INDEX

PAGE
UNIT TITLE NO.

HISTORY
1. ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA 1
2. THE EXTENSION OF THE BRITISH RULE 11
3. 17

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THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
4. OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA 31

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5. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS 45
6. THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857) 57

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1.
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THE PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
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62

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2. INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY 70
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3.
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INDIA’S RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES 75
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SOCIOLOGY
1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 79
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2. LABOUR 86
GEOGRAPHY
1. INDIA - POSITION AND EXTENT 94
2. INDIA - PHYSIOGRAPHY 98
3. INDIA - CLIMATE 106
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4. INDIA - SOILS 110

5. INDIA - FOREST RESOURCES 114
6. INDIA - WATER RESOURCES 119
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7. INDIA - LAND RESOURCES 128

ECONOMICS
1. DEVELOPMENT 137
2. RURAL DEVELOPMENT 145
BUSINESS STUDIES
1. BANKING TRANSACTIONS 152
2. ENTREPRENEURSHIP 160
VIII
 HISTORY
UNIT – 1
ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA
In this unit you learn:
• The trade and commerce relationship India had with Europeans
• The arrival of Europeans to India for trade
• The Carnatic wars in the backdrop of European political

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developments.

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• Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar and Dual-Government system
• The British policy of aggression

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There were trade and commerce relations between India and Europe
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since ancient times. There was great demand for Indian spices like pepper,
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cardamom, ginger and many other spices in Europe. The trade relations
between India, Europe and other Asian countries continued even during
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the Middle Ages. The Arab merchants carried Asian merchandise into
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Constantinople of Eastern Roman (Byzantium) Empire. Italian merchants

would buy these goods and then sell them in European countries.
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Constantinople was thus the center of international trade and was

considered as the ‘Gateway of European Trade’. While Arab merchants
had gained monopoly over the trade in Asian countries, Italian traders
had gained monopoly over trade in Europe. The merchandise from Asia
brought good profits to Italian merchants.
The fall of Constantinople: The trade and commerce between Asia
and Europe was taking place through the city of Constantinople. In 1453,
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the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople. As a result, all

the trade routes connecting the city of Constantinople came under the
control of Turks. The Turks started levying too many taxes on the goods
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passing through these routes. As a result, trade became unprofitable.

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Meanwhile, Spain and Portugal were attempting to break the monopoly

of Italian traders. They started encouraging enterpresing sailors to find
a new sea route to India. The invention of compass, astrolabes, and
gunpowder provided further impetus to this venture.
A new sea route to India: Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor left
Lisbon and reached Kappadu near Calicut on the East coast of India in
1498. thus he was successful in discovering a new sea route to India.
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This route continued to be the route of trade between India and Europe
for many years. the Portuguese were thus the first to re-establish trade
between India and Europe.
Know this:
In 1869, a huge canal called Suez Canal. was built in Egypt to connect
the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Until the building of Suez Canal, the
sea route discovered by Vasco da Gama was the route used for trade
between India and Europe. The ships had to pass the Cape of Good Hope,
the southernmost tip of Africa, to reach India. The distance between

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Mumbai and London through Cape of Good Hope was10,800 nautical
miles (1 nautical mile = 1.85 KMS),whila it was only 6,200 nautical miles

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through Suez Canal. the distance was reduced by almost one-half.

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European Trade Companies:
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With the success of the Portuguese, the Dutch, French and the

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English arrived in India for trade. This development not only changed the
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history of India, it also changed the history of European countries.
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Portuguese: The Portuguese were the first to arrive in India for trade
and were also the last to leave India by the sea route. After Vasco da Gama,
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Francisco de Almeida arrived in India as the Viceroy of the Portuguese.

He implemented ‘Blue Water Policy’ in order to establish the supremacy
over the sea instead of supremacy over land. Alfonso de Albuquerque,
who came after Almeida, is considered as the real founder of Portuguese
Empire in India. He waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510
and won Goa. Goa became the administrative centre of the Portuguese
administration in India. The Portuguese had absolute monopoly over
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trade with India for almost a century but their power declined with the
arrival of English and French in India.
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Dutch: Dutch are from Holland or Netherlands. They established

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United East India Company in 1602 with the aim of doing business
with eastern countries and came to countries like India, Java, Sumatra,
Indonesia. They established warehouses in Surat, Broach, Cambe,
Cochin, Nagapatinam, Masulipatanam and Chinsura and other places in
India. With this they broke the monopoly of Portuguese in India. Later,
unable to face competition from the English and the French, the Dutch
limited themselves to the Spice Islands in Indonasia.

2
 Know this:
The Warehouses were places for storing merchandise. Huge walls
were built around these warehouses to provide protection.
English: On 31st December 1600, Queen Elizabeth issued a royal
charter authorizing the East India Company to trade with Eastern
countries for fifteen years. The company started the business formally in
1613. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir issued a royal permission to English
to establish their first warehouse or factory at Surat. In 1617, Sir Thomas
Roe arrived at the court of Jahangir as the royal ambassador from the

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court of James I. He sought permission from Jahangir to establish factories

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in other places of Mughal Empire. The English established factories at
Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach. In 1639, the English took Madras from
the King of Chandragiri and established a strong fort named St. George

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Fort. Later, Charles II, the Prince of England, gave Bombay on an annual
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rent of ten pounds to East India Company in 1668. In 1690, the English
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purchased three villages namely Sutanauti, Kalikata and Govindapura
on the banks of Hooghly River and built Fort William. The city of Calcutta
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grew around this fort. By the17th century, the English had established
Bombay, Madras and Calcutta as the centers of their Presidencies. By the
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later part of 18th century, the English made Calcutta their capital city.
They implemented their own civil and criminal procedure codes in the
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areas that were under their control.

4. French: The French East India Company started as a government
owned company in 1664. It started its first factory at Surat in the
year 1668. Later they established its factories in Machalipatinam,
Chandernagore, Mahe, Karaikal, Cassimbazar, Balasore. In 1674, the
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French took Valikandapuram from a local Muslim official and developed

it as a major trade center. Later it came to be known as Puducheri
or Pondichery. Dupleix, who arrived in Pondicherry as the Governor
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General of the French had the high ambitions of establishing the French
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as a major power in South India. This ambition led to the Carnatic wars
with the English.

The Competition between English and French

The Portuguese and the Dutch had withdrawn from India unable to
withstand the competition from French and English by 18th century.
Finally, French and English resorted to show of strength in order to
establish their political supremacy over India. Meanwhile, political in
3
Instability arosed in the regions of Hyderabad and Carnatic (Eastern
part of Tamil Nadu) and both the English and French tried to exploit the
situation in their favour. This led to three Carnatic Wars.

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Chandernagore(F)
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KEY
B - British
F - French
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D - Dutch
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P - Portuguese

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 Know this
Hyderabad Kingdom was established in 1724 by Asaf Jha. His
feudatory Dost Ali who was ruling Carnatic region was not loyal to him.
The Marathas killed Dost Ali in 1740 and looted Carnatic and imprisoned
his son-in-law Chandasheb in Satara. Asaf Jha named Anwaruddin as
the Nawab of Carnatic in the place of Dost Ali.

First Carnatic War (1746-48):

On the request of Dupleix, La Bourdonnais, a French military leader

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from Mauritius invaded Madras and captured it. This forced the helpless
British to request the help of Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic. The

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army sent by Anwaruddin failed to defeat the French at Madras. Finally,
La Bourdonnais took money from the English and returned Madras and

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went back to Mauritius. This enraged Dupleix and attempted to take
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Madras but failed. Finally, the war ended with a treaty in Europe between
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France and England called‘Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle’.
Know this:
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The Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jha died in 1748. A tussle started between
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his son Nasir Jung and his daughter’s son Muzaffar Jung for the throne.
On the other hand, a fight had broken out between Chandasaheb(who
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was released from the Maratha prison) and Anwaruddin in Carnatic.

The French extended their support to Muzaffar Jung in Hyderbad and
Chandasaheb in Carnatic. The English extended their support to Nasir
Jung and Anwaruddin.
In 1749, the combined forces of French, Chandasaheb and Muzaffar
Jung defeated Anwaruddin and killed him in the battle of Ambur. As a
result Chandsaheb became the ruler of Carnatic. Mahammad Ali, son of
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Anwaruddin, stayed at Tiruchanapalli with the help of the English. In

Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jung became the Nizam by killing Nasir Jung with
the help of French and Chandasaheb. He was killed after a few days.
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The French made Salabath Jung, another son of Asaf Jha as the Nizam of
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Hyderabad.

Second Carnatic War (1749-1754):

In the changed circumstances, French made Salabath Jung,
another son of Asaf Jha as the Nizam of Hyderabad. An officer named
Bussy was stationed in Hyderabad for his protection by the French. In the
Carnatic Chandasaheb had become the Nawab with the help of French.
5
Robert Clive of East India Company attacked Arcot, the capital city of
Carnatic and defeated Chandsaheb. Chandsaheb was imprisoned and
later killed in the war. In the place of Chandsaheb, the English named
Mohammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin, as the Nawab of Carnatic. The
second Carnatic war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry. the French
recalled Dupleix. This war brought laurels to English, while French
suffered a political setback.

Third Carnatic War (1756-1763):

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Count de Lally of the French attempted to besiege Wandiwash in

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1760. In this decisive battle, Sir Eyre Coote of the English army defeated
the French and imprisoned Bussy. Lally escaped and hid in Pondicherry.
Finally, Eyre Coote attacked Pondicherry and Lally had to surrender

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unconditionally in 1761.
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The French lost all their bases in India due to the Carnatic wars.
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In spite of this, as per the ‘Treaty of Paris’ signed in 1763, Pondicherry
was returned to French. With these developments, the French lost their
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importance in India. In this way, the English by defeating all their rivals,
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started consolidating their power in Southern India.

Know this:
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Robert Clive: Robert Clive, who laid the firm foundation of the British
power in India, had joined the East India Company as clerk. He played
a decisive role in the Carnatic wars, particularly in the siege of Arcot
and played a prominent role in the British victory. He was successful in
establishing the British rule over South India and was instrumental in
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Bengal victory also. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, he gained control
over the Nawab of Bengal also. Clive amassed immense wealth in all
these ventures and helped the East India Company to earn more profit.
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Clive returned to England with immense wealth and became a Member of

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Parliament. With the return of Clive to England, the East India Company
started facing losses in its business. Even though there were many
allegations against Clive, the British government had to resend Clive to
India to save the company and also save the face of the country.

