MLP HLP IX ch3

Ch.
3 Atoms and Molecules (MLP)

Laws of Chemical Combination
Law of Conservation of mass: proposed by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1774)
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
OR
For any chemical process in a closed system, the mass of the reactants must be equal the mass of the
products.
C + O2= CO2
12g +32g = 44g
Verification of “Law of Conservation of mass”
[See Diagram fig 3.1 of text book]
Law of definite proportion: proposed by Louis Proust (1799)
'A chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined together in the fixed ratio by
mass, irrespective of the method of preparation or the source from where it is taken'.
Eg, One molecule of compound water always contains same ratio of Hydrogen and Oxygen by mass
i.e.H2 O =>H:O= 2 : 16 = 1 : 8
Atom and Molecule

An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction. It may or may
not exist freely.
Each atom of an element shows all the properties of the element.
Molecule is the smallest particle of matter (element or compound) which can exist in a free state.
The properties of a substance are the properties of its molecules.
Atoms are very small, radius measured in nanometers. [1 nm = 10-9m]
MOLECULES OF ELEMENT:
The molecules of an element are constituted by the same type of atoms.
MOLECULES OF COMPOUND:
Atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions to form molecules of compounds.(hetero
atomic molecules)
ATOMICITY: The number of atoms contained in a molecule of a substance (element or compound) is
called its atomicity.
Element Formula Atomicity
Ozone O3 3
Phosphorus P4 4
Based upon atomicity molecules can be classified as follows.
Monoatomic molecules: Metals and Noble gases such as helium, neon and argon exist as He, Ne and Ar
respectively.
Diatomic molecules: H2, O2, N2, Cl2, CO, HCl
Triatomic molecules: O3,CO2, NO2.
SYMBOLS are the first letter or first and the any other letter of the English or Latin name of an
element.
1.[These symbols are approved by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, [IUPAC]]
2. The abbreviation used to represent an element is generally the first letter in capital of the English name
of element. Eg- Oxygen O, Nitrogen N
3. When the names of two or more elements begin with the same initial letter,
the initial letter followed by the letter appearing later in the name is used to symbolize the element eg.
Barium Ba, Bismuth Bi
4.The first letter of the symbol is always written in capital letter and the second as small letter. Example:
Symbol of sodium Na. Symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin names
ELEMENT LATIN NAME SYMBOL
Sodium Natrium Na
Copper Cuprum Cu
Potassium Kalium K
Iron Ferrum Fe
Mercury Hydragyrum Hg
ION-An ion is a charged particle formed by loss or gain loss or gain of electrons.
Cation (+) Formed by loss of electron
Anion (-) Formed by gain of electron
Polyatomic Ion: A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as polyatomic ion eg:
NH4+ Ammonium Ion; CO32- Carbonate ion
Valency : The number of electrons which an atom can lose , gain or share to form a bond.
OR It is the combining capacity of an atom of the element.
A chemical formula is a representation of chemical compound using a set of chemical symbols that
forms the compound. Example-
(i) sodium oxide: Na+ + O2- ➜Na2O
(ii) aluminium chloride: Al3+ + Cl- ➜ AlCl3
(iii) sodium sulphide: Na+ + S2- ➜ Na2S
(iv) magnesium hydroxide: Mg2+ + OH- ➜ Mg(OH)2
One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one twelfth(1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-
12.The average mass of a molecule of a substance expressed in atomic mass units is called its molecular
mass. It is obtained by adding together the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the
substance.
The formula unit mass of a substance is a sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
formula unit of a compound. Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as we calculate the
molecular mass.
The difference is that we use the word formula unit for ionic compounds.
When atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams, it is called the gram-atomic mass of the
element.
e.g. Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16u
Gram-atomic mass of oxygen = 16g
The molecular mass of substance expressed in grams is called the gram-molecular mass of the
substance.e.g. Molecular mass of Hydrogen (H2) molecule = 2u
Gram-molecular mass of Hydrogen (H2) molecule = 2g
A mole (or mol) is the amount of a substance which contains the same number of chemical units (atoms,
molecules or ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12.
Since 12g of carbon-12 is found to contain 6.023 × 1023 atoms of C-12. Therefore, a mole represents a collection
of 6.023 × 1023 chemical units (atoms, molecules or ions). This number 6.023 × 1023 is also called Avagadro's
Number (NA or NO).
Mass of 1 mole of any substance is called its molar mass (M). It is measured as grams/mol (g/mol) or
kg/mol. For an element, its molar mass is equal to its gram atomic mass. For compounds (or molecules),
its molar mass is equal to its gram-molecular mass.
e.g. Gram-molecular mass of Hydrogen (H2) = 2g
⇒ Molar mass of Hydrogen (H2) = 2g/mol.
Chapter Number 3 ; Atoms and Molecules ; Fill in the blanks

