HT Lab PE Manual

JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
PICHANUR, COIMBATORE-105
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
CH-8561 HEAT TRANSFER

LABORATORY - RECORD BOOK
Name : .
Register No : .
Year/Semester : .
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a Bonafide Record of Mr/Ms .................................................. of

Petroleum Engineering branch during the Academic year 2019-20 in the Heat
transfer Laboratory.
REGISTER No:
Staff in-charge H.O.D.
This record is submitted for V Semester B.E. Practical Examination of
Anna University conducted on -----------------------------
Internal Examiner External Examiner

JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PICHANUR, COIMBATORE – 641 105
The Vision and Mission of the Institute and Department
INSTITUTE
VISION
“To emerge as a premier institute for developing industry ready engineers with competency,
initiative and character to meet the challenges in global environment.”
MISSION
1. To impart state-of-the–art engineering and professional education through strong theoretical

basics and hands on training to students in their choice of field.
2.To serve our students by teaching them leadership entrepreneurship, team work, values,
quality, ethics, and respect for others.
3. To provide opportunities for long term interaction with academia and industry.
4. To create new knowledge through innovation and research.
DEPARTMENT
VISION
“To evolve as a Centre of excellence for teaching learning, research and consultancy, integrating
basic sciences with engineering applications, to produce world class, industry ready skilled
young engineers in the field of Petrochemical Engineering with caliber to develop sustainable
processes and system, yielding innovative products aimed to serve the nation and the global
community”.
MISSION
Petrochemical Engineering Department is committed:
To bring out industry ready, career oriented graduates by means of innovative practices in
teaching and learning.
To educate students to design and develop intelligent products and services meeting
global demands and standards.
To promote collaborative learning and research with industry, government and
international organizations for continuous knowledge transfer and enhancement.
To inculcate ethical values, communication, team works, leadership and entrepreneurial skills to
contribute to society.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
Graduates of Petrochemical Engineering Program
PEO1: Shall have contemporary knowledge and competency in petrochemical engineering
complemented with appropriate practical skills.
PEO2: Shall work as team members on multidisciplinary projects with effective communication skills,
individual, supportive and leadership qualities with the right attitudes and ethics.
PEO3: Shall have interest on life-long learning, research and development to continuously strive for the
forefront of technology.
Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
PO1
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
PO2 problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
PO3 system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
PO4 including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
PO6 health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering +practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
PO7 societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
PO8
engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
PO9
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO 10 community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO 11 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Ability to work on contemporary domains like hydrocarbon and hybrid fuel, thermal energy, waste and
PSO1
pollution management.
Have abilities to successfully quality in national and international level competitive examinations for higher
PSO2
studies and employment.
COURSE DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEGREE: B.Tech
COURSE: HEAT TRANSFER SEMESTER: IV CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: CH8591 REGULATION: 2017 COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSEAREA/DOMAIN: TRANSFER OPERATIONS CONTACT HOURS: 4 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF ANY): LAB COURSE NAME (IF ANY): HEAT TRANSFER
CH8561 LABORATARY
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
CONDUCTION
Modes of heat transfer – Steady and unsteady state heat transfer – Concept of heat
conduction – Fourier’s law of heat conduction – General heat conduction equation in
I spherical coordinates – One-dimensional steady state heat conduction equation for flat 15
plate, hollow cylinder, hollow sphere –Analogy between flow of heat and flow of
electricity – Effect of temperature on thermal conductivity – Critical insulation thickness–
Transient heat conduction – Lumped heat parameter model.
CONVECTION
Concept of heat transfer by convection – Natural and forced convection – Concept of
LMTD – Local and overall heat transfer coefficient – Application of dimension al analysis
II for convection – Empirical Equations for forced convection under laminar, transient and 15
turbulent conditions – Empirical equations for natural convection –Influence of boundary
layer on heat transfer – Heat transfer through packed and fluidized beds – Heat transfer
with phase change: boiling, vaporization and condensation.
RADIATION
III Concept of thermal radiations – Black body concept – Stefan Boltzman’s law –Emissive 15
power – Black body radiation – Emissivity – Planck’s law – Radiation between black
surfaces – Gray surfaces – Radiation shields – Radiation applications– Pipe still heaters.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchanger types – Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers – Overall heat
IV transfer coefficient – Log mean temperature difference for single pass – Correction 15
factor for multi pass heat exchangers – Heat exchanger effectiveness – Number of
transfer units – Chart for different configurations – Dirt factor.
EVAPORATORS
V Evaporation – Single effect and multiple effect evaporation – Boiling point elevation – 15
Effect of liquid head – Capacity and economy of multiple effect evaporators –Evaporation
equipments.
TOTAL HOURS 75
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/RBOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
T Kumar, D.S., “Heat and Mass Transfer”, 5th Edition, S.K. Kataria and Sons, 2000.
T McCabe,W.L. and Smith, J.C., “Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering", 5th Edition. McGraw Hill
Publishing Co., 2001.
R Kern, D.Q., “Process Heat Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
Understand the basic concepts of modes of heat
PH6151 Engineering physics-I 01
transfer.
Knowledge on material and energy balances to
CH6403 Chemical process calculations 03
design heat exchange equipments.
Understand the concepts of heat, work and energy
PC6402 Engineering Thermodynamics conversion, and to calculate heat and work 04
quantities for industrial processes.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To impart knowledge about mechanism of heat transfer by steady state and unsteady state conduction
and its applications in industry.
To make the students understand mechanism of heat transfer by steady state convection and its
2
applications in industry
3 To create knowledge on heat transfer by radiation and its applications
To impart knowledge on different types of heat exchangers, design of various heat exchanger and its
4
industrial applications.
To enable the students to learn about evaporation, selection of evaporators types of evaporators and its
5
applications in industry.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course students will able to
BLOOMS
COURSE PO(1..12) PSO(1..2)
DESCRIPTION TAXONOMY
CODE MAPPING MAPPING
LEVEL
APPLY & PO1,PO2,PO3,
Apply the knowledge of conduction in
C206.1 EVALUATE PO4,PO6,PO7, PSO1, SO2
determining rate of heat transfer.
(LEVEL 3&5) PO10,PO12
Analyze the convection mechanism in
ANALYZE & PO1,PO2,PO3,
determining heat transfer coefficient for
C206.2 EVALUATE PO4,PO6,PO7, PSO1,PSO2
evaluating performance of the heat
(LEVEL 4&5) PO10,PO12
transfer equipments.
PO1,PO2,PO3,
Identify the concepts of radiation heat APPLY
C206.3 PO4,PO6,PO7, PSO1,PSO2
transfer and its applications. (LEVEL 3)
PO10,PO12
PO1,PO2,PO3,
Design different types of heat CREATE PO4,PO5,PO6,
C206.4 PSO1,PSO2
exchanger based on industrial needs. (LEVEL 6) PO7,PO9,
PO10, PO12
PO1,PO2,PO3,
EVALUATE &
Decide and design evaporator based on PO4,PO5,PO6,
C206.5 CREATE PSO1,PSO2
industrial requirements. PO7,PO9,
(LEVEL 5&6)
PO10, PO12
COURSE OVERALL PO/PSO MAPPING: PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5,PO6,PO7,
C206
PO9,PO10, PO12 / PSO1,PSO2
COURSE OUTCOMES VS POs MAPPING (DETAILED; HIGH: 3; MEDIUM: 2; LOW: 1):

