Saltwater Charging

SALT WATER:
AN APPLICATION TO CHARGE MOBILE PHONE
____________________________________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Bataan Heroes Memorial College
City of Balanga, Bataan
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research / Capstone Project
____________________________________________
By:
Jeffrey J. Ambita
Antonette P. Indefenso
Melvin Bien Z. Reyes
David Christian A. Serenio
Rafael P. Vitangcol
April 2018
Senior High School Department
12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project, this Research

study entitled, “SALTWATER: AN APPLICATION TO CHARGE MOBILE PHONE” has
been prepared and submitted by Jeffrey J. Ambita, Antonette P. Indefenso, Melvin Bien
Z. Reyes, David Christian A. Serenio, Rafael P. Vitangcol, who is hereby recommended
for Oral Examination.
ARNOLD P. VERGARA
Instructor
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project
__________________
Chairman
__________________ __________________
Member Member
__________________ __________________
Member Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project
MARIELLE S. LAUREANO
SHS Focal
____________________________________________________________________________________
Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 2 of 57

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are number people and institution without whom this study might not have
been written, and to whom we are greatly indebted. We are grateful for the support
given by each in-order-to surpass the challenges bear by the study. Therefore, we
would like to send our fullest gratitude to the following.
To Mr. Arnold P. Vergara, Director of the Academic Affairs and Research /

Capstone Project Instructor, who guided us towards learning and thought us of the
different knowledge and concept that are needed to be apply in the field of scientific
research.
To Ms. Marielle S. Laureano, SHS Focal, who approved the conduct of the study
and give authorization to accept the study as fulfillment of the requirement in Research /
Capstone Project.
To Mr. Neale Oliver V. Bonbon, Physics Instructor, who share his expertise in the
field for us to further understand the underlying concepts and for giving time to ascertain
the proper use of terminologies within the study.
To our school, Bataan Heroes Memorial College which become our second
home that serve as our training ground and prepare us to this kind of activity. The
institution provides us a great opportunity to perform such activity for us to learn and
establish rapport between concepts and application to real life situation.
To our parents who showed all-out support not only in the aspect of finance but
gave us the courage to pursue conducting this research study. To them who become
the inspiration and motivation of us to continue after facing hard times and difficulties as
the study goes by.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
DEDICATION
We dedicate this study to the people and institution that become a big part of our
success in this field.
To our family who had been a great inspiration in pursuing our dreams and
become our strength on times we needed the most. Their all-out support and trust to us
is one of the reason behind the success of the study.
To our school, Bataan Heroes Memorial College, which has been our home for
two years. The guidance given to us by the institution which was instrumental in putting
us on path of this amazing journey for which we will be forever grateful.
To our Research Instructor, Mr. Arnold P. Vergara, who guided us along the way.
We are grateful for your support and consideration that drives us to do our best in this
study.
Everything that you’ve done to us will forever be imprints in our hearts. We will be
forever grateful to your unconditional love and support to us. We dedicate to you the
efforts and hardships that we devoted to conduct this study successfully.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to develop a mobile phone charger that utilize salt
water or saline solution. The problem with the inconsistency of energy source due to
over dependence of human to non-renewable resources paved way for the study to
arise. In line with this, the researchers pursue to determine the likelihood of saline
solution to generate electricity and to find out the variables affecting its production.
Behind this research paper is its application through a prototype. This is crafted to yield
solution for the problems about having no alternative source of electricity to charge
mobile phone during power interruption and on places with no electricity. The
experimental method of research was exploited in this study into where researchers
conducted a series of experiment to achieve the objectives. The instruments employed
are mechanical devices which comprised of the components used to build the project
prototype and clerical tools which pertains to the knowledge and intellectual property
applied to come up with such concept. These instruments enable the study to prove that
a saline solution can possibly generate electricity and is able to charge a mobile phone.
The result also shows that the production of saltwater electricity is not affected by the
concentration and volume of the solution which is in contrast with the number of basin of
solution. The number of basin of solution has a direct effect or relationship with the
amount of electricity production of saline solution. As the study goes by, the researcher
concluded that it is possible to developed a saltwater generator that can charge mobile
phone devices and generate electricity for a variety of use. Also, as the solution is
less/more concentrated and the volume increases/decreases, the amount of electricity
production is stable and the same. While, if the number of saltwater basin or container
increases, the amount of electricity generated also increases and if it decreases, the
amount of electricity generated decreases. The evaluation of the project prototype
enables researchers to conclude the likelihood of the study to provide solution to the
existing problems in the study. As for the future researchers and developers of relevant
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
project, the need for the manipulation of other undiscovered variables that affects the
study and project is necessary to focused on. This will provide a better innovation and
improvement of the previous and current study which will contribute to the existing body
of literatures.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
CHAPTER I
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Importance or Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
CHAPTER II
Related Theories
Conductivity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Electrolyte Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Arrhenius Theory of Ionization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Theory of Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Dielectric Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Tonicity and Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The Power of Salinity Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Power Generators Runs on Salt Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Related Studies
Voltaic Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Saltwater Powered Led Bulb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp (SALt Lamp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Microbial Reverse Dialysis Test Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Power Generation Through Pressure Retarded Osmosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Saltwater Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Osmotic Energy Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Salty Solution for Energy Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Flowing Saltwater Over Graphene Generates Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER III
Methods of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Research Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Research Prototype Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CHAPTER IV
Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Presentation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Interpretation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
APPENDICES
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Resume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.0 Mechanical Devices and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

2.0 Data Matrix Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.0 Concentration of saltwater solution vs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
amount of production of saltwater electricity
3.1 Volume of solution vs. amount of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
production of saltwater electricity
3.2 Number of saltwater basin vs. amount of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
production of saltwater electricity
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
1.0 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
2.0 Research Prototype Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34
2.1 Research Prototype Technical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.0 Likelihood of Saltwater to Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40
3.1 Saltwater Charging Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
The birth of technology transforms the life of many people particularly in the 21 st
century period. The sudden existence of this what-so-called computer age—period in
modern history characterized by computer use, development and its effects on all
aspects of life, contribute a lot to people’s daily activity. It provides ease and help
people to do their work in a timely manner. Though, technology especially mobile phone
was crafted in-order-to yield solution to people’s current problem, it brought new gap in
the society.
Mobile phone which plays a big role to every individual depends and utilize
electricity to function. Practically, the main source of electricity are the non-renewable
resources such coals and fuel. The great reliance of people to non-renewable resources
in producing electricity lead to the inconsistency of power supply within the country. The
Energy Department activate power interruption to reserve energy for future use.
Likewise, during calamitous event such typhoon, sudden power interruption takes place.
With this, people is bounded to use their mobile phones which is considered as an
essential during calamities. Communication is being delimited as well. To sum it up, the
branching problems above points out on having an alternative source of electricity
during emergency situations and to minimize the use of energy from non-renewable
resources.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
As being observed, every individual carry small devices most commonly

smartphones outdoor. In fact, the number of mobile phone user rapidly increasing
based on statistics. In 2014, the total number of mobile phone users is 1.57 billion and
this 2017 it reaches 2.32 billion users.
It is unfeignedly substantive to conduct a study and produce a device regarding

