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    Python List Comprehensions - Learn Python List Comprehensions

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    Python List Comprehensions - Learn Python List Comprehensions

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    64 views12 pages

    Python List Comprehensions - Learn Python List Comprehensions

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    Juan Cuartas

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Python list comprehensions


    last modified July 6, 2020

    In this tutorial, we will learn to use Python list comprehensions. Python tutorial is a comprehensive
    tutorial on Python language.

    Python list comprehension


    A list comprehension is a syntactic construct which creates a list based on existing list. List
    comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. It is a common requirement to make new
    lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another
    sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain condition.

    Python list comprehension usage


    A list comprehension can be used to:

    transform a list
    filter a list

    ¿Quieres seguir la moda de esta


    temporada?
    The syntax of a list comprehension was influenced by mathematical notation of sets. The Python
    syntax was inspired by the Haskell programming language.

    S = {x² : x in {0 ... 16}}

    This is a mathematical notation for creating a set of integer values.

    L = [expression [if condition] for variable in sequence [if condition]]

    The above pseudo code shows the syntax of a list comprehension. It consists of three parts: a for
    loop, optional conditions, and an expression. A for loop goes through the sequence. For each loop
    an expression is evaluated if the condition is met. If the value is computed it is appended to the
    new list. There can be multiple for loops and if conditions.

    Python list comprehension transforming list


    The following example transforms a list into another list with the help of the list comprehension.

    multiply_elements.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

    b = [e * 2 for e in a]
    print(b)

    In the first example, we create a new list from an existing list by multiplying each element by 2.

    b = [e * 2 for e in a]

    Each of the elements of the a list is multiplied by 2 and the result is added to the new b list.

    $ ./multiply_elements.py
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]
    Each of the elements was multiplied by two.

    Calculating Fahrenheit temperatures from Celsius


    We have a list of temperatures in Celsius. We want to create a new list of temperatures expressed in
    Fahrenheit temperature.

    fahrenheit_celsius.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    celsius = [22, 28, 33, 42, 52]

    fahr = [e * 9/5 + 32 for e in celsius]


    print(fahr)

    The example creates a new list of Fahrenheit temperatures calculated from a list of Celsius
    temperatures.

    fahr = [e * 9/5 + 32 for e in celsius]

    The calculation is done in the third, expression part of the Python list comprehension.

    $ ./fahrenheit_celsius.py
    [71.6, 82.4, 91.4, 107.6, 125.6]

    This is the output of the example.

    Python list comprehension filtering list


    In the following example, we are going to filter a list with a list comprehension.

    filter_positive.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    a = [-4, 2, 0, -1, 12, -3]

    b = [e for e in a if e > 0]
    print(b)

    We have a list of integers. We create a new list where we only include positive integers.

    b = [e for e in a if e > 0]

    To include only positive numbers, we use an if condition, which is applied on each of the
    elements; the elements are included into the new list only if they satisfy the condition.

    $ ./filter_positive.py
    [2, 12]

    This is the output of the example.

    The next example filters elements by their type.

    filter_by_type.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    a = ['a', 2, 'c', 12, 3, 'd']

    b = [e for e in a if type(e) == int]


    c = [e for e in a if type(e) == str]

    print(b)
    print(c)

    We have a list of elements, which are integers and strings. We create two new lists; one having only
    integers and one only strings.
    b = [e for e in a if type(e) == int]

    Here we create a list b, which will contain only integer values. The type() function is used to
    determine the type of the element.

    $ ./filter_by_type.py
    [2, 12, 3]
    ['a', 'c', 'd']

    This is the output of the example.

    Python list comprehension predicate


    A predicate is a function that returns boolean value. If the condition is too complex, we can put it
    into a predicate.

    predicate.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    def is_vowel(c):

    vowels = 'aeiou'
    if c in vowels:
    return True
    else:
    return False

    sentence = 'There are eagles in the sky.'

    vowels = [c for c in sentence if is_vowel(c)]


    print(vowels)

    The example filters out all vowels from a sentence.

    def is_vowel(c):

    vowels = 'aeiou'

    if c in vowels:
    return True
    else:
    return False

    The function is a predicate. It returns True for a vowel character.


    vowels = [c for c in sentence if is_vowel(c)]

    The logic of the if condition is delegated to the is_vowel() predicate.

    $ ./predicate.py
    ['e', 'e', 'a', 'e', 'e', 'a', 'e', 'i', 'e']

    This is the output.

    The if condition in front


    The if condition can be placed in the front as well. This way the data can be transformed.

    infront.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    data = ["even" if i % 2 == 0 else "odd" for i in range(7)]


    print(data)

    In the example, we transform the values into "even" and "odd" values using the list
    comprehension.
    $ ./infront.py
    ['even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd', 'even', 'odd', 'even']

    This is the output.

    Python list comprehension multiple if conditions


    It is possible to use multiple if conditions in the Python list comprehensions.

    multiple_conditions.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    a = [9, 2, 18, 14, 22, 11, 7, 19, 23]

    b = [e for e in a if e > 10 if e < 20]


    print(b)

    We create a new list of integers from list a, which are greater than 10 and lower than 20.

    b = [e for e in a if e > 10 if e < 20]


    In this list comprehension, we use two if conditions.

    $ ./multiple_conditions.py
    [18, 14, 11, 19]

    This is the output of the example.

    Python list comprehension multiple for loops


    It is possible to have multiple for loops in a Python list comprehension.

    multiple_for_loops.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    a = [1, 2, 3]
    b = ['A', 'B', 'C']

    c = [ str(i) + j for i in a for j in b]


    print(c)

    The example creates a Cartesian product of two lists.

    c = [ str(i) + j for i in a for j in b]

    Two for loops are used to create a Cartesian product.

    $ ./multiple_for_loops.py
    ['1A', '1B', '1C', '2A', '2B', '2C', '3A', '3B', '3C']

    This is the output of the example.

    The next example shows how to flatten a Python list.

    flatten_list.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    nums = [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]

    c = [ e for num in nums for e in num]


    print(c)

    The nums list is a list of nested lists. We flatten the list with a list comprehension.

    c = [ e for num in nums for e in num]

    The first loop goes through the outer list; the second for loop goes through the nested lists.

    $ ./flatten_list.py
    [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

    This is the output of the example.

    Python nested list comprehensions


    The initial expression in a Python list comprehension can be another list comprehension.

    nested_list_comprehension.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    M1 = [[1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5, 6],
    [7, 8, 9]]

    M1_tr = [[row[i] for row in M1] for i in range(3)]


    print(M1_tr)

    The example defines a matrix and a list comprehension creates a transposed matrix from the
    original matrix.
    $ ./nested_list_comprehension.py
    [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]

    This is the output of the example.

    Sieve of Eratosthenes
    Sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm to compute prime numbers. A prime number (or a
    prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. The
    algorithm iteratively marks as composite (i.e., not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with
    the multiples of 2.

    sieve_of_eratosthenes.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3

    no_primes = [j for i in range(2, 8) for j in range(i*2, 100, i)]


    primes = [e for e in range(2, 100) if e not in no_primes]
    print (primes)

    The example computes prime numbers up to 100.


    no_primes = [j for i in range(2, 8) for j in range(i*2, 100, i)]

    First, we create a list of numbers that are not primes.

    primes = [e for e in range(2, 100) if e not in no_primes]

    Prime numbers are simply these numbers that are not included in the no_primes list.

    $ ./sieve_of_eratosthenes.py
    [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]

    This is the output.

    In this tutorial, we have presented the Python list comprehensions.

    List all Python tutorials.

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