CHAPTER -1

INRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The objective of this project is to develop independent or creative thinking relating to the
fundamentals, theoretical knowledge obtained in the course of the practical application in the
field.

Planning and Analysis are higher level of learning according to education evaluation.
Project work of learning incorporates mainly the above two methods.

Planning work has been prepared based on the instructions issued by the Indian
Standards (IS), Building by laws, National Building Code(NBC). In the analysis and design
the relevant Codal provision for loading, material strength etc., have been taken into account

1.2 CLASSIFICATION
1.2.a Single-detached house

A single dwelling not attached to any other dwelling or structure (except its own garage or shed).
A single-detached house has open space on all sides, and has no dwellings either above it or below
it. A mobile home fixed permanently to a foundation is also classified as a single-detached house.

1.2.b Semi-detached house

One of two dwellings attached side by side (or back to back) to each other, but not attached to
any other dwelling or structure (except its own garage or shed). A semi-detached dwelling has no
dwellings either above it or below it, and the two units together have open space on all sides.

1.2.c Row house

One of three or more dwellings joined side by side (or occasionally side to back), such as a
townhouse or garden home, but not having any other dwellings either above or below.
Townhouses attached to a high-rise building are also classified as row houses.

1.2.d Apartment or flat in duplex

One of two dwellings, located one above the other, may or may not be attached to other dwellings
or buildings.

1
1.2.e Apartment in building that has five or more storey

A dwelling unit in a high-rise apartment building which has five or more storeys.

1.2.f Apartment in building that has fewer than five storeys

A dwelling unit attached to other dwelling units, commercial units, or other non-residential space
in a building that has fewer than five storeys.

1.2.g other single attached house

A single dwelling that is attached to another building and that does not fall into any of the other
categories, such as a single dwelling attached to a non-residential structure (e.g., a store or a
church) or occasionally to another residential structure (e.g., an apartment building).

1.2.h Movable dwelling

it includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats and railroad cars.

1.3 NEED OF PROJECT

Due to increase of population the land area required for shelter is also increased. To avoid the
utilization of large land area the apartment are used in vertical direction. So that the maximum
population can be accomadated in the small land areas.

1.4 OBJECTIVES:
 To prepare the plan for the designed population as per the Indian standards.
 To analyze and design the building in STADD.PRO software.
 To compare the maximum shear force and bending moment value with the manual
calculations.
 To prepare the Manual design for various building elements.
 To prepare the Estimation for the prepared plan by center line method
 To develop the network diagram for find out the critical path.

1.5 SCOPE:

 In purpose of increasing the population and also for educational institute in

coimbatore. So the building is going to be constructed.
 To improve the economic states of city.

2
SOFTWARES USED:

AutoCAD 2015
:The software is used to draw the plan, section, elevation, detail drawing and site plan, layout of
column beam and footing details.

Revit Architecture 2015:

The software is used to draw 3-D diagram, interior, exterior view and render image. It helps to
explore early design concepts and form and more accurately maintain vision through design,
documentation and construction. I can be used to support sustainable design, clash, detection,
construction planning and fabrication.

STAAD.pro:
Structural Analysis and Design (STAAD) is referred as STAAD pro. It is a design computer
program that deals with the designing of structure beam, steel, concrete, timber or other material,
generally STAAD runs parallel with each other in design. STAAD pro is one of the most widely
used software for the analysis and design of structures.

3
 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CASE STUDY

The site plan was studied in detail, which includes the determination of the maximum built up
area depending upon the area of plot available. The building plan, height of the building with
respect to the width of the street available, size of rooms provided, open space requirements and
the aspect of each room was crossed checked on the basis of National building code (NBC),
planning regulations and building by law. The Bearing capacity of soil, depth foundation , size
of foundation and the thickness of concrete in foundation , column , beam , and slab were
calculated based on IS code provisions.

2.2.a STANDARDS
According to IS 456:2000 Clause 18, Reinforced concrete members should be designed by LIMIT
STATE method. This new method provides a frame work which would allow design to be
economical and safe. The structural aspect is emphasized by the ultimate theory and the
serviceability limits are highlighted only by the elastic theory. Hence the limit state method is a
new concept with a semi probabilistic approach to design. A structure is said to have
reached its limits state when the structure as a whole or in part become unfit for use, due to some
reason, during its expected life.

According to the limit state Philosophy, the structure is designed so that it will not reach any
of the specified limit states during the expected life of the structure. The two major limit states
that are usually considered are the following.
1.The ultimate strength limit state, or the limit state of collapse , which deals with the
strength and stability of the structure under the maximum load it is expected to carry
2.The serviceability limit state, which deals with conditions such as deflection,
cracking of the structure under service load, durability, over the stability, excessive vibration,
fire resistance, fatigue etc.

4
 2.2.b CODAL PROVISION
This condition is met by observing the empirical rules given in codes for designing and detailing
the vertical, the horizontal, peripheral and internal ties in the structure.In addition to IS
456: 2000, using the following supplementary codes of the Bureau of Indian Standards, R.C.
structure can be designed with great speed and accuracy.
1. Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456(1978):SP16 (1980).
2. Explanatory hand book on Indian Standard Code of practice for plane and
reinforced concrete IS456 (1978): SP24 (1984).
3. Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detail

2.3 SPECIFICATION

2.3.a DETAILS OF PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

This building has been proposed four storied building.Each flooring having staircase
arrangement. Each room has minimum dimension required as per the rules laid by government.
The parking area has been provided bottom the building.

2.3.b FOUNDATION

The earth work excavation for foundation shall be carried out upto the hard dense soil
which is available at 2.0 mts. depth, the safe bearing capacity of the soil is 250 KN/m². A lean
concrete of mix P.C.C. 1:5:10, using 40mm graded steel shall be used for foundation leveling
concrete.

2.3.c CONCRETE

R.C.C column footing shall be carried out using M25 concrete, Fe 415&500 steel and the
size, shape, dimension are followed as per the detailed drawings.

2.3.d FILLING IN BASEMENT

The basement of ground floor will be filled with sand, crushed sand and it is consolidated
with watering and ramping.

2.3.e SUPER STRUCTURE

Column beam shall be of reinforced cement concrete of M20 grade concrete and

Fe 415&500 steel and main walls to super structure shall be of brickwork in cement mortar 1:6
using best quality of first class brick. The bricks used in the work shall be of compressive strength
not less than 3.5 N/mm².

5
2.3.f ROOF SLAB

The roof slab is provided with R.C.C of M20 grade of concrete, Fe500 Steel. The depth
of slab and reinforcement details is designed as per code provision. The top of floor slab is
finished with best quality of hydraulic pressed mangalore clay tiles over the weathering course of
surki concrete.

2.3.g PLASTERING

Entire walls are plastered externally and all R.C.C works are plastered internally. An
approved water proofing compound is to be mixed with mortar for external work.

