THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

1. FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

MIDDLE EAST - discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest.

TURKEY - preparation for distribution

EUROPE - manufacture, synthesis, refine

U.S . - marketing

2. SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

 o    GOLDEN TRIANGLE- 2nd biggest producer of opium

a. Burma (Myanmar)

b. Laos

c. Thailand

d. Vietnam

Produces:        60% Opium – World

                        90% Opium – East Asia

South East Asia

- the golden triangle approximately produce 60%  of opium in the world, 90% of opium
in the eastern part of Asia. It is also acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.

o    GOLDEN CRESCENT

– no. 1 producer of opium

a. Iran – major exporter of heroin

b. Afghanistan

c. Pakistan

+ d. India
                 Southwest Asia

            - the Golden Crescent is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ, heroin
products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all elicit heroin
channeled in the drug underworld market.

3. THE WORLD'S DRUG SCENE

1. LATIN-AMERICAN COUNTRIES

– Colombian Medellin Cartel, Cali Cartel, Peru, are the biggest producer in the world. It
includes Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

 2. MIDDLE EAST

Becka Valley of Lebanon

- is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.

Lebanon

- also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit
drug markets.

 3. SPAIN

- known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe.

- “the paradise of drug users”  in Europe.

 4. SOUTH AMERICA

- Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine supply
in the World due to the robust production of coca plants- sources of the cocaine drug.

 5. MEXICO

- is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana (cannabis sativa).

 6. PHILIPPINES

 - second to Mexico as to the production of marijuana.

- became the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs
particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South America.
- known as “the drug paradise of drug abusers” in Asia.

CORDILLERA – biggest producer of Marijuana in the Philippines

 7. INDIA

- is the center of worlds drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.

 8. INDONESIA

Northern Sumatra  has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia.

Bali Indonesia  is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and new
Zealand.

 9. SMT (SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA, THAILAND)

- is the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the golden triangle and other
parts of Asia.

10. CHINA

- is the transit route for heroin from the golden triangle to Hong Kong.

- where the ‘epedra’ plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the principal
chemical for producing the drug shabu.

 11. HONGKONG

- is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

 12. JAPAN

– became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the U.S and Europe.

4. THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

a. COLOMBIAN MEDELLIN CARTEL

- founded during the 1980’s by Colombian  drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar
Gaviria  and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez  Gacha   and the top aid cocaine
barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers .

- The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking
network.
 b. CALI CARTEL

- the downfall of the Medellin Cartel is the  rise of the Cali Cartel- the newly emerged
cocaine monopoly.

- the cartel produces over 90% of cocaine    in the world.

- It was called the best and the brightest of the modern underworld.

“They are professionals of the highest order, intelligent,  efficient,  imaginative, and
nearly impenetrable”- US- Drug Enforcement  Agency.

 c. CHINESE TRIAD

- also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the
world.

- It is believe to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle” with international

connections on drug trafficking.

5. DRUG SYNDICATES

FILIPINO-CHINESE DRUG SYNDICATES

-are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into the country.

Most drug couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their embarkation points for the
Philippines.

And recently, intelligence reports reveal that large quintets of shabu are smuggled in
the country directly from mainland China through commercial airlines and ocean-sea
vessels.

 Binondo-based Chinese Syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad

Society.

Bamboo Gang based in Taiwan

14K based in Hongkong

            The most common “modus operandi”  by the syndicates – posing as fishermen

along Philippine seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union,
Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug
smuggling including drug manufacture.
 F. THE DRUG CHAIN 

1. PRODUCTION – this pertains to the planting, growing, and harvesting of plants,

which are the sources of raw materials in the manufacture of precursors
and/or dangerous drugs.

 2. PROCESSING – comes into play after harvesting the plants in the production link.

 3. TRAFFICKING – pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of dangerous

drugs from the clandestine laboratories to the wholesale markets.

 4. FINANCING - pertains to the surreptitious movement and delivery of dangerous

drugs in big amounts of cash.

5. RETAILING – is the fifth link which involved the selling or pushing of drugs in small
quantities to the end-users at the street or grass root level.

 6. CONSUMPTION – refers to the actual use of the drugs by the end-users through
injection, inhalation or smoking.

DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. DANGEROUS DRUGS: DEFINED

Dangerous drugs refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled substances.

Controlled substances are generally grouped according to their pharmacological
classifications, effects and as to their legal criteria.

2. GENERAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION:

A.    ACCORDING TO EFFECTS:

a. Depressants (DOWNERS)

– are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the central nervous system.

 b. Stimulants (UPPERS)

– are group of drugs having the effect of stimulating the central nervous system.

 c. Hallucinogens (PSYCHEDELICS)

– are group of drugs that are considered to be mind altering drugs and give the general
effect of mood distortion.
3. ACCORDING TO MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

1.     Depressants

2.     Narcotics

3.     Tranquillizers

4.     Stimulants

5.     Hallucinogens

6.     Solvents

4. LEGAL CATEGORIES (In accordance to R.A 6425)

1. PROHIBITED DRUGS

a. Narcotics

- refers to the group of the drug opium and its derivatives

– i.e. opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, etc.

 b. Stimulants

– i.e. cocaine, alpha and beta eucaine, etc.

c. Hallucinogens

- i.e. marijuana, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline

 2. REGULATED DRUGS

a. Barbiturates

-depressant drugs

- i.e. Luminal, Veronal, Amytal, Nembutal, Surital, Gernyl, Butisol, Penthotal, etc.

 b. Hypnotics

-sleep inducing drugs

- i.e. Mandrax, Quaalude, Fadomer, etc.

 c.Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu) and Amphetamines

-stimulant drugs

– i.e. Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Preludin, etc.

 3.  Volatile Substances (solvents/Inhalants/Delirants)

– The group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic
vapors of fumes which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or introduce into the
physiological system of the body produces or induces a condition of intoxication,
excitement, or dulling of the brain or nervous system.

Examples of these drugs are: Glue (teardrops), Gasoline, Kerosene, Ether, Paint,
Thinner, Lacquer, etc.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (According to Effects)

 DEPRESSANTS (Downers)

-          These are drugs that suppress vital body functions especially those of brain or
Central Nervous System, resulting to impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and
muscle coordination.

-          They dull the minds, slow down the body reactions to such extent that
accidental deaths and suicides usually happen.

-          These drugs decrease both the mental and the physical activities of the body.

-          They cause depression, relieve pain, induce sedation or sleep and suppress
cough.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (According to Effects)

5.1. NARCOTICS
-  Are drugs, which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.

-  Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough depressants and as an active component
of anti-diarrhea preparations.

-  Opium and its derivatives are classified as narcotics.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (According to Effects)

5.2. OPIUM
2. OPIUM

-  Derived from poppy plant- Papaver Somniferum popularly known as “gum”, “gamot”,
“kalamay”, or “panocha”.

-  is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium
poppy

-  A plant that can grow from 3-6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia.

-  Its active ingredient is the “meconic acid”- the analgesic property.

