Abra High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Bangued, Abra
_________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET IN
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 1 –Week 3:
Theories of Evolution and the Development
of Evolutionary Thought
Learning Competency and Code:

• Show the patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to

produce the organismal diversity observed today (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10); and
• Trace the development of evolutionary thought (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g- 11)

Grade Level : 12

Subject: General Biology 2

Name of Learner: _________________________________

Date of Delivery: _________________________________

Date of Retrieval: _________________________________

Subject Teacher: MARICAR R. SUSON

Teacher III

Checked and Validated:

RENATO J. BERNARDEZ, MT II
SHS Coordinator

1
 Lesson Evolution and Origin of
Biodiversity: Patterns of
5 Descent
Specific Objectives

At the end of the worksheet, you should be able to:

• define species according to the biological species concept;

• distinguish the various types of reproductive isolating mechanisms that can lead to speciation;
• discuss the different modes of speciation; and
• explain how evolution produce the tremendous amount of diversity among organisms.

Pre-test

Multiple Choice: Directions: Kindly choose the letter of the correct answer. Encircle your answer.
1. Differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding. What is this called?
A. Hybrid sterility C. Behavioral Isolation
B. Mechanical Isolation D. Hybrid inviability
2. The incompatibilities between egg and sperm fertilization.
A. Gametic Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation
B. Hybrid Sterility D. Hybrid breakdown
3. The fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.
A. Hybrid Sterility C. Behavioral Isolation
B. Hybrid Inviability D. Mechanical Isolation
4. This shows that F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many weal or sterile
individuals.
A. Hybrid inviability C. Hybrid breakdown
B. Hybrid sterility D. None of the above
5. In this mechanism, the patterns of courtship are different.
A. Hybrid sterility C. Mechanical Isolation
B. Behavioral Isolation D. None of the above
6. It occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the same habitat within the same
range diverge into two or more different species.
A. Parapatric speciation C. Allopatric Speciation
B. Seasonal Isdolation D. Sympatric speciation
7. It occurs when the groups that evolved o be separate species are geographic neighbors.
A. Parapatric Speciation C. Sympatric Speciation
B. Allopatric Speciation D. Mechanical Speciation
8. When members of a population become geographically separated from the other members
thereby preventing gene flow. What is this called?
A. Sympatric Speciation C. Parapatric Speciation
B. Allopatric Speciation D, None of the above
9. It is a classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are
capable of interbreeding.
A. Genome C. Species
B. Class D. None of the above
10. Who said the species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups.
A. Ernst Mayer C. Edward Mayer
B. Ernest Hemingway D. None of the above

2
 Discussion and Presentation

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Species, in Biology, is the classification comprising related organisms that share common
characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.
https://www.britannica.com/science/species-taxon
Ernst Mayer’s definition: “Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are
reproductively isolated from such groups.”

The reproductive isolating mechanisms:

A. Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms prevent fertilization and zygote formation.

I. geographic or ecological or habitat isolation – potential mates occupy different
areas or habitats thus, they never come in contact
II. temporal or seasonal isolation – different groups may not be reproductively mature
at the same season, or month or year
III. behavioral isolation – patterns of courtship are different
IV. mechanical isolation – differences in reproductive organs prevent successful
interbreeding
V. gametic isolation – incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent fertilization
B. Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms allow fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile
hybrids are formed.
I. hybrid inviability – fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic stages
II. hybrid sterility – hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally or there is
abnormal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis
III. hybrid breakdown - F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many
weak or sterile individuals

The modes of speciation:

A. Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation (allo – other, patric – place; ‘other place’) -
occurs when some members of a population become geographically separated from the
other members thereby preventing gene flow. Examples of geographic barriers are bodies
of water and mountain ranges.
B. Sympatric speciation (sym – same, patric – place; ‘same place’) - occurs when members
of a population that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into
two or more different species. It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the
reproductive isolation of a group of individuals. Example is change in chromosome
number (polyploidization).
C. Parapatric speciation (para – beside, patric – place; ‘beside each other’) – occurs when
the groups that evolved to be separate species are geographic neighbors. Gene flow
occurs but with great distances is reduced. There is also abrupt change in the environment
over a geographic border and strong disruptive selection must also happen.

3
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.
1. Research 5 similar species with different characteristics.