2.3.h FLOORING

The flooring is rendered with cultured mosaic tiles laid over P.C.C 1:4:8 cm 1:6. All tiles
shall be finished with colored mosaic tiles at floor and glazed tiles all four sides.

2.3.i DOORS and VENTILATORS

Main Door MD = 1100*2200mm
Bed Room Door D1 = 900*2200mm
Toilet Door D = 800*2200mm
Window W1 = 1800*1300mm
Window W2 = 1200*1300mm
Ventilator v = 900*600mm

2.5 METHODOLOGY

6
 CHAPTER -3

ANALYSE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In structure the key question is “How much stress is induced and where,
due do given loads”. The structure can be a column, beam, a floor slab, an arch, a truss etc.
So when we are analysing a structure we apply the basic principles of the mechanics and for
any structure geometry and applied forces we proceed to determine the reactive forces,
Internal forces, deformation, deflection etc., with an aim of determining if the structure is
safe or not.

Structures are analyzed on two structures:

 Determinate structure
 Indeterminate structure

3.1.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

 Slope deflection method

 Moment distribution method
 Matrix flexibility method
 Matrix stiffness method
 Substitute frame method

From the above methods we analyse by substitute frame method method.

3.1.2.a moment distribution method

The method employs a few basic concepts and few specialized.

3.1.2.b Fixed end moment :(FEM)

All members of a given frame are initially assumed fixed at both ends. The loads acting
. on this fixed beam produce FEM at ends.

3.1.2.c Stiffness: (k)

Stiffness is a force required to produce a unit displacement.

k=4EI/l (fixed ends), k=3EI/l (hinged ends).

7
3.1.2.d Distribution factor: (D.F)

D.F = k1/∑k.

The ratio of stiffness of a member which is connecting to a joint to sum of stiffness of

all members connected to that joint.

3.1.2.e Substitute frame method

The analysis of a multi-storeyed building frame is very cumbersome, since the frame
contains a number of continuous beams and columns. For practical purpose, the analysis may
simplified by analyzing only a small portion of the frame consisting of adjacent members only.
This method is called as Substitute frame method.

3.1.3 Types of Loads and it’s Combinations

Types of Loads
 Dead Load (or) Self Weight
 LiveLoad (or) Imposed Load
 Wind Load
Combinations
 DL + LL
 DL + LL + WL

3.1.4 LOAD CALCULATION

3.1.4.a SLAB LOAD (S26)

As per IS 456-2000 clause 24.5 loads on supporting beams are calculated

H1 H2
4650

I1 3900
I2

Fig 3.1.4.a

8
Area of triangle = ½*b*h*w =1/2*3.9*1.95*8 = 30.42KN

= 30.42/3.9 = 7.8KN/m

Area of trapezoidal = a+b/2*h*w =0.75+4.65/2*1.95*8 =42.12Kn

= 42.12/4.65 = 9.05KN/m

3.1.4.b SLAB LOAD (S18)

H1 H2

4650

I1 3600
I2

Fig 3.1.4.b

Area of triangle = ½*b*h*w =1/2*3.6*1.8*8 = 25.92KN

= 25.92/3.6 = 7.2 KN/m

Area of trapezoidal = a+b/2*h*w =1.05+4.65/2*1.8*8 = 41.04kN

= 41.04/4.65 = 8.82 KN/m

3.1.4.c SLAB LOAD (S19)

Fig 3.1.4.c
Area of triangle = ½*b*h*w =1/2*4.65*2.33*8 = 43.34KN
= 43.34/4.65 = 9.32 KN/m

Area of trapezoidal = a+b/2*h*w =1.74+6.5/2*2.33*8 = 75.86KN

= 75.86/6.4 = 11.85KN/m

9
3.1.5 FRAME ANALYSIS

The reinforced concrete building is a three dimensional structural system, comprising

floor slabs, beams, columns and footings, which are connected monolithically and act integrally
to resist superposed loads and lateral loads. For an integral behavior of the structure, the
interaction between the members must be considered in the design and the reinforcement shall be
properly placed at the critical sections to avoid failure.

The analysis of a multi-storeyed building frame is very cumbersome, since the frame
contains a number of continuous beams and columns. For practical purpose, the analysis may
simplified by analyzing only a small portion of the frame consisting of adjacent members only.
This method is called as Substitute frame method.

ANALYSIS
The structure is analyzed by using STAAD. Pro Software. The model structure, Shear force
diagram, Bending moment diagram, 3D Model are shown below for the reference

10
For long column

𝐾
JOINT MEMBER K ∈𝐾 D.F = ∈𝐾
A AB 0.66EI 0.19
AH 1.33EI 3.32EI 0.4
AO 1.33EI 0.4
B BA 0.66EI 0.17
BC 0.62EI 3.94EI 0.16
BI 1.33EI 0.33
BP 1.33EI 0.33
C CB 0.62EI 0.14
CD 1.03EI 4.31EI 0.24
CJ 1.33EI 0.31
CQ 1.33EI 0.31
D DC 1.03EI 0.24
DE 0.62EI 4.31EI 0.14
DK 1.33EI 0.31
DR 1.33EI 0.31
E ED 0.62EI 0.14
EF 1.03EI 4.31EI 0.24
EL 1.33EI 0.31
ES 1.33EI 0.31
F FE 1.03EI 0.22
FG 0.85EI 4.54EI 0.18
FN 1.33EI 0.29
FV 1.33EI 0.29
GF 0.85EI 0.18
G GO 1.33EI 4.55EI 0.29
GW 1.33EI 0.29
GH 1.04EI 0.22

H HG 1.04EI 0.28
HX 1.33EI 3.7EI 0.35
HP 1.33EI 0.35

Table 3.1.5.a

4
 A B C D E F G
AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED EF FE FG GF
D.F 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.24 0..24 0.14 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.18
FEM -14.58 14.58 -57.27 57.27 -17.79 17.78 -57.2 57.2 -17.79 17.79 -20.89 20.89
BAL 2.7 7.25 6.83 -5.52 -9.47 9.47 5.52 -9.47 -9.49 0.68 -0.55 -0.68
COM 3.625 1.38 -2.76 3.415 4.73 -4.73 -4.73 2.76 0.34 -4.73 -0.34 0.27
Free
moment 21.87 85.91 26.69 85.91 26.69 31.34
𝑤𝑙 2 25.67
8
Mid
span 21.89 85.58 71.88 85.91 74.28 31.375 26.87
moment

Table 3.1.5.b

5
 3.2 DESIGN AND DETAILING

3.2.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

3.2.1.SLAB

A flat piece of concrete, typically used as a walking surface, but may also serve as a load
bearing device as in slab homes. It also act as a beam but thick is less and width is more when
compare to beam.

4.2.1.a One way slab:

In one way slab, bending takes place along the short span, and the B.M carried a long the
longer span is usually a small fraction of the B.M. carried along the short span.

4.2.1.b Two way slab:

When the slab is supported on all the four edges, and when the ratio of long span to short
span is very small (say less than 2), bending takes place along both the spans. Such a slab is
known as a two-way slab or a slab spanning in two-direction.