 Stages Showing the Effect of Opium

a. Stage of Excitement

– increase of mental activity, restlessness, and even hallucination.

 b. Stage of Stupor

– person becomes quiet, having lethargy and can go to sleep.

 c. Stage of Narcosis

– individual feels so relaxed, asleep, muscles flexible. Stage of Respiratory Depression.

5.3. MORPHINE
-  first isolated in 1804.

-  Used for pain relief and as a cure for opium and alcohol addiction.

-  Most commonly used and best used opiate.

-  It is effective as a pain killer six times potent than opium, with a high dependence –
producing potential. It is an extremely powerful opiate analgesic drug, the principal
active ingredient of opium.

-  Morphine exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes, and

mental clouding.

-  Most commonly used and best used opiate.

-  Effective as painkiller six times potent than the opium, with high dependence-
producing potential.
-  Exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes, and mental
clouding.

 FRIEDRICH ADAM WILHELM SERTURNER

– he discovered the active ingredient of opium by dissolving it in acid.

Then neutralize in with ammonia. The result – alkaloids Principium Somniferum –

Morphine – lauded as “God’s own medicine” for its reliability and long lasting effects.

5.4. HEROIN ( CHASING THE DRAGON)

-  Three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the
most addicting opium derivative.

-  also known as diamorphine or diacetylmorphine, is a semi-synthetic opoid

-  Street names:

-  ‘Big H’, ‘Black Tar’, ‘Brown Sugar’

-  -Synthesized in 1874 as anesthetic. It was first Controlled in 1914.

-  With continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days.

-  Maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually injected in the veins.

5.5. CODEINE (SCHOOL BOY)

-  Is a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations.

-  These cough medicines have been widely abused by the youth whenever hard
narcotics are difficult to obtain.

-  Withdrawal symptoms are less severe than other drugs.

5.6. PAREGORIC
-  A tincture of opium in combination with camphor.

-  Commonly used as a household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.

5.7. DEMEROL
- it is widely used as a pain killer in child birth.
- may increase the effects of other drugs that cause drowsiness, including other pain
relievers, alcohol, antihistamines, sedatives, antidepressants, anxiety medicines and
muscle relaxants.

- maybe habit forming. Physical and psychological dependence can occur, and
withdrawal effects are possible if medication is stopped suddenly after prolonged or
high-dose treatment.

5.8. METHADONE
- is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents since it
relieves the physical craving for heroin.

-a synthetic opoid, used medically as an analgesic and in the treatment of narcotic

addiction.

-It was first synthesized in 1937 by the pharmacological company Eli Lily and company

- it was first synthesized in 1937 by German scientists Max Bockmuhl and Gustav
Ehrhart at IG Farben during their search for an analgesic that would be easier to use
during surgery than morphine.

5.9. DILAUDID (Drug store heroin)

- available as a rectal suppository, in pill form, or as a cough syrup.

- This is purported to be from two to four times as powerful than morphine or equal.

- It’s duration of effects is half that of morphine.

5.10. HYCODAN
- This is a white powder derived from codeine and has same chemical relationship to
codeine that dilaudid has to morphine.

- This comes both as cough syrup and a white tablet and can be substituted by the
addict when heroin is unavailable.

5.11. PERCODAN
This is a white powder derived also from codeine and commonly prescribed for the
relief of pain.

5.12. DEMEROL
- This is a synthetic narcotic commonly prescribed for the relief of pain and for sedation
purposes.
- This drug does not have the strength of morphine and causes fewer problems such as
nausea, constipation and vomiting.

5.13. DARVON
This is one of the most popular pain medications.

5.14. BARBITURATES
-  Drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and
insomnia.

-  Used also in treatment of epilepsy and hypertension.

-  Available in capsules, pills, or tablets and taken orally and injected.

-  drugs that acts as central nervous system depressants derived from barbituric acid, a
combination of urea and malonic acid.

-  It was first synthesized in December 6, 1864 by German researcher ADOLF VON

BAEYER.

ü  Effects:

a. ULTRA-SHORT ACTING – barbiturates produce anesthesia within one (1) minute

after use.

b. SHORT ACTING AND INTERMEDIATE ACTING – take effect within 15-40

minutes and last up to six(6) hours.

c. LONG ACTING – take effect in an hour and last up to 12 hours; used for sedation.

5.15. SECONAL
-  Commonly used among hospitality girls.

-  Sudden withdrawal from these drugs is even more dangerous than opiate withdrawal.

-  Could result to heart and respiratory failure.

-  The dependent develop generalized convulsions and delirium, which are frequently
associated with heart and respiratory failures.

5.16. TRANQUILIZERS
-  Drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
-  Used in the treatment of nervous states and some mental disorder without producing
sleep.

-  - are dugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in the treatment
of nervous states in some mental disorders without producing sleep.

 Originally composed of two(2) groups:

- Major Tranquilizers – phenothiazines; and

- Minor Tranquilizers – Benzodiazepines.

5.17. INHALANTS
-  are breathable chemical vapors that produce psychoactive effects. A variety of
products common in the home and in the workplace contains substances that can be
inhaled.

a. VOLATILE SOLVENTS

-  Gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”.

-  Examples are plastic glues, hair spray, fingernail polish, lighter fluid, rugby, paint,
thinner, acetone, turpentine, gasoline, kerosene, varnishes and other aerosol products.

 b. AEROSOLS

  - household aerosol propellants and associated solvents in items such as spray paints,
hair or     deodorant sprays, fabric protector sprays, aerosol computer cleaning
products, and vegetable oil sprays.

 c. GASES

  - gases used in household or commercial products, including butane lighters and
propane tanks, whipping cream aerosols or dispensers, and refrigerant gases.

  d. NITRITES

- organic nitrates are volatiles that include cyclohexyl, butyl and amyl nitrites commonly
as ‘Poppers’.

-volatile nitrites are usually sold in small brown bottles labeled as ‘video head cleaner’,
‘room odorizer’, ‘leather cleaner’, or ‘liquid aroma.’

5.18. ALCOHOL
- the king of all drugs with potential for abuse.
- It is considered the most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively legalized
drugs     throughout the world.

  - derived from the Arabic “al-kuhl or kohl”, a fine powder of antimony used as an eye
make-up.

  - Once beverage is swallowed, it is already within the stomach; ABSORPTION starts

(small intestine – major site)

ü OXIDATION – most alcohol consumed and absorbed will be distributed; 90%

alcohol + 02 = Oxidation Process

ü ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE – a gastric enzyme that will breakdown 20% of

alcohol in the stomach before it goes to the blood stream; it acts as a catalyst in
changing more alcohol to acetal dehyde = acetic acid = H20 = CO2

ü HANG-OVER – a painful reminder of the things that we did not feel during drinking.

ü TIME – the best thing to sober a person.

