EE-215

Lecture No 07, 08, 09

Electronic Devices & Circuits
Text Book: Chapter 04 (SEDRA/SMITH 6th Ed)

Diodes
4.1 The Ideal Diode
4.2 Terminal Characteristics of Junction
Diodes
4.3 Modeling the Diode Forward
Characteristic
Instructor: Dr. Farid Gul
Class: BEE-10A/B
Electrical Engineering Department
1
Current-Voltage
Characteristic of Ideal
Diode

2
DIODE Application: The Rectifier

3
The Rectifier: Waveforms

4
The Rectifier: vO versus vI Graph

5
DIODE Circuit: Input / Output Characteristics

6
DIODE Circuit: Input / Output Characteristics

in

7
DIODE Circuit: Input / Output Characteristics

8
 DIODE Circuit (Students to Solve)

Find voltage V across the diode and current I through the

diode in the circuits shown in the figure.

9
 DIODE Circuit (Students to Solve)

Find voltage V and current I in the circuits shown above.

10
MORE: Input / Output Characteristics

11
MORE: Input / Output Characteristics

12
4.2 Terminal Characteristics of
Junction Diode

13
 Diode V-I Characteristics

 vVT 
i  I s  e  1
 

14
Forward-Bias Region
The i-v relationsh ip
of diode is :
 vVT 
i  I s  e  1
 
"i " is current th rough the diode
" v" is voltage accross the diode
" I s " is the saturation current
"VT " is the thermal voltage
 Dp Dn 
I S  Aqni
2
 
L N L N 
kT  p D n A 
VT 
q
15
Forward-Bias Region
kT
VT 
q
where
k  8.62  10-5 eV/K
 1.38 10-23 joules/K
and
q  1.60 10-16 coulomb

The thermal voltage VT comes out to be :

VT  0.0862  T mVolts
 25mV at 20o C

16
 Using I-V Relationships
 Vv  For a diode
i  I s  e  1
T
 I1 
  if v = V1 and i  I1  V1  VT ln  
   Is 
I 
For i  I S if v = V2 and i  I 2  V2  VT ln  2 
 Is 
 Vv 
i  Is  e T  I2 I2
V2 - V1  VT ln   eV2 V1  VT
  I1 I1
 
I2
or we can write or V2 - V1  2.3VT log
I1
 i 
v  VT ln  
 Is  Thus for a decade change in current, the
voltage drop across the diode will change
by 2.3 VT

17
Example 4.3

A silicon diode said to be I mA device displays a forward voltage of 0.7

V at a current of 1 mA.
Evaluate the junction scaling constant IS.
What scaling constant would apply for a 1-A diode of the same
manufacture that conducts 1 A at 0.7 V?

Solution: The diode conducting 1 A at 0.7 V

As corresponds to 1000 1-mA diodes
in parallel with a total junction area
i  I S ev VT 1000 times greater. Thus the
 I S  i e  v VT scaling constant IS is also 1000
times greater
For 1 - mA diode
I S  103 e 700 25  6.9  1016 A I S  6.9  10 13 A

18
Exercise D4.11
Design the circuit in Fig E4.11 to
provide an output voltage of 2.4 V.
Assume the diodes available have
0.7 V drop at 1 mA.

i  I S ev VT

 i 
v  VT ln  
 Is 

I2
V2 - V1  2.3VT log
I1 Figure E4.11

19
Temperature Dependence of diode
Forward V-I Characteristics

At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases by

approximately 2 mV for every 1°C increase in temperature.

20
 The Reverse-Bias Region
 Vv 
i  I s  e T  1  Real diode reverse currents are much
 
  larger than IS.
 For small signal diode, whose IS is on the
If v is negative and a few order of 10-14 to 10-15, reverse current
times larger than VT , the could be on the order of 1 nA
exponential term becomes
 The increase in reverse current is due to
negligible.
leakage effects
The diode current becomes  Increases with increase in reverse voltage
 Doubles with every 10oC rise in
i  I s temperature
 Used in design of electronic thermometer

21
Exercise 4.9

The diode in the circuit in Fig E4.9 is a large

high-current device whose reverse leakage is
reasonably independent of voltage. If V = 1 V
at 20oC, find the value of V at 40oC and 0oC.

Figure E4.9

22
4.3 Modeling the Diode Forward
Characteristic

23
 The Exponential Model
 The most accurate model

For VDD > 0.5 V, the diode equation

may be written as:

ID  ISe VD VT

Kirchhoff loop equation for the circuit is:

VDD  VD
ID 
R
Assume IS is known, we have two
variables and two equations

Try to solve ????????? Difficult to use due to its

nonlinear nature

24
Graphical Analysis
I D  I S eVD VT
VDD  VD • Plot the two equations on
ID  the i-v plane
R
• Coordinates of the
intersection is the solution
set
• The load line

25
The Load Line for a Diode in a
circuit
I D  I S eVD VT
1
Slope  
R
VDD  VD
ID 
R

1
Slope  
R

26
Iterative Analysis

27
Example 4.4
Determine the current ID and the diode voltage VD for the circuit
in the figure with VDD = 5 V and R = 1 kΩ. Assume the diode has a
current of 1 mA at a voltage of 0.7 V.