6
 3.2.1a DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

( S6) MASTER BED ROOM (4.75mX3.65m)

Step: 1 Data available

Size of slab = 4.75x3.65m

Grade of concrete (fck ) = 25N/mm2

Grade of steel (fy ) = 500N/mm2

LY/ LX = 4.75/3.65

= 1.3 < 2 (TWO WAY SLAB)

Step: 2 Depth required for stiffness

As per Clause 24.1 of IS 456:2000

Basic value of simply supported slab = 35

For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 500

The basic value should be multiplied by

0.8.Assuming the modification factor of 1.5

Span/depth=28
. d=3650/28
=130mm
D = 130+ 20= 150mm

Provide a minimum total depth of 150 mm with an effective depth of 130 mm and the
clear cover is 20 mm.

Step: 3 Effective span

As per Clause 22.2 of IS 456:2000

Effective span = 3.65+0.13 = 3.78m

Step: 4 Loads

Self weight = 0.150 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2

As per IS 875(part-2)1987, table-1
Live load = 4kN/m2
Finish Load = 0.5kN/m2
Total load W = 8.25kN/m2
Design load WU = 12.375kN/m2

7
Step: 5 Design bending moment and shear force

From IS 456: 2000, Table-26.

For ly /lx
ly /lx = 4.75/3.65 = 1.3

αx = 0.079 , αy =0.056

Mu x = αxWuI x 2
. = 0.79X12.37X3.782
=13.96KNm

Muy = αxWuI x 2
= 0.056X 12.375x3.782
= 9.9KNm
Vux = Wul/2=12.375 * 3.78/2
=23.38kN

Step: 6 Check for depth

Mu max = 0.138fckbd2
d = (Mu/0.138*fck*b)^1/2 = 63.61 < 130mm

Hence ok

Step: 7 Reinforcement calculations

Shorter span

MU = 0.87 fy Ast d{1-[(Ast fY)/(fck bd)]}

9.9*106 = 0.87X 500X Ast X 70( 1-0.00028Ast) )

0.00028Ast2-1 Ast+325.12m2= 0
Ast = 361.76mm2

Provide 12 mm dia bar

ast = (3.14/4*12 2 ) =113.097mm

Spacing = 1000*113.097/361.76

= 312.610mm

Provide 12mm dia @300mmC/C

8
For long span

= 0.87 fy Ast d{1-[(Ast fY)/(fck bd)]}

0.00028Ast2-ast +458.5=0
Ast = 540.10mm2
provide 12mm bar
ast = 3.14*122/4
= 113.097mm2
Spacing
= 1000*113.09/540.14
= 209.37mm
Provide 12mmdia @200mmc/c.

Step: 8 Check for shear

Nominal shear stress ζv = Vu / b d.

= 23.382x / 1000*130

= 0.179

Ʈv < Ʈc < Ʈmax

Hence ok

Step 9: Check for deflection

(L/d)max = 35

(L/d)actual = (3650/130) =29<35

Hence ok

9
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Fig 3.2.1.a

10
 3.2.1.b DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

(S14) Dining& Living: 3.3m x 7.5m

Step: 1 Data available

LY/ LX = 7.5/3.3 = 2.27 >2 (ONE WAY SLAB)

Grade of concrete (fck ) =25N/mm2

Grade of steel (fy ) =500N/mm2

Step: 2 Depth required for stiffness

As per Clause 24.1 of IS 456:2000

Basic value of simply supported slab =40

For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415

The basic value should be multiplied by 0.8.

Assuming the modification factor of 1.5

,d = 3300/28= 117.825mm

. D = 120+ 30 = 150mm

Provide a minimum total depth of 150 mm with an effective depth of 120 mm and the clear
cover is 30 mm.

Step: 3 Effective span

Effective span = 3.3+0.105= 3.405m

Step: 4 Loads

Dead load:
Self weight of slab = 3.125kN/m2
Assume floor finish = 0.5kN /m2
Live load:
A s per IS 875 (Part-2) 1987, Table -1.
Live load = 4kN/m2
Total load W = 7.625kN/m2
Design load WU = 11.45kN/m2

11
Step: 5 Design bending moment and shear force
2 2
Mu=Wul /8 =11.455x3.405 /8 =16.573kN.m

Vux= Wul/2=11.4375*3.405/2

=19.47kNm

Step: 6 Check for depth

Mu max = 0.138fckbd2

d = (16.57*10^6/(0.138*25*1000)

=69.30 <120 mm
Hence ok

Step: 7 Reinforcement Calculations:

Main Reinforcement:

MU = 0.87 fy Ast d{1-[(Ast fY)/(fck bd)]}

16.573* = 0.87X500X AstX 80(1-0.00025Ast)

2.5*10^-4ASt2 –Ast+476.23=0

Ast = 552.56mm2

ast = (3.14*122/4)

=113.09mm

Spacing = (1000*113.09/552.56)

= 204.66mm

Provide 12mm diameter bars @200mm spacing..

Step: 8 Check for shear

Nominal shear stress

ζv = Vu / b d.
= 19.47 x /1000*120
= 0..185N/mm2
Ʈv < Ʈc < Ʈmax

Hence ok

12
Step 9: Check for deflection

(L/d)max = 35mm

(L/d)actual = (3300/120) =27.5mm

27.5< 35

Hence ok

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Fig 3.2.1.b

13
 3.2.1.c DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLAB

S(28) .Cantilever slab for passage

Step: 1 Data available
L = 2.5m
B = 1m

Grade of concrete (fck ) =25N/mm2

Grade of steel (fy ) =500N/mm2

Step: 2 Depth required for stiffness
As per Clause 24.1 of IS 456:2000
Basic value of cantilever slab =10
Effective depth d =span/ 10
d =2500/10
d= 250mm
D = 250+ 20 = 270mm
Maximum depth 270mm at support is reduced 150mm at free end
Step: 4 Loads
Self weight of slab = ½ (0.27+0.15)x 25
= 5.25 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
finish load = 1 KN/m2

Total load W = 10.25 kN /m2

Ultimate load WU = 10.25x 1.5
= 15.37kN/m
Step: 5 Design bending moment and shear force
2
Mu = 1/2Wul
= 0.5x15.37x2.52
= 48.056kN.m
Step: 6 Check for depth

Mu max = 0.138fckbd2
d = ( (48.05x106)/(0.138x25x1000))1/2
= 118.00 <270mm

14
Hence effective depth selected sufficient to result design ultimate
Step: 7 Reinforcement Calculations:
Main Reinforcement:

MU = 0.87 fy Ast d{1-[(Ast fY)/(fck bd)]}

48.05* = 0.87X500X AstX 80(1-0.00008Ast)

