INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

UNIT 4 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

INTRODUCTION

In many applications of mathematics, we can express numbers as powers of some given

base. This leads to the notion of a logarithm, which is simply another name for an index.

In senior mathematics, competency in manipulating indices is essential, since they are

used extensively in both differential and integral calculus. Thus, to differentiate or
integrate a function such as , it is first necessary to convert it to index form.

The function in calculus that is a multiple of its own derivative is an exponential function.
Such functions are used to model growth rates in biology, ecology and economics, as
well as radioactive decay in nuclear physics.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing the topic, students should be able to:

1. evaluate indices with and without using calculator.

2. use laws of indices to simplify and evaluate indicial expressions.
3. evaluate logarithms using calculator.
4. use laws of logarithms to simplify and evaluate logarithmic expressions.
5. convert a number in index form to the logarithmic form and vice versa.
6. solve indicial equations by comparison of the base or index, using laws of
indices and by changing to logarithmic form.
7. solve logarithmic equation by comparison of the base, using law of logarithms
and by changing to index form.

4.1 INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

4.1.1 DEFINITION

If a is a real number and n is a positive integer, then

an = a x a x a x a … a

n times

The number a is called the base and n is called the index or power, and an is
read as a to the power of n.

Example 4.1 :

Express each of the following in the form of index with the base being the
smallest positive integer :

a) 16
b) 81
1
c)
49

Solution :

a) 16 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
= 24

b) 81 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
= 34
1 1 1
c) = = 2
49 7  7 7
= 7−2

Example 4.2 :

Evaluate each of the following indices without using calculator :

a) 102
➢ (-a)n = +an , if n is
b) (-2)4 an even number
c) 42 + 33
➢ (-a)n = -an, if n is
d) 15 + (-5)3 an odd number

Solution :

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

a) 102 = 10 x 10
= 100

b) (-2)4 = (-2) x (-2) x (-2) x (-2)

= 16

c) 42 + 33 = (4 x 4) + (3 x 3 x 3)
= 16 + 27
= 43

d) 15 + (-5)3 = 1 + [ (-5) x (-5) x (-5) ]

= 1 + [ -125 ]
= -124

Example 4.3 :

Evaluate each of the following indices by using calculator :

2
−
a) 10-4 d) 27 3
 94
b) (0.2)4 e) e3
1
c) 64 2

Solution :

a) PRESS
10 ^ (-) 4 = 1 x 10-4
=

= 1 x 10-4 @ 0.0001

b) PRESS
0.2 ^ 4 = 1.6 x 10-3
=

= 1.6 x 10-3 @ 0.0016

c) PRESS
64 ^ ( 1 ab c 2 ) = 8

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

=8

PRESS
d) 27 ^ ( (-) 2 3 ) x 9 ^ 4 = 729
ab c

= 729

e) PRESS
shift ln 3 = 20.08553692
=

= 20.086 (3 d.p.)

4.1.2 LAWS OF INDICES

(a) am x an = am+ n

(b) am ÷ an = am-n

(c) (am)n = amn

(where m and n are positive integers)
m
a am
(d) b =
  bm

(e) Zero index

a0 = 1 where a  0
Prove : From law (ii) a4 ÷ a4 = a4-4
= a0
But a4 ÷ a4 = 1 (by division)
Therefore a0 = 1

(f) Negative index

1
a −m =
am

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

Prove : From law (ii) a2 ÷ a6 = a2-6

= a-4

a2 1
But a2 ÷ a6 = 6 = 4 (by division)
a a

1 1
Therefore a − 4 = 4
So, in general a −m = m
a . a .

(g) Fractional index

m
1
a = a
n n a n = (n a )m
➢ ,

Try This !

