Community Organization and Health/ Health Programs in

the Philippines ➢ HEALTH- successful defense of the host against

forces landing to disturb body equilibrium
➢ DISEASE- failure of the body defense mechanism
COMMUNITY HEALTH/PUBLIC HEALTH to cope with forces tending to disturb body
equilibrium
➢ The science of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting health and efficiency through Determinants of Health
organize community effort
1. Income and social status- higher income and
a. Environmental sanitation social status are linked to better health
b. Control of Community infection (communicable disease) 2. Education- low education levels are linked
with poor health, more stress and lower self
c. Education of the individual in principles of personal confidence.
hygiene 3. Physical environment- safe water and clean
air, healthy workplace, safe houses, communities
d. Organization of Medical and nursing services for early and roads all contribute to good health.
diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases 4. Employment and working conditions- people
in employment are healthier, particularly those
e. Development of social machinery which will ensure
who have more control over their working
everyone as standard living adequate for maintenance of
conditions.
life
5. Social support networks- greater support from
Two broad areas of preventive medicine families, friends and communities is linked to a
better health 6. Culture- customs, traditions and
1. Public Health- includes programs and activities directed the beliefs of the family and community all affect
at community level and will benefit everyone or individuals the health
who are not currently under the care of physician. 7. Genetics- inheritance plays a part in
determining lifespan, healthiness and the
2. Risk Factor Evaluation- includes programs and activities
likelihood of developing certain illness.
directed at individuals who are currently under the care of
8. Personal behavior and coping skills- balanced
physician who evaluates them for high-risk factors that can
eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking and
cause disease, educate them about good habits and
how to deal with life’s stresses and challenges all
screens them for appropriate conditions.
affect health
HEALTH 9. Health services- access and use of services
that prevent and treat disease influence health
➢ A status of complete physical, mental and social 10. Gender- men and women suffer from
well being and not merely the absence of disease different types of diseases at different ages.
or infirmity regarded as person’s physical and
psychological capacity to establish and maintain *Primary Health Care (PHC) as an approach to
balance. delivery of health care services
Aspects of Health ➢ WHO defines PHC as essential health care made
universally accessible to individuals and families
1. Physical Health- refers to condition which in the community by means acceptable to them
enables a person to maintain a strong and through their full participation and at a cost that
healthy body. the community and country can afford at every
2. Mental Health- refers to how a person thinks stage of development
of himself, control his emotions and adjust to
environment. Elements/Components of PHC
3. Social Health- refers to ways a person feels,
think and acts towards everybody around him 1. Environmental sanitation
2. Control of communicable disease
*Health or disease is expressions of the success 3. Immunization
or failure of a person to respond adaptively to 4. Health Education
environmental challenges. 5. MCH and Family Planning

1
6. Adequate Food and Proper Nutrition A. VILLAGE OR GRASSROOT HEALTH
7. Provision of Medical Care and Emergency WORKERS
Treatment ➢ first contacts
8. Treatment of Locally Endemic Diseases ➢ socio-economic
9. Provision of Essential Drugs ➢ curative and preventive
✓ Community health worker, volunteers
Four Cornerstones/Pillars in PHC or traditional birth attendants
B. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL HEALTH WORKERS
1. Active community participation ➢ first source
2. Intra and inter-sectoral linkages ➢ provide support
3. Use of appropriate technology ➢ attends to health problems
4. Support mechanism made available ✓ Medical practitioners, nurses and
midwives
Levels of Health Care Referral System
C. FIRST LINE HOSPITAL PERSONNEL

➢ establish close contact

➢ backup health services
✓ Physicians with specialty, nurses,
dentist, pharmacists, other health
professionals

1. Primary Level of Care

• It is health care provided by center physicians,

public health nurse, rural midwives, barangay
health workers, traditional healers and others at
the barangay health stations and rural health
units. First contact between the community
members and the other levels of health facility