PO10
PO11
PO12
PSO1
PSO2
COURSE
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
CODE
C206.1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
C206.2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
C206.3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
C206.4 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
C206.5 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
C206 2 1.4 1.4 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1.4
* For Entire Course, PO & PSO Mapping
POs & PSO REFERENCE:
Engineering Environment &

PO1 PO7 Ability to work on contemporary
Knowledge Sustainability
domains like hydrocarbon and hybrid
PSO1
fuel, thermal energy, waste and
Problem
PO2 PO8 Ethics pollution management.
Analysis
Design & Individual & Have abilities to successfully qualify in
PO3 PO9
Development Team Work national and international level
PSO2
Communication competitive examinations for higher
PO4 Investigations PO10
Skills studies and employment.
Project Mgt. &
PO5 Modern Tools PO11
Finance
Engineer & Life Long
PO6 PO12
Society Learning
COs VS POs MAPPING JUSTIFICATION:

COURS PO/PSO LEVEL OF
JUSTIFICATION
E CODE MAPPED MAPPING
Fundamental understanding of heat transfer, analyzing steady
PO1 2 and unsteady state flow condition, its application in design, they
can able to gain engineering & basic science knowledge
PO2 1 By understanding basic heat conduction process they can able

to gain basic problem analyzing skill
By understanding of heat transfer, analyzing steady and

PO3 1 unsteady state flow condition, its application in design, they can
able to gain design and development knowledge
PO4 2 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to

investigate the above process
PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

to contribute their society by making new useful equipment’s
C206.1
PO7 1 Applying the heat transfer concepts in some useful process they
can sustain the environment
PO10 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

purpose they can improve the communication skills
By understanding the applications of heat transfer it can used

PO12 2 for developing new equipment’s so that they can have a lifelong
learning
PSO1 2 and unsteady state flow condition, its application in design, they
can able to work on contemporary domain like thermal energy
and hybrid fuel.
PSO2 1 and unsteady state flow condition, its application in design, they
can have a abilities to successfully qualify in national and
international level competitive examinations for higher studies
and employment
By understanding the basic engineering concepts of convection

PO1 2 and the heat transfer through packed, fluidized beds and its
applications they can able to have engineering & basic science
knowledge
PO2 1 By understanding basic engineering concepts of convection

process they can able to gain problem analyzing skill
By applying convection mechanism into heat transfer with
PO3 1 phase change operations. They can be able to analyze problems
in above process

investigate the heat convection process

C206.2 PO7 1 Applying the heat transfer concepts in some useful process they

learning
Fundamental understanding of engineering concepts of
PSO1 2 convection and the heat transfer through packed, fluidized beds
and its applications, they can able to work on contemporary
domain like thermal energy and hybrid fuel.
Fundamental understanding of engineering concepts of
convection and the heat transfer through packed, fluidized beds
PSO2 1 and its applications, they can have a abilities to successfully
qualify in national and international level competitive
examinations for higher studies and employment
By understanding the fundamentals of thermal radiation and its
PO1 2 application in engineering systems such as radiation shields and
pipe still heaters. They can able to gain engineering & basic
science knowledge
By understanding basic the fundamentals of thermal radiation
PO2 1 and its application in engineering systems they can able to gain
basic problem analyzing skill
By understanding of the fundamentals of thermal radiation and
PO3 1 its application in engineering systems, they can able to gain
design and development knowledge
C206.3 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to
PO4 2

PO1O 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

learning
Fundamental understanding the fundamentals of thermal
PSO1 2 radiation and its application in engineering systems, they can
able to work on contemporary domain like thermal energy and
hybrid fuel.
By understanding the fundamentals of thermal radiation and its
PSO2 1 application in engineering systems in design, they can have a
abilities to successfully qualify in national and international level
competitive examinations for higher studies and employment
PO1 2 By gaining the knowledge to develop key concepts and

techniques to design heat exchange equipments.
PO2 2 By understanding basic heat conduction process they can able

to gain basic problem analyzing skill
By understanding of heat transfer, analyzing steady and

PO3 3 unsteady state flow condition, its application in design, they can
able to gain design and development knowledge

PO5 1 Gained key concepts to be utilized for making design and

operating decisions, it can be used to gain design knowledge

C206.4 Applying the heat transfer concepts in some useful process they
PO7 1
By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO9 1 to contribute their society by making new useful equipment’s by
team or individual


learning
Understanding the knowledge to develop key concepts and
PSO1 2 techniques to design heat exchange equipment’s, they can able
to work on contemporary domain like thermal energy and
hybrid fuel.
By understanding the knowledge to develop key concepts and
techniques to design heat exchange equipment’s, they can have
PSO2 2 a abilities to successfully qualify in national and international
level competitive examinations for higher studies and
employment
By learning to design evaporators used in industry and develop
C206.5 PO1 2 a sound working knowledge on different type of evaporators,
they can able to gain engineering and basic science knowledge.
PO2 2 a sound working knowledge on different type of evaporators
they can able to gain basic problem analyzing skill
PO3 3 a sound working knowledge on different type of evaporators,
they can able to gain design and development knowledge