the problem since it talks about the current issues or events that the country is facing.
Philippines is a developing country where mobile phone become a significant part of a
Filipino household and of every individual. It is considered to be entwined with
electricity, but today, as technology grows electricity decreases in terms of amount or
source. The equilibrium of the two must be set consistent or if necessary, the production
of electricity from different sources is greater and faster than technological growth.
Since people become over dependent on technology, their productivity and safety
during calamities are greatly affected so an immediate solution must have postulated.
Besides, the study will open up the interest of people to use clean and renewable
energy.
From the past or previous studies concerning the same problem, researcher’s
objective is to produce a mobile phone charger that utilize radiant energy from the sun
(solar power), wind power and hydroelectric power. The nascence of solar technology
pertains to the problem about insufficient source of energy but this is not applicable to or
affected by certain conditions like weather and geography. These variables or
conditions goes as well with wind power.
With these, the researchers come up with a concept of creating a mobile phone
charger that utilizes salt water. Salt water is commonly known for lighting a light bulb. In
fact, a Filipino make a lamp powered by some cup of salt water. This application opens
an opportunity to researchers to dig into the likelihood of salt water to charge a mobile
phone.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
In reference with the previous studies and considering the problem to be

resolved, the concept of creating a mobile phone charger utilizing salt water poke the
interest of the researcher. Since the solution provided by previous studies is affected by
certain factors like weather condition and geographical location, the researcher put
stress and focus to this aspect and so on include providing convenience. To make it
more apprehensible, the use of salt water to charge mobile phones is convenient in all
aspect. Unlike of solar energy and any other, salt water charging doesn’t require a
specific weather condition to produce electricity. Hence, the availability of salt water is
very abundant and the salt water solution can easily be made.
The prefaces above reflect to the researcher’s pursuit to develop a mobile phone
charger that utilize salt water. With this, researcher aims to manipulate the limitation of
previous studies. Conducting this study will provide new knowledge governing the
nature of salt water and to find the limitation of its use. Indeed, this will contribute to the
existing body of literature.
Background of the Study
Theories, concepts and applications from previous studies provide the

researcher to apply these as solution to the problem. Heading back in the year 2015,
Philippines had experienced energy crisis. According to The Asia Foundation (2015),
the reason behind this crisis is the reduced hydropower due to seasonal dry spell and a
major gas production facility supplying power plants shut down so electricity reserves
run lower—low enough that a random shutdown of a power plant cause widespread
outages. Considering the previous events on power outages, it led the researcher to
create and provide a device that charges mobile phone devices using salt water.
In 1800, after an extensive experimentation, Alessandro Volta developed the

voltaic pile. The original voltaic pile consisted of a pile of zinc and silver discs and
between alternating discs, a piece of cardboard that had been soaked in salt water. A
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
wire connecting the bottom zinc disc to the top silver disc could produce repeated
sparks. Volta then, tried using almost sixty elements in the pile. The pile he constructed
comprised alternating zinc and copper discs. Each was separated by a piece of cloth
damped by an acid solution.
At modern times, a Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno made a lamp powered by salt
water. This lamp is the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. The SALt lamp is
an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on salt water,
making it suitable for those who live in coastal areas. This device also functions on
places far from coastal areas through the use of two tablespoons of salt and a glass of
tap water. This ecologically designed lamp of Aisa Mijeno can run for eight hours. The
SALt lamp is made of tediously experimented and improved chemical compound,
catalysts and metal alloys that when submerged in electrolytes will generate electricity.
The idea behind this is the chemical conversion of energy. It utilizes the scientific
process behind the galvanic cell but instead of electrolytes, this lamp uses saline
solution making it harmless and non-toxic.
These concepts and applications were used by the researchers to come up with
the salt water mobile phone charging device. These serves as basis and reference to
the current problems that lies within the study.
Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
Figure 1.0. Conceptual Framework
In the figure above, I-P-O Method is used to present the conceptual framework of
the study.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Salt water
Blending
Saltwater: An Application to Charge MobileofPhone
salt Page 13 of 57
Aluminum Sheet water solution
Copper Sheet Building of Mobile Phone

Step-up module
(5 volts) Creating the
connection
Connecting wires
12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The input includes the five (5) main components needed in-order-to create the
device. Salt water will serve as the source of electricity as it is made up of sodium
chloride (NaCl) and water ( H 2 O ). When salt is added to water, the sodium and chloride
ions float freely in the water. These ions have an electrical charge that carry electricity
through the water. The aluminum sheet will serve as the negative electrode and the
copper sheet will be the positive. The 5 volts’ step-up module will convert direct current
(DC) generated by the saltwater and control the consistency of the voltage that the
mobile phone will receive to protect it from damaging. While the connecting wires will be
used to create the connections along the circuit.
There are three (3) process to be employed. First, the blending of salt water
solution or simply using salt water from seas. The next one is the building of the
negative and positive electrodes where a negative electrode or an aluminum sheet will
be connected to the positive electrode which is the copper sheet using the connecting
wire. Lastly is creating the connection just like any other circuit.
The pursuit output of the researcher is an alternative mobile phone charger.
Statement of the Problem
General Problem
This study aims to develop a device that charges mobile phone with the
exploitation of salt water.
Specific Problems
1. Determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

2. Find out the relationship of the amount of production of saltwater electricity to the
following:
2.1. Concentration of saltwater solution
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2.2. Volume of solution

2.3. Number of saltwater basin
3. Having no alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phones during power
interruption.
4. Having no source of electricity to charge mobile phones on places with no
electricity.
5. Inconvenience brought by other alternative source (e.g., solar energy, wind
energy) due to certain factors like weather and geographic conditions.
6. Over dependence of people to non-renewable resources.
Objectives
General Objective
To develop a device that charges mobile phone through the exploitation of salt
water.
Specific Objectives
1. To determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

2. To find out the relationship of the amount of production of saltwater electricity to
the following:
3. To provide an alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phones during
power interruption.
4. To provide an alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phones on places
without electricity.
5. To provide an alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phones without
the intermission of certain factors such weather and geographic conditions.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. To promote the use of clean energy and minimize the consumption of electricity
from non-renewable resources.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study aims to develop a device that charges mobile phone devices using salt
water. An alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phone which is not affected
by certain factors such weather and geographic conditions. To provide a specification,
the target electrical value to be produce by the device is 5 volts and higher. Besides, the
focus of the study is to charge mobile phone devices where the given value is enough to
dictate the likelihood of the study.
On the other hand, the study has its limitations in terms of the device itself.
Devices with higher voltage requirement is not applicable. In addition, the salt water
solution is not capable to charge the mobile phone for so long which means, the
facilitator of the device must produce and cast another solution to the device.
Importance or Significance of the Study
The study will raise the need to provide a solution regarding the implications
conveyed by the problems mentioned in the previous parts. Besides, the study will
provide significant benefits to the following:
Mobile Phone User. Mobile phone users which almost pertains to every
individual can make use of the device to charge mobile phones during power
interruption due to power shortage or calamities and on places with no electricity. Users
can still be productive and devices can continuously guide and provide them safety.
Households. Every household can make use of the device as a practical and
alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phones to lessen electricity
consumption in small steps. It will help every household to use mobile phone devices
during emergency situations.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Energy Department. The Department of Energy can save minimal amount of

electricity from non-renewable resources and the study encourage them to minimize
reliance on this type of source but to put stress on renewable or alternative energy
source.
Future Researcher and Other Stakeholders. The study will waken and capture
the interest of other researchers to conduct a further research regarding electricity.
Future researcher can make use of the concept, theories and application postulated
within this paper.
Likewise, the study will contribute to the existing body of literature discussing the
topic.
Definition of Terms
Catalysts. A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Electrolytes. A liquid that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis.
Galvanic cell. It is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from

spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell.
Non-renewable sources. It is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily

replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
Power shortage/outage. Is a short-term or long-term loss of the electric power to a

particular area.
Renewable sources. Is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource

depletion caused by usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or
other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale.
Saline solution. A mixture of sodium chloride in water.