8x10-5ASt2 –Ast+441.8.=0

Ast = 458.65mm2
Use 12mm dia bar
ast = (3.14*122/4)
=113.09mm
Spacing = (1000*113.09/458.65)
= 246.57mm
Provide 12mm diameter bars @200mm spacing..
Minimum reinforcement = 0.12%bd
= 0.0012x1000x270
= 324mm2
Step 8 check deflection
(l/d)max = (l/d)basic x kt x kc
= 7x2x1
= 14
(l/d)provide = (2500/250)
= 10 < 14
Hence it can be safe

15
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Fig 3.2.1.c

16
 3.2.2a DESIGN OF BEAM
Shear force = 24.19kN Moment
.Mu = 123.875kN.m
Beam size = 0.30m× 0.60m
Eff. Depth d = 600-40 = 560mm
Limiting moment of resistance

Mu limit = 0.138fckbd2

Mu limit = [0.138×25×300×5602]
= 324.57KN.m
Since Mu<Mu lim , section in under reinforced

Main Reinforcement:

Mu = 0.87X fy X Ast X d [1-(fy x Ast x d/(b d fck))]

123.87x106 = 0.87x 500x Ast x 560 [1- (500xAst / 1000x560x25)]

3.57*10-5Ast2-Ast+508.49=0
Ast =518.07mm2
use 16mm dia bar
ast = (3.14*162)/4 =201.06mm
n = Ast/ast
= 518.07/201.06
n = 2.57 = 4nos
Shear Reinforcement:

Ʈc = (Vu/b x d)
= [25.19× 103/ (300×560)]

= 0.149N/mm2

P t% = [100Ast/b x d]

= [(100 × 518.07)/(300 × 560)] = 0.308

AS per IS 456:2000 Table: 19

Hence Nominal Shear Reinforcement are provided

17
 Asv = (3.14*82/4) = 50.26N/mm2
Tv<Tc
Hence safe
Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups spacing

Sv = [0.87 × fy × Asv / (0.4b)]

= [(0.87x500x50) / (0.4x300)]
= 181.25mm

Sv> 0.75 d = 0.75 × 560

= 420mm
Adopt spacing of 180 mm near support, gradually increasing to 420 mm towards centre of
span.
Check for Deflection:

pt = [100Ast/b x d]

= [(100 × 518.07) / (300 × 560)]

= 0.508

(l/d)max = (l/d)basic x kt x kc
= 20x0.5x1
= 10
(l/d)provide = (4750/560)
= 8.4 < 14
Hence deflection control is satisfied

18
. REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

Fig 3.2.2.a

19
 3.2.2.b DESIGN OF BEAM

Shear force = 24.193kN

Moment Mu = 123.875kN.m

Beam size = 0.30m× 0.45m

Eff. Depth d = 450-30 = 420mm
Limiting moment of resistance

Mu limit = 0.138fckbd2

Mu limit = [0.138×25×300×4202]
= 182.5kN.m
Since Mu<Mu lim , section in under reinforced
Main Reinforcement:
Mu = 0.87 X fy X Ast X d [1-(fy x Ast x d/ (b x d x fck))]

123.87*106 = 0.87x 500x Ast x 420 [1- (500xAst / 1000x420x25)]

. 4.76*10^-5Ast2-Ast+677.99=0
Ast=701.40mm2
Use 16mm
. ast = (31.4*162)/4
=201.06mm
N = Ast/ast
= 701.40/201.06
= 3.1 =4
Provide 4bars of 16 mm diameter @ the top & bottom as main
reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement:

Ʈc = (Vu/b x d)
= [24.19× 103/ (300×420)]

= 0.179N/mm2
Pt% = [100Ast/b x d]
= [(100 × 701.40) / (300 × 450)]
= 0.517
As per IS 456:2000 Table: 19
Tv<TC
Hence Nominal Shear Reinforcement are provided

20
 Asv = (3.14*82)/4= 50.26N/mm2

Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups spacing

Sv = [0.87 × fy × Asv / (0.4b)]

= [(0.87x500x50) / (0.4x300)]

= 181.25 mm
Sv> 0.75 d = 0.75 × 420
= 315mm
Adopt spacing of 181.25 mm near support, gradually increasing to 300 mm towards centre
of span
Check deflection:

pt = [100Ast/b x d]

= [(100 × 701.40) / (300 × 420)]

= 0.55

(l/d)max = (l/d)basic x kt x kc
= 20x0.5x1
= 10
(l/d)provide = (3300/420)
= 7.8 < 10
Hence deflection control is satisfied.

21
BEAM REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.2.b

22
 3.2.3.a DESIGN OF COLUMN

Available data
300mmX600mm
M 20 Grade concrete
Fe 415 Grade steel

Slenderness
Leff = 0.65xl = 0.65 x 3
= 1.95m
l/b =1950/300
= 6.5<12mm hence it is short column
Hence ok

Check for eccentricity:

e= + = +

= 23.9mm

e = 0.05 x600 =30mm

longitudinal reinforcement

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

241.9 x 103 = (0.4 x 20x 300 x 600) + (0.67 x 415 x Asc)

241.9*103 = 1.44*10^6+278.05Asc

Asc = 4308.9mm2

Use 25mm diameter bars

ast = (3.14*252)/4=490.8

n = Ast/ast
= 4308.9/490.8
= 8.77 = 10 no

Provide 25mm diameter bars 10 numbers.

23
Lateral Ties

φ = Largest bar φ / 4

= 25/4

= 6.25 = 8

Pitch:

Least lateral dimension = 300mm

16x bars φ = 16x25 =400mm

Provide 25mm φ bars @ 300mm pitch as lateral

REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.3.a

24
 3.2.3.b DESIGN OF COLUMN

300mmX450mm
M 20 concrete
Fe 415 steel

Slenderness

Leff = 0.65xl = 0.65 x 3.85 = 2.50m

l/b =2500/300

= 8.33<12mm
Hence ok

Check for eccentricity:

= 2500/500+450/30

= 5+15 =20mm

e = 0.05 x450 = 22.5

20< 22.5

Hence ok

Longitudinal reinforcement

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

241.9 x 103 = (0.4 x 20x 300 x 450) + (0.67 x 415 x Asc)

241.9*103 = 1.08*106 + 278.05Asc

Asc = 3014.20mm2

Use 25mm diameter bars

ast = 490.87mm2

No of bars = Ast/ast

= 3014.87/490.87
=7=8

. Provide 25mm diameter bars 7numbers.