ü MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System)-appears to increase activity of

oxidation process

n  Small Dose – Pseudo-stimulation- a person becomes active

n  Large Dose – Excitatory Synopsis – the person becomes depressed

ü  LONG TERM EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

1. Liver Disorder

a. Hepatotoxic Effect – toxic effect of alcohol on liver tissues

b. Alcoholic Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver

c. Alcoholic Cirrhosis – shriveling and hardening of liver

2. Hypoglycemia – blood sugar is very low

3. Wernicke Korsakoff’s Syndrome – alcoholic psychosis

4. Cardiomyopathy – disease of the heart muscles

5. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – baby having withdrawal symptoms.

STIMULANTS

1. STIMULANTS

- any group of drugs that excite the central nervous system, increase alertness and
alleviate fatigue.

- They produce effects opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing about

relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce
hunger, and provide a feeling of well-being.

1.1. AMPHETAMINE
- use medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression and treatment.

- also known as ‘Speed of Crank’, is a stimulant and club drug used to diminish the
appetite, control weight and treat disorders including narcolepsy and attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder.

 ü  BENZEDRINE

  – first amphetamine discovered in 1887

  - it was used as inhalant for nasal congestion, and later used to treat depression,
narcolepsy, obesity, alcoholism, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, fatigue, and
hyperkinesis.

 ü  METHAMPHETAMINE (Methyl-Alphaphenylethylamine)

  - a psycho stimulant; increases alertness, concentration, energy, and in high doses,

can produce euphoria, enhance self-esteem, and increase libido.

  -has high potential for abuse and addiction by activating the psychological reward
system via triggering a cascading release of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in the brain.

PERVITIN – German trademark of methamphetamine

PHILOPON – Japanese trademark of meth

1.2. COCAINE
- the drug taken from the coca bush plant (erythroxylon coca) grows in South America.
It is usually in the form of powder that can be taken orally, injected or sniffed as to
achieve in euphoria or an intense feeling of highness.
- alkaloid obtained from leaves of coca plant and used medically as local anesthetic.

- Indigenous Peruvians once considered the Coca Plant to be divine. They named it
“Khoka” – which means “The Plant”

- 1859-1860, German scientist Albert Niemann, coined the term “cocaine” after
successfully isolating the main alkaloid of the plant.

 Three(3) Forms of Cocaine

1. COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE

– fine white crystal-like powder which can be sniffed through the nose.

 2. FREE BASE

– purified substance of cocaine hydrochloride usually injected or smoked

 3. COCA PASTE

– crude products from coca leaves which is processed by smoke. It is dangerous for it
contains oezin and paraffin.

Crack Cocaine – smokable form of cocaine that is a powerfully addictive stimulant

that directly affects the brain

1.3. CAFFEINE
- a bitter, white crystalline, xanthine alkaloid that is a psychoactive stimulant.

- It was isolated from coffee in 1828 by German chemist FRIEDLIB FERDINAND RUNGE.

- it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wakeup pills.

 PELLETIER

– coined the word ‘Cafiene’ which became the English word “Caffeine” noting that the
drug had been isolated from coffee.

 CHINESE EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

- accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and
restorative drink resulted.

 “CAFFEINISM”
– a condition when large amounts of caffeine are taken, and especially over extended
periods of time.

 CAFFEINE INTOXICATION/Caffeine Jitters

– caffeine overdose resulting in a central nervous system over-stimulation.

1.4. SHABU (POOR MAN’S COCAINE)

- Chemically known as methamphetamine hydrochloride. It is a central nervous system
stimulant and sometimes called upper or speed.

- It is white, colorless, crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.

- It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon ) or injected.

1.5. NICOTINE
- named after the tobacco plant “Nicotiana Tabacum”, which in turn is named after
JEAN NICOT DE VILLEMAIN, French ambassador in Portugal who sent tobacco and
seeds from Brazil to Paris in 1560.

- an active component in tobacco which acts as a powerful stimulants of the nervous

system.  A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.

-nicotine’s effects are short-lived, lasting only 40 minutes to a couple of hours.

            MODE OF ADMINISTRATION

            a. Smoking

            – involves burning dried tobacco leaves available as cigarettes, cigars of pipe
tobacco. Apart from nicotine within the smoke, other noxious chemicals like cyanide are
inhaled.

             Side-Stream Smoke

             – is that when a person inhales smoke that comes out from the burning of
tobacco.

             Main Stream Smoke

             – is that when a person inhales smoke while the person is smoking.

             b. Chewing and Inhaling

            – nicotine is absorbed through the mouth lining by chewing the tobacco or
through the nasal ling by sniffing dust-like tobacco particles.

   TOBACCO

  - Tobacco means the curved leaves of the tobacco plant “nicotiana tobacu” which
contains a very potent ingredient called nicotine.

1.6. MDMA (Methylene DioxyMethamphetamine)

-Ecstacy: an illicit drug considered as a recreational or party drug. It acts as both a
stimulant and a hallucinogen.

- Ecstasy achieves its high by preventing the brain from reabsorbing the chemical
Serotonin, thereby prolonging its effects in the body.

-MDMA was introduced clinically under names ADAM and EMPHATY when it was used
as psychotherapy in the late 1970’s and early mid-1980’s

 ANTON KOLLISCH

– a German chemist who first produced MDMA.

 MERCK

– German pharmaceutical company who patented MDMA.

1.7. ROHYPNOL (Flunitrazepam)

- most commonly known as date-rape drug, continues to be abused among teenagers
and young adults usually at raves and nightclubs.

- The drug remains readily available, mainly through pharmaceutical operators located
in Mexico, especially Tijuana.

-first isolated by ROCHE in 1972 Europe.

  Medical Uses: Sleep aid and anesthetic

  Drug Classification: Benzodiazepine

  Generic Name: Flunitrazepam

HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELICS)

1. HALLUCINOGENS
- a variety of mind-altering drugs which distort reality, thinking and perception of time,
sound, space and sensation.

- The user experiences hallucination (calls perception) which at times can be strange.

- They may dislocate his consciousness and change his mood, thinking and concept of
self.

 Psychedelics

- any one of a large number or natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that produce
marked distortions of the senses and changes perception.

            - Hallucinogens generally alter the way time is perceived making it appear to
slow down.

1.1. MARIJUANA
- it is the most commonly abused hallucinogens in the Philippines because it can be
grown extensively in the country many users choose to smoke marijuana for relaxation
in the same way people drink beer or **tail at the end of the day.

-The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce the
opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

HASHISH

– a concentrated resin produced from the flowers of the female cannabis plant

HASH OIL/ BUTANE HONEY OIL (BHO)

– a mix of essential oils and resins extracted from mature cannabis foliage through the
use of various solvents.

RESIDUE/RESIN

 – a stick residue, builds up inside utensils used to smoke cannabis. Has Tar like
properties.

Effects: the minimum amount of THC required to have a perceptible psychoactive effect
is about 10micrograms per kilogram of body weight.