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The British won the battle of Buxar and earned back its respect. Clive was
successful in securing the Dewani rights for the British over Bengal, Bihar
and Odisha regions. This brought more wealth to Robert Clive and to East
India Company as well.
Dupleix:
Dupleix was named the Governor General of French regions in India in
1742. He dreamt of achieving French hegemony over India and entered
into treaties with the local kings. Hyder Ali was also trained in the army
of locals raised by Dupleix. The British considered Dupleix as a formidable

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challenge to them. Hence, we notice clashes between the French and the
British to gain supremacy over the Carnatic and Deccan Plateau. Dupleix

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played an important role in the First Carnatic War in 1746. The rivalry
between the French and the British continued till 1754. Later, the French
government recalled Dupleix as it wanted peace.

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The British Rule in India
After gaining political control over South India, the British tried
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to gain control over the rich Bengal province in the later part of 18th
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century. The Bengal province had achieved tremendous growth in the

areas of agriculture, commerce and industry. The East India Company
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was making considerable profits from this province. The Dastaks (Licence)
issued by the Mughal ruler Faruk Siar were the main reasons for this.
But, these Dastaks that were limited to the company transactions were
misused by the individual officers of the company too. This resulted in
huge loss to the Bengal government. Hence, all Nawabs from Murashid Ali
Khan to Ali Wardhikhan opposed such misuse. This led to confrontation
between the Nawabs and the Company. This resulted in two crucial wars
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which charted a decisive course to Indian history. Plassey and Buxar

were those two wars.
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Know this:
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Dastak - a license that can ensure anyone to import and export without
paying any tax and transport goods anywhere.

Battle of Plassey (1757): Ali Wardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal died
in 1756. His grandson Siraj-ud-Daula came to the throne. The Battle of
Plassey took place between the young Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah and the
British in 1757.
7
Reasons:
1. Misuse of Dastaks: Siraj ud-Daulah was furious that the Dastaks
were misused by the officials of the company causing losses to the
government treasury.
2. Mending of the fort without permission: The British repaired
the fort of Calcutta and placed canons in them. This further angered
Siraj-ud-Daula and he ordered the removal of the canons from the fort.
The British refused to do so, angering the Nawab further.
3. Black Room Tragedy: Siraj ud-Daulah conquered Fort William

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easily and imprisoned some of Britishers. He imprisoned 146 Englishmen

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in a small room in the fort, of which 123 died. This is called as the Black
hole Tragedy. This enraged Robert Clive and arrived in Bengal with a
huge army.

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Robert Clive attracted rich locals like Manikchand, Omichand,
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Jagath Seth and others towards him. He was successful in convincing
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Mir Jaffar, the military head of Siraj-ud-Daula to stay neutral in the
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battle by offering him the post of Nawab of Bengal. Encouraged by
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these developments, Robert Clive declared war against Siraj-ud-Daula.

Everything went according to the plan of Clive. Siraj-ud-Daula who tried
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to escape from the battlefield, was captured and killed.

Outcome:
1. This war brought out the immorality, lack of unity among the
Indians and the greed of Indian businessmen.
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2. Mir Jaffar became the Nawab of Bengal.

3. The company gained exclusive rights to trade in Bengal.
4. Mir Jaffar had to pay Rupees seventeen crores and seventy
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lakhs to Sirja-ud-Daulah as war indemnity for the attack of

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Fort William.
In a nutshell, Mir Jaffar became a victim of the company and its
employees. Eventhough the treasury went bankrupt due to this greedy
nature, the greediness of the company and its officials was never satisfied.
The British projected Mir Jaffar as an inefficient Nawab and brought in
his nephew Mir Qasim as the new Nawab.

8
 Battle of Buxar (1764): Mir Qasim was an efficient administrator. In
the beginning he remained loyal to the company. He paid two lakh pounds
to the company and gave away a few places to it. Shortly afterwards,
he declared himself an independent King. After verifying the misuse of
Dastaks, he declared all business was dutyfree in Bengal. Indians
competed against the British in all spheres of business. As a result, the
British trade suffered considerably. This was enough for the British to
oppose the Nawab. They brought in Mir Jaffar again and dethroned Mir
Qasim. As Mir Qasim knew the cunningness of the British, he went for an
organized war against them. He was supported by Indian merchants and

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artisans. Mir Qasim entered into agreements with the Mughal ruler Shah

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Alam-II and Nawab of Awadh ‘Shuja-ud-daula’. The combined forces of
Mir Qasim faced the British army led by Hector Munro at Buxar in 1764.
Mir Qasim was defeated and ran away from the battlefield. Shah Alam-II

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surrendered. The efforts of the combined forces to stop the British failed
miserably.
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Outcomes:
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1. Shah Alam-II accorded the Dewani rights over Bengal to the
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British.
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2. Shah Alam-II gave away all the rights over Bengal to the
British for an annual fee of Rupees 26 lakhs.
3. The Nawab of Awadh had to pay a fine of Rupees 50 lakhs
for waging a war against the company.
4. With the death of Mir Jaffar, the company paid pension to
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his son and took over the entire administration of Bengal.

The battle of Buxar made the British the Know this:

real holders of power over Bihar, Bengal and
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Diwani Right: The right to

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Odisha provinces. Even Awadh remained

collect land taxes
under their control. In 1765, Robert Clive
brought in ‘Dual-government’. As per this, the British had the right to
collect land taxes, whereas the Nawab had power over administrative
issues like justice and others. this way, the British gained political control
over India to protect their business interests.

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 Know this:
1600 – The East India Company was established
1602 – United East India Company was established in Netherlands
1619 – The Mughal emperor Jahangir issued a royal charter allowing
the British to conduct trade in Surat, on the west coast and in
Hooghly on the east coast.
1639 – The English established their first warehouse in Surat .
1664 – The French East India Company was established in France.

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EXERCISES

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I. Complete the following blanks with suitable answers:
1. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks occupied ……………………...….

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2. The sea route between India and Europe was discovered by
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…………………..

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3. The capital of French in India was …………………….
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4. In 1757, Robert Clive declared …………………… battle over
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Siraja -ud-Daulah.
5. The Dewani rights over Bengal were handed over to the British
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by …………….
6. The dual government policy was implemented by …………………
in Bengal.
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:
1. How did trade take place between India and Europe during
Middle Ages?
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2. Discuss the causes that resulted in the discovery of a new sea

route to India.
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3. List the Europeans who came to India for trade.

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4. Explain the Second Carnatic War.

5. State the causes and results of battle of Plassey .
6. What were the results of the Battle of Buxar?
III. Activity:
Collect information on the Presidency cities built by the British.

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 UNIT 2

THE EXTENSION OF THE BRITISH RULE

In this unit you learn

• Anglo-Maratha wars
• The consolidation of British power

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• No succession rights for adopted children

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• Subsidiary alliance
• Anglo-Sikh wars

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Through Carnatic wars, the English had made other Europeans
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countries not to challenge them in India. They gained complete political
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control over Bengal through Plassey and Buxar battles. By 1765, they
had gained control over most of the eastern parts of India. Since the
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Marathas and Mysore states were dominant in southern and western
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part of India, the hold of the British was restricted to Bengal and Bombay
regions only.
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Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan of Mysore along with Peshwas of

Marathas were the only impediments in the path of expansion for the
British. The others were Sikhs in the North western region. Ranjit Singh
who emerged in the later part of nineteenth century was a formidable
opponent to the British. He was successful in organizing the Sikhs.
The British also waged repeated wars from mid eighteenth century
to mid nineteenth century to extend their empire in India. Apart from this,
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they also annexed various kingdoms with cunning policies like ‘Subsidiary
Alliance’ and ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. During this period, the British waged
three Anglo-Maratha wars, four Anglo-Mysore wars and two Anglo-Sikh
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wars. Since the Anglo-Mysore wars are discussed in unit4, here we shall
understand the wars of the British against the Marathas and Sikhs.
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
The Marathas installed Shah Alam-II back on the throne of Mughal
Empire in Delhi. Shah Alam-II was under the control of the British after

11
the defeat in Buxar war. Now, the Emperor gave Kora and Allahabad to
Marathas, which he had earlier given to the British. This resulted in
the enmity between the Marathas and the British. During this period,
the death of Maratha strong man Madhav Rao Peshwa was a major
setback to Marathas. Though his brother Narayanrao came to power, he
was murdered by his uncle Raghobha (Ragunatha Rao). This resulted in
infighting for the Peshwa post. The Maratha federation brought Madhav
Rao II the minor son of Narayana Rao to the post of Peshwa. Upset with
this development, Raghobha approached the British for support. The
British thought of exploiting this situation in their favour. A long war was

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waged from 1775 to 1782 between the Marathas and the British. Initially,

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though Marathas gained upper hand, later they had to lose Ahmedabad
to the British. The Maratha federation was unable to sustain the war with
the British finally entered ‘Salbai Agreement’ and ended the war. Madhav

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Rao II was named as the Peshwa.
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Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) and the Subsidiary Alliance:
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The expansion of the British Empire took place at a faster pace after
the arrival of Lord Wellesley as the Governor General of India. By this
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time, the powerful states of Marathas and Mysore had become weak and
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expansion was easier. Lord Wellesley followed three policies to expand

the British Empire in India. They were: Subsidiary Alliance, Waging war
against new states and administering the states directly that were under
the control of the British.

Subsidiary Alliance: Lord Wellesley brought this policy into effect in

1798 in order bring the local kings under control. This was basically a
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military protection agreement between the East India Company and the
Indian State.
The Conditions of Subsidiary Alliance:
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1. The Indian King had to keep the British Army in his kingdom.
2. The state concerned had to bear the expenses of the army and
the wages of soldiers, and also had to give certain revenue
lands as well.
3. The King had to have a British Resident in his Court.
4. The King could not appoint any other European without the
permission of the British.
12
 5. In order to enter into any agreement or pact with any Indian
state, the permission of the Governor General was mandatory.
6. In return for all these services, the Company would offer
protection to the state from any internal or external aggression.

The British could place the Indian states under their control through
this policy and the maintenance of the army became easy. The Indian
states were subjected to severe economic exploitation. Hyderabad was
the first state to enter this agreement. Later, Mysore, Awadh, Tanjavur,

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Maratha, Berar, and other states entered this agreement.