25
 Lateral Ties

φ = Largest bar φ / 4

= 25/4
= 6.25≈ 8mm
Pitch:
Least lateral dimension = 300mm
16x bars φ = 16x25 = 400mm

Provide 8mm φ bars @ 300mm pitch as lateral

REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.3.b

26
27
 3.2.4. DESIGN OF FOOTING

RECTANGULAR FOOTING

Load on footing = 241.9kN

Weight of footing = 10% = 24kN

Total load = 265.9kN

SBC = 250kN /m2

Design:

Area of footing = =265..9/250

=1.06m2
Assuming a square footing

3B2 = 1.06m2

B = 0.728m

Provide = 2*0.728m

Net upward soil pressure

= 265.9/ (2*0.728)
= 182.62kN/m2
Ultimate SBC = 250X1.5 = 375KN /m2

Hence the footing area is adequate,

The soil pressure developed at base < Ultimate B.C of soil

Calculation of shear:

BM =

= 265.9(2-0.6)2/8*2
= 32.57kNm

28
Ultimate moment,

Mu = 0.138xfckxbxd2

d =

= 97.15≈ 100mm

Distance from one face of column

= l-a/2
= 2-0.6/2
= 0.7m
Reinforcement calculation:

Mu = 0.87 X fy X Ast X d [1-(fy x Ast x d / (b x d x fck))]

32.57 x106 = 0.87x500xAstx100 [1- (500xAst / 1000x100x25)]

748.73 = Ast – 2*10-4Ast2
2*10-4 Ast2-Ast+748.73=0
Ast = 916.85mm2
Use 20mm diameter bars
ast = ( 3.14x20 2)/4mm2
= 314mm2

No of bars n = Ast/ast

= 916.85/314

= 2.91 = 4nos

Spacing

= 1000x314/916.85
= 342.47mm2

Provide 20mm φ bar 300 c/c

29
Check for anchorage length:

Refer IS 456: 2000 page 42

Development length of required is

Ld reqd =

= 0.87fy

= 0.87x500 = 435mm

l/d = 25*0.435/(4*0.3*0.6)

=1510mm

Hence provided 1510mm

REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.4

30
 3.2.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE DATA:

Staircase starting from stilt landing beam to first floor.

Type: dog-legged

Number of steps in the flight = 9 per flight

Thread T = 300 mm
Rise R = 160 mm
Width of landing slab = 1400 mm
M-20 grade concrete (fck =25 N/mm2)
Fe-415 HYSD bars (fy =500N/mm2)

Solution:
Design of first flight

Effective span = (9 x 300) + 850/2 + 1400/2= 3825mm = 3.825 m

Thickness of waist slab = (span/20) = 3825 /20)

= 191.25 mm

. overall depth (D) = 191.25 mm

Assume using 25mm cover and 10mm diameter bars

Effective depth (d) = 166.25 mm

LOADS

Dead loads of slab on slope (ws) = (0.16625x1x25)

= 4.155kN/m

Dead load of slab on horizontal span (w)

= [ws √ (R2 + T2)]/T

= [4.1565√ (1602 + 3002)]/300
= 4.7 kN/m

Dead load of one step = (0.5x0.16x0.3x25)

= 0.6 kN/m
Load of step per meter length = [(0.6x1000)/300]=2kN/m

Finishes etc, = 0.6 kN/m

Total dead load = (3.90625+2+0.6)
= 6.75 KN/m
31
Service live load = 5 kN/m2
Total service load = (6.50625+5) = 11.75 kN/m
Factored load (wu) = (1.5x11.75) = 17.6250 kN/m

BENDING MOMENTS:
Maximum bending moment at centre of span (Mu) = wu L2/8
2
= 17.625x3.825
= 32.23kNm

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB

d = √ [Mu/(0.138fckb)]
= √ [32.23x106)/(0.138x25x103)]

= 96.6mm < 166.25mm.

Hence ok.

MAIN REINFORCEMENTS

Mu = (0.87fyAstd)[1-(Ast x fy/ b x d x fck)]

32.2320x106 = (0.87x500Astx166.25)[1-(500Ast/103x166.25x25) Ast

= 830.82mm2

Provide 12mm dia bar

ast = 113.04mm

spacing = ast/Astx1000 = 136.06

Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 120 mm c/c (Ast = 830.8 mm2)

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 per cent of cross section

= (0.0012x1000x166.25)

= 199.5mm2

32
Provide 8mm bar
ast = (3.14x82)/4
= 50.26mm
N = Ast/ast
= 199.5/50.26
= 4 nos
Spacing = ast/Astx1000
= 50.26/199.5x1000
= 251mm
Provide 8mm dia spacing 200mm c/c

REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.5

33
 3.2.6 DESIGN OF SUN SHADE
Data:
Assume a uniform thickness of 80mm with an effective depth of 40mm.
Considering 2m length of sunshade.
Load calculation:
Weight of sunshade = 2 x 0.6 x 0.08 x 25 = 2.4KN
Imposed load on sun shade = 2 x 0.6 x 2.4 = 2.88 KN
Total load = 5.28 KN
Factored load = 5.28 x 1.5
= 7.92 KN
Mu = Fd l/2
= 7.92 x 0.6/2
= 2.455 KN.m
Reinforcement calculation

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d

2.455 x 106 = 0.87 x 500 x Ast x 40 [(1 – 500 Ast/ 25 x 1000 x 40)]
141.09 = Ast – 0.0005Ast2
0.0005Ast2 – Ast+141.09=0
Ast = 152.7 mm²
Provide 8mm dia
ast = (3.14x82/4)
= 50.24
N = Ast/ast
= 152.7/50.24
= 3 no = 4
Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x 60 = 72 mm²
Spacing of 8 mm ∅ bars = ast/Ast x 1000
𝜋
= 4 82 /152.7 x 1000

= 329.01 mm
Provide 8mm dia 4 nos @300 mm c/c

34
REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.6

35
 3.2.7 DESIGN OF WATER TANK

The water tank is designed for about 500 people.

Step 1:

Size of the tank = 3.65mx3.5m

Capacity = 20500 litres.

Free board = 30cm.

M20 concrete and Grade-I steel

Step 2: Permissible stresses

cb = 7N/mm2

st = 100N/mm2(on faces near water faces)

st = 125N/mm2(on faces away from water face)

m=13.33, Q=0.916, j=0.903

Step 3: Dimensions of tank:

Height of water = (20.5/ (3.65x3.5)) = 1.60m =1600mm

Free board = 30cm

Height of side walls = (1600+300) =1900mm

Size of water tank = 3.65mx3.5mx1.9m

L/B = 3.65/3.5 = 1.042<2

It is 2 way slab

P= w(H-h)
=10(1.95-1)
= 9.5KN/m2
Step 4: Moments in side wall

The moments in side walls is determined by moment distribution

Fixed end moment:

Long walls
(p.L2/ 12) = (9.5x3.652/12) =10.546kN.m

(p.B2/ 12) = (9.5x3.52/12) = 9.697kN.m

(p.L2/ 8) = (9.5x3.652/8) = 15.82kN.m

(p.B2/ 8) = (9.5x3.52/8) = 14.54kN.m

Moment at support = 10.249kN.m

36
At centre (long walls) = 5.571kN.m (15.82-10.249)

At centre (short walls) = 4.291kN.m (14.54-10.249)

Step 5: Design of long and short walls

Maximum moment = 10.249kN

.d = (Mu/0.138*20*1000)1/2
= √ ((10.249 x 103 x 1.5)/ 2.76 x103)