____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Solar energy. It is the radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating. It also referred to as energy
that the earth receives from the sun primarily as visible light.
Voltaic pile. The first electrical battery invented by Alessandro volta that could
continuously provide an electric current to a circuit.
Wind energy/power. Form of energy conversion in which turbines convert the kinetic
energy of wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be used for power.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and related studies
that will support the conduct of the study about salt water mobile phone charger. Its
objective is to prove and simplify the underlying concept within the topic. The theories,
concepts and literature will provide a clearer perspective and explanation of the study
and its other face.
Related Theories
Conductivity Theory
According to this theory, electrical conductivity is an inherent property of most

materials, and ranges from extremely conductive materials like metals to highly resistive
materials such as polymers or glass. Aqueous solutions such as sea water and plating
baths exhibit conductivity between these two extremes. In aqueous solutions, the
electrical current is carried by charged ions. The conductivity is determined by the
number of charge carriers, how fast they move and how much charge each one carries.
Hence, for most aqueous solutions, the higher the concentration of dissolved salts,
which will lead to more ions, the higher the conductivity. This effect continues until the
solution gets to a maximum value, after which, the conductivity may actually decrease
with increasing concentration. This can result in two different concentrations of a salt
having the same conductivity. This needs to be considered when using conductivity to
determine concentration of solutions.
This theory also states that raising the temperature gives more energy to the ions
making them move faster and increasing the conductivity.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Electrolysis
The concept of electrolysis was introduced by Michael Faraday in the 19 th

century. It is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an
electric current through them. An ionic compound, in this case salt, is dissolved with an
appropriate solvent such as water so that ions are available in the liquid. An electric
current is applied between a pair of inert electrodes immersed in the liquid. The
negatively charged electrode is called the cathode and the positively charged is the
anode.
Each electrode attracts ions which are of the opposite charge. Therefore,
positively charged ions (cations) move towards the cathode while negatively charged
ions (anions) move towards the anode. The energy required to separate the ions and
cause them to gather at the respective electrodes is provided by an electrical power
supply. At the probe, electrons are absorbed or release by the ions forming a collection
of the desired element or compound.
In saltwater solution, electrolysis does not require some sort of energy or electric
current since salt (NaCl) have weak bonds. The atoms of salt can easily be separated
into its appropriate ions. When a salt (NaCl) is dissolved in water, the sodium and
chloride separate temporarily. The sodium will become a positively charged ion and the
chloride atom will become a negatively charged ion. In here, the production of electricity
of saltwater become possible.
Electrolyte Theory
This theory addresses the behavior of solutions containing components such as

sodium chloride which dissociate into ionic species. An electrolyte produces electrically
conducting solution when dissolved in polar solvent such as water. When dissolved, the
electrolyte separates into cations and anions which disperse uniformly through the
solvent. Electrolyte theory is generally used to address the properties of aqueous
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
electrolyte solutions, usually at a fundamental level including the use of methods on

statistical mechanics. The role of electrolyte theory in geochemistry is to help explain
the physical chemistry and thermodynamics of natural waters ranging from rainwater to
concentrated brines.
The role of liquid water in aqueous solutions is primarily to act as the solvent.
However, water is itself a weak electrolyte dissociating according to the reactions. An
example of strong electrolytes is the saltwater which consists of cations Na+ and anions
Cl-.
Arrhenius Theory of Ionization
According to Svante August Arrhenius, the substance called electrolytes are

believed to contain electrically charged particles called ions. These charges are positive
for H+ ion or ions derived from metals and negative for the ions derived from non-
metals. The number of electrical charges carried by an ion is equal to the valence of
corresponding atom. Molecules of electrolytes (acids, bases and salts) dissociate into
oppositely charged ions on dissolution on water. The number of positive and negative
charges on the ions must be equal so that the solution as a whole remains neutral.
In solution, the ions are in a state of disorderly or random motion. Upon colliding,
they may combine to give unionized molecules. Thus, ionization is a reversible process
in which the solution contains ions of electrolyte together with unionized molecules.
The extent or degree of ionization depends upon the nature of electrolyte. Strong
electrolyte such as HCl ionize completely in water. Weak electrolyte such as acetic acid
(CH3COOH) ionize only slightly.
Ionization is not affected by electric current. When electric current is pass

through an electrolytic solution, charges move towards their respective electrodes.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
When these ions reached their respective electrodes, they change into neutral species
by the gain or loss of electron.
Theory of Ions
According to Michael Faraday, certain substances when dissolved in water

conduct an electric current. He also noticed that certain compounds decompose into
their elements when an electric current is passed through the compound.
Faraday introduced the term ions to describe the chemical species passing
through the solution. He also introduced the terms anion and cation for positive and
negative ion while anode and cathode for positive and negative terminal.
Faraday did his experimenting with electromagnetism in 1821 by demonstrating

the conversion of electrical energy into motive force. Using his special induction ring, he
discovered electromagnetic inductance or generation of electricity. this is the first
electricity transformer.
Dielectric Properties of Water
The salinity of river, lake, ocean and ground water changes over a time due to
seepage and surface runoff. For estimation of salinity of water, the choice of suitable
frequency range is very much important parameter for remote sensing applications. It
has been observed that frequency range from 0.5 to 4.0 GHz is best suited for
estimation of salinity of water.
The concentration of salts in water affects its microwave dielectric properties

which can be seen by comparing the complex permittivity of saline water with that for
pure water at several frequencies.
Ho and Hall measured the dielectric properties of seawater samples collected

over the world’s oceans over a temperature range of 5.5-24⁰ C at 2.653 GHz. The
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
dielectric properties of seawater have been determined from its chlorinity instead of
normality.
Klein and Swift had presented improved model for the determination of complex
permittivity of seawater and saline water in terms of salinity and temperature at
microwave frequencies.
It has been observed by Jackson et.al., that at a given microwave frequency, the
dielectric constant decreases whereas dielectric loss increases with increase in salinity.
The dielectric constant is less sensitive to the salinity. The dielectric loss increases
rapidly with increase in salinity, as the frequency decreases.
Tonicity and Concentration
Tonicity is the concentration of a solution as compared to another solution.