1 3
a) 343 3 b) 169 2

Example 4.4 :

Simplify the following :

a) 2n x 22n
18a7b2
b)
6a2b2
c) (23)4n
d) (m2n)4
e) 23n x 4n – 1 x 8n

Solution : m n m−n
a a =a
18a7b2
a) 2n x 22n = 2n+2n b) = 3a7 – 2 b2 – 2
6a2b2
a0 = 1
= 23n = 3a5b0
= 3a5

(am)n = amn

c) (23)4n = 2 3 x 4n
= 2 12n

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

d) (m2n)4 = (m2) 4 n4
= m8n4

Write in the
e) 23n x 4n – 1 x 8n = 23n x (22)n – 1 x (23)n same base
= 23n x 22n – 2 x 23n
= 23n + 2n – 2 + 3n
= 28n – 2

Example 4.5 :

Simplify the following questions.

a) 34 x 35
b) 47  4−2
c) 58  5 6

Solution :

a) 34 x 35 = 3 4 + 5
=39

b) 47  4−2 = 4 7 + ( – 2 )
=45

c) 58  5 6 = 5 8 – 6
=52

Try This !
a) 3m  4n+1  92m−1  23−2n b) 5n  102n+1  23n

Example 4.6 :

Simplify and evaluate the following :

2 1
a) 64 3 d) ( )
24 2

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

1
−
 27 
34  32
3
b)  8  e)
 
3
( 0.04 )
−
c) 2 f) 23 x 2

g) 2n x 83n ÷ 45n

Solution :

2
a) 64 3 e) 34  32 = 34 – 2
2

( )
= 4 3 3
= 42 = 16 = 32 = 9

1
−
 27  3
b)  8  f) 23 x 2 = 23 + 1
 
1
− −1
 33  3
3 2
= 3  =  = = 24 = 16
2  2 3

3
( 0.04 )
−
c) 2 g) 2n x 83n ÷ 45n
3 3
− −
 4   22 
( ) ( )
2 2 3n 5n
=  = 2  = 2n  23  22
 100   10 
3
 10 
=   = 53 = 125 = 2n+9n−10n = 20 = 1
 2 

1
d) (2 ) 4 2 = 22
=4

UNIT EXERCISE 4.1

1. Find the value of each of the following :

3
 3
(a) 34 (b) ( -2)6 (c) (0.5)3 (d)  − 
 2

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

0 0
2  1
(e) 100 (f) 5 (g) − 3 
   

2. Find the value of each of the following :

−4
1 2
(a) 6 -1 (b) (- ) -3 (c) 7 -2 (d) 5
5  
(e) (0.3) -2 (f) (-5) -4

3. Find the value of each of the following :

1
1 1 1
2  1 4 3 9 2
(a) 169 (b)  81  (c) (0.125) (d) ( )
  25

4. Evaluate the value of :

1
3 3 3 −
2 2 1 4  1 3
(a) 9 (b) ( 0.04 ) (c) ( ) (d)  
16 8
2
−
 27 
3
− 3
(e) 64 2 (f)  64 
 

5. Express of each of the following in the form of the smallest base :

1 16
(a) - 27 (b) (c) 0.001 (d)
8 81

6. Simplify each of the following

(a) 2 5 +2n  2 3-4n (g) ( 2ab2)3  ( 8a3b6) 3

83  45  162
(b) 3 1+2n  34  3 1-n (h)
322  64
3 4n −1  27
(c) 4 2n-3  4 2-3n  23n (f)
9 n +1
(d) 3 2n -1  9 2 –n
(e) 4 n-1  82-n  23n

4.2 LOGARITHMS AND LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

The statement “the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2” is abbreviated to

log10100 = 2. Similarly, 100 = 102 may be expressed as log10100 = 2

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

Therefore 100 = 10 2 can also be written as log10100 = 2

Generally, (the definition of logarithms) a logarithm of a positive number N to a

given base a ( a > 0 ) is the power to which the base a must be raised in order to
give the number. Thus,

ax = N x = logaN
Where a > 0 and a  1.

