Dr.

/ Abdelhady Ghanem

Power Electronics (1) – ELE221

Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Lec. №: (4)
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Chapter (4)

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is ID1
(1) Resistive Load
Is +
D1 D3 Io
D4 D1
Io
- Vo +
= Vo R
For the bridge rectifier of Fig a and b, these are vs
vs
D4 D2
some basic observations: D2 D3
ID4 -
(a)
Vm Vs (b)
➢ Diodes D1 and D2 conduct together, and D3 and D4 conduct ωt
-Vm  2
together. D1 and D3 cannot be ON at the same time. Similarly, Vm
D2 and D4 cannot conduct simultaneously. The load current Vo
 2 ωt
can be positive or zero but can never be negative. VD1,VD2
ωt
 2
-Vm
VD3,VD4
➢ The voltage across the load is +vs when D1 and D2 are ON. The  2 ωt
-Vm
voltage across the load is -vs when D3 and D4 are ON.
io

➢ The maximum voltage across a reverse-biased diode is the  2 ωt

iD1,iD2
peak value of the source. This can be shown by Kirchhoff’s
 2 ωt
voltage law around the loop containing the source, D1, and iD3,iD4
D3. With D1 ON, the voltage across D3 is -vs.  2 ωt
is
 2 (c) ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is ID1
(1) Resistive Load
Is +
D1 D3 Io
D4 D1
Io
- Vo +
= Vo R
vs
➢ The current entering the bridge from the source is iD1-iD4, vs
D2 D3 D4 D2
which is symmetric about zero. Therefore, the average (a) ID4 -
source current is zero. Vm Vs (b)
-Vm  2 ωt
➢ The rms source current is the same as the rms load Vm
Vo
current. The source current is the same as the load  ωt
2
current for one-half of the source period and is the VD1,VD2
 2 ωt
negative of the load current for the other half. The -Vm
VD3,VD4
squares of the load and source currents are the same, so  2 ωt
-Vm
the rms currents are equal.
io
 2 ωt
➢ The fundamental frequency of the output voltage is 2𝜔, iD1,iD2
where 𝜔 is the frequency of the ac input since two periods  2 ωt
of the output occur for every period of the input. iD3,iD4
 2 ωt
is
 2 (c) ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is ID1
Is +
D1 D3 Io
D4 D1
Io
- Vo +
= Vo R
vs
vs D4 D2
D2 D3
ID4 -
(a)
Vm Vs (b)
-Vm  2 ωt
Vm
Vo
 2 ωt
VD1,VD2
 2 ωt
-Vm
VD3,VD4
 2 ωt
-Vm

io
 2 ωt
iD1,iD2
 2 ωt
iD3,iD4
 2 ωt
is
 2 (c) ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is
➢ The voltage across a resistive
ID1
(1) Resistive Load load for the bridge rectifier of
Is
D1 D3
+
Io
D4 D1
Fig. a is expressed as: Io
= Vo R
- Vo + vs
vs
𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 For 0 ≤ ωt ≤ 𝜋 D2 D3 D4 D2
𝑉𝑜 𝜔𝑡 = ቊ 𝑚 (a) ID4 -
−𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 For 𝜋 ≤ ωt ≤ 2𝜋 (b)
Vm Vs
❑ The dc component of the output voltage is the average value,
-Vm  2 ωt
and load current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance.
Vm
Vo
1 𝜋 2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜 2𝑉𝑚  2 ωt
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 = = VD1,VD2
 2 ωt
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅 -Vm
VD3,VD4
❑ The rms value of the output voltage and current are  2 ωt
-Vm

1 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 io
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 0.707𝑉𝑚  2 ωt
𝜋 0 2 iD1,iD2
 2 ωt

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 0.707𝑉𝑚 ❑ Power absorbed by the iD3,iD4

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = load resistor can be  2 ωt

𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅 determined from: 𝑰𝟐
is

𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹 2 (c) ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is
(2) With Inductive Load + Io
D1 D3
❑ For an R-L series-connected load in Fig. a, the method of R
analysis is similar to that for the half-wave rectifier with Vo
the freewheeling diode. vs L
D4 D2
-
❑ After a transient that occurs during start-up, the load (a)
Vo
current io reaches a periodic steady-state condition
similar to that in Fig. b. io