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Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805):
The differences among the Maratha Chieftains was the reason for

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this war. There was enmity between Yeshwanth Rao of Holkar family and
Daulth Rao of Sindhia family. Both wanted to establish control over the
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Peshwa Balaji Rao II. In 1802, the army of Holkar defeated the armies
of Scindia and the Peshwa. The Peshwa appealed to the British for help.
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Lord Wellesley finally got an opportunity to meddle with the affairs of
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Marathas. The Peshwa entered the Subsidiary Alliance system by accepting

the Treaty of Bassein. Other Maratha families like Holkar, Gwalior and
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Bhonsle formed an alliance opposing this treaty. Lord Wellesley defeated

the armies of various Maratha families from 1803 to 1805. But, his
battle thirstiness increased the financial burden on the Company. On
being criticised for this policy, Lord Wellesley resigned from his post and
returned to England. This resulted in peace in the region.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818)

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The Maratha families tried their best to protect their independence

and honour. Even the Peshwa attempted to free himself from the clutches
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of the Company. The Peshwa attacked the British Residency in Poona

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and brunt it down. Appa Saheb of Nagpur and Malhar Rao Holkar
rebelled against the British and were supressed ruthlessly. Finally,
Peshwa Baji Rao II fought against the British at Koregaon and Ashti and
later surrendered to the British. The British abolished the Peshwa post
and granted a pension to Baji Rao II. They installed Pratapa simha, the
descendant of Shivaji as the ruler of Satara, a miniscule state, and named
him as the traditional leader of Marathas and suppressed the Maratha
resistance.
13
 The Consolidation of the British Power (1818-1857): The British
completed their agenda of ruling the entire India from 1818 to 1857. They
occupied major states like Sindh, Awadh and many other smaller states.

Anglo-Sikh Wars: A political anarchy broke out in Punjab after the

death of King Ranjith Singh in 1839. The British attempted to invade
Punjab violating the Treaty of frindship, they had with the erstwhile King.
In December 1845, a war broke out between the British and Punjab.
Sensing the danger from an outside force; Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims

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got together to defeat the British. Finally, they had to accept defeat due to
few traitor leaders. They signed a humiliating Lahore Agreement in 1846.

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With the British Resident became the de facto ruler of Punjab. Like this,
Punjab became the dependent state of East India Company.

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The Sikh opposed the attempts by the British to rule Punjab
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directly. The opposition were led by ‘Chattar Singh Attariwala’ in Lahore
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and ‘Moolraj’ in Multan. Again the people of Punjab were defeated. Finally,
Lord Dalhousie merged the state of Punjab with the British Empire.
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Dalhousie and the Doctrine of Lapse:

Dalhousie who arrived in India as the Governor General in 1848 made
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an attempt to integrate Indian princely states with the British Empire. He

adopted Doctrine of Lapse policy whereby the adopted children of Indian
Kings were refused of their right to throne. According to this policy, “If
any Indian ruler died childless, his adopted children had no legal right
over the throne”. Such state merged with the British Empire. Princely
states like, Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaitpur came
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under this policy. As the Governor General knew the conditions of these
states, he used this policy as a political weapon.
With the severe implementation of this policy not only the princely
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families, even ordinary people who were sympathetic to these kings

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rebelled against the Company. Their love for their Kings and the sense
of loyalty fuelled this rebellion further. This finally resulted in the Sepoy
Mutiny of 1857.

14
 Know this:
Ranjit Singh: Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 as the son of Sardar
Maha Singh who headed Sukerchakia misl, one of the twelve Misls of
Punjab. He lost his father at the age of ten. When Shah Zaman of Kabul
invaded India, Ranjith Singh offered his services to him. Shah Zaman
made him the governor of Lahore along with the title ‘Raja’. He was
nineteen years old then. From hereafter, he grew up in an amazing way.
He aimed at achieving absolute power over all the Sikhs. He took control

d
over all the Sikh Misls to the West of Sutlej and established his own Sikh

he
Kingdom. He entered into a Treaty of Friendship with the British in 1809
at Amritsar. He organised his army on the lines of European armies. His

is
army included Gorkhas, Biharis, Pathans and even Muslims apart from
re S
Sikhs. He established a Foundry (Workshop) at Lahore to manufacture
B
bl
Canons. The army of Ranjith Singh was the best among all the Indian
be T
rulers of that time. He was secular in temperament and supported both
pu
Hindu and Muslim spiritual leaders. People from all religions held high
K

offices in his regime. He was successful in protecting his state from the
©

British by not having any enmity with them. Meanwhile, even the British
wanted a strong Buffer State to protect them from invasions from the
North West of India. In nutshell, Ranjit Singh founded an independent
Sikh state and ruled it as an independent king till his death in 1839.

EXERCISES
to

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. At the end of First Anglo-Maratha war, ……………………
t

agreement was entered between Marathas and British.

No

2. The Subsidiary Alliance system was implemented by

………………………………
3. The Doctrine of Lapse policy was implemented in the year
……………………………
4. The Doctrine of Lapse policy was implemented by ………………

15
II. Discuss in group and then answer the following:
1. Explain the reasons for First Anglo-Maratha War.
2. What were the conditions under Subsidiary Alliance? Explain.
3. Explain the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
4. How did the Doctrine of Lapse support the expansion of British
Empire in India?
5. Which were the states that came under the Doctrine of Lapse

d
policy?

he
III. Activity :

is
1. Analyze the strategies adopted by the British to expand their
re S
empire in India and write an essay on the same.
B
bl
be T
pu

K
t ©
to
No

16
 UNIT 3
THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
In this unit you learn
• Administrative and Judicial System – Civil Services, Judicial
System, Police System, Military System
• Land Tax Policies – Permanent Zamindari System, Mahalwari
System, Ryotwari System

d
• Modern Education – Lord Macaulay, Wood’s Commission

he
(1854)
• Acts during British Rule – Regulating Act, Pitts India Act,

is
Charter Act.
re S B
bl
The British East India Company fulfilled its commercial needs in
the beginning as a Trade Company. On observing the fractured political
be T
pu
landscape of India wherein hundreds of ruling dynasties were competing
K

with each other, the British thought of exploiting the situation to further
their political consolidation. They implemented ‘Divide and Rule’
©

policy among the Indian rulers and slowly dominated all the rulers and
subjugated them. In order achieve complete domination in India, they
employed ‘War’ and ‘Negotiation’ methods cleverly.
After getting India under control by employing various clever means,
the British thought of strengthening their hold over India permanently.
to

Then, India was devoid of ‘One Nation Concept’ and was scattered into
various kingdoms. The British integrated the whole of India under one
t

administrative and political structure. Education, Judiciary, Land taxes,

No

Trade and Agriculture and other various areas of activities were regulated
under various laws and administrative system. This brought in a new
structure to India. While implementing all these measures, they never
forgot to protect their financial interests. The British East India Company
implemented various administrative experiments in order to achieve a
new order in India.

17
Administrative and Judicial System
Civil services: Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of
civil services. The system of appointing employees for the purpose of
trade was done by the East India company from the beginning. The
company also provided permission for private workers to trade. By using
these oppurtunities employers made money became corrupt through
illegal means. So to controle this in 1773 the government of England
implemented Regulating Act in India. The aim of regulating act was as the
name suggests to enforce controle.

d
In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta for

he
the benefit of people aspiring to join Civil Services. But, this initiation
did not find support from the directors of the East India Company. As a
result, all the appointments till 1853 were done by the directors. From

is
re S
1853 onwards, the appointments for Civil Services were done through
B
bl
Competitive Examinations. This did not benefit Indians much. The
British continued to suspect the efficiency of the Indians. Lord Cornwallis
be T
argued “All the natives of Hindustan are completely corrupt”. As a result,
pu
only lower grade jobs were given to Indians.
K

The Judicial System:

©

A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule in
began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar, the
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority
to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual-Administration came
into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual-Governance’.
Under this, the authority to collect land taxes, civil and judiciary were
to

given to the Indian officials, whereas the British retained the authority of
managing the revenue collected. Later on the British thought of bringing
more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this
t

system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established
No

their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial

System in India.
According the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who
took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts
were needed to be established in each district: ‘A Dewani Adalat’ as a
civil court and ‘A Fouzadaari Adalat’ as a criminal court. In these civil
courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and
18
the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures
were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the
administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were
under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision
of European officers.
Police System: The Police are in charge of maintaining the internal
law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police
System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent

d
of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ and put every
station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of

he
‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other
law violations at village level.

is
re S
The severe drought of 1770 led to the weak law and order situation.
B
bl
Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the
British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started
be T
pu
in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates.
K

The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Indian

Police Act was implemented. This law is the base of good law and order
©

administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers.
In 1902, the Police Commission allowed the appointment of suitable
qualified for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures,
the discrimination against the Indians did not end.
Military System: The Military was the base of administration during
to

the British Rule. The British appointed the Indians for the military and
took the entire India under their control with the help of the military. They
protected their supremacy by addressing the challenges posed by outside
t
No

as well as inside forces with the help of the military. The officers were again
the British. The Indians could reach the rank of Subedar, the highest post
available to them. Most of the Indians were Coolie Soldiers. The British
Government accepted the recommendations of Peel Commission in 1857.
Based on these recommendations, the Military System was redesigned.

19
Land Taxes Policies:
The East India Company had to pay four lakh Pounds to the British
government for its control over Bengal Province. In order to fulfill this
commitment, the Company had to stabilize its financial interests in a
secure manner. Hence, it implemented many new land tax policies.
Permanent Zamindar System: Lord Cornwallis implemented a new
land tax policy in Bengal during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue
annually. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this

d
system, Zamindar became the land owner. The Zamindar was expected

he
to pay the agreed land taxes to the company on a set date every year. He
was free to collect any amount of land taxes from the farmers and could
retain the excess money collected. This benefited the Zamindar more. If

is
re S
the Zamindar was unable to collect land taxes due to floods and famine
B
bl
and pay the Company, the ownership of the lands was taken away by the
Company. Both the Zamindar and the Company were benefitted by this
be T
pu
system, but the farmers were the grave sufferers. This system created a
K

new social group that aided the British. The farmers, the farming labourers
suffered due to irregular working opportunities in the farming lands.
©

They were exploited and had to lead a life of insecurity. This system was
extended to Bihar, Odissa, Andhra and Varanasi regions later. According
to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt
and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.
Mahalwari System: The Company government entered an agreement
to

at the level of ‘Mahals’ with regard to payment of land tax in Uttar

Pradesh, in many parts of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi. ‘Mahal’
means taluk. R.M. Bird and James Thompson implemented this system.
t

There were differences in the implementation of this system from region

No

to region. The big and small zamindars were part of this system. Since
the company officials fixed more land tax than the expected production
from the fields; many zamindars had to lose their ownership of the lands.
The marginal farmers and agricultural labourers who were dependent on
these zamindars also suffered due to this.