Solution:

Assume that VD = 0.7 V to determine the current

V  VD I D  I S eVD VT
I D  DD
R I2
V2  V1  2.3VT log
5  0.7 I1 V2  0.738V
  4.3 mA
1K V1  0.7V , I 2  4.262 mA
I1  1mA, and I 2  4.3 mA
V2  ?
28
 The Constant-Voltage-Drop Model
The simplest and
most widely used
model
The forward bias
diode has voltage
drop with little the exponential Constant voltage
variation around characteristic approximation
0.7 V
The voltage drop
is assumed
constant at 0.7 V
model of the forward–conducting diodes

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The Diode Small Signal Model

30
 Small Signal Analysis
 VVD 
The DC current is I D  I s  e T 
 
 
since vD t   VD  vd t 

 VvD   VDV vd  
iD t   I s  e T   I e T 
  s 
   
or
 VVD Vvd  VD
 vd
 vd

iD  t   I s  e T e T   I s e VT  eVT   I D eVT
   
   
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 Small Signal Analysis (cont’d)
 Vvd  Taylor series expansion of e x
iD t   I D  e T 
  x 2 x3
e 1 x   
 
x

2! 3!
Keeping the signal very small so that VTd  1
v

and expanding the exponentia l in Taylor series we get :

 vd  thus id 
ID
iD t   I D 1 
vd
 VT
 VT  VT
Here we define rd 
iD t   I D  I D
vd ID
VT
called the :
 iD t   I D  id " Diode small signal resistance "
or " Incrementa l Resistnce"
32
Incremental Resistance

VT
rd 
ID
v D
rd 
i D

1 vD
rd  
iD vD iD iD  I D

33
Example 4.5
Consider the circuit shown in the figure for the case in which R =
10 KΩ . The power supply V+ has a dc value of 10 V on which is
superimposed a 60-Hz sinusoid of 1 -V peak amplitude. Calculate
both the dc voltage of the diode and the amplitude of the sine-wave
signal appearing across it.
Assume the diode to have a 0.7-V drop at 1-mA current.
This "signal" component of the power-supply voltage is
an imperfection in the power-supply design. It is known
as the power-supply ripple.

Solution:
Considering dc quantities only: assume VD = 0.7 V

10  0.7
ID   0.93 mA (Very close to 1 mA)
10
The DC operating point is (0.7 V, 0.93 mA)

35
Solution:
Considering dc quantities only: assume VD = 0.7 V
10  0.7
ID   0.93 mA (Very close to 1 mA)
10
The DC operating point is (0.7 V, 0.93 mA)

The diode incremental

resistance rd is:
VT 25 mV
rd    26.9 
I D 0.93 mA
The signal voltage across the diode can be
found from the small-signal equivalent circuit
rd
vd  vs
R  rd
26.9
vd  1  2.68mV
10  10  26.9
3

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37
 Assignment

Understand Example: 4.6

Work out Exercises: 4.10 , 4.12, and

D4.15 and submit on 30 September,
2019 soon after the class.

Exercise 4.10 and D4.15 have been adapted for

each syndicate based on sum of Roll No’s of the
syndicate’s members.

38
Example 4.6
Consider the circuit given below. A string of three diodes is used
to provide a constant voltage of about 2.1V . We want to
calculate the percentage change in this regulated voltage
caused by:
(a) A +/- 10% change in power supply voltage
(b) Connection of a 1-KΩ load.

39
Exercise 4.10
For the circuit in Fig. 4.10, find ID and VD for the case VDD = x V and
R = 2 x kΩ. Assume that the diode has a voltage of 0.7 V at 1-mA
current. Use
(a) iteration and
(b) the constant-voltage-drop model with VD = 0.7 V

 Roll Nos ; if 40   Roll Nos  10

x 10 ; if  Roll Nos  10
40 ; if  Roll Nos  40
Fig. 4.10
Exercise 4.12
Repeat Exercise 4.4 using the 0.7-V-drop model to obtain better
estimates of I and V than those found in Exercise 4.4 (using the
ideal-diode model).
40
Exercise D4.15
Design the circuit of Fig. E4.15 so that VO = 3 V when IL = 0, and VO
changes by 20 mV per 1 mA of load current.
(a) Use the small-signal model of the diode to find the value of R.
(b) Specify the value of IS of each of the diodes.
(c) For this design, use the diode exponential +x V
model to determine the actual change in VO
when a current IL = 1 mA is drawn from the
regulator.

 Roll Nos ; if 40   Roll Nos  10

x 10 ; if  Roll Nos  10
40 ; if  Roll Nos  40
Fig. E4.15

41
???
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