 2 3 ωt

iD1,iD2
❑ For the bridge circuit, current is transferred
from one pair of diodes to the other pair when  2 3 ωt

the source changes polarity. The voltage across

iD3,iD4
the R-L load is a full-wave rectified sinusoid, as
it was for the resistive load. Vs  2 3 ωt

is
 2 (b) 3 ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

Is
(3) With Highly Inductive Load If L >> R + Io
D1 D3
❑ In some applications, the load inductance may be relatively R
large or made large by adding external inductance. Vo
vs L
D4 D2
❑ The dc component of the output voltage is the average value,
and load current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance. -
1 𝜋 2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜 2𝑉𝑚 (a)
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 = = Vo
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅
iD1,iD2

❑ The rms value of the output voltage and current are

 2 3 ωt

Vo
1 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 0.707𝑉𝑚
𝜋 0 𝑚 2 iD3,iD4

 2 3 ωt
Vs
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ≅ 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐
is 3
 2 ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

D1
(4) Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier
N1 : N2

❑ For The Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier of Fig a, these Vs1 io

Vs - V
are some basic observations: o
+
Vs2
➢ Kirchhoff’s voltage law shows that only one diode can conduct at a
time. Load current can be positive or zero but never negative. (a) D2
Vm Vs
➢ The output voltage is +vs1 when D1 conducts and is -vs2 when D2
ωt
conducts. The transformer secondary voltages are related to the -Vm 2

3
source voltage by vs1 = vs2 = vs( N2/2N1). Vm Vo

 2 3 ωt
➢ Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the transformer secondary windings,  VD1 2 3 ωt
D1, and D2 shows that the maximum voltage across a reverse-biased -Vm
diode is twice the peak value of the load voltage.  ωt
VD2 2 3
-Vm
➢ Current in each half of the transformer secondary is reflected to the io
primary, resulting in an average source current of zero. ωt
 2 3
iD1
➢ The transformer provides electrical isolation between the source ωt

and the load. iD2
2 3

 2 3 ωt
➢ The fundamental frequency of the output voltage is 2𝜔 since two is
periods of the output occur for every period of the input.  2 3 ωt
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

(4) Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

(4) Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier (4-1) Resistive Load
❑ The voltage across a resistive load for the bridge rectifier of N1 : N2 D1
Fig. a is expressed as:
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 For 0 ≤ ωt ≤ 𝜋 Vs1 io
𝑉𝑜 𝜔𝑡 = ቊ Vs
−𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 For 𝜋 ≤ ωt ≤ 2𝜋 - V +
o
Vs2
❑ The dc component of the output voltage is the average value,
and load current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance. (a) D2
1 𝜋 2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 = = ❑ Power absorbed by the
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅 load resistor can be
determined from: 𝑰𝟐
𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹
❑ The rms value of the output voltage and current are

1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 0.707𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 2 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 0.707𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = =
𝜋 0 𝑚 2 𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Rectifiers

(4) Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier (4-2) If L >> R

❑ In some applications, the load inductance may be relatively large or made large by adding
external inductance.
❑ The dc component of the output voltage is the average value,
Vo
and load current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance.
1 𝜋 2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜 2𝑉𝑚 iD1,iD2
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 = =  2 ωt
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅 3
Vo
❑ The rms value of the output voltage and current are
iD3,iD4

1 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚  2 3 ωt
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 0.707𝑉𝑚 Vs
𝜋 0 2
is 3
 2 ωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ≅ 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐
❑ The lower peak diode voltage in the bridge rectifier makes it more suitable for high-voltage
applications. The center-tapped transformer rectifier, in addition to include electrical
isolation, has only one diode voltage drop between the source and load, making it desirable
for low-voltage, high-current applications.
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Lect. Exam
Consider the half-wave rectifier shown in figure with 𝒗𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 V
and R=10 kΩ. Assume ideal diode except the forward resistance (ron) is 10
Ω. Sketch vo and determine:
(a) The average output voltage.
(b) The diode rms current. +
(c) The input power factor. 10 minutes vs = V m sin (t ) R Vo
-

End