Levels of Health Care Facilities 2. Secondary level of care

1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES • Given by physicians with basic health training.
It is usually given in health facilities privately
rural health units, their sub-centers, chest owned or government operated such as
clinics, malaria eradication units, and infirmaries, municipal and district hospital and
schistosomiasis control units; puericulture out-patient departments of provincial hospitals.
centers, tuberculosis clinics, private clinics, This serves as the referral center for the primary
clinics operated by large industrial firms, health facilities. Secondary facilities are capable
community hospitals, health centers and other of performing minor surgeries and perform some
health facilities simple laboratory examinations
2. SECONDARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
3. Tertiary level of care
non-departmentalized hospitals including
emergency and regional hospitals • Tertiary care is rendered by specialist in health
facilities including medical centers as well as
3. TERTIARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES regional and provincial hospitals and specialized
hospitals. Complicated cases and intensive care
medical centers and large hospitals
requires tertiary care and all these can be
provided by the tertiary care facility

THREE LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Concept of Community Health

WORKERS

2
 • Working together to help people help • Formulation and development of national health
themselves, not merely to survive but also policies, guidelines, standards and manual operation for
achieve the maximum potential health services and programs

Four priorities in Public Health • Issuance of rules and regulations, licenses and
accreditation
1. Survival of man
• Promulgation of the national standards, goals, priorities
2. Prevention of condition which lead to destruction or and indicators
retardation of human function and potential in the years
of life • Development of special health programs and projects

3. Achievement of human potential and prevention of the MIXED SECTORS

loss of productivity of young adults and those on the
middle period of life • PTS- Philippine Tuberculosis society

4. Improvement of the quality of life, especially in the later • PCS- Philippine Cancer Society
years • PNRC- Philippine National Red Cross
STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY • PMHA- Philippine Mental Health Association
SYSTEM
• PHA- Philippine Heart Association
Health resources
PRIVATE SECTORS
• Rural Health Unit (RHU) and their sub-centers
1. Socialized Medicine- funded b general taxation,
• Chest clinics, Malaria Eradication Units and emphasis on prevention
Schistosomiasis Control Unit
2. Compulsory Health insurance- law requires people to
• Tuberculosis clinics and Hospitals of the PTBs subscribe to health insurance plan, usually government
• Private Clinics sponsored; covers only curative and rehabilitative
medicine; preventive services provided by government
• Clinics run by PMA agencies

• Community Hospitals and Health services Centers run by 3. Voluntary Health insurance- government only
Philippine Medical Care Commission (PMCC) encourages people to subscribe to health insurance

• Voluntary Health Facilities run by religious and civic 4. Free Enterprise- people have to take care of their
groups. medical needs

Three divisions of Health Care Delivery System HEALTH PROGRAMS

1. Government 1. Adolescent and Youth Health and Development Program

(AYHDP) The program shall remain focus on addressing the
2. Mixed Sectors following health concerns regardless of their sex, race and
3. Private Sectors socioeconomic background Growth and Development
concerns, Nutrition, Physical, Mental and emotional status
GOVERNMENT Reproductive health Sexuality , Reproductive Tract
infection (STD, HIV/AIDS) Responsible parenthood,
• The primary government agency in the field of health Maternal and Child health, Communicable diseases,
runs the bulk of the government health facilities is the Diarrhea, DHF, Measles, Malaria Mental Health Substance
Department of Health use and abuse Intentional/non-intentional injuries
Responsibilities if the DOH Disability Mission: Ensure that all adolescent and youth
have access to quality health care services in an adolescent
• Ensuring access to basic health services to all Filipinos and youth friendly environment
through the provision of quality health care
2. Botika ng Barangay Refers to a drug outlet manage by a
legitimate community organization (CO/non-government
Organization (NGO) and/or Local Government Unit (LGU),