Concentration describes the amount of solutes dissolved by a solution. If a solution has
a higher concentration of solutes than another, it is said to be hypertonic. A hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of solutes and more water than another solution.
Isotonic solutions contain the same concentration of solutes. The ability of water to
dissolved solutes is due to its polar nature. The differing electrical poles on each water
molecules cause temporary hydrogen bonds to form between other molecules and
solutes. This distribute solutes and moves water into new regions.
This postulated concept states that saltwater concentration or tonicity of saltwater

directly correlated or affects the electrical current it produces. If the concentration of
saltwater is hypertonic, the current it produces is of greater amount. But, other theories
and concept disagree with this idea as series of experimentation was done. Saltwater
electricity production is not dependent to concentration but dependent on the membrane
that separate the solutions producing electrical current. Hence, other factors affecting
saltwater electricity generation are in search.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The Power of Salinity Gradients
According to Dr. Fernanda Helfer and Professor Charles Lemckert, potential of

salinity gradient energy is meet. This paper explores the efficacy of Pressure Retarded
Osmosis (PRO).
Helfer and Lemckert contend that Australia is particularly suited to osmotic power
production since the country has a lot of salinity sources that can be used as solution to
create a PRO plant. Salt lakes, brine from desalination plants and saline ground water
are included as sources. Also, the condition that Australia is known as an urban that is
located near oceans and close to rivers become the main reason for the future
construction of osmotic power plants.
Its unique aspect is the suggestion of the use of brine which rejected during
desalination process as a source of osmotic energy. Through the process of
desalination, this power will be used and PRO plant in turn will use the rejected brine as
the draw solution, and the sea water will be used as the feed solution. Helfer and
Lemckert both agreed to the fact that they have to ensure the significant technical and
economic improvements to support the commercial viability and credibility of the PRO
membrane technology.
However, they also considered PRO-Assisted desalination as a reliable

alternative for industry worldwide. It provides power through the process that help
reduce industry’s reliance on fossil fuels and it can minimize environmental harm that
caused due to discharged of concentrated brine into the sea.
Power Generators Runs on Salt Water
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
According to this concept, osmosis—the process where the fresh water and
saltwater meet, is known to generate electricity. This idea came from the recent team
from Switzerland and United States who are influenced by other success creation of
osmotic power generator.
In this concept, the one side of the tank contains a higher concentration of sea
water ions than the other side of the tank. The two sides are connected through an
electrode. The production of current happens when positive ions squeeze through the
membrane and electrons transfer to the electrodes.
The key to success in making this generator is the ultra-thin membrane and its
microscopic opening. Large membranes with myriad openings can generate huge
amount of energy. According to the researchers, with a membrane having just one
square meter in size could possibly produce 1 megawatt of electricity, and would be
enough for supplying power to almost 750 homes.
This version of technology could be deployed to river estuaries where freshwater

and saltwater meet. It is different from wind turbines and solar panels. It generates
electricity without being affected by weather conditions and it is potentially enough to
power entire cities.
Synthesis
The theories and concepts above reflect on the pursuit of the researcher to
generate electricity for mobile phone charging using saltwater. It is a collection of
processes and discoveries relevant to the study. Conductivity theory state that the
higher the concentration and the greater the amount of ions, the higher the conductivity.
In electrolyte theory, electrolyte is consisting of ions (cation and anion) which was
discovered to generate electricity. Cations is a positively charged ion while anion is
negatively charged. Hence, other theories support the previously existing concepts
which lead to the application such the power generator run by saltwater. Theories and
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
concept relevant to the study contribute to the knowledge of the researchers pertaining
to saltwater energy.
Related Studies
Voltaic Pile
In 1800, after an extensive experimentation, Alessandro Volta developed the

voltaic pile. The original voltaic pile consisted of a pile of zinc and silver discs and
between alternating discs, a piece of cardboard that had been soaked in salt water. A
wire connecting the bottom zinc disc to the top silver disc could produce repeated
sparks. Volta then, tried using almost sixty elements in the pile. The pile he constructed
comprised alternating zinc and copper discs. Each was separated by a piece of cloth
damped by an acid solution.
Saltwater Powered Led Bulb
Shyam Prasad et al., made an experimental setup to generate electricity from

salt water. Repeated experiments produced enough electricity to light a led bulb.
The electrolysis method was used to produce electricity from salt water. Water is
comprised of two elements—hydrogen and oxygen. Distilled water is pure and free of
salts, thus it is very poor conductor of electricity. By adding an ordinary table salt in
distilled water, it becomes an electrolyte solution that can conduct electricity.
The researchers believed that saltwater could be the best economical energy
source for homes and factories. Saltwater power plants could be built near coastlines to
produce electricity with much less harm to the environment.
Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp (SALt Lamp)
A Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno made a lamp powered by salt water. This lamp is
the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. The SALt lamp is an environment-
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on salt water, making it
suitable for those who live in coastal areas. This device also functions on places far
from coastal areas through the use of two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.
This ecologically designed lamp of Aisa Mijeno can run for eight hours. The SALt lamp
is made of tediously experimented and improved chemical compound, catalysts and
metal alloys that when submerged in electrolytes will generate electricity. The idea
behind this is the chemical conversion of energy. It utilizes the scientific process behind
the galvanic cell but instead of electrolytes, this lamp uses saline solution making it
harmless and non-toxic.
Microbial Reverse Dialysis Test Cell
Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering, Bruce E. Logan developed the

microbial fuel cells (MFC) which uses wastewater and naturally occurring bacteria to
produce electricity. He also uses reverse electro dialysis (RED) which produces
electricity directly from the salinity gradient between salty and fresh water.
Reverse electro dialysis stacks extract energy from the ionic difference between
fresh water and salt water. A stack consisting of alternating ion exchange membranes—
positive and negative. With each RED membrane pair contributing additively to the
electrical output. Unfortunately, using only RED stacks to produce electricity is difficult
because a large number of membranes is required when using water at the electrodes
due to the need for water electrolysis.
Rather than rely on seawater, the researchers used ammonium bicarbonate, an

unusual salt. An ammonium bicarbonate solution works similarly to seawater in the
microbial reverse electro dialysis cell (MRC) and will not foul the membranes.
The researchers tested their ammonium bicarbonate MRC and found that the
initial production of electricity was greater than that from an MRC using seawater. The
MRC tested using ammonium bicarbonate produced 5.6 watts per square meter.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Power Generation Through Pressure Retarded Osmosis—Leonardo Banchik, et

al.
The researchers evaluated an emerging method of power generation called

pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), in which two streams of different salinity are mixed to
produced energy. In principle, a PRO system would take in river water and seawater on
either side of a semi-permeable membrane. Through osmosis, water from the less-salty
stream would cross the membrane to a pre-pressurized slatier side, creating a flow that
can be sent through a turbine to recover power.
PRO models that incorporate coupon-sized membranes assume that the salinity
and flow of incoming streams is constant along a membrane. Given such stable
conditions, these model predict a linear relationship: the bigger the membrane, the more
power generated.
The researchers came up with a model with which they could analyze a wide
range of values for membrane size, permeability and flow rate. With this model, a
nonlinear relationship between power and membrane sized for large system is
observed. Instead, as the area of a membrane increases, the power generated
increases to a point, after which it gradually levels off. While a system may be able to
produce the maximum amount of power at a certain membrane size, it could also
produce 95% of the power with a membrane half as large.
Saltwater Battery
Ruben-Simon Kuhnel and David Reber, researchers in Empa’s Materials for

