COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF MANITO

MANITO, ALBAY
A.Y. 2021 – 2022

MODULE 5 IN MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Topic:
Relations

Objective:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. state explicitly which ordered pairs are in the Cartesian product of a given sets and
which are in a relation,
2. identify the domain and the range of a relation, and
3. draw an arrow diagram of a relation.

Learning Plan:

There are many relationships in the world. People are related to each other in many ways as
parents and children, teachers and students, employers and employees, grandparents and grandchildren,
and many others.
Mathematically, a relation is a correspondence between two things or quantities. It is a set of
ordered pairs such that the set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs is called domain and the set of
all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs is called range.
Example:
R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)} set R is a relation
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} set A is the domain of set R
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} set B is the range of set R

Let A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and an element x in A is related to an element y in B if and only if,
x is less than y. Let the notation x R y as a shorthand for the sentence “x is related to y”, then
0 R 1 since 0 < 1
0 R 2 since 0 < 2
0 R 3 since 0 < 3
1 R 2 since 1 < 2
1 R 3 since 1 < 3
2 R 3 since 2 < 3
The notation x R y represents the sentence “x is not related to y”, then
1 R 1 since 1 ≮ 1
2 R 1 since 2 ≮ 1
2 R 2 since 2 ≮ 2
The Cartesian product of A and B, A x B (read as “A cross B”), consists of all ordered pair whose first
element is in A and whose second element is in B:
A x B = {(x, y) | x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
In this case,
A x B = {(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
The elements of some ordered pairs in A x B are related, whereas the elements of other ordered pairs are
not. The set of ordered pairs in A x B whose elements are related
{(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)}
The relation can therefore be thought of as the totality of ordered pairs whose elements are related by
the given condition. The formal mathematical definition of relation, based on this idea, was introduced
by C. S. Pierce, an American mathematician and logician, in the nineteenth century.

Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B. Given an ordered pair (x, y) in A
x B, x is related to y by R, written x R y, if and only if, (x, y) is in R. The set A is called the domain of R and
the set B is called the range.
The notation for a relation R may be written symbolically as follows:
x R y means that (x, y) ∈ R.
The notation x R y means that x is not related to y by R:
x R y means that (x, y) ∉ R.

Example:
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:
Given any (x, y) ∈ A x B,
𝑥−𝑦
(x, y) ∈ R means that 2
is an integer.
1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.
2. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
3. What are the domain and range of R?
Solution:
1. A x B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}. To determine explicitly the composition of R,
examine each ordered pairs in A x B to see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition
for R.
1−1 0
(1, 1) ∈ R because 2
= 2 = 0, which is an integer.
1− 2 −1
(1, 2) ) ∉ R because 2 = 2 , which is not an integer.
1− 3 −2
(1, 3) ) ∈ R because 2 = 2 = -1 which is an integer.
2−1 1
(2, 1) ) ∉ R because 2 = 2, which is not an integer
2−2 0
(2, 2) ) ∈ R because 2 = 2 = 0 which is an integer.
2−3 −1
(2, 3) ) ∉ R because 2 = 2 , which is not an integer.
Thus,
R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)}
2. Yes, 1 R 3 because (1, 3) ∈ R.
No. 2 R 3 because (2, 3) ∉ R.
Yes. 2 R 2 because (2, 2) ∈ R.
3. The domain of R is {1, 2} and the range of R is {1, 2, 3}.
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B. The arrow diagram for R is obtained as follows:
1. Represents the elements of A as points in another region.
2. For each x in A and y in B, draw an arrow from x to y if, and only if, x is related to y by R.
Symbolically:
Draw an arrow from x to y
if, and only if, x R y
if, and only if, (x, y) ∈ R.
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5} and define relations S and T from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B,
(x, y) ∈ S means that x < y S is a less than relation.
T = {(2, 1), (2, 5)}
Draw arrow diagrams for S and T.
Soution:
A x B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
1 ≮ 1, 1 < 3, 1 < 5, 2 ≮ 1, 2 < 3, 2 < 5, 3 ≮ 1, 3 ≮ 3, 3 < 5
S = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5)}

S T
1∙ ∙1 1∙ ∙1

2∙ ∙3 2 ∙ ∙3

3 ∙ ∙5 3∙ ∙5

Activity:
A. Let F = { 1, 2, 3 } and G = { -2, -1, 0 } and define a relation S from F to G as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ F x G,
𝑥−𝑦
(x, y) ∈ S means that 3
is an integer.
1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in F x G and which are in S.
2. Is 3 S 0? Is 1 S (-1)? Is (2, -1) ∈ S? Is (3, -2) ∈ S?
3. What are the domain and the range of S?
4. Draw an arrow diagram for S.

B. Let Y = {2, 3, 4} and Z = {2, 6, 8} and let R be the divides relation from Y to Z:
For all (x, y) ∈ Y x Z,
x R y if and only if x/y (x divides y)
Draw an arrow diagram for R.

C. Let V = { 0, 1, 2 } and W = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and define a relation T from V to W as follows:

Reference:

Abad, Jr. Edmundo P. et al, Mathematics in the Modern World, REX Book Store Inc., 2018
Abratique, Daniel M. et al, Mathematics in the Modern World A Worktext, Nieme Publishing
House Co. Ltd., 2018