20
 Ryotwari System: The Ryotwari System was first implemented in
Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later
implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Munroe in 1801.
Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time.
Under this system, both the farmer and the company were directly linked.
The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner
had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the company government.

d
The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this

he
tenure.

Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were

is
subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes. The officials took
re S
punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from
B
bl
the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands
be T
pu
whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the company government
K

claimed that the new system benefits the farmers, the irony was that
more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation.
©

The Impact of British Land Tax system:

1. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.
2. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the
Zamindars, became landless slowly.
to

3. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by mortgaging

the lands.
t

4. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands in order to pay

No

the land taxes.

5. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to grow
raw materials needed by industries back in England.
6. The money lenders became strong.

21
The Modern Education System
The traditional education of Indians was in practice continuously.
Certain changes occurred in the traditional education system during the
rule of Muslim kings during the middle ages. Later, new changes occurred
during the British rule during 18th century. New schools were started for
the children of British and Europeans living in India. Since these facilities
were never extended to the locals, it was of no use for them. Warren
Hastings facilitated the expansion of the modern education in India. In

d
1781, he started ‘Calcutta Madrasa’. Jonathan Duncan, a British citizen

he
started Sanskrit College in Banaras in 1792. But, it was Charles Grant
who pressed for the universalization of British education in India.

is
re S
The expansion of the British Education India received special support
after the appointment of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 as the Governor
B
bl
General of India. Bentinck appointed Macaulay as the member of Governor
be T
pu
General’s Executive Committee. Macaulay was also appointed as the
K

Chairperson of the Committee on Education. The report on Education

submitted by him in 1835 became the base of Modern Education in
©

India. His policy aimed at the “creation of a new class of Indians who are
Indian by body but British in intelligence, opinion and taste”. The use of
English Medium in Indian learning system started after 1830s.
Another important development included the establishment of
Universities in India. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established
to

Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras as per the suggestions of

Charles Wood’s Commission (1854). After this, the Education started
becoming universalized in India.
t
No

The Impact of British Education in India

1. Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes
and rationality along with Nationalistic ideals.
2. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages. This
facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.

22
 3. Periodicals started emerging. These scrutinized the policies and
working of the government which in turn enabled the Indians to
have critical opinions on various issues.
4. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.
5. The thoughts of thinkers like J.S. Mill, Rousseau and Montesquieu
brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of India.
6. The freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe
influenced the Indians also.

d
7. Indians could understand and appreciate their rich tradition.

he
Like this, the new thinking and cultural perception that emerged due
to the British Education System created a new generation of Indians with

is
progressive attitudes.
re S Constitutional Development
B
bl
Along with the British administration, problems also grew in India.
be T
pu
In order to alleviate the problems, reformation in administration became
K

important. And these reformations needed to address the demands of

Indians. The British attempted to create different rules in the form of law
©

and tried to implement them. These types of laws helped the evolution of
Constitution in India. We shall study this attempt in brief.
Laws Implemented during the rule of East India Company
Regulating Act - 1773: After the implementation of Dewani Rigths in
to

1765, the greedy Company officials misused this provision and became
rich in a corrupt way. Corruption spiraled out. Edmond Burk, a member of
the British Parliament criticized the corruption in the East India Company.
t

He termed the tax payment received by the British Government from

No

the East India Company as ‘Criminal Tax’. He was forced to criticize in

this manner, as the government remained silent to the fact of corruption
among the Company officials. Many Company officials had become Super
Rich and the many in England feared that these people may upset the
very political fabric of England. The Regulating Act was implemented in
this background in 1773.
23
Main features of this Act
1. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies
under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay.
All these three were independent administrative units. Under
Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the
other two presidencies.
2. The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of all the
three presidencies.
3. The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise control

d
and to supervise over the other two presidencies.

he
4. The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not declare war on
anyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approval
of the Governor General of Bengal Presidency and the Board of

is
Directors of the Company. Only during acute emergencies, they
re S
were entitled to act independently.
B
bl
5. According to this Act, ‘Supreme Court of Judicature’ was
established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief Justice
be T
pu
and three ordinary judges were there.
K

Like this, as the name of the Regulating Act suggest, the Act was
aimed at regulating the Company affairs and its administration in India.
©

Pitts India Act 1784:

There were many inconsistencies in the Regulating Act of 1773.
In order to rectify them and also to clearly outline the powers of the
East India Company and the British Government, Pitts India Act was
implemented. The Government of England restricted the powers of the
East India Company.
to

A new institution named ‘Board of Controllers’ consisting of six

Commissioners was started. The ‘Board of Controllers’ replaced the
‘Board of Directors’.This Board had powers to direct and control the issues
t

related to Land taxes, Military and Civil areas. The Board of Control came
No

into existence in the place of Board of Directors.

This act declared that “the Indians have attained their paramount
power in the name of the British Empire only, but not on their own” and
curtailed the Political Rights of Indians conclusively. It declared that the
areas under the possession of the East India Company are the integral part
of the British Empire. Hence, the Government of England is the ultimate
ruler of India.

24
Charter Acts
The main aim of Charter Acts was to renew the license of the East
India Company. The Charter Acts of 1793, 1813, 1833 and 1853 were
implemented to achieve this aim. As and when the Charters were
implemented once in 20 years, the new rules and regulations found fit
by the British Government was included in these Acts. Among these, the
Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833 are important for many reasons.
Charter Act of 1813:

d
1. This act licensed the East Company to stay for another twenty

he
years in India. Before the implementation of this act, a demand to
allow any interested person to carry out trade in India was there.

is
This act allowed this demand and authorized all interested persons
re S
to carryout trade in India. With this act, the free trade era started
B
bl
in India.
be T
2. A new era of License and Authorization started.
pu
K

3. The Board of Directors was vested with the powers to appoint the
Governor General and the Commander-in-Chief.
©

4. The Churches were allowed to enter India officially. The Christian

Missionaries were directed to enrich the knowledge of Indians and
also enhance the moral and spiritual life of Indians. Many Christian
Missionaries started arriving in India after this act. The expansion
of Christianity and English Education started taking place.
to

Because of these developments, the Charter of Act of 1813 is a

historic act.
t

Charter Act 1833

No

This act aimed at improving the situation in India. It also licensed

East India Company to remain in India for another 20 years. The main
aspects of this act are:
1. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the Governor
General of India.

25
 2. The Governor General was vested with powers to direct, control
and supervising all trades in India.
3. The Central Government of Bengal had the final right to decide
on issues like war, peace and diplomatic relationship with the
princely states of India.
4. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference of
opinion with Executive Committee members in writing whenever
he differed with the majority opinion.

d
5. The Act barred any discrimination based on religion, birth and
skin colour.

he
6. The Governor General was mandated to appoint a law professional
as member to his executive committee.

is
re S
7. All British Companies were allowed to have trade relationship in
B
bl
India.
The Charter Act of 1833 throws more light on the internal situation
be T
pu
of India and also the various political developments present in England
K

during 1830s.
British Government Acts (1858 - 1947)
©

‘The Sepoy Mutiny’ took place due to maldministration of the East India
Company and anti-Indian acts in 1857. As a result, the administration of
India was handed over to the British Queen from the East India Company.
During this period India Government Acts of 1858, 1861, 1892, 1909, 1919
and 1935 were implemented. Due to various political developments during
different periods makes these acts historically very important.
to

Indian Government Act 1858:

This act needs to be understood in the backdrop of civil and military
t

unrest that took place in 1857. India came under the direct rule of British
No

government. The Queen of England, Victoria, announced that all round

development of India would be ensured by the British government on
November 01, 1858. The following are the important features of this act:
1. The license of East India Company was cancelled and India was
brought under the direct administration of the Queen.

26
 2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord
Canning became the first Viceroy of India.

3. A new post called ‘Secretary Of State for India’ was created in the
British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and
was responsible for the administration of India.
4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in
the administration. The council had fifteen members.
Indian Councils Act of 1861:

d
This is an important act that came into effect after the 1857. With

he
this act, Indians were allowed to participate in the process of creating
laws. In order to understand the aspirations of Indians, representation

is
was given to Indians. This is called as ‘Policy of Assertion’. The following
re S
are the important features of this act:
B
bl
1. Indians were nominated to the Council of Viceroy as non-official
members.
be T
pu
2. Viceroy was authorized to proclaim ‘Ordinances’ in case of
K

emergency.
©

Indian Councils Act of 1892:

This act is the continuation of Indian Council Act of 1861. This act
of 1892 further extended the participation of Indians in the legislative
bodies. The critical view expressed by the Congress Organization towards
the British administration led to this expansion of Indian representation
in the governance. The following are the important features of this act:
to

1. The number of additional members in the regional and central

legislative bodies was increased.
2. The legislative councils’ authority was increased further by allowing
t
No

discussion on budget related issues.

3. Provision was made to question the government on public issues
by serving six days’ notice in advance.
Indian Councils Act of 1909:
This act is also called as ‘Minto-Morley Reforms Act’. During the
formulation and implementation of this act, Lord Minto was the viceroy of

27
India and Lord Marley was the Secretary of State for India. This Acts was
used to divide and rule India. The following are the important features of
this Act:
1. The total number of central legislature members was increased to
60 from 16.
2. The number of regional council members was also increased.
3. Representation of the regional council was allowed through election
for the first time.

d
4. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, ‘Separate

he
Electorate College’ was created.
Government of India Act of 1919:

is
re S
Since Indians took active part in the First World War, Lord Montague
who was the Secretary of state for India argued in favour of providing
B
bl
more representations to Indians in the matter of administration. He was
be T
in favour of allowing people’s participation in the formation of government
pu
gradually. Lord Chelmsford, who the Viceroy then declared various
K

reformative measures to the British Parliament on 20.08.1917. The Indian

Councils Act of 1919 was formulated by accepting this report. This act is
©

also called as ‘Montague-chelmsford Reforms Act’. The following are the

important features of this act:
1. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House and
Upper House were formed.
2. Diarchy was allowed at regional governments.
to

3. An high commissioner was appointed for India.

4. Promised to improve local self government.
5. Provincial budget was seperated from central budget.
t
No

6. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs,

Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
Government of India Act of 1935
This act acted as the base for the formation of Indian Constitution.
The report submitted in 1928 under the leadership of Motilal Nehru was
instrumental in the formation of the act. Most the provisions in the Indian

28
Constitution are based on this act. This act allowed the formation of fully
responsible government by Indians. This act was applicable both to the
Indian principalities and also to the British India regions. The following
are the important features of this act:
1. A federal system of Indian Principalities, British governed regions
and dominion states was formed.
2. Reserve Bank of India was established.
3. Diarchy was established at the centre.

d
4. Diarchy was canceled at the regional level and autonomy was

he
granted.
5. The Federal Court was established.

is
One should understand the various political developments that
re S
resulted in the formation of various acts that aided the formation of Indian
B
bl
Constitution. Though these acts serve the purpose of British interest,
they also include the aspirations of Indians for self-governance. These
be T
pu
acts should be understood as the result of struggle led by Indians for
K

self-rule.
EXERCISES
©

I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

1. Diwani Adalat in civil court was introduced by ......................
2. The post of Superintendent ent of Police was created by …………….
3. The Permanent Zamindari system was implemented in Bengal
to

and Bihar provinces in ……………………. .