Energy Conversion Department discovered a solution to put down lithium-ion battery
and introduce saltwater battery.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
In previous studies, lithium-ion cell can produce higher voltage (3.7 volts) than
the saltwater battery (1.23 volts). Therefore, the researchers conclude that the saltwater
battery will produce a higher voltage rating if the salt containing electrolyte is in the form
of liquid and at the same time it has to be so highly concentrated.
For the experiment, the researchers instead used the special salt sodium FSI
(sodium bis fluorosulfonyl imide). This salt is extremely soluble in water. In this liquid, all
water molecules are grouped around the positively charged sodium cations in a hydrate
shell. Hardly, any unbound water molecules are present.
The researchers discovered that this saline solution displays an electrochemical

stability of up to 2.6 volts—nearly twice as much as other aqueous electrolytes. The
discovery could be the key to inexpensive safe battery cells.
Osmotic Energy Plant
Norwegian energy company Statkraft has been rather quietly testing the
technology in the world’s first osmotic power plant. But the Norwegian Center for
Renewable Energy pegs the global potential of osmotic power to be about 1,370
terawatt-hours per year or about equivalent to the current electricity consumption of
Eastern Europe and Russia.
Osmotic power or also known as salinity gradient power relies on a rather basic
physical process called diffusion. Salty water molecules tend to move into freshwater
nearby. It happens wherever rivers meet the sea, creating energy in the form of heat.
place a semi-permeable barrier between the saltwater and the freshwater, and the
diffusion of molecules through the membrane is osmosis.
Salty Solution for Energy Generation
This study is about a new device developed by researchers at Stanford

University consists of an electrode that attracts positive sodium ions and one that
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
attracts negative chlorine ions. Once the electrodes immersed in saltwater, the
movement of ions produces an electrical current. Through draining saltwater, the
electrodes can be recharged, replacing it with fresh water and applying the relative low-
voltage electrical current which draws the ions back out of the electrodes. Draining fresh
water causes electrodes to attract more ions from another batch of saltwater.
According to Yi Cui, the process is not the same as the process of water
desalination. Cui’s group converted to electricity 74% of the potential energy. The
potential energy exists between saltwater and fresh water, with no decline in
performance over a hundred cycles. Placing the electrodes closer together can allow
battery to achieve 85% efficiency. The researchers also used a manganese-dioxide
nanorods to achieve high efficiency.
This power plant could produce up to 100 megawatts of power. Cui calculates
that if all of the fresh water from all of the world’s coastal rivers where harnessed, his
salinity-gradient process could generate 2 terawatts or approximately 13% of the energy
currently used around the world.
Flowing Saltwater Over Graphene Generates Electricity
Hydroelectricity is one of the oldest resources for generating electrical power

using nano-structures. Scientist have looked at generating electricity when ionic fluids—
a liquid with charged ions in it, are pushed through a system with a pressure gradient.
However, due to the needs of pressure gradient to drive ionic fluid in a small tube, the
generation of electricity becomes limited. But scientist have found a solution, that
dragging small droplets of strips on graphene generates electricity without the need of
pressure gradient.
In the study published in Nature Nanotechnology, researchers from China

created a layer of graphene. The layer of graphene is where they placed the droplet of
saltwater and discovered that the process through dragging droplet across graphene
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
layer with different velocities produces energy and can generate a small voltage
difference.
In addition, the researchers also found out that the faster the droplet dragged
across the graphene strip, the higher the amount of voltage can be generated. The
mechanism of the study is, when the droplet is static, the charge redistributed
symmetrically on both sides. This leaves a net potential difference of zero between
them. It is what they called the linear relationship between the velocity and generated
electricity.
The distribution become unbalanced once the droplet was dragged across the
graphene strip. They have found that electrons desorbed from graphene at one end of
the droplet and are absorbed into the graphene at another end that gives a result of a
large potential on one side. The scientists made this technology to demonstrate the
process of harvesting electricity from graphene and show the production of measurable
voltage with approximately 30mV.
These nano-sized generators can work with small devices unlike hydroelectric
systems. It has a great potential to create large-scale generators.
Synthesis
The relevant applications above vary from simple to complex and innovated
saltwater power technology. It starts with the voltaic pile invented by Alessandro Volta
which is the first battery which exploit saline solution or saltwater solution to generate
electricity. This was followed by a saltwater battery. Today, people are looking forward
for saltwater energy plant which is the complex application regarding the study. The
objective of this attempt is to produce clean and renewable energy that can supply the
world. But, the study about Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) Lamp of a Filipina
Scientist pique the interest of the researcher through its objective. The objective of the
inventor Aisa Mijeno was to give light on places with no electricity with just a glass of
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
water and a tablespoon of salt. With this, researcher come up with powering mobile
phone devices which is entwined with our lives today, through saltwater solution.
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter describes the research design, data collection instruments, project
design, variables, materials, procedures used to collect the data, and data analysis
procedures used to conduct this study.
Methods of Research
The experimental method of research was exploited in this study. Experimental

research design is used to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of
an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may
occur. An experimental design is a procedure that enables the researcher to test the
hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between independent and
dependent variables. It refers to the conceptual framework within which the experiment
is conducted.
Exploiting this research design, the researchers conducted a series of

experiment to come up with the desired output of the study.
Research Instruments
The research instruments used to conduct the study are in two forms,
mechanical devices and clerical tools.
The clerical tools are comprised of the applications, concepts and theories
postulated by previous studies. These provide a great help to the researchers to
perform the experiment and to create the project prototype.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The mechanical devices exploited are the components and materials used in-
order-to conduct a series of experimentation. The input provided in the conceptual
framework was utilized to test the hypothesis. The project prototype serves as the
ground to gather results for the study. Also, a multitester or volt-ohm-milliammeter
(VOM) was used to record result given by the prototype. This helps the researcher to
monitor the changes and improvement of the project and help determine if the desired
outcome is achieved.
To provide an overview of the mechanical devices or tools used in the study,

refer to the table below.
Table 1.0. Mechanical Devices and Tools
Materials Quantity Description