= 63.25mm= 70mm

Direct tension in long wall= T = (pl/2)

= (9.5x3.5/2)

= 16.625kN

Direct tension in short wall= T = (Pb/2)

= (9.5x3.65/2)

= 17.2275kN

Ast( Long wall corners) = ((M-T x)/ st -d x j))+ (T/ st)

= (10.249 x106 -17.225x103)/(230x0.9x70) +(17.3325x103 /230)

= 706.119+75.36
= 781.46mm2

ast = 201.06mm

Spacing = (1000x 201.06/781.46)

= 257.28mmC/C

Adopt 12 mm diameter bar @ 200mm C/

37
REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.7

38
 3.2.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

no.of persons=500 with coverage daily sowage flow of 120 quality per head per day
step 1
Flow of sewage per day= 500x120/1000
= 60 m3/day
Assuming adentension periods of 24 hour.
tank capacity required = 60x24/24
= 60m3
Step 2
Assume that the tank is cleaned once in 2 year’s
1. space required for storage of sewage= 0.0708 m3/capacity
= 500x0.0708
= 35.4
= 36m3

2. Space required for scum storage = 0.01m3/capacity

= 5300x0.01
= 5m3
3. Space required for sludge digestion (0.028 to 0.056m3/capita)

assume = 0.03 m3/capacity

= 500x0.03
= 15 m3
4. Add 25% extra for future Extension = 25x60/100
= 15 m3
5. Total capacity of tank = 60+36+5+15+15
= 131 m3

step 3
Let the depth of liquid (1to 1.8m) = 1.8m
Plan area of the tank = 131/1.8
= 72.8m3
= 73m3
Let the length of the tank=3 times the width of tank (2 to 4 times is used)
3bxb = 73m3
b= 73/3
b = 4.9m
= 5m 39
 L= 3x5
= 15m
Area of tank = 15x3
= 75m2>73 m2
Assume free board = (0.5,[mini 300mm])
Total depth = 1.8+0.5 =2.3m
Size of the tank = 15x5x2.3
Step 4
A convertively from table 11 for interval of sludge cleaning one in 2 years
1. Design of Dispession trench
Flow into the trench = [sewage flow per day] +
(extra flow taken for the future extension)
= 60+15
= 75m3
Assume the width of dispersion trench=1m
Assuming the rate of percolation of 0.205 m3/day
Length of trench required = 75/(0.205x1)
= 365.8
= 370m

maximum length=30m. So provided 12trench of each 30m length

.

40
REINFORCEMENT DRAWING

Fig 3.2.8

41
 CHAPTER - 4
ESTIMATION, COSTING AND SCHEDULING

4.1 Introduction
Estimation is a computation or calculation of the quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in
the construction of a work. It is the probable cost of the work is determined theoretically by mathematical
calculations based on the plans, drawing and current rates. The approximate estimate may be prepared by
various methods but accurate estimate is prepared by detailed estimate.
4.1.1 Detailed estimate

Detailed estimate is the preparation for consist of working out the quantities of
different item of work and working out the cost.

4.1.1 Detailed estimate

S.NO DESCRIBTION OF ITEM NO L B D TOTAL

QUANTITY
1 Excavation for foundation
Column 71 2 0.8 2.5 284
Septic tank 1 15 5 2.5 187.5
2 PCC for Foundation 471.5m3
Column 71 2 0.8 0.2 .2
Septic tank 1 15 5 0.2 15
3
RCC Plinth Beam 1 415.5 0.3 0.45 56.09m3
4 Flooring 4 67.9 59 16040.3m2

5 Basement brick 1 106.9 0.3 0.8 25.65m3

6 Sand Filling 1 67.91 59.05 0.8 3208.06m3

7 RCC
below ground level
Column 0.3mX0.45m 36 0.3 0.45 2.5 12.15 m3
Column 0.3mX0.6m 35 0.5 0.6 2.5 15.75m3

42
 above ground level
Column 0.3mX0.45m
Column 0.3mX0.6m 36 0.3 0.45 12 58.32m3
35 0.3 0.6 12 75.6m3
Beam
Beam 0.3x0.45
Beam 0.3x0.6 52 197 0.3 0.45 1382.9m3
Slab 51 218.5 0.3 0.6 2006.10m3
1
2 4 4.25 6.2 0.15 15.81m3
3 4 3.7 6.2 0.15 13.81m3
4 8 4 3.6 0.15 17.28m3
5 8 4 3.5 0.15 16.8m3
6 4 3.75 3.65 0.15 8.212m3
7 4 4.7 3.65 0.15 10.293m3
8 4 8 5.4 0.15 25.92 m3
9 4 1.9 2.1 0.15 2.394 m3
10 4 3.7 5.53 0.15 12.276 m3
11 4 3.15 5.53 0.15 10.45 m3
12 4 3.5 5.5 0.15 11.55 m3
13 4 6.9 3.5 0.15 14.49 m3
14 4 3.7 3.5 0.15 7.77 m3
15 4 3.3 7.5 0.15 14.85 m3
16 4 3 7.5 0.15 13.5 m3
17 4 3.9 7.9 0.15 18.48 m3
18 4 4.1 7.9 0.15 19.43 m3
19 8 4.7 3.65 0.15 20.586 m3
20 8 6.8 4.8 0.15 39.168 m3
21 8 3.6 3.5 0.15 15.12 m3
22 8 3 3.5 0.15 12.6 m3
23 4 3.6 1.5 0.15 3.24 m3
24 8 4 1.5 0.15 7.2 m3
25 4 3.5 3.8 0.15 10.26 m3
26 4 4.5 4.8 0.15 12.96 m3

43
 27 4 3.8 4.85 0.15 11.058 m3
28 4 3.8 3.3 0.15 7.524 m3
Water tank 4 3.9 2.5 0.15 99.625 m3
Septic tank 1 3.65 3 0.15 1.645 m3
Steps 1 15 5 0.15 11.25m3
4 1.4 1 0.15 0.84 m3
Total 4037.751 m3

8 Brick Work
Outer wall 4 106.2 0.3 3 382.32 m3
Inner wall 3 253.9 0.30 3 685.5 m3
Septic tank 1 15 5 2.5 187.5 m3
Parapet wall 1 106.2 0.3 1 31.86 m3

Total 1287.18m3
9 DEDUCTION
Main Door 21 1.1 0.3 2.2 15.24 m3
door 96 0.8 0.3 2.2 17.05 m3
Door 1 45 0.9 0.3 2.2 26.73 m3
Window 39 1.8 0.3 1.3 27.378 m3
Window 1 36 1.2 0.3 1.3 16.84 m3
ventilator 28 0.9 0.3 0.6 7.29 m3
Column 0.3mX0.0.45m 36 0.3 0.45 12 58.32m3
Column 0.3mX0.6m 35 0.3 0.6 12 75.6m3
Ground floor 1 38 0.3 3 34.2 m3
Elevator door 4 1.5 0.3 2.2 3.96 m3
Total 278.648 m3
Total Brick Work 1008.532 m3
Total Quantity Of Brick Work=1287.18-278.648=1008.532 m3