4.2.1 COMMON LOGARITHM

The logarithm to the base 10 or log10 can be written as lg and is referred

as the common logarithm, or log10 x = lg x.

Example 4.7 :

Evaluate each of the following logarithms using the calculator and leave
you answer to 4 decimal places:

a) log10 8
b) log10 0.2

Solution :

PRESS
= 0.9031 (4 d.p.)
log 8 = 0.903089987
a)
=

b)
PRESS
log 0.2 -0.698970004 = -0.6990 (4 d.p.)
=
4.2.2 NATURAL LOGARITHM =

The logarithm to the base e or loge can be written as ln and is referred as

the natural or naperian logarithm, or loge x = ln x . (The value of e is

approximately 2.718)

Example 4.8 :

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

Evaluate each of the following logarithms using the calculator and leave
you answer to 4 decimal places:

a) ln 10
b) ln 1

Solution :

PRESS
a) = 2.3026 (4 d.p.)
ln 10 = 2.302585093
=

b)
PRESS
ln 1 = 0
=

4.2.3 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

(a) loga x + loga y = log a xy

x
(b) loga x – loga y = log a
y
(c) p loga x = log a x p
(d) log a a = 1
(e) log a 1 = 0
(f) log a a n = n

Example 4.9 :

Simplify each of the following.

a) loga x2y
xy 2
b) log a
z3

Solution :
loga xn= n loga x

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

a) loga x2y = loga x2 + loga y

= 2 loga x + loga y

xy 2 loga xy = loga x + loga y

= log a x + log a y − log a z
2 3
b) log a
z3 &
x
= log a x + 2 log a y − 3 log a z log a   = log a x − log a y
y

loga xn= n loga x

Example 4.10 :

Simplify each of the following.

a) loga p2 + 3loga q − 2

b) lg x + lg y − 2lgz

c) log2 25 + log2 3 − log2 15

Solution :

a) loga p2 + 3loga q − 2 = log a p2 + loga q3 − 2loga a

= log a p2 + loga q3 − loga a2

p2 q3
= loga
a2

b) lgx + lgy − 2lgz = lgx + lgy − lgz2 c) log2 25 + log2 3 − log2 15

xy 25 ( 3 )
= lg = log2
z2 15
= log2 5

Example 4.11 :

Find the following without using calculator.

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

a) lo g2 16 c) log6 288 − 3log6 2

1
b) lo g4
4

Solution :

1
a) log2 16 = log2 24 b) lo g4 = log4 4−1
4
= 4lo g2 2 = − log4 4
=4 = −1

288
c) lo g6 288 − 3log6 2 = log6
23
= log6 36
= log6 6 2
= 2log6 6
=2

Example 4.12 :

Given that log5 2 = 0.43 and log5 7 = 1.21. Hence, find the following
questions:

14
a) log5 28 b) log5 c) log5 1.6
5
Solution :

14
a) log5 28 = log5 ( 2  2  7 ) b) log5 = log5 14 − log5 5
5
= log 5 2 + log 5 2 + log 5 7 = log 5 2 + log 5 7 – 1
= 0.43 + 0.43 + 1.21 = 0.43 + 1.21 – 1
= 2.07 = 0.64

16
c) log5 1.6 = log5
10

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

= log5 16 − log5 10
= log5 24 − log5 ( 2  5 )
= 4 ( 0.43 ) − 0.43 − 1
= 0.29

4.2.4 CHANGE OF BASE :

log a b = log m b
log m a

if the base is b then log a b = log b b

log b a

then log a b = 1
log b a

Example 4.13 :

Evaluate:

a) log 5 12 b) log 9 8

Solution :

a) log 5 12 b) log 9 8
log10 12 log10 8
= =
log10 5 log10 9
= 1.544 = 0.946

Try this !
Without using calculator, find the value of :
a) log64 4 b) log125 25

Example 4.14 :

Given that log3 x = p. Express the following in term of p.

a) logx 3

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

b) logx 81

Solution :

log3 3 1
a) logx 3 b) l ogx 81 = =
log3 x p
log3 81 4log3 3
= =
log3 x p
4
=
p

Example 4.15 :

Find the value of log5 7  log7 3  log3 5 .