4. The Land tax system was implemented by Alexander Reed is
t

……….………
No

5. The British Officer who supported modern education in India is

………………..
6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year………………………

29
II. Discuss and answer the following questions:
1. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through East India
Company.
2. What are the measures undertaken at the time of British in Police
system?
3. In permanent Zamindari system the Indian farmers “were born in
debt, lived in debt and died in debt”. How? prove.

d
4. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?

he
5. What were the effects of British Land taxes?
6. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.

is
re S
7. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?
8. What are the important features of the Indian government act of
B
bl
1858?
be T
pu
9. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of
K

Indian Constitution?
10. What are the important features of 1919 act?
©

III. Activities :

1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves by

implementing administrative reforms in India. Organize a debate
competition on this topic.
to

2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by the

British apart from those discussed in lesson with the help of your
t

teacher.
No



30
 UNIT 4
OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA
In this unit you learn
• Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan
• Dondiya wagh
• Rebellion of Amara Sulya
• Rebellion of Halagali Bedas

d
• Anglo-Indian wars

he
• Rebellion of Kittur – Rani Chenamma and Sangoli Rayanna
• Rebellion of Surapura

is
re S
The present Karnataka was scattered among various principalities
B
bl
before integration. Apart from establishing political supremacy during the
latter part of 18th century, the British exploited the people in agriculture
be T
pu
and trade in order to protect their own interests. These exploitations created
K

insecurities across Karnataka. The local kings suffered insecurities. As a

result, rebellions against the British happened in most of the Karnataka.
©

In the beginning, the Zamindars and Kings battled against the British
individually without attaining unity among them. Hyder Ali and his son
Tippu Sultan put forth a strong opposition to the British by utilizing the
strengths of their Mysore Kingdom. The political developments that emerged
during 1761-1799 are very important. Theirs was an important opposition
to

mounted against the British rule in India.

Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan
t

In the 18th century in Indian History is considered

No

as “The century of political problems” There are many

reasons for this. The death of Aurangzeb the Moghul
emperor in 1707 was the main reason. His death
weakened the moghul empire. As a result the Moghul
lost political control over South India. A lot of political Hyder Ali
struggles took place in Carnatic region. Before this, the

31
death of Chikkadevaraj wodeyar in 1704 created the various political
challenges in Mysuru state. His death created the problems of succession
and administration. All these developments cloded the politics of Mysuru.
Hyder Ali gained prominence in this scenario of uncertainity that clouded
over the Mysuru and carnatic region. He joined Mysore Army as an
ordinary soldier, but was known for his shrewd political moves. He was
closely observing the political developments of Mysore. He came into
prominence during the siege of Devanahalli and military action against

d
Nizam of Arcot. He won the hearts of soldiers. He became famous as

he
Nawab Hyder Ali in a short time.
Hyder Ali

is
re S
He was known for his innovations in arms’ usage. With his swift actions,
he became the Dalvoi and sidelined the King Krishnaraja Wodeyar-II
B
bl
established control over the administration. The Nawab of Arcot, Marathas
be T
and Nizam of Hyderabad were fighting to establish their supremacy over
pu
each other and also to preserve their political existence. The British and
K

French were attempting to exploit these divisions for their own benefit. Let
©

us know more about the Anglo-Mysore Wars that took place during the
reign of Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan in this backdrop.
First Anglo-Mysore War:
This was started in 1767 and ended in 1769. The prominence gained by
Hyder Ali in the South was not tolerated by the British, Marathas and the
to

Nizam of Hyderabad. Hence, the British started devising cunning plans to

defeat Hyder Ali whom they saw as impedance for the expansionist ideas.
Though, Hyder Ali suffered a lot due to the Maratha aggression, he made
t

attempts to have Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad on his sides with little
No

success.
The British entered into an agreement with Maratha and the Nizam of
Hyderabad against Hyder Ali; a tri party alliance emerged. But, Hyder Ali
with manipulative ideas was successful in breaking the alliance. He also
created enimity and distrust among Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad and
the British.
32
 Meanwhile, political disturbances emerged in Arcot. In 1767, Hyder
Ali and Nizam of Hyderabad attacked Arcot. But the King of Arcot had an
alliance with the British. The war started with this incident. The battles
took place in Thiruchanapalli, Thiruvannamalai, Ambur and other places.
Hyder Ali organized lightening attacks in these battles. The British military
captured a few places. Hyder Ali suffered few setbacks. The British Military
from Bombay joined the war. Hyder Ali considered the war as a challenge
to his personal power, and continued with the war. His army reached

d
Madras by 1769 and created panic among the British. Inevitably, the
British entered an agreement with Hyder Ali through ‘Madras Treaty’. The

he
first Anglo-Mysore War ended by signing the ‘Madras Treaty’.
Second Anglo-Mysore War(1780-1784)

is
re S
The Madras Treaty had put the political developments in South India
B
bl
on a temporary hold. The British attempted to break the ‘Madras Treaty’.
When Madhava Rao attacked Srirangapatana with Maratha army, Hyder
be T
pu
Ali expected the British support him as per the Madras Treaty. But, the
K

British rejected the request of Hyder Ali and went against the Madras
Treaty. Mahe, the French colony was under the hold of Hyder Ali. The
©

British attacked Mahe and captured it. This became the reason for Second
Anglo-Mysore War.
The Second Anglo-Mysore started in 1780. In the beginning, Hyder
Ali gained upper hand. He captured many forts of Karnataka region.
Kanchipuram was captured by Hyder Ali. The Mysore army reached
till Coramandal beach. The British officers became worried. Hyder Ali
to

attacked Arcot and captured it. He also threatened to attack Wanidwash

and Vellore. An army was kept in standby by the British and it was led by
Sir Eyre coot. He followed Hyder Ali’s army till Pondicherry. The French
t
No

refused to support Hyder Ali against the British. Hyder Ali changed his
war strategy with this development. He attacked regions under British
control and captured a large booty of arms and wealth.
Hyder Ali was defeated in a battle held in Porto Nova by the British.
This increased the confidence of the British and also changed the
direction of the battle. But they suffered financial setbacks in Pollilur

33
and Sholinghur. Meanwhile, by entering ‘Salbai Agreement’, the British
were successful in winning over the Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad to
their side. Hyder Ali died due to illness during the war. The war was led
by his son Tippu Sultan.
Tippu Sultan was waging war in Malabar region when Hyder Ali
died. The British tried to take advantage of Hyder Ali’s death by invading
Mangalore and Bidanoor. They also tried to instigate the rulers of Calicut
and Malabar regions against Tippu Sultan. Tippu Sultan thought of all

d
these developments and decided to protect Mangalore and the coastal

he
regions. He defeated the British. The ‘Treaty of Mangalore’ ended the
Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784.
Tippu Sultan

is
re S
Tippu Sultan felt that the British are the major
B
bl
obstacle for his policy of expansion so he tried to
be T
drive them out seriously. He became the ruler of
pu
Mysore after Hyder Ali’s death. He understood
K

the cunning policies of the British. He considered

it as his duty to drive the British out of India. He
©

waged war against the British throughout his

seventeen years of rule. He had clearly understood
the cunningness, strategies, clever manipulations
of the British. He knew that hurting the business
Tippu Sultan
interest of the British would weaken the political
to

strength of the British. He tried to organize the

enemies of the British into one group. He tried to break the monopoly
of the British over trade with India. These attempts further angered the
t

British and their enmity with Tippu Sultan grew up.

No

34
 You Know this:
Among all the attempts done during 18th century to stop the British,
the efforts of Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan stand out due to many aspects.
They knew that they cannot defeat the British with their traditional
arms. Hence, they modernized their army. The soldiers of Mysore Army
were capable of using modern weapons and do drills like the European
armies. Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan used rockets during the war for

d
the first time in India. Apart from modern weapons, both of them knew

he
that they needed funds in their treasury for the battles. Hyder Ali had
witnessed many Nawabs going bankrupt while waging war against the

is
British. So, both of them took measures to strengthen their economic
re S
system by entering into various agreements and trade pacts. They
B
bl
nationalized the Tobacco and Sandalwood. They invited French experts
be T
to improve the quality of traditional artifacts of Mysore in order to gain
pu
better market share at international markets.
K
©

Third Anglo-Mysore War

The politics of Travancore was the main reason for this war. The
king of Travancore built a fort in Kochi with the help of the British and
captured Ayacotta and Kanganoor forts from the Dutch. All these were
the clear breach of Mangalore Treaty.
to

The British captured Karwar, Coimbtore, Dindigul and other regions

under the leadership of Meadows. Tippu Sultan entered the region of
Baramahal and captured Sathyamangalam. He later attempted to capture
t
No

Thiruchanapalli but failed in his attempt. Meanwhile, Lord Cornwallis

took over the leadership of the British Army and this changed the course
of war.

The British Army captured Kolar and Hosakote and rushed towards
Bangalore under the leadership of Lord Cornwallis. The army captured
Bangalore and destroyed the fort. After capturing Bangalore, Lord
35
Cornwallis sought the help of Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad to defeat
Tippu Sultan. The war took another conclusive turn with the joining
of Maratha and Hyderabad forces with the British. Marathas captured
Savanoor, Gajendraghad, Lakshmeshwara, Hubballi and other places.

The combined army marched towards Srirangapatanam by capturing

fort after fort in 1792. The fort was destroyed during night. Disturbed by
these developments, Tippu Sultan tried to enter an agreement with the
British. It was inevitable for him. He signed the ‘Treaty of Srirangapatna’

d
in 1792 which had unfavourable conditions. With this Third Anglo-Mysore

he
War came to an end.

The British were successful in inserting unfavourable conditions in

is
re S
order to weaken Tippu Sultan. Tippu was forced to part with half of his
B
bl
kingdom, was forced pay three crore rupees as war damage fee and had
to pledge two of his children as a guarantee against the payment. He
be T
pu
was also forced to release the prisoners of war. The British withdrew the
K

combined army from Srirangapatanam.