 CLASSIFICATION OF MARIJUANA

 a. Vietnam Green

            – coming from South East Asia; twice as potent than those grown in US

 b. Acapulco Gold

– grown in Southern Mexico; may contain 2-4% THC

 c. Panama Red

– strongest of all

 Special Preparations of Marijuana

a. Hashish – pure resin coming from tops, leaves, stem of the plant. It is smoked in
tobacco pipe, the most potent of all cannabis preparations.

b. Bhang – from dried leaves and shoots added to beverage. Least potent.

c. Ganja – from the female plant, mixed in tobacco.

d. Majun – mixed with flour, butter and sugar. Sometimes added with dhatura seeds
to increase potency.

e. Reefers – dried leaves and stems are made into cigarettes and smoked

1.2. LSD (LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE)

- this drug is the most powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a fungus that
attacks rye kernels.

- LSD is 1,000 times more powerful than marijuana as supply, large enough for a trip
can be                                taken from the glue on the flab of an envelop, from the
hidden areas inside one’s clothes.

- LSD causes perceptual changes so that user sees color, shapes or objects more
intensely than normal and may have hallucinations of things that are not real.

1.3. PEYOTE
- common name for a small, spineless, turnip-shaped cactus, native to Mexico and the
South western United States.

- the grayish mushroom-shaped tops called peyote or mescal buttons, yield nine(9)
alkaloids, of which mescaline is the principal active ingredient.
- the mescaline in these preparations alters perception, producing vivid color
hallucinations, inaccurate estimation of time and a feeling of anxiety.

- Peyote is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus.

- It emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.

- This drug causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms;

although in some cases psychological dependence has been noted.

1.4. PSILOCYBIN
- Peyote is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus.

- It emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.

- This drug causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms;

although in some cases psychological dependence has been noted.

1.5. MORNING GLORY SEEDS (Ipomea Violacea)

- The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory are used to produce
hallucinations.

- The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained though a cloth
and drunk.They are sold under the names of “heavenly blues”, “flying dancers”, and
“pearly gates”.

- The active ingredient in the seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The reactions
are likened to those resulting from LSD. Prolonged psychosis is also one of its effects.

- LSA (Lysergic Acid Amide), effect of LSA can be reached with as few as 25-50 seeds,
recreational users consume 100-400 seeds.

1.6. MESCALINE
- from cactus Iophophora Williamse from Mexico.

- it is alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also be
synthesized in the laboratory.

- It produces less nausea than peyote and shows effects resembling those of LSD
although milder in nature.

- One to two hours after the drug is taken in a liquid or powder form, delusions begin to
occur.
1.7. DATURA
- from family of Solonaceae, can be found even in the Philippine known as” Angel’s
Trumpets.”

- a highly toxic, ingested for recreational or shomanic intoxication as the plant contains
the Tropane Alkaloids.

1.8. PCP (PHENCYLIDINE)

- general anesthetic that has become a major drug of abuse because of its potent
psychological and behavioral effects.

- Introduced in the 1950’s as a relatively non-toxic animal anesthetic, PCP has harsh
side-effects that make it unsuitable for anesthesia in humans.

-within a few years however, illegal PCP was sold as a substitute and adulterant for
such hallucinogens as LSD, mescaline and THC.

- customary users of other hallucinogens usually did not like the severe psychological
effects of PCP;

- it became popular among teenagers in the 1970’s, however, under such street names
as “Angel dust” and “hog.”

1.9. STP ( Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace)

- it is a take-off on the motor oil additive.

- It is a chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to produce more violent and longer

effects than mescaline dose.

- Its effects are similar to the nerve gas used in chemical warfare.

- It is less potent than LSD although its effects are similar to those of psychedelics.

1.10. AMANITA MUSCARIA

- psychoactive amanitas are mushrooms which contain the psychoactive chemicals
ibotenic acid and muscimol.

- They have a long history of use in Asia and Northern Europe.

- They are best known for their distinctive appearance (bright reds and yellows with
white spots).

THE THREE MOST POPULAR PLANTS AS SOURCES OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. THE MARIJUANA PLANT

ü  Marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is a

plant that grows in tropical region and attains an approximate height of 15 to 20 ft.

ü  Scientifically named as Cannabis Sativa Lima and a member of the Cannabinaceae

family of plants (separate male/female plant), the female plant is known as
the Pistillate (short but short-lived) while the male plant is called
the Staminate (taller but short-lived)

ü  Its leaves formed a fingerlike look-odd in numbers from 3 up to 13 fingerlike leaves.

ü  The stalk of the plant can attain a height of 3 to 16 ft while roots can attain a length
of approximately 8 inches.

ü  The resin called “hashish” can be found on the most top portion of the female plant.

ü  The active ingredient or alkaloid of the plant is called cannabin (the one that
produces of the plant is called cannabin)

ü  The one that produces the physiological effect or the Tetrahydrocannabinnol

(THC)- the concentrated alkaloid which is 5 to 20 times stronger then the plain
marijuana plant.

ü  The means of using the drug varies from ingestion to smoking.

2. OPIUM POPPY PLANT

ü  This is scientifically known as Papaver Somniferum.

ü  The word Papaver is a Greek term which means poppy while the word Somniferum is
a Latin term which means dream/induced sleep.

ü  The plant can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia.

ü  The Summerians called it “Hul Gil” which means, “plant of joy” due to its joyful effect
when administered. Its active ingredient is the Meconic acid – the analgesic property.

ü  The dangerous drugs that can be derive from the plant are morphine, heroin, and
codeine.

3. THE COCA BUSH PLANT

ü  Scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca common in South America.

ü  The plant grows in mountainous and tropical climate areas, on clay like soil.

ü  A fully-grown cultivated coca plant attains a height of 6 to 8 feet and can be
harvested 3 to 4 times in a year.

ü  The dangerous drug that can be produced from this plant is the drug Cocaine- the
most powerful natural stimulant known as cocaine hydrochloride.

4. THE EPEDRA PLANT

ü  Known to the Chinese as “Ma Huang”, the Epedra plant (Ephedra Vulgaris) is a
psychoactive plant that contains psychotropic properties one of which is the alkaloid
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, an active ingredient of anti-asthma drugs used in over
the counter medications.

ü  It is also an essential chemical precursor in the production of Methamphetamine or

Amphetamine drugs.

ü  Methamphetamine Hydrochloride commonly known as “shabu” is a product derived

from this plant through chemical processes.

DRUGS AND ITS EFFECTS

1. THE INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE

CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE

u  The term drug abuse most often refers to the use of drug with such frequency that it
causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the
term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or
others they abuse by using drugs.

u  Traditionally, the term drug abuse refers to the use of any drug prohibited by law
regardless of whether it is actually harmful or not.

2. CONCEPT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

-Drug dependence, which is sometimes called drug addiction, is defined by three (3)
basic characteristics:

u     The user continues to take drug over an extended period of time.

 u     The user find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to quit the
drug use. Users take extraordinary measures to continue using drug.

u     The users stop taking their drug-only if their supply of the drug is cut-off, or if they
are forced to quit for any reason-they will undergo physical or mental    distress. The
experience of withdrawal distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a
drug is dependency-producing and that the user is dependent on drug.

