratio by The components are present in a fixed ratio by
mass. Hence a mixture cannot be represented by a mass and can always be represented by a
chemical formula chemical formula
The properties of mixture are the sum of those of its The properties of a compound differ from
individual constituents those of its component elements
Examples of Compound and Mixtures
Compounds
Water Hydrogen and Oxygen H2O
Sand Silicon and Oxygen SiO2
Limestone Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen CaCO3
Caustic soda Sodium, Hydrogen and Oxygen NaOH
Common salt Sodium and Chlorine NaCl
Ethanol Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen C2H5OH
Mixtures
Air Oxygen, Carbon(IV) Oxide, Nitrogen, rare gases, dust, moisture
Soil Sand, clay, humus, water, air, mineral salts
Urine Urea, water, mineral salts
Palm wine Water, sugar, alkanol, vitamins, yeast, proteins, fat
Coca cola Water, sugar, carbon(IV) Oxide, coca cola concentrate
Blood Water, proteins, fat, oil, sugar, vitamins, hormones, mineral salts, blood
 cells, haemoglobin

DATE: Week 4
CLASS: Year Eight
SUBJECT: Basic Science (Chemistry)
FOCUS: Separating Mixtures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to:
(i) list the Separation techniques

(ii) describe the separation techniques with diagrams

REFERENCE: www.eschooltoday.com/science/elements-mixtures-
compounds/separation-of-mixtures.html

There are various types of separation techniques, namely;

1. Evaporation

2. Filtration

3. Simple distillation

4. Magnetism

5. Decantation

6. Chromatography

7. Crystallization
 8. Fractional distillation

Evaporation Method

Evaporation is the process by which water (and other liquids) changes from a liquid
state to a vapor or gas state.

Evaporation is great for separating a mixture (solution) of a soluble solid and a

solvent. The process involves heating the solution until the solvent evaporates (turns into
gas) leaving behind the solid residue.

Example is a mixture of salt and water. To get the salt back from the salt water, the
solution is heated to boiling point. As it boils, the water escapes as vapor (gas). After some
time, all the water evaporates, leaving a layer of salt at the bottom of the beaker.

Filtration Method

This is a more common method of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. An example
of such a mixture is sand and water. Filtration is used in water treatment plants, where
water from the river is filtered to remove solid particles.

This process involves the use of a filter paper placed in a filter funnel. The funnel is placed
in a beaker and the mixture of water and sand is poured into the funnel. The liquid part
drains through the filter paper into the beaker, leaving the solid sand particles trapped on
the filter. In filtration, the liquid part collected is called the filtrate and the solid bit that
remained on the filter paper is called the residue.

Simple Distillation Method

This method is best for separating a liquid from a solution. In a way, the concept is similar
to evaporation, but in this case, the vapor is collected by condensation.

Example is the separation of water from a salt solution.

A beaker of the salt solution is heated to the boiling point of the liquid. As it boils,
the liquid turns into vapor (gas). The vapour is directed through tubes (condenser)
connected to another beaker. As the vapour goes through the tube, it is cooled down by
running cold water around the tubes. This forces the temperature of the vapour to fall,
causing the gas to turn into liquid again (condensation). The liquid is pure at this point, as
it is free from salt. The process continues until all the liquid in the solution turns into
vapor, leaving the salt residue. The distilled liquid is called a ‘Distillate’.
Magnetism

Magnetism is ideal for separating mixtures of two solids with one part having magnetic
properties. Some metals like iron, nickel and cobalt have magnetic properties whiles gold,
silver and aluminum do not. Magnetic elements are attracted to a magnet. Example a
mixture of sand and iron filing.

To separate this, spread out the mixture on a flat surface. Run a magnet bar over
the surface. You will notice that the magnetic elements (iron filings) will be attracted to the
magnet over it. After a number of runs, all the sand will be free from any iron filing.

Date - Week 6
Class- Year Eight
Subject- Basic Science (Chemistry)
Focus- Separation Techniques
Learning objectives - Students should be able to describe separation techniques with diagrams
Reference- www.eschooltoday.com/separatingmixtures

Decantation Method

It is just allowing a mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible liquids to settle and
separate by gravity. Once the solid has settled, you carefully pour the liquid from the solid.
Paper Chromatography

This method is often used in the food industry. It is used to identify chemicals (coloring agents) in
foods or inks. For example, if a scientist wants to know how many substances are in a particular
blob of ink, paper chromatography can be used.

Below is an illustration of using chromatography to separate and identify the different

chemicals in an ink (mixture)

A blob of ink is smeared on a special paper called filter paper. The paper is placed
in a trough of solvent. The solvent used depends on the chemicals in the ink blob. As the paper gets
soaked upwards, it attracts the various chemicals in the ink blob. Because different chemicals have
different rates of attractions to the solvent, the chemicals will travel upwards in different amounts.
Sometimes, a chemical may not react at all. If a different solvent is used, all the various chemicals
may travel at a completely different rate.

The Separating Funnel

In this technique, two liquids that do not dissolve very well in each other (immiscible
liquids) can be separated with the concept of unequal density. A mixture of oil and water, for
example, can be separated by this technique.

It works like this:

The two liquids in the mixture have different densities, making the heavier liquid settle at the base
of the container. In this setup, a funnel with a tap at the spout is placed inside a beaker.

The mixture is poured into the funnel and allowed to settle. Soon, the water, which is heavier,
settles at the base, with the oil (lower density) on top of it. The tap is opened to allow the water to
pass, and closed as soon as the oil reached the spout.
Date: Week 7
Class: Year Eight
Subject: Basic Science (Chemistry)
Focus: Solutions
Learning objectives: Students should be able to examine the influence of solvent and solute
on solution formation
Reference: Cambridge Checkpoint Science Course Book 8

When a lump of sugar or some salt in water seems to disappear, This is called
dissolving. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance that it dissolves into is
called the solvent.
A solution is a mixture. A sugar solution is a mixture of water and sugar. Although
the sugar seems to disappear, it is still there.
If you dissolve a coloured solute in a solvent, the solution will be coloured.

All solutions are transparent. This means you can see through them.
When salt is added to water and it dissolves, it has not disappeared. The salt particles are still
in the water.

The mass of a solution equals the total mass of the solute and the solvent.
Mass of solute + Mass of solvent = Mass of solution and this is called Conservation of Mass.
Date: Week 8
Class: Year Eight
Subject: Basic Science (Chemistry)
Focus: Solubility
Learning objectives: Students should be able to explain solubility and its effect on substances.
Reference: Cambridge Checkpoint Science Course Book 8

A solution is made when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. A concentrated solution has more
particles of the solute dissolved in it than a dilute solution.
A solid that dissolves in a solvent such as water is said to be soluble e.g sodium Chloride
A solid that will not dissolve in water is insoluble e.g Iron filling
Saturated solution is a point when soluble solid does not dissolve over again.
Solubility is a measure of how much of a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
It is affected by temperature.
Most solutes will dissolve more quickly and easily in hot water than in cold water.
Water is not the only solvent. Some solvent that are insoluble in water will dissolve in other solvent