1. An element has only one type of __________.
2. According to law of definite proportions, in a chemical substance the elements are

always present in __________ proportions by mass.
3. According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms of different elements differ in ______, size
and chemical properties.
4. The chemical symbol of fluorine is ________.
5. The chemical symbol of mercury is _________.
6. The atomicity of sulphur S8 is ________.
7. Hydrogen and oxygen combines to form H2O and H2O2. These two compounds obey
the law of ____________________.
8. ____________ is formed by the loss of one or more electrons by an atom.
9. One mole of water contains ______________ molecules.
10. _________ is building block of all matter.
11. Atoms can be observed using ____________ Microscope.
12. Atomic radius is measured in __________.
13. Mass of 2 Hydrogen atoms is __________.
14. The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The gram atomic mass of sodium is _________.
15. A negatively charged ion is called a/an _____________.
16. The mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its _____________.
17. The _______________ of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition.
18. ___________ is the combining capacity of an element.
19. The number of atoms present in 12 grams of carbon 12 which is equal to

__________atoms. This is also known as ____________.
20. The mass of 5 moles of ammonia (NH3) is __________.
Chapter No. 3 ; Atoms and Molecules ; HLP

1. What is the difference between 2N and N2?
2. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, atoms combine in a simple whole number ratio to
form compounds. Give example where this postulate fails.
3. Why oxygen 16 was replaced by carbon-12 as the reference for measuring atomic
masses?
4. What is Buckminster fullerene? What type of structure does it have?
5. What do you understand by variable valency? Give two examples of metals and two
examples of non-metals showing variable valency.
6. Does NaCl represent the actual formula of sodium chloride? Why or why not?
7. A person spends ten thousand rupees per second. How many years will it take
approximately to spend one mole of rupees?
8. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the
following equation.
CaCl2(aq) ------------ Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl 2 when 222 g of it is dissolved in water.
9. The difference in the mass of 100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is
5.48002 g .Compute the mass of an electron.
10. Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon weighing
12 g .Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24 g mol -1 .
11. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are present
in 225 g of pure HgS? Molar mass Of Hg and S are 2.006 g mol -1 and 32 g mol-1
respectively.
12. The mass of one steel screw is 4.11 g. Find the mass of one mole of these steel screws .
Compare this value with the mass of Earth (5.98X10 24kg). Which one of the two is
heavier and how many times?
13. Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of
sodium atoms in another container of same weight. a) Whose container is heavier?
(b) Whose container has more number of atoms?
14. A sample of ethane C2H6 gas has the same mass as 1.5 x 1020 molecules of methane
(CH4). How many C2H6 molecules does the sample of gas contain?
15. Compute the difference in masses of 103 moles each of magnesium atoms and
magnesium ions .
16. Which has more number of atoms 100 g of N2 or 100 g of NH3 ?
17. Compute the number of ions present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.
18. In photosynthesis 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with equal number of water
molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose having a
molecular formula C6H12O6. How many grams of water would be required to produce 18 g
of glucose? Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming the density of water to
be 1 g cm-3 .
19. Is there any exception to law of conservation of mass?
20. An element 'Z' forms the following compound when it reacts with hydrogen, chlorine,
oxygen and phosphorus.
ZH3, ZCl3, Z2O3 and ZP
(a) What is the valency of element Z?
(b) Element 'Z' is metal or non-metal?

MLP HLP IX ch3

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Ch.

3 Atoms and Molecules (MLP)

Atom and Molecule

Chapter Number 3 ; Atoms and Molecules ; Fill in the blanks

2. According to law of definite proportions, in a chemical substance the elements are

4. The chemical symbol of fluorine is ________.

5. The chemical symbol of mercury is _________.

6. The atomicity of sulphur S8 is ________.

8. ____________ is formed by the loss of one or more electrons by an atom.

9. One mole of water contains ______________ molecules.

10. _________ is building block of all matter.

11. Atoms can be observed using ____________ Microscope.

12. Atomic radius is measured in __________.

13. Mass of 2 Hydrogen atoms is __________.

15. A negatively charged ion is called a/an _____________.

16. The mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its _____________.

17. The _______________ of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition.

18. ___________ is the combining capacity of an element.

19. The number of atoms present in 12 grams of carbon 12 which is equal to

20. The mass of 5 moles of ammonia (NH3) is __________.

Chapter No. 3 ; Atoms and Molecules ; HLP

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