PO5 1 Gained key concepts to be utilized for making design and

operating decisions, it can be used to gain design knowledge

By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO9 1 to contribute their society by making new useful equipment’s by
team or individual


learning
PSO1 2 a sound working knowledge on different type of evaporators in
engineering systems, they can able to work on contemporary
domain like thermal energy and hybrid fuel.
a sound working knowledge on different type of evaporators in
PSO2 2 design, they can have a abilities to successfully qualify in
national and international level competitive examinations for
higher studies and employment
GAPES IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS, POs & PSOs:

SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED ACTIONS
1 Multiphase heat transfer PPT
2 Heat transfer through extended surface seminar
3 Heat transfer in furnace and boiler seminar
4 Air cooled heat exchangers PPT
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL
ETC
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:

1 Heat Conduction through Sphere
2 Het transfer coefficient for flow through Fluidized bed
3 Bare and fin Heat Exchnager
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:

1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ic5alShwDQ&list=PLvSNXOe4nVGr_c42xHNztIukf1i5QK91o
2 https://youtu.be/Q3ljKiEXxdc2
3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKbI_01ds24
4 https://youtu.be/52obl9nGU24
5 https://youtu.be/QyliNxUThdk
6 https://youtu.be/QHksw8sbJus
7 https://youtu.be/Q-RUZIboBeE
8 https://youtu.be/v6v5GWq-Cyo
9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZJuoMSRVKY
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☐ CHALK & TALK ☐ STUD. ☐ WEB RESOURCES ☐ NPTEL/OTHERS
ASSIGNMENT
☐ LCD/SMART ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES ☐ WEBNIARS
BOARDS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ TESTS/MODEL ☐ UNIV.
EXAMS EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
☐ ADD-ON ☐ OTHERS
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY ☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY
FEEDBACK, ONCE) (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS BY ☐ OTHERS
EXT. EXPERTS
INNOVATIONS IN TEACHING/LEARNING/EVALUATION PROCESSES:

1. Deliver the difficult concepts through animated videos.
2. Deliver the principle, theory by real time examples.
3. Solve the technical questions from GATE.
4. Deliver the lectures through smart class room.
5. Discuss the concepts with industrial case study.
Prepared by Approved by
(Dr.K.Kumaraswamy) (HOD)
Heat Transfer Laboratory
LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
Listen to your supervisor.
Do only the assigned work as directed by your supervisor.
Horseplay and other careless acts are prohibited.
Do not place books, bags, coats, etc. On any lab bench.
Eating, drinking or chewing is not allowed.
Use of cell phones, entertainment devices etc. Is forbidden.
Never climb onto or stand on chairs and stools.
Have wholesome learning and professional attitude.
Have total concentration on experiment for a safe lab work.
Have common sense regarding personal safety.
Never work alone in the laboratory.
Good housekeeping is a must for good safety practices.
Keep the laboratory in a neat, orderly condition.
Keep your work area neat, clean and uncluttered.
Handle chemicals with care.
Read labels to make sure you have the desired chemical.
Never touch, taste, or inhale a chemical.
Avoid touching hot objects. Use tongs or hand gloves.
Never place glassware close to the edge of a bench.
Avoid raising chemicals or solutions above eye level.
Report accidents, spills, etc. To your supervisor immediately.
Wipe up spills properly as directed by your supervisor.
Beware of wet floors with slippery conditions.
Aware of what other people are doing.
Clean glassware, equipments & table before leaving the lab.
Wash hands thoroughly before leaving the lab.
Department of Petroleum Engineering Page 1

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

SYLLABUS
(R 2017)
CH8561 HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY LTPC:0032
OBJECTIVE:
Students develop a sound working knowledge on different types of heat transfer
equipments.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Performance studies on Cooling Tower
2. Batch drying kinetics using Tray Dryer
3. Heat transfer in Open Pan Evaporator
4. Boiling Heat Transfer
5. Heat Transfer through Packed Bed
6. Heat Transfer in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
7. Heat Transfer in a Bare and Finned Tube Heat Exchanger
8. Heat Transfer in a Condenser
9. Heat Transfer in Helical Coils
10. Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels
OUTCOME TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

Student should be able to calculate heat transfer by conduction, different types
of convection using classical models for these phenomena
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
1. Cooling Tower
2. Tray Dryer
3. Open Pan Evaporator
4. Boiler
5. Packed Bed
6. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
7. Bare and Finned Tube Heat Exchanger
8. Condenser
9. Helical Coil
10. Agitated Vessel

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORYLIST OF

EXPERIMENTSINDEX
Expt. Page Faculty

Date Title Marks
No. No. signature
HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN FIN

1
APPARATUS (NATURAL CONVECTION)
HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN FIN

2
APPARATUS (FORCED CONVENTION)
PARALLEL FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT

3
EXCHANGER
COUNTER FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT

4
EXCHANGER
5 STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
6 TRAY DRYER
7 OPEN PAN EVAPORATION
8 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
9 HORIZONTAL CONDENSER
10 VERTICAL CONDENSER

Expt. No: 5 HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN FIN APPARATUS
Date: (NATURAL CONVECTION)
Observation:
Duct Breath (b) = mm.
Duct height (h) = cm.
Orifice diameter (d) = mm.
Orifice discharge coefficient (cd) =
Pin Fin Length (L) = m.
Pin Fin Length (L) = m.
Viscosity (γ) =
Tabulation:
Final Temperature, (ºC)

Ambient
Volts, Amps,
Temperature,
V I
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 (ºC)

Date: (NATURAL CONVECTION)
AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of a pin-fin for natural convection and to find the
pin – fin efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Complete experimental setup to conduct experiment.
FORMULA:
1. Grashoff Number, NGr = (β g ∆T d3) / γ3