3. CONCEPT OF DRUG ADDICTION

Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in
respect of a drug. He consumes the drug repeatedly leaving aside all values of life. In
other words, a drug addict will resort to crime even to satisfy his repeated craving for
the drug.

3.1. Characteristics of Drug Addiction

n  Uncontrollable Craving- The addict feels a compulsive craving to take drug
repeatedly and tries to procure the same by any means.

n   Tolerance- It is the tendency to increase the dosage of drug to produce the same
effect as to that of the original effect.

n   Addiction- The addict is powerless to quit drug use.

n   Physical Dependence- The addict’s physiological functioning is altered. The body

becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of
the drug. The withdrawal syndromes will occur once the drug use is stopped.

n   Psychological Dependence- Emotional and Mental discomfort exists to the

individual. The drug addict feels that he cannot do anything without the drug.

n   Withdrawal Syndrome-  The addict becomes nervous and restless when he does

not get the drug.

u  After about 12 hours- he starts sweating. His nose and eyes become watery and
continue doing so increasingly for another 12 hours. It is followed by vomiting,
diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep. Respiration, blood pressure and body temperature
also rises. This will continue up to three (3) days. After which, the trouble starts
subsiding and most of it is gone in about week’s time. Complete recovery takes place in
three (3) to six (6) months.

3.2. How Addiction is acquired?

People have generally different motivation in life. The young ones are very much
adventurous and some of them have strong attraction in drug-taking because these
“Space” belongs to them so to speak. Thus, the “IN” thing these days are drugs. To see
drug abusers around seemed to be common sight;

 n  The drug habit is acquired primarily in three (3) ways:

1. Association- the tendency of drug abuser to look for peer groups where he feels
being wanted and accepted.

2. Experimentation- The tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of drugs

due to curiosity or other reasons.

3. Inexperienced Doctors- The tendency of doctors and physicians to unnecessarily

prescribe drugs.

 n Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:

1.      Habituation- repetitious engagement of drug use which is closely related to the

experience of the euphoric effect of drugs, and relief of pain and discomfort.

2.      Toleration- refers to the necessity to increase the dose to obtain an effect

equivalent to the original dose.

3.      Dependence- The altered physiological state brought about by the repeated

administration of the drug, which necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid
withdrawal syndrome.

3.3. Underlying influence of drugs

1.      BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:

a)      Individual’s general health

b)     It is believed that drug has the special power to prevent or increase sexual
activity.

c)       According to a theory, a person who uses morphine or other pain-reliever drugs

has the physiological abnormality where endorphin production is less.

 2.      FACTORS IN YOUTHFUL DRUG ABUSE (Physiological, Mental Health,

Family Conditions)

a)     Motives and Attitudes- The more a drug is used, the more it tends to satisfy
more than one motive or need.

 b)     Personality and Pathology- The psychology has been described as: Chronic,

low- grade depression, smoldering, tense and restlessness, a sense of not being taken
seriously, narcissism or egocentricity, pre-occupation with issues or identity, autonomy
and freedom of expression, repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects and the
difficulty in interpersonal relations.

c)     Family Background- The family is a strong influence to drug abuse. In high

addiction areas, the families of adolescent narcotic users showed the following
characteristics:

ü  Absent or weak father

ü  Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother

ü  Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack definition of limits

ü  Hostility or conflict between parents

ü  Unrealistic aspiration for children

ü  Modeling

   3. OTHER PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS

  1. Availability of over-the-counter and prescription drugs variety of drugs available for
different ailments.

  2. Influence of media-advertisement message that an ailment can be cured through

the use of chemical substances toward messages and help to create the acceptance of
drugs.

  3. Impact of affluent lifestyle.

  4. Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social values.

  5. The collapse of religious values.

  6. Alienation and enemies feeling of powerless.

  7. Lower value on academic achievement.

  8. They believe that drug can give deeper insights.

  9. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems.

  10. The easy access to drug.

  11. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs.

  12. The belief that they are just taking it like alcohol.

  13. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to seed out solution with
chemicals.

  14. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of drugs.

  15. Slum condition

C. THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

 1. PRIDE- excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self-importance.

2. ANGER- unexpressed deep seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or
the society in general.

3. LUST- burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.

4. GLUTTONY- “food trip” in the lingo of junkies

5. GREED- wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their

work of art, such as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse.

6. ENVY- to get attention from someone

7. LAZINESS- “I can’tsyndrome”

3.4. The Seven deadly signs of addiction (Dugan, M)

Denial of reality

All of us know that drug addicts have a completely skewed perception of reality. This
can eventually lead people into such states of denial where they refuse to believe in
anything that's real. They start having illusions of grandeur or rank evil and eventually
end up never reaching their true potential.

 Lying to family

Family means the world to most of us. But, though they're supportive and caring, it
doesn't mean they will stick around for very long. Lies, deceit and the plain aggression
that drug addicts show to the people around them will eventually drive loved ones
away. Loneliness is often the hallmark of a drug addict's point-of-no-return.

 Proneness to debauchery
Most drug addicts tend to lead very dangerous sex lives. Under the influence of drugs,
reduced apprehensions often lead drug addicts to have sex with people they have no
clue about and they eventually end up contracting some dangerous disease. The worst
part is, they also lie to their family about it.

 Reckless spending

The first thing that drugs hurt are your pockets, and eventually the pockets of those
closest to you. Drug addicts spend a fortune on getting themselves high and staying
that way. Little do they realize that this is simply money flushed down the drain. The
eventual rehab and counseling are also very expensive and denial only delays the
solution and makes you spend more.

 Violent tendencies

Drug addicts really lose it when they realize they're losing control of their lives. They go
on suicidal dosages and start becoming violence towards family members and friends
who try to dissuade them from such behavior. They come to view caring friends as
enemies and sometimes end up hurting them. The good friends will stay, but most will
leave.

 Getting scarred for life

Drug addicts are scarred for life even if they manage to come out of their addiction.
Most times, their friends or family never really trust them for the rest of their lives.
Sure, they will act like they care, but will double-check everything you do or say and
even a reformed addict will never be treated the same way as he was before his
addiction.

 Destruction of health

Most drug addicts have already destroyed their bodies beyond repair and will be in
denial about it. They lie about their doses to caregivers, overdose on drugs, inject
themselves wrongly and completely destroy their bodies without realizing what they're
doing to themselves. Most drugs are acidic and they destroy the organs they touch over
the long-term. Most drug related injuries are simply too grave to repair and addicts tend
to suffer the consequences of their actions for the rest of their natural lives.

3.5. Group classification of drug abusers

1. SITUATIONAL USERS- those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional
energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit
psychological dependence.
2. SPREE USERS- School age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous daring
experience or as a means of fun.