©

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Tippu Sultan took the defeat in the Third Anglo-Mysore war personally.
He paid all the dues and got his children released. He also gave away
the territory to the British and its allies as agreed. He claimed his right
over the Malabar regions under the British occupation. But, the British
to

refused this argument.

Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India in 1798.

t

The political activities against Tippu Sultan became intensified during

No

this period. Tippu’s attempt to form an alliance of local rulers and his
closeness with the French angered Lord Wellesley further. Tippu sent an
ambassador to France to seek the alliance of French. This enraged the
British. They thought that an alliance between France and Tippu Sultan
would threaten the existence of British in India.

36
 Another treaty containing inhuman and impractical conditions was
forced upon Tippu Sultan. Tippu rejected this. His refusal started the
Fourth Anglo Mysore War.
Mysore after Tippu

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©

The war started in 1799. The British were able to destroy the strong
fort. Tippu died while fighting the British in 1799. With the death of Tippu
Sultan, the British were happy as if the whole India came under their
rule. Most of the territories under Tippu’s rule was shared among the
British, Marathas and Hyderabad Nizam. A small territory was handed
to

over to the royal representative of Mysore Wadeyars. This region came to

be known as Mysore Princely State.
t

Dondiya Wagh (1800)

No

Many rebellions and protests against the British took place in

Karnataka after the death of Tippu Sultan. These were armed rebellions
and took place during the first part of 19th century. Among them, the
rebellion led by Dondiya Wagh is an important rebellion.
Dondiya was born in a Maratha family of Chennagiri. He was called as
the Wagh, the tiger, due to his bravery. He started his career as a cavalry
37
soldier in Hyder Ali’s army and grew to the position of military general.
He built his own private army and fought along with Tippu Sultan. Due
to differences with Tippu, he was imprisoned. The British released him
from the prison after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. He built a small army
and started his operations. He organized the army with the unhappy
soldiers of Tippu’s army and the feudatory rulers who had lost power. He
captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts and made unsuccessful attempt
to capture Chitradurga fort. Lord Wellesley tried check this rebellion.

d
An attack was organized on Shivamogga, Honalli, Harihara and other

he
places under the control of Dondiya. Dondiya lost his base. After the
capture of Shikaripura, Dondiya ran away towards Gutti, which was

is
under the control of Nizam of Hyderabad. When Nizam’s army attacked
re S
Gutti, Dondiya had to run towards the regions of Maratha. The Maratha
B
bl
army attacked him and captured most of his horses, camels and arms. In
be T
spite of these, he continued his war fare.
pu
K

Many unhappy palyegaras encouraged Dondiya Wagh. The French

at the Mahe of Malabar also extended their support to him the British
©

army followed him the vast area that included Harihara, Chitrdurga,
Shikaripura, Savanuru, Ranibenur, Kittur and Londa. The British who
took over the Shirhatti killed many followers of Dondiya Wagh.
End of Dondiya Wagh:
Lord Wellesley decided to end the adventures of Dondiya Wagh.
to

The British requested the help of local rulers. Dondiya had recaptured
Shikaripura fort and he was scattered by the British army again. The
British tried to defeat the army of Dondiya which used to move in the
t
No

area between Tungabadhra and Malaprabha. They attacked him from

all the directions. He was followed by them when he left Raichur. When
he was caught in between Maratha Army and Nizam’s army, the British
attacked him near Yelaparavi and killed him at Konagal. With the death
of their leader, the followers of Dondiya scattered. The British captured a
large cache of arms and ammunitions.

38
Rebellion of kittur – Brave Queen Chenamma (1824)
The British brought in many changes in the
administration after defeating the Marathas, Tippu
and Hyder Ali. Denying the right of adopted children
over the throne was one of such rules. The rebellion
led by Chenamma, the queen of Kittur opposing
this law is a prominent one.
Kittur lies between the Dharwad and Belagum.

d
After the death of her Mallasarja, Chenamma,

he
the queen of Mallasarja took active interest in the Chenamma
administrative matters. After the death of Mallasarja,

is
his son ShivalingarudraSarja took over reign of the Kittur. Due to his
re S
failing health, Chenamma had to take care of day to day administration.
B
bl
Shivalingasarja supported the British during Maratha war. As a result,
be T
the British entered an agreement with Kittur and collected payment from
pu
him. This agreement was entered during the time of Thomas Munroe.
K

After the death of ShivalingarudraSarja, Chenamma adopted a boy

©

named Shivalingappa and started ruling Kittur as a queen regent. Then,

Thackeray was the Collector and political agent of the British in Dharwad.
He sent a report to the Governor of Bombay and attempted to take over
Kittur Kingdom under the Doctrine of Lapse policy. He attempted to take
over the treasury and fort under his control. Chenamma considered
war as inevitable. She prepared for the war. Meanwhile the British also
to

prepared themselves for the war. In the battle, Thackeray was shot dead.
Many British were taken as the prisoners of war.
t

The British attacked Kittur again under the leadership of Colonel

No

Deacon. The army fought the battle bravely. Chenamma attempted to

flee from the battle field. But she was captured by the British army.
Chenamma and others were imprisoned at Bailahongal fort. Queen
Chenamma passed away in the prison.

39
 Sangoli Rayanna (1829-30)
The name of Sangoli Rayanna has remained
famous along with the name of Rani Chenamma.
Rayanna was a brave soldier. He fought for the
independence of Kittur and felt it was his duty
to liberate his motherland. He fought against the
British and was imprisoned along with her. He was

d
later released by the British.

he
There are many oral histories about Rayanna.
Sangoli Rayanna
He developed a sense of nationalism and went on

is
organizing an army. He organizing secret meetings at sensitive places.
re S
He aimed at looting the treasury and taluk offices of the British. He had
B
bl
an army of five hundred men. He became furious with the villagers who
be T
were assisting the British army. The British thought that Rayanna was
pu
being instigated by Rani Chenamma. Hence, they shifted Chenamma to
K

Kusugal prison from Bylahongala.

©

The British devised a cunning strategy to capture Rayanna. They

encouraged Desais who were opposing Rani Chenamma. An Amaldar
named Krishnaraya joined hand with them. Thus Rayanna was cunningly
captured and brought down to Dharwad. Many of his soldiers surrendered
after his arrest. He was declared as an offender and was hanged to death.
to

Many ballads have kept the life and bravery of Rayanna alive even today.
Rebellion of Amara Sullya
t

This rebellion was basically a farmers’ rebellion. This rebellion

No

needs to be understood in the backdrop of political situations prevalent

in coastal Karnataka and Kodagu regions during 1835-37. The British
dethroned the rulers of Kodagu, Chikkaveerarajendra of Haleri dynasty
in 1834. He was later transferred to Vellore through Bangalore and later
to Kashi. This incident created political insatiability in Kodagu. Swami
Aparampara, Kalyanaswamy and Puttabasappa organized a rebellion

40
against this. All the three declared that they are part of the Haleri dynasty
that ruled Kodagu. Swami Aparampura assumed the leadership of the
rebellion. He was captured in 1834 and shifted to Bangalore. Similarly
Kalayanaswami was captured in 1837 and placed in Mysore prison.
Puttabasappa:
The people of lower Kodagu continued the rebellion after the capture
of Kalyanaswamy. Sullia, Bellare and Puttur, the major places of Canara

d
region, were part of Amara Sullia. It is interesting to note that a farmer
named Puttabasappa, as Kalyanaswami. This Puttabasappa later

he
presented himself as Swami Aparampura. This also notes the fluid nature
of the rebellion. Puttabasappa took over the leadership of the rebellion.

is
re S
The rebellion started in the hilly region. Puttabasappa organized the
B
bl
rebels and calmed down the people. He declared that tax on tobacco and
salt will be with drawn, if the rebel government assumes power. The rich
be T
pu
farmers, land owners and local chieftains were assured of this move.
K

The capture of the government office in Bellare was the first move in this
rebellion. Puttabasappa killed an Amaldhar who was known for his brutality
©

further increased the popularity of Puttabasappa. This incident gained

more support for the rebellion and the rebellion became more famous.
The rebels marched towards Mangalore to capture it. The British
were engaged in fortifying their fort in Mangalore. The rebels marched
towards Mangalore through Panemangalore and Bantwal. They looted
to

the treasury and prison of Bantwal.

The British sought the army of Thalacheri, Kannur and Bombay to
t

quell this uprising. On hearing this development, Puttabasappa and his

No

associated fled towards Sulya. The British captured them with the help of
people in Kodagu. Puttabasappa, Lakshmappa, Bangarasa, Kedambadi
Ramayaih Gowda and Guddemane Appaih were hanged till death. Though
the rebellion failed, it has an important place in the history of rebellions
against the British.

41
Rebellion of Surapura and Koppal:
Surapura
Surapura is at fifty kilometers from the present day Yadgir. This was
an important place since the rule of Moghuls. During the reign of Nizam
of Hyderabad and Marathas it became a vassal state. Later, most of the
territory was lost and Surpura remained restricted to a smaller territory.
During the reign of Venkatappa, it raised a rebellion against the British.
Venkatappa Nayaka:

d
he
Venkatappa came to throne after the death of his father Krishna
Nayaka. He was born in 1834 and came to throne in an early age.
His ascendance to throne was opposed by Krishna Nayaka’s brother

is
re S
Peddanayaka. This resulted in internal struggles. The British interfered
in the affairs of Surapura. In 1842, they appointed Meadows Taylor as
B
bl
their Resident and gained proxy power over Surapura.
be T
pu
Taylor was a reformist. He developed Surapura princely state.
K

Peddanayaka was appointed as the Dewan of the state. Taylor conducted

the land survey of the kingdom. The revenue of the state increased due
©

to the measures implemented by Taylor. He took measures to educate

Venkatappa Nayaka properly. He came to power in 1853.
Rebellion of Surapura
The British government was observing the various developments
of Surapura. In 1857, it came to the notice of government that the
to

representatives of Nana Saheb were present in Surapura. This made the

British suspicious of King’s intentions. The British appointed an officer
named Campbell to report on the various activities of the King. The officer
t
No

submitted a report to the resident of Hyderabad that the King is involved

in maladministration.
Venkatappa Nayaka is usually presented as the leader of 1857 revolt
in Karnataka by the historians. The British army captured Surapura
in 1858. The war continued, there is confusion regarding Venkatappa
Nayaka’s end.