Where, g = Gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s.
β = 1 / (Tave + 273)
γ = Kinematic viscosity, m2/sec
Tave = Temperature of the pin fin, K = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6) / 6
Tamb = Ambient air temperature, K
2. Heat transfer coefficient calculation:
NNu = 1.1 (NGr NPr)1/6 for 1/10 < NGr NPr < 104
Where, NPr = Prandtle Number
3. NNu = hL/Ka
h = NNu Ka /L
Ka = Thermal conductivity of air, w/mK
hL = Length of the pin fin, m
4. Fin efficiency (ηfin) = tanh mL/mL
Where, m = √hc/kA
5. Theoretical temperature distribution, Tx
[(Tx – Ta) / (T1 – Ta)] ={[cosh m(L-x) / (cosh mL)] x (T1 – T6 )} + T6
6. Rate of heat flow, q = √h c k A (T1 – T6) tanh mL
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main.

2. Heat input is given using dimmer state.

3. Voltmeter reading is noted and blower is switched on.

Model Calculation:

4. Readings of the temperature along the fins are taken from the temperature indicator using
temperature selector.
5. Readings are taken every 20 minutes till steady state is reached.
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and theoretical temperature distribution of pin fins are found.
Efficiency of pin fin (ηfin) = %
Theoretical temperature distribution of pin fin,
T1 = ____________ºC T2 = ______________ºC T3 = ____________ºC
T4 = ____________ºC T5 = ______________ ºC q = _____________w

Date: (FORCED CONVENTION)
Observation:
Duct width = mm.

Height = cm.
Orifice diameter = mm.
Fin length = mm.
Fin diameter = mm.
Diameter of the pipe (d) = mm.
Thermal conductivity of brass (k) = W/mºC
Thermal conductivity of air (k) = W/mºC
P = Perimeter of pin.
Tabulation:
Ambient
Manometer Reading,
Final Temperature, (ºC) Tempera
Volts, Amps, (cm)
ture, (ºC)
V I
h1 h2 h=h1-h2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Date: (FORCED CONVENTION)
AIM:
To determine the efficiency and theoretical temperature distribution along the fins.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Blower with motor, Gate valve to control the air flow, Voltmeter, Nichrome heater mounted
on pipe surface, Digital temperature indicator range 0 to 300oC, Thermo couples, Lengthy test
section and U – Tube manometer with scale.
FORMULA:
1. Mean Surface temperature, Tm = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5) / 5

2. Mean film temperature, Tmf = (Tm + T6) / 2
3. Density of air, ρa = Pa / R Ta, Where, Pa = 1.013 bar and R = 287 J/kg
4. Height of air column, ha = (hw x ρa) / ρa
5. Discharge of air through duct, Q = Cd x (π/4 d2) x √2ghA
6. Velocity of air through duct, V = Q/A
7. Vmf = (V Tmf / T6)
8. Reynolds Number, NRe = (Vmf D) / γ
9. Prandtl Number, NPr = (Cp µ / k)
10. NNu = 0.683 (NRe)0.466 (NPr)0.33
11. Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = (NNu kair) / D
12. Fin efficiency (ηfin) = tanh mL/mL, Where, m = √hc/kA
13. Theoretical temperature distribution, Tx
[(Tx – Ta) / (T1 – Ta)] ={[cosh m(L-x) / (cosh mL)] x (T1 – T6 )} + T6
14. Rate of heat flow, q = √h c k A (T1 – T6) tanh mL
Where, D = Diameter of test section, m
ha = Manometer difference, m
Cd = Coefficient of discharge = 0.6
µ = Kinematic viscosity, kg/ms (Taken from HMT data book)
L = Length of a pin fin, m
x = Effective length of pin fin, m
kair = Thermal conductivity of air Tmf, w/m ºC (Taken from HMT data book)

Model Calculation

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main.

2. Heat input is given using dimmer state.
3. Voltmeter reading is noted and blower is switched on.
4. Readings of the temperature along the fins are taken from the temperature indicator
using temperature selector.
5. Readings are taken every 20 minutes till steady state is reached.
RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and theoretical temperature distribution of pin fins are found to be
Efficiency of pin fin (ηfin) = %
Theoretical temperature distribution of pin fin,

T1 = ____________ºC T2 = ______________ºC T3 = ____________ºC
T4 = ____________ºC T5 = ______________ ºC q = _____________ w.

Expt. No: 01
PARALLEL FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
Observation:
Inner Pipe:
Outer Diameter = mm
Inner Diameter = mm.
Outer Pipe:
Outer Diameter = mm
Tabulation:
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid

Mass flow Mass flow
Sl.No
rate, mh Thi (ºC) Tho (ºC) rate, mc Tci (ºC) Tco (ºC)
(cc/min) (cc/min)
1.
2.
3.

Expt. No: 01
PARALLEL FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
AIM:
To determine the effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient of the parallel flow double
pipe heat exchanger.
APPARATUS REQURED:
Double pipe heat exchanger setup, Stop watch and Collection tank.
DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters the unit from the same side, flow in the same direction
and subsequently leave from the same side.
FORMULA:
1. Hot water flow rate, mh = 3600 / Time for 100 cc (kg/hr)

2. Heat transferred for hot water, Qh = mh cp (Thi - Tho)
3. Cold water flow rate, mc = 3600 / Time for 100 cc (kg/hr)
4. Heat transferred for hot water, Qc = mc cp (Tco – Tci)
Q = (Qh + Qc) / 2
∆Tm = [(∆Ti - ∆To) / ln(∆Ti / ∆To)]
Where, ∆Ti = Thi - Tci and ∆To = Tho - Tco
5. Q = U A ∆Tm
A=πDL
6. Effectiveness, Ɛ = mc cpc (Thi - Tci) / mh cph (Tho - Tco)
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the water system.

2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.