3. HARD CORE ADDICTS- Those whose activities revolve almost entirely around the
drug experience  and securing supplies.

4. HIPPIES- Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of
life.

3.6. How to identify a drug abuser

Based on the lecture of U.S. expert doctor of medicine, forensic chemist at the London
International Police Academy usually detects drug abusers without to much trouble by
means of the following;

l  Presence of hypodermic needle or tracks on arms and on various parts of the body.
The armed are kept covered.

l  Pinpoint pupils, watery eyes – when addict, is apparently normal they are contracted
when in need of drugs, they are dilated when using synthetics or cocaine.

l  Urinalysis

l  Pallor – (prison pallor – ashen) sallow complexion

l  Gait – they walk with a stoop

l  Withdrawal Symptoms – they show abstinence syndrome from either slight –

moderate – severe.

The profile of an addict or drug abuser in our country is knowing his

demographic character.

Majority are in the:                                25 – 29 age bracket

Mean age  :                                          27 years old

Ratio of male to female  :      10 : 1

Civil Status   :                          54.40% (single) 

Education   :                            27.58% (HS level)

Gainful Occupation:

      -Laborers & unskilled workers  -  21.28%

      -Unemployed  -  38.19%

       -Ave. monthly family income :     Php 13,063.13

        -Place of residence: Urban (Specifically NCR)

3.7. Effects of drug abuse

1. PHYSICAL EFFECTS

a. MALNUTRITION

The life of an addict revolves around drug abuse. Drug dependent who has tried on his
own may suffer from severe gastrointestinal disturbance that results to severe
dehydration.

 b. SKIN INFECTIONS and RASHES

            Oftentimes, drug abuser neglects his personal hygiene, uses unsterilized
needles and syringes that result in infections.

 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

  a. Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.

  b. Impairment of adequate mental function.

  c. Loss of drive and ambition.

  d. Development of psychosis and depression.

  e. Loss of interest to study.

  f. Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness.

  g. Irritability and rebellious attitude.

  h. Withdrawn forgetfulness.

 3. SOCIAL EFFECTS

  a. Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict with

authority.

  b. Commission of crimes.
  c. Social maladjustment.

4. MENTAL EFFECTS

  -adverse effect on the central nervous system.

  - "mental invalid"- drugs can manipulate him, make him lose his power and prod him
to behave contrary to what he usually think is right.

  - abuser's mind deteriorates gradually.

 5. ECONOMIC EFFECTS

a. Inability to hold stable job.

b. Dependence on family resources.

c. Accidents in industry.

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A 9165

1. RA 9165- The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

 Signed June 7, 2002

 Published June 19, 2002
 Took effect July 4, 2002
 IRR formulated and approved August 30, 2002 and published October 31, 2002
1.1. ARTICLES
l  Article I – Definition of Terms

l  Article II – Unlawful Acts and Penalties

l  Article III – Dangerous Drugs Test and Record Requirements

l  Article IV- Participation of the Family, Students, Teachers and School Authorities in

the Enforcement of this Act.

l  Article V - Promotion of a National Drug-Free Workplace Program with the

Participation of Private and Labor Sectors and the Department of Labor and
Employment

l  Article VI – Participation of the Private and Labor Sectors in the Enforcement of the
Act

l  Article VII – Participation of Local Units

l  Article VIII – Program for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

l  Article IX – Dangerous Drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

l  Article X – Appropriations, Management of Funds and Annual Report

l  Article XI – Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Cases

l  Article XII – Implementing Rules and Regulations

l  Article XIII – Final Provisions

1.2. THE DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD

l  Article IX, Section 77.  The Dangerous Drugs Board

n  Policy-making and strategy formulating body in the planning and formulation of

policies and programs on drug prevention and control

n  Shall develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national
drug abuse prevention and control strategy.

l  Article IX, Section 78.  Composition of the Board

u  17 members

u    3 permanent

u    12 ex-officio

u    2 regular members

u  2 Permanent Consultants (PNP & NBI)

 Three (3) permanent members –

u   1 Chairman (Secretary) – to serve for 6 years

u    1 Member (Undersecretary) – 4 years

u    1 Member (Undersecretary) – 2 years

 
1.3. THE PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

  Implement or cause the efficient and effective implementation of the national

drug  control strategy  formulated by the Board;
 Undertake the enforcement of the provisions of Article II of the Act  relative to
the unlawful  acts and penalties  involving  any dangerous  drug  and/or 
controlled precursor  and essential  chemical 
 Administer  oath,  issue subpoena  and subpoena  duces  tecum  relative to the
conduct  of investigation involving  the violations of this Act
 Arrest  and apprehend  as well as  search all  violators  and seize  or confiscate, 
the effects or proceeds of the crimes  as provided by law
 Take charge  and have custody  of all dangerous drugs and/ or controlled 
precursors and essential  chemicals seized,  confiscated  or  surrendered  to any
national, provincial  or local law  enforcement agency
 Establish  forensic  laboratories  in each PNP  office in every  province and city 
in order to facilitate  action on seized  or confiscated  drugs,  thereby  hastening 
its destruction  without delay
 Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture  of properties  and other assets  of
persons  and/or  corporations found to be  violating the provisions of the Act 
and in accordance  with the  pertinent  provisions  of the Anti-Money-Laundering 
Act of  2001
 Prepare for prosecution or cause  the filing of appropriate  criminal and civil
cases  for violation of all  laws on dangerous drugs, controlled  precursors and
essential  chemicals, and other similar  controlled substances
 Monitor and if warranted  by circumstances, in coordination with the Philippine
Postal Office and the Bureau of Customs, inspect all air cargo packages, parcels
and mails  in the central post office
 Conduct eradication programs to destroy  wild  or illegal growth  of plants  from
which  dangerous  drugs may be  extracted
 Initiate  and undertake  the formation of a nationwide  organization which shall 
coordinate  and supervise  all activities  against drug abuse  in every province, 
city, municipality  and barangay
 Establish  and maintain  a national drug  intelligence  system  in cooperation with
law enforcement  agencies,  other government  agencies/offices  and local
government units  that will assist  in its apprehension  of big-time drug lords
 Establish  and maintain  close coordination, cooperation  and linkages with
international  drug control  and administration  agencies and organizations
 Create and maintain  an efficient  special enforcement unit to  conduct an
investigation, file charges and transmit  evidence to the  proper court
 Require  all government  and private  hospitals, clinics,  doctors,  dentists and
other  practitioners  to submit  a report to it
 Coordinate  with the Board  for the facilitation  of the issuance  of necessary 
guidelines, rules and regulations for the proper implementation of the Act 
  Initiate  and undertake a national campaign  for drug prevention  and control 
programs, where it  may enlist the assistance  of any  department,  bureau,
office, agency  or instrumentality  of the government,  including government-
owned and/or controlled  corporations
 Submit an annual  and periodic  reports to the Board as may be required  from
time to time, and perform  such other functions as may  be authorized  or
required  under existing  laws and as directed by the  President  himself/herself

1.4. Relationship/coordination between PDEA and other agencies

Sec. 86. Transfer, Absorption, and Integration of All Operating Units on
Illegal Drugs into the PDEA and Transitory Provisions

 Nothing in this Act shall mean a diminution of the investigative powers of the NBI
and the PNP on all other crimes as provided for in their respective organic laws:
Provided, however, That when the investigation being conducted by the NBI,
PNP or any ad hoc anti-drug task force is found to be a violation of any of the
provisions of this Act, the PDEA shall be the lead agency.  The NBI, PNP or any
of the task force shall immediately transfer the same to the PDEA: Provided,
further, That the NBI, PNP and the Bureau of Customs shall maintain close
coordination with the PDEA on all drug-related matters.“….The PNP and NBI are
no longer authorized to conduct anti-drug operations without the involvement of
the PDEA, which is now the principal anti-drug law enforcement agency of the
government pursuant to R.A. No. 9165.”