10 Plastering
Outer Plastering 4 106.8 - 3 1281.6 m2
Inner Plastering 3 253.9 - 3 2285.2 m2
3566.8

44
 Plastering Deduction

Main Door 21 1.1 0.3 2.2 15.24 m3

door 96 0.8 0.3 2.2 17.05 m3
Door 1 45 0.9 0.3 2.2 26.73 m3
Window 39 1.8 0.3 1.3 27.378 m3
Window 1 36 1.2 0.3 1.3 16.84 m3
ventilator 28 0.9 0.3 0.6 7.29 m3
Elevator door 4 1.5 0.3 2.2 3.96 m3
Total 3456.272 m2
11 DPC 1 56.09 56.09m3
12 Weathering Course 1 4010.08 4010.08m2
13 White Washing Same as Plastering Area 3456.8m2
Table 4.1.1

4.1.2 Abstract estimate

The cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities already computed as workable rate and
the total cost is worked out in a prescribed form.

4.1.2 ABSTRACT ESTIMATE

Item Particulars of work Quantity Rate Unit Total Amount
No
1 Earthwork Excavation for 471.5 65 m3 7496.32
column and footings
2 Sand filling in foundation 3208.06 548 m3 1758016.88
and basement with sand
3 P.C.C 37.37 3668 m3 137073.16
4 Brick work in C.M.1:5 using 1008.5 3888 m3 3921048
first class chamber bricks
5 Reinforced Cement Concrete 4093.84 3594 m3 14713260.96

45
6 Damp Proof Course 56.09 268 m² 15032.12
7 Weathering course 50 mm 4010.08 287 m2 1150892.9
thick [ DPC ]
8 White washing 3456.8 25 m2 86.420
9 Main Doors 21 2380 nos 49980
10 Doors 96 750 nos 72000
11 Sliding Doors 45 750 nos 33750
12 Glazed windows 39 460 nos 17940
13 Window w1 36 460 nos 16560
12 Plastering 3456.8 1367 m2 4725445.6
Grand Total for Construction and Finishing = 26618582.36
13 Water Supply and Sanitary 1% 266185.82
14 Electrification Work 2% 532371.64
15 Miscellaneous 1% 266185.82
Total = 27683325.64/-
5% Contigency = (5/100)X27529782.45 = 1384166.282/-
Total Cost of Building = 29067491.92/-

Table 4.1.2

46
 4.1.3. Lead statement
s.n Distance nos Charges Charges Charges of sand Coarse Cement
o of trucks oftrucks trucks per gravel aggreg in Rs/
per cu.m per ton cu.m for Rs/ ate Tonne
(sand, (cement, water/ cu.m RS/
gravel) steel) 1000litre Cu.m
1 Lead up to 1 1 30 18 17.8
Km
2 Lead up to 2 2 42 25.3 24.9
Km
3 Lead up to 3 3 56 35 33.2
Km
4 Lead up to 4 4 68 42 40.3
Km
5 Lead up to 5 5 80 50 47.4
Km
6 For every Km 30 12 7.5 7.1
beyond 5 Km
up to 30 Km
7 For every Km 10000 10 6.3 5.9
beyond 30
Km
8 Loading 15.2 30.3 50.1
9 unloading 7.6 15.15 50.1
Table 4.1.3.Lead statement

S.No Material Quarry Lead in Km

1 Sand for concrete Local 9
2 Sand for mortar, Plastering Local 9
3 Cement 4000
4 Add for MA @ 20% 0.2
5 Overheads & Contractors profit @14% 0.14
Table 4.1.3.Sources and leads

47
4.1.4. Schedule of rates

SCHEDULE RATE 2017 – 2018

LABOUR COST AS PER SCHEDULE RATE
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF LABOUR UNIT RATE
(Rs.)
1 Axe Mazdoor Day 264
2 Carpenter 1 class Day 441
3 Cleaner 1 grade Day 236

4 Fitter 1 class Day 399

5 Fitter (pipe laying and bar bending) Day 392
6 Floor polisher Day 348
7 Gardener Day 264
8 Driver (light duty) Day 292
9 Driver (heavy duty) Day 348
10 Mastery Day 336
11 Mason for brick work 1 class Day 451
12 Mazdoor category Day 282
13 Mechanic 1 class Day 348
14 Painter/varnishes 1 class grade Day 361
15 Plumber 1 class Day 392
16 Smith 1 class Day 347
17 Welder/bracer 1 class Day 347
18 Mixeroperator(including) Day 308
19 Wire man grade 1 Day 393
20 Electricity helper Day 280
21 Lift operator Day 336
22 Electrical maistry Day 429
Table 4.1.4.Labour cost as per schedule rate

48
 4.2 PROJECT PLANNING
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION
When the project consists of a number of structures or works under different agencies the network diagram
for each is prepare separately keeping in view the whole and a combined critical path of the whole structure
is prepared linked together.
Critical path method is the network technique for planning,execution and control over a project.The uses
of this project are especially useful in civil engineering in analyzing each project in several activity groups.
Critical path:
The critical path of the whole combinations gives a complete picture of the whole project at a glance
and helps the management to detect and locate the bottleneck for different works under different organization
and under different agencies and to take remedial actions well in advance and to exercise an overall control.
Critical path method is the network technique for planning, execution and control over a project. The
uses of this project are especially useful in civil engineering in analyzing each project in several activity
groups.
Event and activity:
An event is defined as accomplishment in planning a project. It is represented by geometrical figures
such as circle, rectangle, and square. The beginning and end of the job or number of jobs are events.

Total project time:

This is total of all activities falling within the critical path are important but not critical to activities
falling within the critical path.

Non critical activity:

Non critical activities shall be completed a little earlier or a little later. It depends upon the time
available and it will not affect the allocation of other sources such as man power or finance or actual execution
to any material degree.