3
with a trained operator and a supervising pharmacist Its objective is to prevent and control dental diseases and
specifically established in accordance with Administrative conditions like dental carries and periodontal diseases thus
Order No. 144 s. 2004. The BnB outlet should be initially reducing their prevalence. To attain orally fit children, the
identified , evaluated and selected by the Concerned program focuses on the following package of activities:
Center for Health Development (CHD), approved by the oral examination and prophylaxis; sodium fluoride mouth
National Drug-Policy-Pharmaceutical Management Unit rinsing; supervise tooth brushing drill: fit and fissure
(NDP-PMU 50), and specifically licensed by the Bureau of sealant application; a-traumatic restorative treatment and
Food and Drugs (BFAD) to sell, distribute, offer for sale IEC.
and/or make available low-priced generic home remedies,
over-the counter (OTC) drugs and (2) selected, publicity- 8. Emerging Disease Control Program Emerging infectious
known prescription antibiotic drugs. disease are newly identified and previously unknown
infection which cause public health problems either locally
3. Promotion of Breast feeding program/ Mother and Baby or internationally. These include diseases whose incidence
Friendly Hospital Initiative (MBFHI) The Mother and Baby in humans have increased within the past two decades or
Friendly Hospital Initiative is the main strategy to threaten to increase in the near future.
transform all hospitals with maternity and new born
services into facilities which fully protect, promote, 9. Environmental Health Environmental health is
support breast feeding and rooming-in practices To sustain concerned with preventing illness through managing the
this initiative, the field health personnel has to provide environment and by changing people’s behavior to reduce
antenatal assistance and breastfeeding counseling to exposure to biological and non-biological agents of disease
pregnant and lactating mothers as well as to the and injury. It is concerned primarily with effects of the
breastfeeding support groups in the community; there environment to the health of the people. Goals: Reduction
should also be continuous orientation and re- of environmental and occupational related diseases,
orientation/updates to newly hired and old personnel, disabilities and deaths through health promotion and
respectively, in support of this initiative. mitigation of hazards and risks in the environment and
workplaces.
4. Cancer Control Program The Philippines Cancer Control
Program, begun in 1988, is an integrated approach utilizing 10. Expanded program on Immunization The expanded
primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in different program on immunization is one of the DOH programs that
regions of the country at both hospital and community has already been institutionalized and adopted by all LGUs
levels. Six lead Cancers (lung, breast, liver, cervix, oral in the region. Its objective is to reduce infant mortality and
cavity, colon and rectum) are discussed. morbidity through decreasing the prevalence of six (6)
immunizable diseases (TB, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,
5. Diabetes Control Program Diabetes is a serious chronic polio and measles.
metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood
sugar levels associated with long term damage and failure 11. Family Planning The program is anchored on the
or organs functions, especially the eyes, the kidneys, the following basic principles 1. Responsible Parenthood which
nerves, the heart and blood vessels. In diabetic, blood means that each family has the right and duty to
sugar reaches a dangerously high level which leads to determine the desired number of children they might have
complications • Blindness • Kidney failure • Stroke • Heart and when they might have them 2. Respect for life 3. Birth
spacing refers to interval between pregnancies ( which is
attack • Wounds that would not heal • Impotence What
ideally 3 years) Mission The DOH in partnership with LGUs,
can you do to control your blood sugar? 1. Diet therapy 2.
NGOs, the private sectors and communities ensures the
Exercise 3. Control your weight 4. Quit smoking
availability of FP information and services to men and
6. Dengue Control Program The thrust of the Dengue women who need them Objectives General: To help
Control Program is directed towards community-based couples, individuals achieve their desired family size within
prevention and control in endemic areas Major strategy is the context of responsible parenthood and improve their
advocacy and promotion, particularly the Four O’clock reproductive health
Habit which was adopted by most LGUs. This is a
12. Food and Waterborne Diseases Prevention and Control
nationwide, continuous and concerted effort to eliminate
Program The food and Waterborne Diseases Prevention
the breeding places of Aedes aegypti. Other initiatives are
and Control Program (FWBDPCP) established in 1997 but
dissemination of IEC materials and tri-media coverage
became fully operational in 1997 but became fully
7. Dental Health Program Comprehensive Dental Health operational in year 2000 with the provision of a budget
program aims to improve the quality of life of the people amounting to PHP 551,000.00 The program focuses on
through the attainment of the highest possible oral health.

4
Cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A and other food borne The information comes from many sources?
emerging diseases (e.g. Paragonimus) especially parents and family members- and is elicited by
many techniques, including interviews, focus groups, and
13. Knock out Tigdas The Knock-out tigdas is s strategy to scanning demographic data collected by local agencies.
reduce the number or pool of children at risk of getting
measles, or being susceptible to measles and achieve 95% *Community assessments focus on local assets, resources,
measles circulation in all communities in 2008. and activities as well as gaps, barriers, or emerging needs.
The process of identifying and appraising this information
14. Leprosy Control program Leprosy Control program will help your collaborative partnership.
envisions eliminating Leprosy as a human disease by 2020
and is committed to eliminate leprosy as a public health ➢ Clearly understand the context in which families
problem by attaining a national prevalence rate (PR) of less live and the issues families want to address;
than 1 per 10,000 populations by year 2000 locate hidden strengths or underutilized
resources that could be developed.
15. Malaria Control Program ➢ Determine which resources could contribute to
comprehensive strategies, and in what way;
➢ Design effective, collaborative strategies that
16. National Filariasis Elimination Program Mission: engage children and families because they
Universal access to quality health services Program respond to real and important conditions; and
Objectives: General Objectives: To reduce the Prevalence ➢ Empower families and community members by
Rate to giving them a role in designing and implementing
the strategies.
Community Assessment / Community Health Project
Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation The process of conducting a community assessment
involves :