Salt 1000 grams  Rock salt
Water 12 Liters  Pure Water
Aluminum Sheet 2 pieces  0.032” x 6”W x 12”L
Copper Sheet 2 pieces  0.016” x 4”W x 10”L
Step-up Module 1 piece  5 volts
 DC-DC
Connecting Wires 5 meters  Solid (Any)
Plywood 1  40” x 20”
Wood 8  2x2
Nails 250 grams  #1 Nails
Aligator Clips 2 pair  N/A
Plastic Bottles 20 pieces  1.5 L Bottles
Glue Stick 5 pieces  N/A
Equipments
Multitester or volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
Hand Drill
Hammer
Saw
Glue gun
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Pliers
Soldering Iron
Research Prototype Design
Figure 2.0. Research Prototype Circuit Design
Figure 2.1. Research Prototype Technical Design
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Data Gathering Procedure
The study used different method to gather necessary data to interpret underlying
concepts and theories. These methods seek and find answer to the enumerated
problems and serve as the key in proving the hypothesis.
Library method was used through online libraries. The researcher access online
books and tools to research on relevant information regarding the study. The concepts,
theories and applications employed was based on previous literatures posited on online
books, thesis, dissertations and journal.
Experiment method was used to manipulate variables affecting the desired

outcome of the study. An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute or
validate a hypothesis. This provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what
outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the
result. With this case, the researcher performs a series of experiment to achieve the
objectives of the study. In this method, the researcher found out the number of
containers with salt water needed in-order-to charge a mobile phone, proper
connections, alternative materials to run the prototype in desired outcome and so on.
While testing method was used to test the accuracy and capability of the project
to prove the hypothesis. Testing method simply test the project prototype’s ability to
bear answers to established problems.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The researchers will employ Pearson Product to derive an adequate response to

the specific problem;
1. Find out the relationship of the amount of production of saltwater electricity to

the following:
1.3. Number of saltwater basin.
Employing Pearson Product will enable researchers to find out if there is an

underlying connection between the enumerated variables and the amount of production
of saltwater electricity. This statistical technique will show the relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. Simply, the mathematical method will provide a
conclusion on the effect of certain conditions (such concentration of saltwater, volume of
solution, number of saltwater basin) to the amount of electrical energy produced by
saltwater. With these, the researchers are able to manipulate the variables affecting the
likelihood of the study and so to come up with the desired outcome.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
In establishing the relationship between variables, the formula and procedures

are as follows:
n ( Σ xy ) −( Σ x)( Σ y)
r= 2 2
√ [ n ( Σ x ) −( Σ x ) ] [n(Σ y )− ( Σ y ) ]
2 2
Where:
r- Pearson correlation coefficient value
n- population
Σ xy- summation of the product of first variable (x) and second variable (y)
Σ x- summation of the data on first variable (x)
Σ y- summation of the data on second variable (y)
To easily analyze the data, the researchers will use a data matrix or tabulation to
find out the coefficient value. The matrix’s format is as follows:
Table 2.0. Data Matrix Format
Trial Concentration of saltwater Voltage x∙ y x2 y2

solution/ Volume of solution/ rating (y)
Number of saltwater basin (x)
1
2
3
4
5
Σ
Then, after getting the coefficient value, the researcher will evaluate it using the
conditions below.
 If the coefficient value (r) is in the negative range (-1), then the relationship
between the variables is negatively correlated, or as one value increases
the other decreases.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 If the coefficient value (r) is in the positive range (+1), then the relationship
between the variables is positively correlated, or both values increase or
decrease together.
 If the coefficient value (r) is equal to zero, it indicates no linear relationship
between variables.
Hence, other specific problems and objectives doesn’t require statistical data
treatment to seek for its answer. The execution of the project prototype will provide the
adequate solution for the other specific problems plotted in the study.
Chapter IV
Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
This chapter will analyze, present and interpret the data gathered to provide a
clearer view of the study. The result of the gathered data reflects to the solution arise
from the method employed by the researchers. This part provides the purpose that the
study wants to convey.
Analysis of Data
The specific problems or objectives that bear data can be used to analyze the
study as a whole are:
1. Determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity enough to charge mobile

phones.
2. Find out the relationship of the amount of production of saltwater electricity to the
following:
In determining the likelihood or possibility of saltwater to generate electricity, the

researcher test a saline solution. A multitester and a pair of conductors was used to
determine if the solution produces electricity.
On the other hand, to find out the relationship of the amount of production of
saltwater electricity to the concentration, volume and number of basin of solution, the
researchers test the solution in different level of concentration, volume, and number of
basin of the saltwater solution. In this case, Pearson product is employed to determine if
there is a relationship between the variables and to establish the correct relationship
that exists. Using the method, researchers are able to provide an experiment and
scientific based conclusions.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Hence, the data needed to satisfy other specific problems is given by the project
prototype. The observation on the nature, behavior and performance of the prototype
present the solution to the main issue that the study wants to resolve. Still, the
researcher provides figures on the following parts that shows the capableness of the
prototype to aid the following specific problems.

interruption.
electricity.
Presentation of Data
Figure 3.0. Likelihood of Saltwater to Generate Electricity
Table 3.0. Concentration of saltwater solution vs. amount of production of saltwater

electricity
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Trial Concentration of saltwater Voltage x∙ y x2 y2

solution (x) rating (y)
1 3.45 Molar 0.45 volts 1.5525 11.9025 0.2025
2 6.90 Molar 0.45 volts 3.105 47.61 0.2025
3 10.3 Molar 0.45 volts 4.635 106.09 0.2025
4 13.8 Molar 0.45 volts 6.21 190.44 0.2025
5 17.2 Molar 0.45 volts 7.74 295.84 0.2025
Σ 51.65 Molar 2.25 volts 23.2425 651.882 1.0125
5
n ( Σ xy ) −( Σ x)( Σ y)
r= 2 2
√ [ n ( Σ x ) −( Σ x ) ] [n(Σ y )− ( Σ y ) ]
2 2
5 ( 23.2425 )−(51.65)(2.25)
r= 2 2
√ [ 5 ( 651.8825 )−( 51.65 ) ] [5 ( 1.0125 )−( 2.25 ) ]
r =0
Table 3.1. Volume of solution vs. amount of production of saltwater electricity
Trial Volume of solution (x) Voltage x∙ y x2 y2

rating (y)
1 100 ml 0.45 volts 45 10000 0.2025
2 200 ml 0.45 volts 90 40000 0.2025
3 300 ml 0.45 volts 135 90000 0.2025
4 400 ml 0.45 volts 180 16000 0.2025
0
5 500 ml 0.45 volts 225 25000 0.2025
0
Σ 1500 ml 2.25 volts 675 55000 1.0125
0
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
n ( Σ xy ) −( Σ x)( Σ y)
r= 2 2
√ [ n ( Σ x ) −( Σ x ) ] [n(Σ y )− ( Σ y ) ]
2 2
5 ( 675 )−(1500)(2.25)
r= 2
√ [ 5 ( 550000 )−( 1500 ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
r =0
Table 3.2. Number of saltwater basin vs. amount of production of saltwater electricity
Trial Number of saltwater basin (x) Voltage x∙ y x2 y2