Model Calculation:

RESULT:
Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger
is found to be,
Effectiveness, Ɛ =
Overall heat transfer Coefficient, U =
Uo =

Expt. No: 02
COUNTER FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
Observation:
Inner Pipe:
Outer Diameter = mm.
Outer Pipe:
Outer Diameter = mm.
_Tabulation:
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid

Mass flow Mass flow
Sl.No
rate, mh Thi (ºC) Tho (ºC) rate, mc Tci (ºC) Tco (ºC)
(cc/min) (cc/min)
1.
2.
3.

Expt. No: 02
COUNTER FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
AIM:
To determine the effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient of the counter flow heat
exchanger.
APPARATUS REQURED:
Double pipe heat exchanger setup, Stop watch and Collection tank.
DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters in the same unit from opposite ends travel in opposite
directions and subsequently leaves from the opposite direction and for a given surface; the
counter flow arrangement gives maximum heat transfer and is naturally preferred for the
heating and cooling.
FORMULA:
1. Hot water flow rate, mh = 3600 / Time for 100 cc (kg/hr)

2. Heat transferred for hot water, Qh = mh cp (Thi - Tho)
3. Cold water flow rate, mc = 3600 / Time for 100 cc (kg/hr)
4. Heat transferred for hot water, Qc = mc cp (Tco – Tci)
Q = (Qh + Qc) / 2
∆Tm = [(∆Ti - ∆To) / ln(∆Ti / ∆To)]
Where, ∆Ti = Thi - Tci and ∆To = Tho - Tco
5. Q = U A ∆Tm
A=πDL
6. Effectiveness, Ɛ = mc cpc (Thi - Tci) / mh cph (Tho - Tco)
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the water system.

2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.


Model Calculation:

RESULT:
Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger
is found to be,
Effectiveness, Ɛ =
Overall heat transfer Coefficient, Ui =
Uo =

Expt. No: 7
STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
Date:
Model Graph:
Observation:
1. Mass of the disc, m =
2. Specific heat of the test disc =
3. Area of the disc, = =
4. Test disc diameter, d =

Expt. No: 7
STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
Date:
AIM:
To verify the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant experimentally.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Stefan Boltzmann Setup and Stop watch.
THEORY:
A basis relationship for black body radiation is the stefan Boltzmann law which states,
“The total emissive power of a black body is professional to the faith power of the absolute
temperature,” This basic law can be mathematically given by,
= = (w/m2)
σ= constant of proportionality called the Stefan Boltzmann constant and

its valve = 4.876 w/m2K4.
Net heat input to disc D per unit to enclosure is given by (1)-(2),
E-E = σAD (T4-T5)
If the disc has mass m & specific heat than often a short time disc is inserted into the non-
conducting.
. = ( − 5 )×
FORMULA:
= = 0 /( ( − 5 )
Tavg= (T1+T2+T3+T4)/4
In this equation (dT/dt)t=0 denotes the rate of raise of temperature of the disc at the
instant when its temperature is Ts. The longer the disc is left in position, the greater is the
probability of errors due to heat conduction fro, non-conducting to the disc.
PROCEDURE:
1. The water was heated in the tank by the emission heater up to a temperature of about
90oC.
2. The disc was removed between passing the hot water in the jacket.

o o o o
Tabulation-I: T1 = C, T2 = C, T3 = C, T4 = C
Tabulation-II
Time, Temp Time, Temp Time, t Temp Time, Temp Time, Temp
t (sec) T5 (oC) t (sec) T5 (oC) (sec) T5 (oC) t (sec) T5 (oC) t (sec) T5 (oC)
Model Calculation:

3. The hot water was power in the water jacket.

4. The hemispherical enclose and the non conducting will come to some uniform
temperature, in short time after filling the hot water in the jacket. The thermal inertia
of hot water is quite adequate to prevent significant cooling into time required to
conduct the experiment.
5. The enclose will soon come to thermal equilibrium condition.
6. The disc was then inserted in the non conduct at a time when its temp is at T5.
7. The experiment was repeated for better results.
RESULT:
The experiment was performed and

the Stefan Boltzmann constant was found to be σb=

Expt. No: 13
TRAY DRYER
Date:
Model Graph:
-dx/dt
(g moisture/ Falling rate period Constant rate period
g solid min)
Xc = Critical moisture content
X (g moisture/g dry solid)
Observation:
Initial weight of dry solids = 20 g

Tabulation:
Moisture
dx -dx/dt
Sl. Time Weight of content, X (g dt
(g moisture/ (g moisture/
No (min) Solid (g) moisture/ (min)
g dry solid) g dry solid.min)
g dry solid)
1 0
2 20
3 30
4 40
5 50
6 60
7 70
8 80
9 90
10 100

Expt. No: 13
TRAY DRYER
Date:
AIM:
To determine the critical moisture content and study the drying characteristics curve of
given solid materials by heat source at atmospheric pressure.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Calcium carbonate, Stop watch and Weighing balance.
THEORY:
The term drying refers to removal of moisture from a substance. For example, the wet
solids can be dried by evaporation of moisture into gas stream. In practice moisture into gas
stream is frequently air.
The moisture in wet solid or liquid solution exerts a vapor pressure to an extent
depending upon nature of moisture, solid and temperature. If then the wet weight is exposed
to continuous supply of wet gas containing a fixed partial pressure of vapor, solid will either
loose moisture by evaporation or gain moisture from gas until vapor pressure of solid equals
partial pressure. The solid and gas are then in equilibrium and moisture content of solid is
termed as equilibrium moisture content at prevailing conditions.
Rate of drying curve:
The average critical moisture content of the given solid depends on surface moisture
concentration. Generally the critical moisture content will increase with drying rate of
thickness of solids.
t = [Ss (XC – X*) / NC.A] ln [(X1 – X*) / (X2 – X*)]
Where, Ss = Weight of dry solid. (g)

NC = Drying rate. (g/cm2.min)
X1, X2 = Initial and final moisture content. (g moisture / g dry solid)
XC = Critical moisture content. (g moisture / g dry solid)
X* = Equilibrium moisture content. (g moisture / g dry solid)

Calculation:
(1) Moisture content of solids, X = (W-WS)/WS

W- Wet weight of solid, WS- Dry weight of solid
X = _______________ g moisture/g dry solid.
(2) dX =
dX = _____________ g moisture/g dry solid.
(3) dt =
dt = ______________ min.
(4) –dx/dt =
–dx/dt = _______________ g moisture/g dry solid.min.