(1) scanning the community to locate existing information,

Overview of Health Program Planning
(2) developing a family focus,
• Three phases of the planning process
(3) identifying community assets and the degree to which
– Preparatory Phase they are accessible to the people who can benefit from
– Planning Phase them, and

– Output (4) analyzing the information obtained through the first

three steps.
• Two objects of the planning process
PROJECT VS. PROGRAM
– Planning for the programs and services
PROJECT PROGRAM
– Planning for projects • Program a series of • Has an established and
coordinated related specific objective • Has a
• One single output multiple projects that defined life span with a
continue over extended beginning and an end •
– A consolidated health program plan time intended to achieve Usually the involvement
a goal of several departments
• is comprised of multiple and professionals
projects and is created to • Has specific time ,cost
obtain broad performance
organizational or technical requirements
objectives
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT

A community assessment is an exercise by which Major steps in planning, sustaining and evaluating a
a collaborative partnership gathers information on the health promotion project
current strengths, concerns, and conditions of children,
families, and the community. 1. Identify the issues or health problems in the community.

5
2. Prioritize the issues or health problems to identify the – Allows the community to be involved in planning and
one that the project will address. decision-making about the project

3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project Consider baseline data

4. Determine contributing factors and state objectives for • Some of the information gathered during the needs
the project assessment may be able to be uses as ‘baseline data’.

5. Determine what strategies will be • Baseline data describe the situation or condition at the
time the project or intervention starts.
6. Develop the action plan for the project. DO IT!
• Data collected later during the evaluation is then
7. Sustain the project or keep the project (or some parts of compared against the baseline data to see the effect of the
it) going project.
8. Evaluate the project Step 2: prioritize the issues or health problems
Step 1: Identify the issues or health problems in the • At the end of Step 1, the project team will have a list of
community major issues and potential target groups for the project.
NEEDS ASSESSMENT • There are always competing needs or issues in any
• Clarifying need is an essential part of deciding what issue community.
or problem the project will address. The term ‘needs • Limitations such as time and resources mean that not
assessment’ is used to describe a process of collecting everything can get addressed.
information that will give a good indication of the priority
needs of a community. • Issues will need to be prioritized. Needs and priorities
vary from individual to individual, family to family, group
• It provides an opportunity for the community to become to group.
involved in the planning from the beginning.
• It is important to work out criteria to sort out which issue
• It helps with allocating resources and making decisions the project will address.
about where to start with health promotion work.

CLASSIFYING NEEDS
Methods of Health Problem Analysis
When undertaking a needs assessment, it is
important to consider that needs will be thought of
differently, depending on whom you consult. Needs are
sometimes classified as: • Qualitative Method

– Normative needs – Analysis of those who participated in the

circumstances that surround the problem through focus
– Felt needs group discussion (Participant’s Analysis)

– Expressed needs • Quantitative Method

– Comparative needs – Construct a problem tree illustrating the direct

and the underlying causes of the problem
Sharing information from the needs assessment
– Provide estimates (evidence-based) on the
• Sharing the results of the needs assessment with the nature and extent of each cause through the use of
community is a key part of the planning process. This indicators.
process will:

– Raise community awareness about the issues and

possible underlying causes

– Stimulate discussion about ways to address the issues

6
 Risk factors- are any aspect of behavior, society
or the environment that are directly linked to the health
problem. Risk factors lead to or directly cause the
problem. Note that some risk factors can be charged, while
others are not able to be modified, for example, family
history of a condition.

• Example of risk factors:

– Eating high fat food (behavioral) and having a

family history of heart disease (biological) are both risk
factors for heart disease, People can change their food
choices (modifiable) but not their genetics (non-
modifiable)

– Direct exposure to bacteria to bacteria and

germs (environmental) may be a risk factor for diarrhea
The Problem Tree – The What and the How-to
• Addressing a problem successfully will require the
• A methodology to systematically identify the project to focus on the underlying causes or issues that led
possible contributory factors that led to the formation of a to the problem in the first place.
health problem
• In other words, the goal and objectives of a project need
to relate to the underlying causes or issues.