rating (y)
1 1 0.45 volts 0.45 1 0.2025
2 3 1.40 volts 4.2 9 1.96
3 5 2.33 volts 11.65 25 5.4289
4 7 3.32 volts 23.24 49 11.0224
5 9 4.24 volts 38.16 81 17.9776
Σ 25 11.74 volts 77.7 165 36.5914
n ( Σ xy ) −( Σ x)( Σ y)
r= 2 2
√ [ n ( Σ x ) −( Σ x ) ] [n(Σ y )− ( Σ y ) ]
2 2
5 ( 77.7 )−(25)(11.74)
r= 2 2
√ [ 5 ( 165 )−( 25 ) ] [5 ( 36.5914 ) −( 11.74 ) ]
r =0.99995∨1.0
Figure 3.1. Saltwater Charging Process
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The figure shows the output that the device produces. The total voltage
generated by the prototype is 9.0 volts which is enough to charge mobile phone
devices. Yet the following figures below indicates the saltwater charging process.
Interpretation of Data
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The figure above (Figure 3.0) shows the voltage reading from the saltwater
solution. The solution generates electricity when the test was conducted.
In the Table 3.0., the result of the data which undergone statistical test (r=0)
corresponds with the given condition;
 If the coefficient value (r) is equal to zero, it indicates no linear relationship

between variables.
In the Table 3.1., the result of the data which undergone statistical test (r=0)
corresponds with the given condition;
 If the coefficient value (r) is equal to zero, it indicates no linear relationship
between variables.
In the Table 3.2., the result of the data which undergone statistical test (r=0.99995 or 1)
is equal to +1 and ranges within that condition. This outcome shows that the relationship
between the compared variables is strong. Therefore, it corresponds to the given
condition;
 If the coefficient value (r) is in the positive range (+1), then the relationship
between the variables is positively correlated, or both values increase or
decrease together.
While Figure 3.1. shows the capableness of the project prototype to be an

alternative source of electricity to charge mobile phone either during power interruption
or on places with no electricity. The conditions or variables that affects the prototype
(concentration, volume, number of basin, temperature) can be manipulated unlike of the
other such solar and wind power technologies which possess conditions that cannot be
manipulated. The figure also shows the great capacity of it to lessen the over
dependence of people to non-renewable energy sources and promote the use of
renewable and clean energy.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter discusses the summary of the findings of the study, the conclusions
that had been made after conducting the experimental study, and the recommendations
of the current researchers to the future researchers and other stakeholders.
Summary of Findings
This study was conducted for the general purpose of developing a mobile phone
charger that utilizes saltwater. Also, to achieve specific objectives such determining the
likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity and the factors that affect the amount of
electricity production in terms of the concentration, volume and number of basin of
saltwater solution. In line with the study is the project prototype which scope the
remaining specific objectives.
Determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

As the researcher conducted the test on a saltwater or saline solution in a glass
using a pair of conductors and a multitester, the solution produces 0.47 volts.
Find out the relationship of the amount of production of saltwater electricity to

the concentration of saltwater solution.
The concentration of saltwater solution has no linear relationship on the amount
of production of saltwater electricity.

the volume of saltwater solution.
The volume of saltwater solution has no linear relationship on the amount of
production of saltwater electricity.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________

the number of basin of saltwater solution.
The number of basin of saltwater solution has a strong relationship on the

amount of production of saltwater electricity.
The figures presented in the previous chapter sum up the findings on the specific
problems formulated in line with the project prototype such:

interruption.
2. Having no source of electricity to charge mobile phones on places with no electricity.
3. Inconvenience brought by other alternative source (e.g., solar energy, wind energy)
due to certain factors like weather and geographic conditions.
The figures show that the project prototype generate enough electricity capable
of charging mobile phone devices.
Conclusions
With the results and finding that the researchers derived through conducting the
study, the following inferences and conclusions was formulated.
Determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

With the data gathered through performing the test on a saltwater solution using
the conductors and a multitester, the researchers therefore conclude that a saltwater
can generate electricity.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________

the concentration of saltwater solution.
Suppose that there is no relationship between the concentration of saltwater
solution and the amount of production of saltwater electricity, if the solution is more
concentrated or less concentrated, the voltage it produces is stable (do not increases or
decreases).

the volume of saltwater solution.
Suppose that there is no relationship between the volume of saltwater solution
and the amount of production of saltwater electricity, if the volume increases or
decreases, the voltage it produces is stable (do not increases or decreases).

the number of basin of saltwater solution.
Suppose that the study proved the existing relationship between the number of
basin of saltwater solution and the amount of production of saltwater electricity, if the
number of basin of saltwater solution increases, the voltage it produces increases.
While, if the number of basin of saltwater solution decreases, the voltage it produces
also decreases. The relationship between the two variables is positively correlated.
The figures presented in the previous chapter provides a valid basis of

conclusions to the findings gathered to aid the specific problems:

interruption.
electricity.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________

The figures show the capableness of the device to charge a mobile phone. For
this instance, people can make use of the project to charge mobile phone devices
during power interruption and on places with no electricity. The performance of the
device doesn’t show any trace of inconvenience brought by weather and geographic
conditions. Lastly, the researchers assumed that the birth of this project prototype might
lessen the over dependence of people to non-renewable resources.
Recommendations
The findings from the present study will contribute to the existing body of
literature on saltwater energy. The result of this study is just a step ahead in finding new
sources of electricity, digging into the power of saltwater or saline solution in energy
production, and determining the factors that affect the generation of electricity from
saltwater.
The current researchers recommend the use of the findings bear by the study to
further improved and innovate the project. Other factors that affect the amount of
electricity production of saltwater rather than the concentration, volume and number of
basin of solution must also be determined. With these, future researchers are able to
produce electricity from saltwater which is not limited to the devices it is suitable, since
current study focused on providing electricity to charge mobile phone devices.
The holes and the deficiencies of the previous studies that are needed to be filled
in urged future researchers to seek and focused on in-order-to cohere the different
findings which is in relation to issue. Thus, we generally recommend to let eyes and
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
curiosity travel farther and manipulate the limitations of study. Never narrow down the
things within the study as long as possible or without sacrificing its likelihood. Hence,
issues which were remained dissonant will be explicated.
The researchers encourage future researchers to dig deeper on the topic. Build
interest in providing solution to other relevant issues to gradually contribute to the
society’s problem regarding energy source. Managing time and planning for the
methods to employ will provide ease and increase the feasibility of aiding the needs of
the beneficiary where the problem arises.
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICES
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Gadani D.H., Rana V.A., Vyas A.D. & Bhatnagar S.P. Indian Radio and Space
Phys. 40 (2011) 218.
Ho W. & Hall W.F. Geophysical Res. 78/27 (1973) 6301.
Jackson T.J. & O’Neill P.E. IEEE Trans Geoscience Remote Sensing. GE-25/2
(1987) 214.
Klein L.A., Swift C.T. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation. AP-25/1
(1977) 104.
Singh R.P., Kumar V & Srivastav S.K. International Remote Sensing. 11/2 (1990)
321.
Journal
Sthapit, Moti Kaji and Dr. Raja Ram Pradhananga. Foundations of Chemistry. 5 th
Vol. 1. Kathmandu: Supravaha Press, 2010. 3vols
Internet
Chodos A. Volta Describes the Electric Battery. This Month in Physics History,
March 2006. Retrieved from: https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200603/
history.cfm
Chu J. The Power of Salt: Pressure Retarded Osmosis. MIT News Office, 20
August 2014. Retrieved from: news.mit.edu/2014/energy-from-salt-water-0820
Cusick R., Kim Y., and Logan B. Energy Capture from Thermolytic Solutions in
Microbial Reverse- Electrodialysis Cells. Science, 1 March 2012 DOI:
10.1126/science.1219330
Deaton J. Power Generator Runs on Salt Water. Nexus Media. 2016. Retrieved
from: https://nexusmedianews.com/this-power-generator-runs-on-saltwater
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Helfer F. and Lemckert C. Renewable and Sustainable Energy reviews.

Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
Ionode, Pty Ltd. Conductivity Theory. 2015. Retrieved from: ionode.com/
theory/conductivity-theory
Klose R. Inexpensive and Stable: The Saltwater Battery. Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology. 9 January 2018. Retrieved from:
https://phys.org/news/2018-01-inexpensive-stable-the-salt-battery
McKenna P. Sustainable Energy: Salty Solution for Energy Generation. 3 May
2011. Retrieved from: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423903/salty-solution-for-
energy-generation
National Geographic. Salt Power: Norway Projects Gives Osmotic Energy a
Shake. 8 January 2013. Retrieved from: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/
energy/2013/01/130107-osmotic-energy-norway
Patel Y. Flowing Saltwater Over Graphene Generates Electricity. 14 April 2014.
Retrieved from: https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/04/flowing-salt-water-over-
graphene-generates-electricity
School of Engineering, Bengaluru. Producing Electricity from Saltwater. 21
November 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.amrita.edu/news/producing-electricity-
saltwater
S&T Media Service, Department of Science and Technology. Sustainable
Alternative Lighting Lamp. 7 December 2015. Retrieved from: www.dost.gov.ph/
knowledge-resources/news/44-2015-news/878-salt-lamp-presented-to-dost
Wolery T.J. Electrolyte Theory in Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Science.
1998. Retrieved from: www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/electrolyte
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
RESUME
Name : Jeffrey J. Ambita

Address : 358 National Road,
Cabog-Cabog Balanga,
Bataan
Contact Number : 0916-256-2499
Email Address : [email protected]
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : November 16, 1999

Place of Birth : Balanga, Bataan
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 170 cm
Weight : 60 kg
Civil Status : Single
Father : Benito J. Ambita
Mother : Mercedita T. Jorda
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : N/A
Secondary
Junior High School
Name of School : Bagac National High School
School Address : Parang Bagac, Bataan
Year Attended : 2012-2016
Senior High School
Name of School : Bataan Heroes Memorial College
School Address : Roman Super Hi-Way Balanga, Bataan
Elementary
Name of School : Cabog-Cabog Elementary School
School Address : Cabog-Cabog Balanga, Bataan
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name : Antonette P. Indefenso

Address : No.4 Isarog Street. Mt.View
Village, Mariveles Bataan
Contact Number : 09456006339
Date of Birth : February 28, 2000

Place of Birth : Cabcaben Mariveles Bataan
Age : 18
Gender : Female
Height : 152 cm
Weight : 43 kg
Father : Antonio S. Indefenso
Mother : Elenita P. Indefenso
Tertiary : N/A
Secondary
Junior High School
Name of School : Mariveles National High School
School Address : Cabcaben Mariveles, Bataan
Senior High School
School Address : Roman Super Hi-way Balanga, Bataan
Elementary
Name of School : Cabcaben Elementary School
School Address : Cabcaben Mariveles, Bataan
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name : Melvin Bien Z. Reyes

Address : Camacho Balanga Bataan
Date of Birth : May 16, 2000

Place of Birth : Balanga Bataan
Age : 17
Gender : Male
Height : 166 cm
Weight : 48 kg
Father : Benjamin B. Reyes
Mother : Maria Lourdes Z. Reyes
Tertiary : N/A
Secondary
Junior High School
Name of School : Bataan National High School
School Address : Roman Super Hi-way Balanga, Bataan
Senior High School
Elementary
Name of School : T. Camacho Sr. Elementary
School Address : Camacho Balanga, Bataan
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name : David Christian A. Serenio

Address : 285 Binukawan, Bagac, Bataan
Date of Birth : February 2, 2000

Place of Birth : Bagac, Bataan
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 165 cm
Weight : 46 kg
Father : Zandro A. Serenio
Mother : Clarissa A. Serenio
Tertiary : N/A
Secondary
Junior High School
Name of School : Bagac National High School
School Address : Parang Bagac, Bataan
Senior High School
Elementary
Name of School : Binukawan Elementary School
School Address : Binukawan Bagac, Bataan
____________________________________________________________________________________

12-STEM C
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name : Rafael P. Vitangcol

Address : St. Nagkamayan Upper
Tuyo Balanga City
Date of Birth : May 01, 2000

Place of Birth : Dasmarinas dos Cavite
Age : 17
Gender : Male
Height : 166 cm
Weight : 52 kg
Father : Raul Vitangcol
Mother : Shirley Vitangcol
Tertiary : N/A
Secondary
Junior High School
Name of School : Bataan National High School
Senior High School
Elementary
Name of School : Gl. David Memorial Elementary School
School Address : Upper Tuyo Balanga City, Bataan
____________________________________________________________________________________

Saltwater Charging

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saltwater Charging

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saltwater Charging

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SALT WATER:

AN APPLICATION TO CHARGE MOBILE PHONE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project, this Research

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research / Capstone Project

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 2 of 57

To Mr. Arnold P. Vergara, Director of the Academic Affairs and Research /

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 3 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 4 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 5 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 6 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 7 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 8 of 57

1.0 Mechanical Devices and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

1.0 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.0 Research Prototype Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Research Prototype Technical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.0 Likelihood of Saltwater to Generate Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 Saltwater Charging Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 9 of 57

The Problem and its Background

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 10 of 57

As being observed, every individual carry small devices most commonly

It is unfeignedly substantive to conduct a study and produce a device regarding

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 11 of 57

In reference with the previous studies and considering the problem to be

Background of the Study

Theories, concepts and applications from previous studies provide the

In 1800, after an extensive experimentation, Alessandro Volta developed the

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 12 of 57

Input Process Output

Figure 1.0. Conceptual Framework

Copper Sheet Building of Mobile Phone

The pursuit output of the researcher is an alternative mobile phone charger.

Statement of the Problem

1. Determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 14 of 57

2.2. Volume of solution

1. To determine the likelihood of saltwater to generate electricity.

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 15 of 57

Importance or Significance of the Study

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 16 of 57

Energy Department. The Department of Energy can save minimal amount of

Electrolytes. A liquid that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis.

Galvanic cell. It is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from

Non-renewable sources. It is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily

Power shortage/outage. Is a short-term or long-term loss of the electric power to a

Renewable sources. Is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource

Saline solution. A mixture of sodium chloride in water.

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 17 of 57

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 18 of 57

Review of Related Literature and Studies

According to this theory, electrical conductivity is an inherent property of most

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 19 of 57

The concept of electrolysis was introduced by Michael Faraday in the 19 th

This theory addresses the behavior of solutions containing components such as

Saltwater: An Application to Charge Mobile Phone Page 20 of 57

electrolyte solutions, usually at a fundamental level including the use of methods on

Arrhenius Theory of Ionization