Example: Gartner snakes live in the One lives in water

same region One lives in land

Activity 2: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Identify or give an organism which can be an animal or a plant species.

2. Identify the different kind or variants of the
species. Example:
Specie: Cat
Kinds or Variants: Lion, Tiger, Cheetah

ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY

1. Give examples on the reproductive isolating mechanisms.

4
 MECHANISMS EXAMPLES
1. Geographic Isolation 1.
2.
3.
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation 1.
2.
3
3. Behavioral Isolation 1.
2.
3

4. Mechanical Isolation 1.
2.
3
5. Gametic Isolation 1.
2.
3

Recommended Readings:
1. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/tree-of-life/a/species-speciation

Post Test

Multiple Choice: Directions: Kindly choose the letter of the correct answer. Encircle your answer.

1. Differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding. What is this called?

C. Hybrid sterility C. Behavioral Isolation
D. Mechanical Isolation D. Hybrid inviability
2. The incompatibilities between egg and sperm fertilization.
C. Gametic Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation
D. Hybrid Sterility D. Hybrid breakdown
3. The fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.
C. Hybrid Sterility C. Behavioral Isolation
D. Hybrid Inviability D. Mechanical Isolation
4. This shows that F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many weal or sterile
individuals.
C. Hybrid inviability C. Hybrid breakdown
D. Hybrid sterility D. None of the above
5. In this mechanism, the patterns of courtship are different.
C. Hybrid sterility C. Mechanical Isolation
D. Behavioral Isolation D. None of the above
6. It occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the same habitat within the same
range diverge into two or more different species.
C. Parapatric speciation C. Allopatric Speciation
D. Seasonal Isdolation D. Sympatric speciation
7. It occurs when the groups that evolved o be separate species are geographic neighbors.
C. Parapatric Speciation C. Sympatric Speciation
D. Allopatric Speciation D. Mechanical Speciation
8. When members of a population become geographically separated from the other members
thereby preventing gene flow. What is this called?
C. Sympatric Speciation C. Parapatric Speciation
D. Allopatric Speciation D, None of the above
9. It is a classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are

5
 capable of interbreeding.
C. Genome C. Species
D. Class D. None of the above
10. Who said the species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups.
C. Ernst Mayer C. Edward Mayer
D. Ernest Hemingway D. None of the above

Lesson Development of Evolutionary

6 Thought
Learning Competency
The learners shall be able to trace the development of evolutionary thought.
STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g- 11

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• enumerate the scientists and cite their respective contributions in the development of
evolutionary thought;
• describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s hypothesis on evolutionary change;
• discuss Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection; and
• explain the Modern Synthesis as the unified theory of evolution

Pre-test

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

1. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was only 6,000 years
old.
2. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
3. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.
4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their resources.
5. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species evolve by natural
selection.
6. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older than most people believed.
7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a widely accepted
scientific
theory.
8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.
9. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its hunters.
10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from the voyage of the
Beagle.
11. According to Darwin, natural selection is what occurs, and evolution is how it happens.
12. During his journey aboard the Beagle, Darwin found fossils from the seas in the
mountains.
13. Galápagos tortoises have differently shaped shells depending on where they live.
14. Darwin’s book changed science forever.
_____15. Alfred Russel Wallace developed a theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin

6
 Discussion and Presentation

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION:
❖ Scientific classification is a method by which biologists organize living things into
groups. It is also called taxonomy. Groups of organisms in taxonomy are called taxa
(singular, taxon). You may already be familiar with commonly used taxa, such as the
kingdom and species.
❖ Why do biologists classify organisms? The major reason is to make sense of the
incredible diversity of life on Earth. Scientists have identified millions of different
species of organisms. Among animals, the most diverse group of organisms is the
insects.
Linnaean System of Classification