• Developing a clear and organized goal and objectives

that relate to each other requires some critical analysis of
the problem.

Step 4: Determine contributing factors and state

objectives for the project

Contributing factors- are any aspects of

behavior, society or the environment that leads to the risk
factors developing. Contributing factors enable or
reinforce the risk factors. They can relate to individual,
financial, political, educational, environmental, or other
issues.

• Examples of contributing factors:

– Lack of knowledge about low fat diets

(educational) and high cost of low-fat foods in the store
(financial) are both contributing factors to the risk factor
‘eating a high fat diet’

– Poor housing condition (environmental) and

lack of home hygiene (behavioral) are both contributing
factors to the risk factor’ exposure to bacteria and germs’

Developing the project goal and objectives

• The Goal and Objectives:

– Make plan clear and focus that energies of the project

Step 3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the team
project
– Let people know what they can expect to happen as a
result of the project

7
– Are the basis for planning the evaluation of the project • Detailed documentation is also important for
maintaining accountability within the team and
➢ Goal between the team and the community or
• The goal is about making changes to the risk funding agency.
factors addressed by project • The action plan will also list the resources
• The goal indicates what the planned, longer required to do the project successfully.
term outcome of the project is Resources will be required throughout the whole
• It is also intended to inspire, motivate and project, from needs assessment through putting
focus people and encourage team cooperation. strategies into action to final report writing.
➢ Objectives • Resources can include human resources,
• Objectives state what changes the project will financial resources, materials, equipment and
make to the contributing factors. venues.
• The objectives indicate what the impact will be
on the contributing factors during the time Step 7: Sustain the project
frame of the project.
• The objectives are about what has to change in • Planning for sustainability means thinking of
the short term to get closer to achieving the ways to keep the project (or important parts of
project goal. it) going after its official end. It then becomes an
• A well written ‘goal and objectives’ state who ongoing part of community activity.
will achieve how much of what by when. • Many factors can threaten sustainability of the
Developing a clear, achievable goal and project. Project teams need to be on the lookout
objectives requires good baseline data. for these factors and have a plan for dealing with
Step 5: Determine what strategies will be them. Sustainability needs to be considered from
the initial planning stages of a project.
• After the objectives are developed, the
strategies are determined. Strategies describe Step 8: Evaluate the project
what it is that the project team will do to try and
make the changes required to achieve the Evaluating a project is about looking
objectives. critically at what is happening in the project and
• Relationship between the goal, objectives and making a judgment about its value, worth or
strategies benefit (see the word value in evaluate).
– The process for planning a project Evaluation is important because it can tell us:
begins with the big picture (issue of problem). It – How the project is going
is an analysis of the big picture issue that gives – What effect it is having
the framework for developing the plan- from the – What changes we need to make to
longer term goal, to more specific objectives, improve it.
down to the actual strategies, and finally the
detail of individual actions. Communicable Diseases 1

Step 6: Develop the action plan Communicable diseases are often the leading causes of all
illness in the country today. Most often they afflict the
• Once the strategies of the project are most vulnerable, the young and the elderly. They have
determined, the project team can write the numerous economic psychological, disabling and
action plan. The action plan includes all the distinguishing effects to the emergence of newly
specific activities, large and small, that will need discovered diseases and the re-emergence of old ones.
to be done to implement each of these activities, Communicable diseases are readily transferred from one
when they will be completed and how they will infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person
be evaluated. and maybe caused by microorganisms.
• The more detail that is worked out for
strategies, the easier it will be to accurately Types of Microorganism causing infections:
identify all the activities to be done.
• If the project is large, with many stages, it may 1. Bacteria- the most common infection-causing
not be possible to detail all the specific activities microorganisms
at the beginning of the project.

8
2. Viruses- consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore microorganism, plants, animals, or the general
must enter a living cells in order to reproduce environment. People are the most common source of
infection for others and for themselves.
3. Fungi- includes yeast and Molds
Portal of exit from the Reservoir
4. Parasites-Live on other living microorganism
• Before an infection can establish itself in a host, the
microorganism must leave the reservoir.