Solution :

log5 7  log7 3  log3 5

loga 7 loga 3 loga 5
=   =1
loga 5 loga 7 loga 3

Try this !

a) log9 64  log16 3 b) log25 49  log7 3  log815

UNIT EXERCISE 4.2

1. Express each of the following in terms of log a P, log a Q and

log a R:

(a) Log a PQ2 R3

P 2Q3
(b) log a ( )
R4
Q 2R 3
(c) log a
P4

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

2. Evaluate each of the following :

(a) log 318 - log 3 4 + log 3 54

(b) log 6 24 + log 6 72 - log 6 8
(c) ( log 5 1000 - log5 40 ) log2 16
(d) 2 lg 20 + lg 16 - 2lg 80
(e) log 2 6 + log 2 16 - log 2 3

3. Given log5 2 = 0.43, log 5 3 = 0.68 and log5 4 = 0.86, evaluate:

(a) log 5 24
(b) log 5120
(c) log 5 0.3
(d) log 5 10

4. Given log a 3 = p and log a 4 = q, find in terms of p and / or q each of the

following statements:

(a) log a 27 (b) log a 36

(c) log a 2 (d) log a 6

4.3 CONVERSION BETWEEN INDICIAL FORM AND LOGARITHMIC FORM

We can solve equations such as x = 25 and x2 = 5 directly. But in cases such as

5x = 2, we cannot solve the equation directly. Therefore, we convert it to
logarithmic form. By definition,

ax = N  x = loga N, where a > 0 and a  1

Hence, an equation in the index form can be converted to the logarithmic form
and vice versa. The conversion is shown as the following example:

Index form
Index Logarithm form

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

24 = 16 log2 16 = 4

Base

Example 4.16 :
Express the following statements in logarithm form.
1
a) 64 = 43 c) 8-1 =
8
2
b) 1000 = 103 d) 27 3 = 9

Solution :

a) 64 = 43 b) 1000 = 103
log 4 64 = 3 log 10 1000 = 3

2
1
c) 8-1 = d) 27 3 = 9
8
1 2
log 8 = -1 log 27 9 =
8 3

Example 4.17 :

Express the following expressions in form of index form.

a) log3 27= x c) loga a5 = n

b) log10 0.01 = y

Solution :

a) log3 27= x c) loga a5 = n

27 = 3 x a5 = an

b) log10 0.01 = y
0.01 = 10 y

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

UNIT EXERCISE 4.3

1. Express the following statements in logarithmic form:

1
3
(a) 34 = 81 (b) 50 =1 (c) 8 =2

(d) A = Xn (e) Yx = P

2. Express the following in index form:

3
(a) log 2 8 = 3 (b) log 9 27 = (c) log 10 1000 = 3
2
(d) log 3 A = n (e) log y A = x

4.4 SOLUTIONS OF INDICIAL EQUATIONS

Indicial equation is an equation of the form a x = m where a, x and m are real

numbers. Example: 3 x = 9, x 4 = 64

Example 4.18 :

Solve the following equations.

a) 3 m = 81
b) 16 m – 1 = 32 2m
c) x 3 = 125
d) a 4 - 4096 = 0
e) 125 2 – x = 5 x + 1

Solution :

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

a) 3m = 81 b) 16m−1 = 322m
3m = 81 16m−1 = 322m
2 ( ) =2
4 m −1 5( 2m )
3m = 3 4
m=4 4m − 4 = 10m
− 6m = 4
2
m=−
3

c) x 3 = 125 d) a 4 - 4096 = 0
x 3 = 53 a 4 = 4096
x = 5 a4 = 84
a=8

e) 125 2-x = 5 x + 1
(5 3) 2 – x = 5 x + 1
5 6 – 3x = 5 x + 1
6 – 3x = x + 1
4x = 5
5
x =
4
4.4.1 SOLVING INDICIAL EQUATIONS USING LOGARITHM

Sometimes exponential equation cannot be solved using indices laws

because their base is not the same. However it can be solve using
logarithm and its laws.