42
 Veerappa of Koppal
Koppal rebellion is an important rebellion in the various armed
rebellions against the British. The Koppal and the surrounding regions
were under the rule of Nizam of Hyderabad. There were exploitations.
This enraged a few Zamindars who rebelled against the Nizam. Veerappa
is an important person among the rebels.
Veerappa who was a Zamindar, rebelled against the British and
occupied the fort of Koppal and other forts in the vicinity. Many farmers

d
and Zamindars supported after realizing his motives. The British contacted

he
the Nizam and employed their army to defeat Veerappa. Veerappa who
had lesser soldiers died fighting the army of the British. The Birtish
captured back the fort of Koppal. Though, this rebellion was short lived

is
re S
one, Veerappa proved himself to be a good warrior.
B
bl
Rebellion of Bedas of Halagali
be T
Halagali is a small village of Mudhol taluk of Belgaum district. This
pu
was part of the Mudhol principality. In 1857, the British banned the
K

usage of weapons. The Bedas who always kept guns as part of customs
©

and they were good hunters. They rebelled against the British when they
were asked to surrender their firearms. The Bedas of Manturu, Boodni,
Alagundi and neighbouring villages joined Halagali Bedas. The British
army entered Halagali village to suppress the rebellion. They suppressed
the Bedas in an inhuman way. All the rebels were hanged to death.
EXERCISES
to

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers

1. The First Anglo-Mysore war took place between …………………..
t
No

and ………………..
2. The Second Anglo-Mysore war ended with ……………………treaty.
3. Kittur Chenamma adopted a boy named ………………………….
4. Rayanna of Kittur state belonged to ………………………..village.

43
 5. Surapura is in the present district of ……………………..
6. The Bedas of ………………………..village of Belgaum district
rebelled against the British.
7. The Amara Sulya rebellion was basically a ……………………….
rebellion.
II. Discuss in groups and answer later
1. How did Hyder Ali come to power?

d
2. What are the effects of Second Anglo-Mysore war?

he
3. What were the conditions of Srirangapatanam treaty?
4. The Fourth Anglo Mysore strengthened the position of

is
re S
British in Mysore. Discuss.
B
bl
5. Explain the method of resisting the British power by
Dondiya Wagh.
be T
pu
6. Explain the method adopted by Rayanna to fight the British.
K

7. Expalin the contribution of Puttabasappa of Kodagu in

©

freedom struggle.
8. Discuss the Surapura rebellion in brief.
III. Activities
1. Read books on Sangolli Rayanna.
to

2. Collect more information on life history of Rani Chenamma.

IV. Project:
t

1. Organize a study tour to Surapura. You visit the fort and observe
No

the specialty of the guest house built during British period.



44
 UNIT – 5
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM
MOVEMENTS
In this unit you learn
• Establishment of Bramho Samaj and reformations
• Young Bengal Movement

d
• Establishment of Arya Samaj and reformations

he
• Reformations led by Prathana Samaj
• Ideas of Sathyashodak Samaj

is
• Aligarah Movement
re S
• Ramakrishna Movement’s ideologies
B
bl
• Theosophical Society
be T
• Narayana Guru Dharamaparipala Yogam
pu
• Periyar
K

Social Reform is an attempt to reform a society that practices

©

discrimination among its members. Reformation strives to bring back

such a society into the fold humane values. The basic aim of reformation
movement is to declare the value of individual’s self-respect.
The nineteenth century is considered as the reformation and new
awakening time in the history of India. With the implementation of English
education, a new class of educated Indians was created. Many European
to

concepts like democracy, nationalism, equality started finding roots in

India. Many Indians who received English education started analyzing
their own society. The British too expressed their interest in reforming the
t

society. They put forth the theory of “White Man’s burden’. They believed
No

that it is their duty to civilize Indian as a civilized class of people. The

British made an attempt to protect their political and economic interests
under the guise of this theory. Many Indians started understanding the
Indian tradition in new perspective. A new identity called ‘Indian’ was
born.
Many communities like Shudras and other neglected communities
and women lacked many rights. Many movements opposed these at

45
different timelines in the history. Unlike movements in the middle ages
and ancient times, the movements during the British period were different.
Issues like caste system, gender discrimination, Sati system, restriction
on widow remarriage, denial of education to Sudhras and other lower
communities were addressed by these movements. Many prominent
people like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dyananda Saraswathi, Ranade,
Jyothiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda, Annie Besant, Sir Syed Ahamed
Khan, Periyar, Narayanaguru became part of these movements. One of
the main features of this period is the attempt made to stop social evils
by prohibiting them through law.

d
Brahmo Samaj

he
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) is
the chief initiator of social reformation in India

is
re S
during modern times. He had deep knowledge
in Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic literature.
B
bl
He was well versed in Hindu Philosophical
critique and Quran. Apart from this, he had
be T
pu
also studied other religions found in India
K

critically. He had even learned Hebrew and

Greek to read Bible in its original form! Such
©

was his craving for knowledge. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

He started ‘Athmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta
along with some friends. The Sabha aimed at eradicating socio-religious
maladies from the society of Bengal. He started ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in
1828. He wanted to purge Hinduism by removing Caste System and
Superstitions. Raj Ram Mohan Roy and other Brahmo Samaj followers
to

wanted to rebuild a new Hindu Society based on the philosophical

foundations of Upanishads. Due to his efforts, then Governor General
William Bentinck brought in law prohibiting Sati System in 1829. Raja
t

Ram Mohan Roy tried to develop rationality among the common people
No

through Journalism. He published a journal named ‘Samvada Kaumudhi’

in Bengali language.
The important aspects of Brahmo Samaj were:
1. Advocated Monotheism.
2. Opposed meaningless rituals.
3. Every person should live with dignity and no law or ritual should
violate this provision.
46
 4. Brahmo Samaj intended to assure equality to woman by opposing
Polygamy. It advocated for a share in property to honour dignity
of life to widow. It also opposed Child Marriage.
5. Bramho Samaj decalred that, one can take good things from
anywhere. It also declared that Upanishads and Vedas also
advocated this principles. He was open to receive good thoughts
even from the West. He gave importance to English Education.
Apart from these, Raj Rama Mohan Roy wanted the Indians to
welcome the thinking process of the Europeans. In this background,

d
he supported the establishment of many schools and Vedanta College

he
in Calcutta. Rabindranatha Tagore has called “Raj Ram Mohan Roy as
the harbinger of modern India, progenitor of Indian Social Reformation
movement, and ‘the prophet of Indian Nationalism”. By saying these

is
re S
words, Tagore has summarized the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
and Bramho Samaj to Indian Social Reformation.
B
bl
Young Bengal Movement
be T

pu
The wave of modernization started moving across the North India
K

during nineteenth century. Calcutta was the Centre of this new thinking.
New movements started arising during 1820s and 1830s. We have already
©

learnt the contribution of Bramho Samaj. During this period, another

movement called ‘Young Bengal Movement’ took birth. This movement
was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio(1809-1831). His father was
a Portuguese and his mother was an Indian. Hence, Derozio is called as
Anglo-Indian.
Derozio served as a professor at Hindu College of Calcutta from
1826to 1831. Many of his students who were attracted to his teaching
to

became his committed followers. Derozio was influenced by the various

movements of Europe and tried to instil the same spirit of free enquiry
in the minds of his students and colleagues. He also worked towards
t
No

creating text books to inculcate new education system. This angered many
traditionalists. But still he went ahead and started ‘Academic Association
(1828), a free thinking debate association which created new thinking
across Bengal.
The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues
like nature, humanism, God and other various topics. Derozio worked
towards spreading the message that only rational thinking would liberate

47
people from the clutches of superstitions and social discrimination. He was
an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination.
Many of his students who had come from traditional families were deeply
influenced by Derozio’s thoughts and joined their hands in spreading the
movement across Bengal. The influence of this Movement was limited
to Calcutta and a few areas of Bengal. Derozio had to resign from his
teaching post due to the pressure from his colleagues and his opponents.
These people feared that the youth are getting morally corrupted by the
work of Derozio. Derozio died at the young age of 22 years due to cholera.

d
Arya Samaja:

he
The Arya Samaj was started in the year 1875
by Dayananada Saraswathi. This started in Bombay.
It was more powerful during the last two decades of

is

re S
nineteenth century.
Dayananda Saraswathi was born in 1824 in
B
bl
Kathiawar of Gujarath. His name was ‘Moolashankar’.
be T
His father was ‘Amba shankar Tiwari’ and mother
pu
‘Amruthabai’. Since he was not interested in English
K

education, he received Sanskrit education. He left

Dayananada Saraswathi
his house by the age of 21 years, and roamed across
©

the country for about fifteen years. He outlined his ideas in a book titled
‘Sathyaratha Prakasha’. He realised that the remedies to the various
maladies of India are present in Vedas. Hence, he declared ‘Back to
Vedas’. He was more of a renaissance person than a reformation person.
He opened the head office of Arya Samaj in Lahore in 1877. He declared
that only Vedas are authentic.
to

Arya Samaj had the following aims

1. All Hindus should believe in one formless God
2. No one is a Shudra or Brahmin by birth and caste based system
t
No

was rejected.
3. Encouragement to inter caste marriages.
4. Rejection of polygamy and child marriage.
5. Men and women are equal.
6. One should study Vedas and other ancient sacred texts and
preach them.

48
 ‘Shuddi Movement’ was one of the important programmes of Arya
Samaj. It aimed at reconversion of people who had converted to Islam
and Christianity from Hinduism back to Hinduism. ‘Cow Protection
Associations’ were started to protect cows.
Arya Samaj had around five lakh members by 1921. After the death
of Dayananda Sarswathi, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started
in 1886. Similarly, ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwara. Lala
Lajapat Rai, a radical leader of Indian Freedom Movement was influenced
by the principles of Arya Samaj.

d
Shuddi Movement:

he
The existence of caste and superstitions had pushed people
towards other religions. In this critical juncture, Dayananda Saraswathi

is
re S
reinterpreted Vedas and advocated gender equality and caste equality
in order to integrate Hindu society. There were opportunities to exit from
B
bl
Hinduism but no opportunity to enter it. In order to bring back people from
other religions, Dayananda Sarswathi started Shuddi Movement.
be T
pu
K

Prathana Samaj
The influence of Bramho Samaj reached regions beyond Bengal.
©

This Samaj took up various reformation movements influenced by

Brahmo Samaj. This movement became influential in the western India,
particularly in the areas of Bombay Presidency.
Prathana Samaj was founded by Dr Athma Ram Panduranga in
1867 at Bombay with the aim of finding solutions to various problems
faced by women and lower caste groups. This association argued that
to

the reinterpretation of Hinduism is needed in the light of modern western

thinking. It advocated that reformation should not be a wish, but should
be implemented in reality. Many programmes like education for women,
t

rehabilitation of poor people were undertaken by the Prathana Samaj.