PROCEDURE:
1. 20 g of calcium carbonate was weighed and made into slurry with water.
2. The excess water was drained and the wet solid was weighed.
3. The wet solid was kept in an oven which was set at 100°C and weight of wet solid was
noted regularly at intervals of 10 minutes until the weight of solid reaches the initial dry
weight.
4. The graph was drawn between moisture content (X) and rate of drying (-dX/dt) and the
critical moisture content was estimated.
RESULT:
The drying characteristics curve was drawn and __________ and _________ periods were observed.
The critical moisture content from the graph was found to be Xc = _________ g moisture/g dry solid.

Expt. No: 9
OPEN PAN EVAPORATION
Date:
Observation:
Diameter of hemisphere, D = _______ m. Density of water, ρ = ___________ kg/m3.
T1 = _____________ ˚C. T2 = _____________ ˚ C.
hi = ______________ λ = ______________ kJ/kg.
Tabulation - 1:
Sl. No θ (sec) ho (cm) T1 (˚C) T2 (˚C)

1
2
3
4
5
Tabulation-2:
Sl.No Q (w) ∆T (ºC) U (w/m2 ºC)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean

Expt. No: 9
OPEN PAN EVAPORATION
Date:
AIM:
To calculate the overall heat transfer co-efficient at the boiling point temperature.
THEORY:
Performance of the evaporator is leased in the capacity of the evaporator and its economy.
Capacity is defined as the amount of the water evaporated per hour and the economy is
defined as number of kg of water evaporated per 1kg of steam used.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
(i) Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 HZ, 32 AMP MCB with earth connection,
(ii) Water supply, (iii) Floor drain required, (iv) Floor area required: 1 m x 1 m and
(v) Chemicals: Sodium carbonate (1 kg) and Distilled water (10 liters).
FORMULA:
1. wi = π hi2 (r - hi/3) 2. wθ = π ho2 (r – hθ/3)

3. W = [(wi – wθ) / θ] ρ 4. Q = W λ
5. A = π D2/8 6. ∆T = T2 – T1 7. U = Q / A ∆T
PROCEDURE:
Starting procedure:
1. Prepare feed solution by mixing 800 GM of sodium carbonate in 8 litre distilled water
2. Close all the valves V1-V6
3. Open funnel valve V3 and air vent valve V4 of steam generator and fill 3/4th of it
with water
4. Close both the valves V3-V4
5. Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position
6. Connect electric supply to the set up
7. Set the desired steam temperature (110ºC to 120ºC) by operating the increment or
decrement and set button of DTC

Calculation:

8. Switch on the heater and wait till desired temperature archives
9. Fill the evaporator vessel up to the hemispherical level
10. Open steam supply valve V1
11. Open vent valve V2 before steam trap to release air and then close it
12. Record the height of solution at every 5- 10 minutes interval
13. Record the constant temperatures
Closing procedure:
1. When experiment is over switch OFF the heater
2. Partially open the vent valve V4 of the steam generator to release pressure
3. Switch OFF the power supply to the Set -up
4. Drain water and condensate by open the valve V5-V6
RESULT:
The Overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be, U = _______________ w/m2ºC

Expt. No: 03
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
Observation:
Tube length, L = 0.5 m, Number of Tubes, N = 24
Outer diameter of tube, Do = 0.016 m Inner diameter of tube, Di = 0.013 m
Th = (T1 + T2)/2 = ºC Tc = (T3 + T4)/2 = ºC
3 3
ρh = kg/m ρc = kg/m
Cph = kJ/kg K Cpc = kJ/kg K
Tabulation-1:
Hot water side Cold water side
Sl.No Fh (LPH) T1 (ºC) T2 (ºC) Fc (LPH) T3 (ºC) T4 (ºC)
1.
2.
3.
Where Q is the amount of heat transfer, U is the overall heat transfer co-efficient and ∆Tm is
log mean temperature difference. m, Cp, To, Ti are mass flow rate, specific heat, outlet and
inlet temperature ∆To,∆Ti, and A are outlet and inlet temperature difference and heat transfer
area respectively.
Tabulation-2:
Sl.No Qc (W) Qh(W) Q (W) ∆Tm (K) Ui (w/m2 K) Uo (w/m2 K

Expt. No: 03
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Date:
AIM:
To determine the mass flow rate and overall heat transfer co-efficient.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Thermometer, Stop watch and Measuring jar.
FORMULA:
mh = Fh ρh/(3600×1000) (kg/s) mc = Fc ρc/3600×1000) (kg/s)

Qh = mh Cph(T1–T2) QC = mc Cpc(T4-T3) Q = (Qh+Qc)/2
∆Tm = (∆T1–∆T2)/ln(∆T1/∆T2)
Ai =π Di L, Ao = π Do L, Ui = Q/∆Tm Ai, Uo = Q/∆TmAo
THEORY:
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass simultaneously
through the device and head is transferred through separating values. In practice most of the
heat exchanger used are transfer type ones. The transfer type exchangers are further classified
according to flow arrangement as single pass and multiple pass. A simple example of transfer
type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube type arrangement in which one of the
fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The
heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.
Heat transfer rate, LMTD and over all heat transfer co-efficient can be calculated as
follows
Q = m Cp (T4-T3), ∆Tm = (∆To–∆Ti) / ln (∆To/∆Ti) and U = Q /A.∆Tm
PROCEDURE:
Starting procedure:
1. Close all the values V1- V6. Open the lid of hot water tank, fill the tank with water and put
the lid back to its position
2. Ensure the switches given on the panel are at off position. Connect electric supply to the
set up.
3. Set the desired water temperature in the DTC by operating the increment or decrement
and set the button of DTC. Open bypass valve V3 and switch ON the pump

Calculation:

4. Switch on the heater and wait til the desired temperature achieves
5. Connect cooling water supply to the setup. Connect the outlet of the cooling water from
heat exchanger to drain
6. Open the valve V1 for circulation of cold water and adjust the flow rate. Allow hot water
to flow through the heat exchanger and adjust the flow rate by valve V2-V3.
7. At steady state (constant temperature) record the temperature and flow rate of hot and cold
water.
8. Repeat the experiment for different glow rate of hot and cold water. Repeat the
experiment for different temperatures of DTC
Closing procedure:
1. When experiment is over switch OFF the heater. Switch OFF the pump
2. Stop cooling water supply by close the valve V1. Drain the water from hot water tank by
open the valve V6
3. Drain the water from Shell side by open the valve V5. Drain the water from tube side by
open the valve V4
RESULT:
1. The mass flow rate of hot fluid was found to be, mh = kg/sec.
2. The mass flow rate of cold fluid was found to be, mc = kg/sec.
3. The overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be, Ui = w/m2 K.
Uo = w/m2 K.