 The PDEA shall be the lead agency in the enforcement of the Act, while the
PNP, the NBI and other law enforcement agencies shall continue to conduct
anti-drug operations in support of the PDEA:  

 Provided, that the said agencies shall, as far as practicable, coordinate with the
PDEA prior to anti-drug operations; 
 Provided, further, that, in any case, said agencies shall inform the PDEA of their
anti-drug operations within twenty-four (24) hours from the time of the actual
custody of the suspects or seizure of said drugs and substances, as well as
paraphernalia and transport equipment used in illegal activities involving such
drugs and/or substances, and
 Shall regularly update the PDEA on the status of the cases involving the said
anti-drug operations; 
 Provided, furthermore, that raids, seizures, and other anti-drug operations
conducted by the PNP, the NBI, and other law enforcement agencies prior to the
approval of this IRR (November 1, 2002) shall be valid and authorized;
 Provided, finally, that nothing in this IRR shall deprive the PNP, the NBI, other
law enforcement personnel and the personnel of the Armed Forces of the
 Philippines (AFP) from effecting lawful arrests and seizures in consonance with
the provisions of Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court.

1.5. Unlawful acts and Penalties (Art. 2, RA 9165)

SEC. 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs/Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals.  – The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the
Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the quantity and purity involved, 
including any and all species of opium poppy or any part thereof or substances derived
therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes.

 SEC. 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs/Controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.

            The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day
to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand  pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person,  who, unless authorized by law,  shall import controlled precursor and
essential chemical.

1.6. Unlawful acts and penalties (Art. 2, RA 9165)

SEC. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution
and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals. –  The Penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law,
shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another,  distribute,
dispatch in transit or transport dangerous drugs, including any and all species of opium
poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of
such transactions.

 SEC. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution

and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals.   

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who,
unless  authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to
another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and
essential chemical, or shall act as broker in such transactions.
1.7. Unlawful acts and penalties
l  SEC. 6. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort. –

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed
upon any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where
any dangerous drug is used or sold in any form.

 The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or group of
persons who shall maintain a den, dive, or resort where any controlled precursor  and
essential chemical is used or sold in any form.

1.8. Unlawful acts and penalties

l  SEC. 7. Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort. –

            The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day
to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon:

 a.  Any employee of a den, dive or resort who is aware of the nature of the place as
such; and

 b.  Any person who, not being included in the provisions of the next preceding
paragraph, who is  aware of the nature of the place as such shall visit the same.

1.9. Unlawful acts and penalties

l  SEC. 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals. –

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed
upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall engage in the manufacture of any
dangerous drug.

      The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to
Five hundred   thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who,
unless authorized by law,    shall manufacture any controlled precursor and essential
chemical.

 SEC. 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and

Essential Chemicals.
The presence of any controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory
equipment in the clandestine laboratory is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any
dangerous drug. It shall be considered an aggravating circumstance if the clandestine
laboratory is undertaken or established under the following circumstances:

a. Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or with the
help of minor/s;

 b. Any phase or manufacturing process was established or undertaken within 100
meters of a residential, business, church or school premises;

 c. Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;

 d. Any clandestine laboratory was concealed with legitimate business operations; or

 e. Any employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner.

 SEC. 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and

Essential Chemicals.           

The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who organizes, manages or acts as a financier of any illegal activities prescribed
in this Section.

 The penalty of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from
P100,000.00 to P500,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person who acts as protector
or coddler of any   violator of the provisions under this Section.

1.10. Unlawful acts and penalties

SEC. 9. Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals. – The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1)
day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall illegally divert any controlled precursor
and essential chemical.

 SEC. 10.  Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and

Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. –The penalty of imprisonment ranging
from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)  to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall deliver, possess with intent
to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and
other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs, knowing, or under circumstances where one
reasonably should know, that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow,
harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze,
pack, repack, store, contain or conceal a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical in violation of this Act.

 SEC. 10.  Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and

Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed if it will be used to inject, ingest, inhale or otherwise
introduce into the human body  a dangerous drug  in violation of this Act.

 The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who uses a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual to deliver such
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.

 SEC. 11.   Possession of Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug, regardless of its purities.

 SEC. 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs.   Otherwise, if the quantity involved is

less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated as follows: (for the
grams of dangerous drugs and its corresponding penalties, refer to your copy of RA
9165).

1.11. Unlawful acts and penalties

Sec. 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. –

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall
possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting,
ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body.

The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or
intended for any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall be prima
facie evidence that the possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to
himself/herself, injected, ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall be presumed to
have violated Section 15 of this Act.

 
Sec. 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings. – Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at a
social gathering or meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons,
shall suffer the maximum penalties provided for in Section 11 of this Act, regardless of
the quantity and purity of such dangerous drugs.

 Sec. 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings. – The maximum penalty provided for in Section 12 of this Act shall be
imposed upon any person, who shall possess or have under his/her control any
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking,
consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into
the body, during parties, social gatherings or meetings, or in the proximate company of
at least two (2) persons.

1.12. Unlawful acts and penalties

Sec. 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs. – A person apprehended or arrested, who is
found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be
imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government
center for the first offense, subject to the provisions of Article VIII of this Act. If
apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the
penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12)
years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred
thousand pesos (P200,000.00):Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where
the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any
dangerous drug provided for under Section 11 of this Act, in which case the provisions
stated therein shall apply.

 SEC. 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions on

Dangerous Drugs and Precursors and Essential Chemicals. – The penalty of
imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) years and a fine
ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00)
shall be imposed upon any practitioner, manufacturer, wholesaler, importer, distributor,
dealer or retailer who violates or fails to comply with the maintenance and keeping of
the original records of transactions on any dangerous drug and/or precursor and
essential chemical in accordance with Section 40 of this Act.

 SEC. 17.  Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transactions

on Dangerous Drugs and Precursors and Essential Chemicals.  -An additional
penalty shall be imposed through the revocation of the license to practice his/her
profession, in case of a practitioner, or of the business, in case of a manufacturer,
seller, importer, distributor,  dealer or retailer.
1.13. Unlawful acts and penalties
Section 18.  Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of
imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and
a fine ranging from One hundred thousand (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license to
practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous drug
to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use or in
the dosage prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with
recognized competent experts who are authorized representatives of professional
organizations of practitioners, particularly those who are involved in the care of persons
with severe pain.

 SEC. 19. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of life

imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person
who, unless authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any other writing
purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.