49
 S.NO
JOB ACTIVIT DURATION
Y
1 CLEANING THE SITE A 3
2 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION B 5
3 PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS C 3
4 FOUNDATION CONCRETE WITH D
REINFORCEMENT 12
5 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT E 15

6 CONSTRUCTION OF PLINTH F 40

7 DAMP PROOF COURSE G 6

8 SUPER STRUCTURE H 30
9 BAR BENDING I 7
10 ROOFING CONCRETE WITH LINTEL LEVEL
BEAMS LAYING WITH SHUTTERING WORK J 42
11 SEPTIC TANK K 6
12 WATER TANK L 4

13 CONSTRUTION OF GROUND & 1 S FLOOR M 40

14 N 40
CONSTRUTION OF 2nd FLOOR & 1 FLOOR

15 CONSTRUTION OF 3rd FLOOR & 1 FLOOR O 40

16 PLASTERING WORK P 30
17 PLUMBING & ELECTRICAL WORK Q 15

18 WHITE WASHING R 30
19 COLOUR WASHING S 30
20 FINISHING T 25

50
PATH

1. 1+2+3+5+6+7+8+10+12+13+14+15+16+17+18 = 321days

2. 1+2+4+5+6+7+9+11+13+14+15+16+17+18 = 245 days

3.1+2+4+5+6+7+8+10+11+12+14+15+16+17+18 = 322 days

4.1+2+3+4+5+6+7+9+11+12+14+15+16+17+18 = 242 days

5.1+2+3+5+6+7+8+10+11+13+14+15+16+17+18 = 311 days

6.1+2+3+5+6+7+9+11+13+14+15+16+17+18 =244 days

7.1+2+4+5+6+7+9+11+12+14+15+16+17+18 = 255 days

8.1+2+4+5+6+7+9+11+13+14+15+16+17+18 = 245 days

CITICAL PATH

1+2+4+5+6+7+8+10+11+12+14+15+16+17+18 = 322 days

51
 CHAPTER - 5
CONCLUSION
The planning, analysis and design of Gated community have been completed. First the plan
and layout of the community building was prepared based on National Code Provision for
Building. The analysis was done using STADD PRO software. The Limit state method and
working stress method are used for the design of various structural elements according to the
provision of IS 456-2000, SP16. The design of the structural members was also done. The
detailing drawing is done for each structural member for schematic representation of the
design.
The whole project gave us an opportunity to apply the knowledge we gained throughout the
course and also to learn new things. It also gives us the inspiration to seek more knowledge in
the respective field.

52
REFERENCE
1. BIS, IS 456:2000, “Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, - code of practice, New Delhi.
2. BIS, SP -16, “Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978”, New Delhi.
3. BIS, IS: 875(Part I) – 1987, “Code of Practice for Design Loads”, New Delhi.
4. BIS, IS: 875(Part II) – 1987, “Code of Practice for Design Loads”, New Delhi.
5. BIS, IS: 875(Part III) – 1987, “Code of Practice for Design Loads”, New Delhi.
6. Krishna Raju. N, “Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design”, CBS Publishers kjand
Distributors, New Delhi, 2012.
7. Varghese. P. C, “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”, Prentice – Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi.

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APPENDIX
1. Accompanying Load — Live (imposed) load acting along with leading imposed load but
causing lower actions and/or deflections.
2. Action Effect or Load Effect — The internal force, axial, shear, bending or twisting
moment, due to external actions and temperature loads
3. Actual Length — The length between centre-to centre of intersection points, with
supporting members or the cantilever length in the case of a free standing member.
4. Beam — A member subjected predominantly to bending.
5. Characteristic Load (Action) — The value of specified load (action), above which not
more than a specified percentage (usually 5 percent) of samples of corresponding load are
expected to be encountered.
6. Characteristic Yield/Ultimate Stress — The minimum value of stress, below which not
more than a specified percentage (usually 5 percent) of corresponding stresses of samples
tested are expected to occur.
7. Column — A member in upright (vertical) position which supports a roof or floor system
and predominantly subjected to compression.
8. Corrosion — An electrochemical process over the surface of steel, leading to oxidation of
the metal.
9. Dead Loads — The self-weights of all permanent constructions and installations including
the self-weight of all walls, partitions, floors, roofs, and other permanent fixtures acting on
a member.
10. Defection — It is the deviation from the standard position of a member or structure.
11. Design Life — Time period for which a structure or a structural element is required to
perform its function without damage.
12. Design Load/Factored Load — A load value obtaiined by multiplying the characteristic
load with a load factor.
13. Discontinuity — A sudden change in cross section of a loaded member, causing a stress
concentration at the location.
14. Ductility — It is the property of the material or a structure indicating the extent to which
it can deform beyond the limit of yield deformation before failure or fracture. The ratio of
ultimate to yield deformation is usually termed as ductility.
15. Durability — It is the ability of a material to resist deterioration over long periods of time.

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16. Effective Lateral Restraint — Restraint, that produces sufficient resistance to prevent
deformation in the lateral direction.
17. Effective Length — Actual length of a member between points of effective restraint or
effective restraint and free end, multiplied by a factor to take account of the end conditions
in buckling strength calculations.
18. Elastic Critical Moment — The elastic moment, which initiates lateral-torsional buckling
of a laterally unsupported beam.
19. Elastic Design — Design, which assumes elastic behaviour of materials throughout the
service load range.
20. Elastic Limit — It is the stress below which the material regains its original size and shape
when the load is removed. In steel design, it is taken as the yield stress.
21. Factor of Safety — The factor by which the yield stress of the material of a member is
divided to arrive at the permissible stress in the material.
22. Flexural Stiffness — Stiffness of a member against rotation as evaluated by the value of
bending deformation moment required to cause a unit rotation while all other degrees of
freedom of the joints of the member except the rotated one are assumed to be restrained.
23. Gravity Load — Loads arising due to gravitational effects.
24. High Shear — High shear condition is caused when the actual shear due to factored load
is greater than a certain fraction of design shear resistance
25. Imposed (Live) Load — The load assumed to be produced by the intended use or
occupancy including distributed, concentrated, impact, vibration and snow loads but
excluding, wind, earthquake and temperature loads.
26. Instability — The phenomenon which disables an element, member or a structure to carry
further load due to excessive deflection lateral to the direction of loading and vanishing
stiffness.
27. Limit State — Any limiting condition beyond which the structure ceases to fulfil its
intended function
28. Load — An externally applied force or action
29. Main Member — A structural member, which is primarily responsible for carrying and
distributing the applied load or action.
30. Normal Stress — Stress component acting normal to the face, plane or section.
31. Partial Safety Factor — The factor normally greater than unity by which either the loads
(actions) are multiplied or the resistances are divided to obtain the design values.

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32. Permissible Stress — When a structure is being designed by the working stress method,
the maximum stress that is permitted to be experienced in elements, members or structures
under the nominal/service load (action).
33. Poisson’s Ratio — It is the absolute value of the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain
under uni-axial loading.
34. Secondary Member — Member which is provided for overall stability and or for
restraining the main members from buckling or similar modes of failure.
35. Serviceability Limit State — A limit state of acceptable service condition exceeded of
which causes serviceability failure.
36. Shear Force — The in plane force at any transverse cross-section of a straight member of
a column or beam.
37. Shear Stress — The stress component acting parallel to a face, plane or cross-section.
38. Slenderness Ratio — The ratio of the effective length of a member to the radius of
gyration of the cross-section about the axis under consideration.
39. Stiffener — An element used to retain or prevent the out-of-plane deformations of plates.
40. Strain — Deformation per unit length or unit angle.
41. Strength — Resistance to failure by yielding or buckling.
42. Stress — The internal force per unit area of the original cross-section
43. Structural Analysis — The analysis of stress, strain, and deflection characteristics of a
structure.
44. Strut — A compression member, which may be oriented in any direction.
45. Sway — The lateral deflection of a frame.

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