Expt. No: 11
HORIZONTAL CONDENSER
Date:
Specification:
Observation:
Diameter of tube, D = 0.0127 m Number of tubes, N = 12

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/sec2 Length of tube, L = 0.5 m
Tabulation:
ρ W T1 T3 T4 T6 V T
Sl.No
(kg/cm2) (LPH) (◦C) (◦C) (◦C) (◦C) (ml) (sec)

Expt. No: 11
HORIZONTAL CONDENSER
Date:
AIM:
To calculate overall heat transfer co-efficient for horizontal condenser and to calculate the
film co-efficient for horizontal condenser.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
(i) Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 32 Amp MCB with earth connection,
(ii) Water supply: continuous @ 5 LPM at 1 bar, (iii) Floor drain required & (iv) Floor area
required: 1.5 m × 1m
THEORY:
The heat transfer co-efficient obtained during film rise are 1/5th to 1/6th of drop wise
condensation. The valve of the condensing co-efficient for a given quantity of vapour on a given
surface is significantly affected by the position of condenser in a vertical tube about 60% of the
vapor condense in the upper half of the tube, provided that the condensate film is flowing under
laminar flow condition. The average condensation co-efficient.in case of a horizontal condenser
shall be around 3 times as greater as the vertical co-efficient. Nusselt has derived a theoretical
relation for the determination of film heat transfer co-efficient in terms of physical properties of
condensate film characteristics dimension and the temperature driving force. The film co-efficient
for condensation over a horizontal cylinder of outer diameter D is given by: ho = 0.729 [(k3 ρ (ρ-
ρs) g λs / µ D ∆T)]1/4
For N number of tubes the above equation is written as:
ho = 0.729 [(k3 ρ (ρ-ρs) g λs / N D ∆T µ)]1/4
The physical properties are evaluated at film temperature, Tf, for both type of condenser,
where ,Tf = ½ (Th + Tw)
FORMULA:
Th = (T1+T3) / 2 (°C) TW = (T4+T5) / 2 (°C) Tf = (TW+Th) / 2 (°C)
Find the properties of condensate (ρ,k,µ,cp) at temperature Tf from data book
ρ = (kg/m3) k = (W/m °C)
µ = (kg/m sec) cp = (J/kg °C)
Find the property of the steam (λ,ρs) at pressure p and temperature Th from ata book
λ= (J/kg) ρs = (kg/m3)
Find the property of water (cpw, ρw) at temperature Tw from data book
Cpw = (J/kg °C) ρw = (kg/m3)
Mw = (W x ρw ) / (3600 x1000) (kg/sec) Qw = Mw x Cpw (T5-T4) (W)
Ms = (V x ρs) / (106 x t) (kg/sec) Qs = Ms x λ (W)

Calculation:

Q =( Qs+ Qw) / 2 (W) ∆T = Th - Tw (°C)
∆T1 = T1 – T5 (°C) ∆T2 = T2 – T4 (°C)
∆Tm = (∆T1 – ∆T2) / [ln(∆T1 / ∆T2)] (°C)
A = NπDL (m2) U = Q / (A ∆Tm) (W/m2 °C)
λs = λ + 0.68 Cp (Tw + Th) (J/kg)
ho = 0.729 [(k3 ρ (ρ-ρs) g λs) / (N D ∆T µ)]1/4 (W//m2 °C)
PROCEDURE:
Starting procedure:
1. Close all the valves V1- V14. Open funnel valve V9 and air vent V10 of the steam
generator and fill 3/4th of it with water. Close both the valves V9- V10
2. Fill water tank with cold water. Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF
position. Connect electric supply to the Set up
3. Set the desired steam temperature (110 to 120˚C) in the DTC by operating the increment
or decrement and the set button of DTC
4. Switch ON the heater and wait till desired temperature archives. Switch On the pump
5. Open water supply valve V5 and adjust the flow rate of water by control valve V4
6. Open steam supply valve V1 of the steam generator. Open valve V2 for supply of steam to
condenser. Open vent valve V7 before steam trap of the condenser to release air and then
close it
7. Record temperatures flow rate of cooling water and the steam pressure
8. At steady state (constant temperatures) start the stop watch and collect the steam
condenser in the measuring cylinder. Note down the time and volume of the steam
condensed. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates of cold water
Closing procedure:
1. When experiment is over switch OFF the heater. Partially open the vent valve V10 of the
steam generator to release pressure. Switch OFF the pump. Switch OFF the main power
supply
2. Drain cold water tank by open the valve V14. Drain water from the condenser by open the
valve V11. Drain water from steam generator by open the valve V13
RESULT:
(i) The individual film coefficient on steam side, (ho) = ________________ W/m2 K
(ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient, (U) = ________________ W/m2 K

Expt. No: 12
VERTICAL CONDENSER
Date:
Specification:
Observation:
Diameter of tube, D = 0.0127 m Number of tubes, N = 12
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/sec2 Length of tube, L = 0.5 m
Tabulation:
ρ W T1 T3 T4 T6 V T
Sl.No
(kg/cm2) (LPH) (◦C) (◦C) (◦C) (◦C) (ml) (sec)