❖ The most influential early classification system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. In
fact, all modern classification systems have their roots in Linnaeus’ system. Linnaeus
was a Swedish botanist who lived during the 1700s. He is known as the “father of
taxonomy.” Linnaeus tried to describe and classify the entire known natural world. In
1735, he published his classification system in a work called Systema Naturae
(“System of Nature”).
❖ The taxa are below:
o Kingdom - This is the highest taxon in Linnaean taxonomy, representing major
divisions of organisms. Kingdoms of organisms include the plant and animal
kingdoms.
o Phylum (plural, phyla) - This taxon is a division of a kingdom. Phyla in the
animal kingdom include chordates (animals with an internal skeleton) and
arthropods (animals with an external skeleton).
o Class - This taxon is a division of a phylum. Classes in the chordate phylum
include mammals and birds.
o Order - This taxon is a division of a class. Orders in the mammal class include
rodents and primates.
o Family - This taxon is a division of an order. Families in the primate order
include hominids (apes and humans) and hylobatids (gibbons).
o Genus - This taxon is a division of a family. Genera in the hominid family include
Homo (humans) and Pan (chimpanzees).
o Species - This taxon is below the genus and the lowest taxon in Linnaeus’
system. Species in the Pan genus include Pan troglodytes(common
chimpanzees) and Pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzees).
https://www.ck12.org/book/cbse_biology_book_class_xi/section/1.3/
❖ Thomas Malthus was an English economist. He wrote a popular essay called “On
Population.” He argued that human populations have the potential to grow faster than
the resources they need. When populations get too big, disease and famine occur.
These calamities control population size by killing off the weakest people.
❖ Catastrophism was a theory developed by Georges Cuvier based on paleontological
evidence in the Paris Basin. Cuvier was there when he observed something peculiar
about the fossil record. Instead of finding a continuous succession of fossils, Cuvier
noticed several gaps where all evidence of life would disappear and then abruptly
reappear again after a notable amount of time. Cuvier recognized these gaps in the
fossil succession as mass extinction events.
❖ This led Cuvier to develop a theory called catastrophism. Catastrophism states that
7
 natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events that altered that way life
developed and rocks were deposited.
❖ In geology, gradualism is a theory developed by James Hutton according to which
profound changes to the Earth
❖ This theory inspired an evolution theory in paleontology, also called gradualism,
according to which the species appeared by the gradual transformation of ancestral
species.
❖ According to this theory, the population of a species is transformed slowly and
progressively into a new species by the accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes in
the genetic heritage.
❖ The law of use and disuse, which states that when certain organs become specially
developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is
hereditary and can be passed on to progeny.

Evolution of Darwin’s Theory

❖ It took Darwin years to form his theory of evolution by natural selection. His reasoning
went like this:
1. Like Lamarck, Darwin assumed that species can change over time. The
fossils he found helped convince him of that.
2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus, there had
been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life Darwin had
observed.
3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their
resources. This “overproduction of offspring” led to a “struggle for existence,” in
Darwin’s words.
4. From artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have variations
that occur by chance, and that can be inherited. In nature, offspring with certain
variations might be more likely to survive the “struggle for existence” and reproduce. If
so, they would pass their favorable variations to their offspring.
5. Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism’s relative ability to
survive and produce fertile offspring. Nature selects the variations that are most useful.
Therefore, he called this type of selection natural selection. Darwin knew artificial
selection could change domestic species over time.
6. He inferred that natural selection could also change species over time. In
fact, he thought that if a species changed enough, it might evolve into a new species.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1:
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper:
a. What did Darwin’s travels reveal to him about the number and variety of living species?
b. How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos?
c. What is evolution? Why is it referred to as a theory?
d. Darwin found fossils of many organisms that were different from any living species.
How did this finding affect his understanding of life’s diversity?

ENHANCEMENT: Activity 1: Research…

1. Create a “Photo Collage” about Evolution.

2. Enumerate the scientist and cite their respective contributions in the development of
evolutionary thought.

8
 SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Activity 2: CONCEPT MAP. Direction: Make a concept map on the System of Classification and
give a brief definition of each taxa in a chronological order.

Post Test

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

1. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth was only 6,000 years
old.
2. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
3. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.
4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than their resources.
5. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species evolve by natural
selection.
6. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older than most people believed.
7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a widely accepted
scientific
theory.
8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.
9. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its hunters.
10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England from the voyage of the
Beagle.
11. According to Darwin, natural selection is what occurs, and evolution is how it happens.
12. During his journey aboard the Beagle, Darwin found fossils from the seas in the
mountains.
13. Galápagos tortoises have differently shaped shells depending on where they live.
14. Darwin’s book changed science forever.
_____15. Alfred Russel Wallace developed a theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin.

9
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