Example 4.19 :

Solve the following equations:

1
a) 6x = 30 c) 5x+2 =
20
b) 9y+1 = 45

Solution :

1
a) 6x = 30 c) 5x+2 =
20

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

lg 6x = lg 30 lg5x +2 = lg20−1

x lg 6 = lg 30 ( x + 2) lg5 = − lg20
lg30 1.4771 − lg20
x= = x+2=
lg6 0.7781 lg5
x = 1.898 x = −3.861

b) 9y+1 = 45
9y + 1 = 45
lg 9y + 1 = lg 45
(y + 1) lg 9 = lg 45
lg 45
y+1=
lg 9
1.653
y+1=
0.9542
y + 1 = 1.732
y = 0.732

UNIT EXERCISE 4.4

1. Solve of each of the following equation.

1
(a) 2x = 16 (b) 8x = 4 (c) 5x =
25

(d) 3 x+2 =27 (e) 4 3x-8 = 1 (f) 9x-2 = 27x-1

2. Solve of each of the following equation.

(a) 33x = 27. 3x

(b) 2x.4x+1 = 32
5 2x
(c) = 125
5x

3. Solve the following equation.

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

1
(a) 82x =
32
1
(b) 27 x+ 4 =
9 .3 x +3
x

(c) 64 (83y) = 1
(d) 72x+1 – 49 = 0

4. Given 2x 4y = 128. Express y in the term of x

5. Given 5m+1 25n = 625. Express m in the term of n

6. Solve the equation 2x 43x – 1 = 322+x

2
7. Solve the equation 5 x - 254-x =0

8. Solve the equation 3x+1 . 27x-1 = 813x-2

9. Solve the equation 32 4x = 16 9+2x

4.5 SOLUTIONS OF LOGARITHM EQUATIONS

Logarithmic equations is an equation involving logarithms and unknown variable

such as log x 9 = 2, log 10 100 = y or log 5 ( x + 1 ) = 2.

The equations can be solved using laws of logarithm.

Example 4.20 :

Solve the following equation.

a) log3 2x = 2 log3 4
b) logx 3 + logx 9 = 3
c) log2 (m + 4) = 3

Solution :

a) log3 2x = 2 log3 4 c) log2 (m + 4) = 3

log3 2x = log3 42 m + 4 = 23
log3 2x = log3 16 m=8–4
2x = 16 m=4

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

x=8

b) logx 3 + logx 9 = 3
logx (3 x 9)= 3
logx (27) = 3
27 = x3
3 3 = x3
x=3

Example 4.21 :

Solve the following equation.

1
a) log3 ( 2x − 1) = log3 64
2
1
b) 2log5 8 − log5 4 = log5 ( x + 1) + log5 9
2
c) 3 – log10 x = log10 3

Solution :

1
a) log3 ( 2x − 1) = log3 64
2
log3 (2x – 1) = log3 64 ½

log 3 ( 2x – 1 ) = log 3 8

2x – 1= 8
2x = 9
9
x=
2

1
b) 2log5 8 − log5 4 = log5 ( x + 1) + log5 9
2

log5 82 – log5 4 = log5 ( x + 1 ) + log5 9 ½

64
log5 = log5 3 ( x + 1)
4
16 = 3x + 3
13
x=
3

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

c) 3 – log10 x = log10 3

3 log10 10 – log10 x = log10 3

log 10 10 3 – log 10 x = log 10 3

 1000 
log10   = log10 3
 x 
1000
=3
x
1000
x=
3

Example 4.22 :