Expt. No: 12
VERTICAL CONDENSER
Date:
AIM:
To calculate overall heat transfer co-efficient for vertical condenser and to calculate the film
co-efficient for vertical condenser.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
(i) Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 32 Amp MCB with earth connection,
(ii) Water supply: continuous @ 5 LPM at 1 bar, (iii) Floor drain required & (iv) Floor area
required: 1.5 m × 1m
THEORY:
The heat transfer co-efficient obtained during film wise are 1/5th to 1/6th of drop Wise
condensation. In the case of vapor condensation on a tube ,the condensate film flows
downward under the influence of gravity, but is retarded by the viscosity of the condensate
film .The flow will normally be streamline and heat flows through the film by conduction.
Nusselt has derived a theoretical relation for the determination of film heat transfer coefficient
in terms of physical properties of condensate film, characteristic dimension and the
temperature driving force. The film coefficient for condensation over a vertical plate of height
L, is given by: ho = 0.943 ( k3ρ(ρ-ρs)gλs / Lµ∆T)
FORMULA:
Th = (T1+T3) / 2 (°C) TW = (T4+T5) / 2 (°C) Tf = (TW+Th) / 2 (°C)
Find the properties of condensate (ρ, k, µ, cp) at temperature Tf from data book.
ρ = (kg/m3) k = (W/m °C)
µ = (kg/m sec) cp = (J/kg °C)
Find the property of the steam (λ,ρs) at pressure p and temperature Th from Data book
λ= (J/kg) ρs = (kg/m3)
Find the property of water (cpw, ρw) at temperature Tw from data book
Cpw = (J/kg °C) ρw = (kg/m3)
Mw = (W x ρw ) / (3600 x1000) = (kg/sec)
Qw = Mw x Cpw (T5-T4) = (W) Ms = (V x ρs) / (106 x t) = (kg/sec)
Qs = Ms x λ = (W) Q = ( Qs+ Qw) / 2 = (W)
∆T = Th - Tw = (°C) ∆T1 = T1 – T6 = (°C)

Calculation:

∆T2 = T3 – T4 = (°C)
∆Tm = (∆T1 – ∆T2) / [ln(∆T1 / ∆T2)] = (°C)
A = NπDL = (m2)
U = Q / (A ∆Tm) = (W/m2 °C)
λs = λ + 0.68 Cp (Tw + Th) = (J/kg)
3 1/4 =
ho = 0.943 [(k ρ (ρ-ρs) g λs) / (L µ ∆T)] (W/m2 °C)
PROCEDURE:
Starting procedure:
1. Close all the valves V1- V14. Open funnel valve V9 and air vent V10 of the steam generator
and fill 3/4th of it with water. Close both the valves V9- V10
2. Fill water tank with cold water. Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF
position. Connect electric supply to the Set up
3. Set the desired steam temperature (110◦C to 120◦C) in the DTC by operating the increment Or
decrement and the set button of DTC. Switch ON the heater and wait till desired temperature
achieves.
4. Switch ON the pump. Open water supply valve V6 and adjust the flow rate of water by
control valve V4. Open steam supply valve V1 of the steam generator. Open valve V3 for
supply of steam to condenser. Open vent valve V8 before steam trap of the condenser to
release air and then close it
5. Record temperatures flow rate of cooling water and the steam pressure. At steady state (constant
temperatures) start the stop watch and collect the steam condenser in the measuring cylinder. Note
down the time and volume of the steam condensed. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates
of cold water
Closing procedure:
1. When experiment is over switch OFF the heater. Partially open the vent valve V10 of the
steam generator to release pressure. Switch OFF the pump. Switch OFF the main power
supply
2. Drain cold water tank by open the valve V14. Drain water from the condenser by open the
valve V12. Drain water from steam generator by open the valve V13
RESULT:
(i) The individual film coefficient on steam side, (ho) = ________________ W/m2 K
(ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient, (U) = ________________ W/m2 K

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JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

CH-8561 HEAT TRANSFER

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Certified that this is a Bonafide Record of Mr/Ms .................................................. of

Staff in-charge H.O.D.

This record is submitted for V Semester B.E. Practical Examination of

Anna University conducted on -----------------------------

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

The Vision and Mission of the Institute and Department

1. To impart state-of-the–art engineering and professional education through strong theoretical

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

COURSE OUTCOMES VS POs MAPPING (DETAILED; HIGH: 3; MEDIUM: 2; LOW: 1):

POs & PSO REFERENCE:

Engineering Environment &

COs VS POs MAPPING JUSTIFICATION:

PO2 1 By understanding basic heat conduction process they can able

By understanding of heat transfer, analyzing steady and

PO4 2 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to

PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO10 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

By understanding the applications of heat transfer it can used

By understanding the basic engineering concepts of convection

PO2 1 By understanding basic engineering concepts of convection

PO4 2 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to

PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO10 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO1O 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

PO1 2 By gaining the knowledge to develop key concepts and

PO2 2 By understanding basic heat conduction process they can able

By understanding of heat transfer, analyzing steady and

PO4 2 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to

PO5 1 Gained key concepts to be utilized for making design and

PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO10 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

By understanding the applications of heat transfer it can used

PO4 2 By undergoing the heat transfer process they can able to

PO5 1 Gained key concepts to be utilized for making design and

PO6 2 By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

By understanding the applications of heat transfer they can able

PO10 1 By interpreting process data by presentation for various useful

By understanding the applications of heat transfer it can used

GAPES IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS, POs & PSOs:

TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:

WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:

INNOVATIONS IN TEACHING/LEARNING/EVALUATION PROCESSES:

Do only the assigned work as directed by your supervisor.

Horseplay and other careless acts are prohibited.

Do not place books, bags, coats, etc. On any lab bench.

Eating, drinking or chewing is not allowed.

Use of cell phones, entertainment devices etc. Is forbidden.

Never climb onto or stand on chairs and stools.

Have wholesome learning and professional attitude.

Have total concentration on experiment for a safe lab work.

Have common sense regarding personal safety.

Never work alone in the laboratory.

T1 = ºC T2 = ºC T3 = __ºC

T4 = ºC T5 = ºC q = ___w