Method of transmission

• After the microorganisms leaves its sources reservoir, it

requires a means of transmission to reach another person
or host through a receptive portal of entry. These are the
three mechanisms:

➢ Direct transmission- involves immediate and

direct transfer of microorganisms from person to
person through touching, biting, kissing, or
sexual intercourse.
➢ Indirect transmission- may either be vehicle
borne or vector borne
➢ Vehicle borne transmission- a vehicle is any
substance that serves as an intermediate means
to transport and introducing infectious agent
into susceptible host through a suitable portal of
entry.
➢ Fomites (inanimate objects or materials) such as
handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, cooking or
eating utensils, and surgical instruments or
dressing can act as vehicle
➢ Vector- borne transmission- a vector is an animal
or flying or crawling insects that serves as an
Chain of Infection
intermediate means of transporting the
• Etiologic agent (microorganism) infectious agents. Transmission may occur by
injecting salivary gland fluid during biting or by
• Reservoir (host) depositing feces or other materials on the skin
through the bite wound or a traumatized skin
• Portal of exit from reservoir
area.
• Mode of Transmission ➢ Portal of entry to the susceptible host
• Before a person can became infected,
• Portal of entry to the susceptible host microorganisms must enter the body. The skin is
a barrier to infectious agents; however, any
• Susceptible host break in the skin can readily serve as portal of
Etiologic agent entry. Often, microorganisms enter the body of
the host by the same route they used to leave
• The extent to which any microorganisms is capable of the source.
producing an infectious process depends on the number of ➢ Susceptible host
microorganism (pathogenicity)., the ability of the • A susceptible host is any person who is at risk
microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the for infection. A compromised host is a person “at
host, and the ability of microorganisms to live in the host’s increased risk:, an individual who for one or
body. more reasons is more likely than others to
acquire an infection. Impairment of the body’s
Reservoir natural defenses and a number of other factors
• There are many reservoirs, or source of microorganisms. can affect susceptibility to infection.
Common sources are the other humans, the client’s own

9
Disease cycle maybe broken down by these factors: 6. BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
• Given at the earliest possible protects against
• Increasing host resistance the possibility of infection fro other family
• Destruction of the source and the reservoir members.
• Tuberculosis- caused by Mycobacterium
• Destruction of the agent in the environment tuberculosis
7. CDT (Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid)
• Avoidance of exposure • Cholera- Caused by Vibrio cholera
Specific protection against Disease • Dysentery- Caused by Shigella dysenteriae
• Typhoid- Caused by Salmonella typhi
I. Immunization
• Is the process of introducing vaccine into II. Chemoprophylaxis
the body to produce antibodies that will • Administration of drugs to prevent
protect our body against a specific occurrence of infection.
infectious agent. • e.g. Penicillin for gonorrhea, Chloroquine
• Most vaccine are given more than once for malaria, INH for tuberculosis
since the first dose gives only half III. Mechanical Prophylaxis
projection the body needs. A second shot or • Placing mechanical barriers between the
“booster” is needed to give the body full sources of agent and host such as use of
projection against the disease. mosquito nets, masks or gloves
• Health education of mothers, relative and
Immunization against communicable disease attendants in the practice of strict aseptic
methods of umbilical care in the newborn.
• For infants
THE FOLLOWING WILL BE DISCUSSED PER
• Following exposure CONDITION:
A. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• For all persons in endemic areas B. SOURCE OF INFECTION
C. MODE/S OF TRANSMISSION
• For person subject to unusual risk
D. PATHOLOGY
• For known cases E. PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURE

Vaccine available for routine immunization

1. DPT (Diptheria, pertussis and tetanus) vaccine

• An early start with DPT reduces the chance of
severe pertussis
• Diptheria- Caused by Corynebacterium
diptheriae
• Pertussis- Caused by Bordetella pertussis
• Tetanus- Caused by Clostridium tetani

2. OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)

• the extent of protection against polio is
increased the earlier the OPV is given
• Poliomyelitis- caused by Polio virus

3. MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine

• Measles- caused by Measles virus
• Mumps- caused by Mumps virus
• German measles- caused by Rubella virus.
4. Hib (H.influenza type B) polysaccharide vaccine
• Meningitis- Caused by Haemophilus influenza
5. Hepatitis B vaccine
• an early start of hep. B reduces the chance of
acquiring hepatic CA.

10