Solve the following equations.

a) log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 1 ) = 1
b) log 3 ( 2 + x ) - log 3 ( x + 1 ) = 2

Solution :

a) log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 1 ) = 1
log 2 x ( x + 1 ) = 1
log 2 ( x 2 + x ) = 1
x2+x =21 Solve the quadratic
equation
x 2+ x – 2 = 0
(x – 1) (x + 2) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 1 or - 2

since log 2 – 2 does not exist then x = 1 is the only solution.

b) log 3 ( 2 + x ) - log 3 ( x + 1 ) = 2

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

2+x
log3 =2
x +1 Change from
2+x logarithmic form to
= 32 index form
x +1
2 + x = 9 (x + 1)
2 + x = 9x + 9
9x – x = 2 – 9
−7
x =
8

Example 4.23 :

If loga 2 = m and loga 5 = n, express each of the following in term of m, n @ m

and n.
a) loga 20 c) log a 0.4
2
b) loga d) log a 10a 3
125

Solution :

a) loga 20 c) log a 0.4

4 2
= loga (22 x 5) = loga = loga
10 5
= loga 22 + loga 5 = log a 2 – log a 5
= 2 loga 2 + loga 5 =m–n
= 2m + n

2
b) loga d) log a 10a 3
125
= log a 2 - log a 125 = log a 10 + log a a 3
= log a 2 - log a 5 3 = log a (2 x 5) + 3 log a a
= log a 2 - 3 log a 5 = log a 2 + log a 5 + 3 log a a

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

= m – 3n =m +n+3

Example 4.24 :

Given log4 y = 2 + log2 x. Express y in term of x.

Solution :

log4 y = 2 + log2 x
log4 x
log4 y = log4 16 + log4 y = log4 16x 2
log4 2
log4 x
log4 y = log4 16 +  y = 16x 2
1
2
log4 y = log4 16 + 2log4 x

Example 4.25 :

Given 1 + lg p = 3 lg q. Express p in term of q.

Solution :

1 + lg p = 3 lg q

lg 10 + lg p = lg q3

lg (10p) = lg q3

10p = q3
q3
p=
10

UNIT EXERCISE 4.5

1. Solve the following equation:

(a) x = log 2 8 (b) x = log 27 9

2. Find the value of x in the following equation :

1
(a) log x 27 = 3 (b) log 36 x =
2

3. Find the value of x in the following equation :

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

(a) log x = log 4 + log 2

(b) log ( 4x - 5 ) = 1
(c) log x + log 4x = 2
(d) log ( x2 - 4 ) - 1 = log ( x + 2 )

4. Solve the following equation :

(a) log 10 2 + log 10 5 + log 10 x - log 103 = 2

(b) 2 lg ( x - 2 ) = log ( 2x -5)
(c) log 2 ( 2x - 4 ) = 2 + log 2 ( x2 - 6 )
(d) log2 ( x2 +2 ) = 1 + log2 ( x + 5 )

5. Express y in terms of x for each of the following equation:

(a) log x + log y = log 2

(b) 3 lg x - 2lg y = 1
(c) log2 y - 3 log2 x = 3
(d) log5 y -2 log5x = 2

6. Solve the following logarithmic equation :

(a) log5 x = logx 625

(b) log2 x = logx 512
(c) log3 m + 4logm3 = 5
(d) log9 Z + 2 logz 9 = -3

7. Solve the possible values of equations :

(a) 52x = 8
(b) 4x =21
(c) 3x+1 = 18
(d) 0.3x = 0.8x + 1
(e) 42x - 1 = 3x+1

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

SUMMARY

In this topic we have studied the indices and logarithms. It can be conclude as shows in
the figure below:

Indices &
Logarithms

Indices form Definition of logarithms

a3 = a x a x a If ax = n
→ x = log a n

Laws of indices
• am x an = am+n Law of logarithms
• am ÷ an = am-n loga xy = loga x + loga y
• (am)n = amn x
• (ab)m = ambm log a = log a x − log a y
y
m
a am loga xn = n loga x
•   = m
b b
• a0 = 1
1
• a-m =
am Change the base of
1 logarithms
• a =ma
m
log c b
• log a b =
( a)
n
n log c a
• a m
= m

1
• log a b =
log b a

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

Index equations &

logarithmic equations
REFERENCES

1. Technical Mathematic With Calculus, Paul Calter, Prentice Hall, 1995.

2. Exploring Additional Mathematics Form 4, Wong Pek Wei, Fajar Bakti, 2006.
3. Higher Engineering Mathematics, John Bird, Newnes Third edition 1999.
4. Engineering Mathematics, Leslie Mustoe, Addison Wesley, 1997.
5. Additional Mathematics Form 4, Ooi Soo Huat, Moy Wah Goon, Wong Teck
Seng, Jamilah Binti Osman,Nur Niaga Sdn.Bhd, 2005.
ANSWERS

UNIT EXERCISE 5.1

1 27
1. (a) 81 (b) 64 (c) 0.125 / (d) − (e) 1 (f) 1 (g) 1
8 8
1 1 625 1 100 1
2. (a) (b) – 125 (c) (d) (e) / (f)
6 49 16 0.09 9 625
1 1 3
3. (a) 13 (b) (c) 0.5 / (d)
3 2 5
1 1 16
4. (a) 27 (b) 0.008 (c) (d) 2 (e) (f)
8 512 9
4
2
5. (a) (-3)3 (b) 2-3 (c) (0.1)3 (d)  
3
4 n −5
6. (a) 28-2n (b) 36+n (c) 2-5n-2 (d) 3 (e) 24-4n (f) 32n (g) 2ab2 (h) 2048

UNIT EXERCISE 5.2

1. 3. (a) 1.97
(a) logaP+2logaQ+3logaR
(b) 2logaP+3logaQ-4logaR (b) 2.97
3 (c) -0.75
(c) loga Q + loga R – 4 loga P
2
2. (a) 5 (d) 1.43
(b) 3 4. (a) 3p
(c) 8 (b) q + 2p
1
(d) 0 (c) q
2
1
(e) 5 (d) q+p
2

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

UNIT EXERCISE 5.3

1. (a) log3 81 = 4 2. (a) 8 = 23

(b) log5 1 = 0 3

(b) 27 = 9 2
1 (c) 1000 = 103
(c) log8 2 =
3
(d) logx A = n (d) A = 3n
(e) logY P = x (e) A = yx

UNIT EXERCISE 5.4

2 8
1. (a) x = 4 (b) x = (c) x = -2 (d) x = 1 (e) x = (f) x = -1
3 3
3 8
2. (a) x = (b) x = 1 (c) x = 3 (d) x = 1 (e) x = (f) x = -1
2 3
5 2 1
3. (a) x = − (b) x = −2 (c) y = − (d) x =
6 3 2
7−x
4. y=
2
5. m = 3 -2n
6. x=6

7. x = -4, x = 2

3
8. x=
4
9. x=3

UNIT EXERCISE 5.5

2 1 1
1. (a) x = 3 (b) x = 6. (a) x = 25, (b) x = 8,
3 25 8
1 1
(c) m = 81, 3 (d) z = ,
9 81
2. (a) x = 3 (b) x = 6
15 7. (a) x = 0.65 (b) x = 2.196
3. (a) x = 8 (b) x = (c) x = 1.63 (d) x = 0.227
4
(e) x = 1.48
(c) x = 5 (d) x = 12

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INDICES AND LOGARITHMS DUM 10122

4. (a) x = 30 (b) x = 3
5
(c) x = -2, x = (d) x = -2, x =4
2

2 x3
5. (a) y = (b) y =
x 10
(c) y = 8x3 (d) y = 25x2

145