 Sec. 29. Criminal Liability for ‘Planting’ of Evidence. – Any person who is found
guilty of “planting” any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of death.

 Sec. 30. Criminal Liability of Officers of Partnerships, Corporations,

Associations or Other Juridical Entities. -In case any violation of this Act is
committed by a partnership, corporation, association or any juridical entity, the partner,
president, director, manager, trustee, estate administrator, or officer who consents to
or knowingly tolerates such violation shall be held criminally liable as a co-principal.

 Sec. 30. Criminal Liability of Officers of Partnerships, Corporations,

Associations or Other Juridical Entities. - The penalty provided for the offense
under this Act shall be imposed upon the partner, president, director, manager, trustee,
estate administrator or officer who knowingly authorizes, tolerates or consents to the
use of a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment or other facility, as an instrument in the
importation, sale, trading,  administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution,
transportation or manufacture of dangerous drugs, or chemical diversion, if such
vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment or other instrument is owned by or under the control
or supervision of the partnership, corporation, association or juridical entity to which
they are affiliated.

1.14. Unlawful acts and penalties

SEC. 32.  Liability to a Person Violating Any Regulation Issued by the Board.
– The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person found violating any regulation duly
issued by the Board pursuant to this Act, in addition to the administrative sanctions
imposed by the Board.

 SEC. 20.  Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds or Instruments of the

Unlawful Act, Including the Properties or Proceeds Derived from the Illegal   
Trafficking of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals. (Refer to your copy of RA 9165)

 SEC. 22. Grant of Compensation, Reward and Award. – The Board shall
recommend to the concerned government agency the grant of compensation, reward
and award to any person providing information and to law enforcers participating in the
operation, which results in the successful confiscation, seizure or surrender
of dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and precursors and essential
chemicals.

 SEC. 23.  Plea-Bargaining Provision. – Any person charged under any provision of
this Act regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the
provision on plea-bargaining.

 SEC. 24.  Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and
Pushers. – Any person convicted for drug trafficking or pushing under this Act,
regardless of the penalty imposed by the court, cannot avail of the privilege granted by
the Probation Law or Presidential Decree No. 968, as amended.

 SEC. 25.  Qualifying Aggravating Circumstances in the Commission of a

Crime by an Offender under the Influence of Dangerous Drugs. –
Notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the contrary, a positive finding for the use
of dangerous drugs shall be a qualifying aggravating circumstance in the commission of
a crime by an offender,   and the application of the penalty provided for in the Revised
Penal Code shall be applicable.

1.15. Unlawful acts and penalties

SEC. 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for
Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for the Confiscated,
Seized or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs,
Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or
Laboratory Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from
the Unlawful Act Committed. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine
ranging from P500,000 to P10,000,000, in addition to absolute perpetual disqualification
from any public office, shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who
misappropriates, misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or
surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, precursors and
essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including
the proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.
 

             Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the
proceeds of the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have
received any financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical
persons found guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be
removed from office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive
positions in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including
government-owned or controlled corporations.

Sec. 28. Criminal Liability of Government Officials and Employees.- The

maximum penalties of the unlawful acts provided for in this Act shall be imposed, in
addition to absolute perpetual disqualification from any public office, if those found
guilty of such unlawful acts are government officials and employees.

 Sec. 29. Criminal Liability for ‘Planting’ of Evidence. – Any person who is found
guilty of “planting” any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of death.

 SEC. 32.  Liability to a Person Violating Any Regulation Issued by the Board.
– The penalty of imprisonment ranging from 6 months and 1 day to 4 years and a fine
ranging from P10,000 to P50,000 shall be imposed upon any person found violating any
regulation duly issued by the Board pursuant to this Act, in addition to the
administrative sanctions imposed by the Board.

 SEC. 33.   Immunity from Prosecution and Punishment. (CONDITIONS)

  1. The information and testimony are necessary for the conviction of the persons
described above;

   2.  Such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State;

  3.  Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points;

  4. The informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a crime involving
moral turpitude, except when there is no other direct evidence available for the State
other than the information and testimony of  said informant or witness; and

  5.  The informant or witness shall strictly and faithfully comply without delay, any
condition or undertaking, reduced into writing, lawfully imposed by the State as further
consideration for the grant of immunity from prosecution and punishment.

Provided, further, That this immunity may be enjoyed by such informant or witness who
does not appear to be most guilty   for the offense with reference to which his/her
information or testimony were given: Provided, finally, That there is no direct evidence
available for the State except for the information and testimony of the said informant or
witness.

1.16. Unlawful acts and penalties

SEC. 36. Authorized Drug Testing.

e) Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies. –
Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies shall
undergo an annual mandatory drug test.

 f) All persons charged before the prosecutor’s office with a criminal offense having an
imposable penalty of imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day shall
have to undergo a mandatory drug test.

 SEC. 91.   Responsibility and Liability of Law Enforcement Agencies and

other Government Officials and Employees in Testifying as Prosecution
Witnesses in Dangerous Drugs Cases. – Any member of law enforcement agencies
or any other government official and employee who, after due notice, fails or refuses
intentionally or negligently, to appear as a witness for the prosecution in any
proceedings, involving violations of this Act, without any valid reason, shall be punished
with imprisonment of not less than 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine of not
less than P500,000.00, in addition to the administrative liability he/she may be meted
out by his/her immediate superior and/or appropriate body.

 The immediate superior of the member of the law enforcement agency or any other 
government employee mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be penalized with
imprisonment of not less than two (2) months and one (1) day but not more than six
(6) years and a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but nor more
than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and in addition, perpetual absolute
disqualification from public office if despite due notice to them and to the witness
concerned ,the former does not exert reasonable effort to present the latter to the
court.

 The member of the law enforcement agency or any other government employee
mentioned in the preceding paragraphs shall not be transferred or re-assigned to any
other government office located in another territorial jurisdiction during the pendency of
the case in court.  However, the concerned member of the law enforcement agency or
government employee may be transferred or re-assigned for compelling reasons:
Provided, That his/her immediate superior shall notify the court where the case is
pending of the order  to transfer or re-assign, within twenty-four (24) hours from its
approval:

 Provided further,  That his/her immediate superior shall be penalized with

imprisonment of not less than 2 months and 1 day but not more than 6 years and a fine
of not less than P10,000.00 but more than P50,000.00 and in addition, perpetual
absolute disqualification from public office, should he/she fail to notify the court of such
order to transfer or reassignment.

 Prosecution  and punishment under this Section shall be without prejudice  to any
liability for violation of any existing law.

 SEC. 92. Delay and Bungling in the Prosecution of Drug Cases. Any government
officer or employee tasked with the prosecution of drug-related cases under this Act,
who, through patent laxity, inexcusable neglect, unreasonable delay or deliberately
causes the unsuccessful prosecution and/or dismissal of the said drug cases, shall suffer
the penalty of imprisonment ranging from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years without
prejudice to his/her prosecution under the pertinent provisions of the Revised Penal
Code