No

Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar and N.G.

Chandravarkar were the other prominent leaders. The scope of Prathana
Samaj got extended into various areas under the leadership of Justice
Ranade. Ranade attempted to reject child marriages and discriminations
of widows. He believed that legal intervention is needed to stop child
marriages and encourage widow remarriages. Hence, he advocated taking
the help of the British Government.
49
Sathya Shodhak Samaj
There were wide spread discriminations based
on Caste and Gender in Maharashtra just like in
other parts of India. During the colonial rule of the
British, many movements were started to address
these social problems. Sathya Shodhak Samaj was
established in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-
Brahimin class and women.
This Samaj was founded by Mahatma

d
Jyothibha Phule. In order to build a philosophical

he
base for the movement, he wrote books like Mahatma
Jyothibha Phule
‘Gulamagiri’ and ‘Shetkarayacha Aasud’ (Cultivator’s
Whip cord). He opened schools for Shudras and

is
re S
girls. Phule who belonged to Mali caste allowed people from all castes
including untouchables to draw water from his well. Savithribai Phule
B
bl
joined hands with him in his endeavour. They established hostel for girls.
The work of Phules is important in the direction of establishing society
be T
pu
based on equality. Ambedkar is one of the important people who were
K

inspired by the work of this couple.

Aligarh Reformation Movement
©

By the end of nineteenth century, a new

wave of social and religious reformation was
set in Muslim society. Anti-British sentiment
became strong in Muslim community after the
incident of 1857. As a result, they stayed away
to

from the English education and as result missed

many opportunities that were based on English
education. During this period, Sir Syed Ahmad
t

Khan attempted to start a new movement. The

No

Mohammadan Literary Society established in

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
1863, started debates and discussions on the
issues related to religion, social and political
issues. The upper and middle class youth participated in these discussions
and started realizing the value of English education.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan lived from 1817 to 1898. He declared that
Quran is the authoritative book and others works on Islam are derived ones.

50
He said one has to interpret one’s religion according to the changing times.
Otherwise, religion becomes sluggish. Sir Ahmad Khan fought against
traditions, superstitions, ignorance and irrationalities thoughout his life.
He said without an open mind, any social and intellectual development
is impossible. He did not support the Purdah system for Muslim women.
He called for educating Muslim girls. He did not accept Polygamy. All
these aspects were part of his struggles. In order to implement his ideals
into practice, he founded Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh

d
in 1875. He utilized this institution to spread the western scientific and
cultural ideas. This institution later became Aligarh Muslim University.

he
Syed Ahmad Khan preached religious tolerance. He thrived for
unity among Hindus and Muslims. Hindus, Parsees, Christians donated

is
re S
liberally for the establishment of Aligarh college. Admissions were open
for students from all religions. The movement created by Syed Ahmad
B
bl
Khan keeping Aligarh as the centre, is called as Aligarh Movement.
be T
pu
Ramakrishna Mission (Ramakrishna Mutt)
K

Ramakrishna Mission has provided a

unique contribution to India’s spiritual growth,
©

nationalistic awareness and cultural development.

Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission
at Belur, near Calcutta in 1897. Advaita Ashrama
a branch of Ramakrishna Math was established at
Mayawathi near Almora of Uttarakhand.
to

Ramakrishna Mission was founded to carry

the message and thoughts of Sri Ramakrishna,
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
the spiritual guru of Swami Vivekananda. Sri
t
No

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836 -1886) was a

worshipper of Kali and also a priest at Calcutta Kali mandir. One has
to attain Moksha through Dyana and Bhakti said Ramakrishna and his
life itself was an example of this model. He had believed that all religions
advocate the same. He also believed that there many ways of attaining
moksha and the God. He said idol worship is inevitable.

51
 In order to spread the teachings of
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Swami Vivekananda
founded this mission. Vivekananda (1863-1902) was
born in Kyastha family in Calcutta. He studied both
Western and Eastern philosophies. After studying
the Indian philosophy from different perspectives,
he started preaching the importance of Indian
philosophy to Indians as well as Westerners. He
roamed around India for about five years after the
death of his Guru. Due to this, he could understand

d
the social reality of India. He worked to establish a

he
casteless society as he could see that the society was Swami Vivekananda
deeply involved with caste based discrimination.
He also noticed exploitation, poverty, illiteracy and

is
divisions among the Indians. Vivekananda believed that People should
re S
be educated first, and then they themselves seek reformation. He wanted
B
bl
legal institutions to implement appropriate rules to support reformation.
He also wanted people to stop following the western ideals blindly. He
be T
believed it is the duty of the religion to provide light. Without this, religion
pu
is itself is of no use, declared Vivekananda. The one who responds to the
K

poor is Mahatma, and the one who doesn’t is Duratma. He opposed caste
system, untouchability and the idea of supremacy based on caste system.
©

“We should take the humanity to such a place where there are no Quran,
Vedas and Bible. Still we need to attain this by attaining unity among
Quran, Vedas and Bible…. In our country, there is a need for unity
between Hindu and Islam, a Vedic mind in Islamic body is the only path
of progress” – Swami Vivekananda’s Works. Series 7, Volume 238.
to

The Westerners could understand the cultural richness of India

with the help of speech delivered by Swami Vivekananda at Chicago city
in Parliment of world Religions in 1893. He attracted the attention of the
t

listeners while speaking at ‘Congress of Religion’ held at Paris in 1900.

No

His speeches mirror his nationalist ideas. Interestingly, he had visited

Mysore before his visit to Chicago as a guest of Chamaraja Wadayer X. As
per the suggestion of Swami Vivekananda, Chamaraja Wadayer X started
schools for untouchable children. Swami Vivekananda wrote books on
Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga. His thoughts
provided impetus to freedom struggle and he asserted that freedom
includes social equality also.

52
Theosophical Society
This society was basically founded by Madam
Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott.They came to
Adyar near Madras and established the head office
of Theosophical Society in 1886. The main aim of
the society was to do a comparative study of various
religions, philosophies and science. Another goal
was to discover the indomitable spirit hidden in the
human. It declared that Universal Brotherhood is Annie Besant

d
important. The society took its basic principles from
Hindu sacred scriptures like Veda, Upanishads, Sankya yoga and Vedanta

he
Philosophy and spread these basic principles. The society attempted
to find solutions to present problems by studying the ancient Indian

is
thoughts, philosophies and theoretical ideals. Hence, the society basically
re S
tried for the reformation of Hindu religion. Interestingly, foreigners took
B
more interest in this process.

bl
With the arrival Irish lady Annie Besant in India by 1893, the
be T
pu
movement of the theosophical society started to grow more. She arrived
in India as a member of the society. She was born in 1847 in London. She
K

divorced her husband who was a priest at an Anglican Church and became
an active member of the society in 1889. She had knowledge of Vedanta
©

Philosophy. She advocated that Indian culture is far more superior to

the western culture which is based on materialism. This movement was
reformation movement of Hinduism. She also did a comparative study of
Hinduism and Buddhism.
Translating Bagvath Geetha to English is one of the major
achievements of her. She was called as ‘Shwetha Saraswathi’. She
to

wanted education for all. She opened schools. She started Central Hindu
College at Benares in 1898. The same institution became a university
due to the forethought of Madan Mohan Malaviya in 1916. She started
t

two periodicals ‘New India’ and ‘Commonweal’ to initiate discussion on

No

current problems and social issues. She started Home Rule League in
1916 and initiated Home Rule Movement in Madras region. The credit
of creating religious reformation movement and a new sensibility for
Hinduism in the early nineteenth century should go to the Theosophical
Society and its part and parcel Ms Annie Besant. Ms Besant was active in
the freedom struggle movement and became the first women president of
Indian National Congress.

53
You know this:
Home Rule:
The Irish people who were under the rule of the British, started Home
Rule movement to assert their rights of self-governing. Influenced by this,
Annie Besant started home rule movement in India also. Two Home Rule
movements were in existence in India by 1916. One movement based it-
self in Poona and covered areas like Maharastra, central provinces, Birar
region and northern part of present of Karnataka under the leadership

d
of Tilak. Another Home Rule movement was based at Madras under the
leadership of Annie Besant. Tilak ran periodicals like ‘Maratha’ and ‘Ke-

he
sari’ whereas Annie Besant ran periodicals like ‘New India’, and ‘Com-
mon Weal.’

is
re S
Sri Narayana Dharma ParipalanaYogam
B
bl
Sri Narayana Guru started the Sree
Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
be T
in 1903 for the upliftment of Ezahava
pu
community of Kerala. This movement aimed
K

at strengthening the backward and exploited

communities. Narayana Guru (1854-1928)
©

and his companions Dr. Palpu and Kumaran

Assan led the movement.
The caste differences were too much
in Kerala and there were many prohibitions Sri Narayana Guru
in place. During that period, all were not
allowed to use facilities like tanks and roads. They were barred from
wearing footwear. Restrictions were there on women’s dress also. These
to

communities had to live without basic human rights. In order to address

this issue, Sri Narayana Guru started Dharma Paripalana Yogam
movement. One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was
t

the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru. Education is the only path to achieve
No

this he declared. He built temples for the backward communities as they

were denied entry into temples.
Narayana Guru and his companions started ‘Vaikom Satyagraha
Movement’ in 1924, which demanded entry for lower caste people in the
Shiva temple at vaikom. Gandhiji and Periyar, the architect of self-respect
movement participated in this. The Satyagraha for entry of untouchables
into Guruvayoor temple was a major incident.

54
Periyar
By the beginning of twentieth century, a
Non-Brahmin movement started in South India.
The majority Non-Brahmins launched agitations
demanding representations in government sector as
per their population. It became a major movement
in many states later. The non-Brahminical
communities opposed restrictions against them.
This was possible due to the English Education. The

d
census reports published after 1870s, provided a
picture of their population. The Justice Party started

he
in 1916 continued the movement in TamilNadu. Periyar

Non-Brahmin movement took a new shape

is
re S
under the Justice Party. This became more radical. ‘Self-Respect Movement’
led by E.V.Ramaswami Naicker became a new force. Ramaswamy who
B
bl
came out of Congress in 1925, started Self Respect League in 1926. He
be T
was called Periyar (Senior Person) out of love by people. Periyar was born
pu
in Erode to a rich family. He believed that Congress is in favour of Varna
K

system and started a new movement based Dravida Racial identity. He

rejected the racial supremacy in the name Aryan and Brahmin. He said
©

Tamil is language of Dravidians. He opposed Sanskrit language and

literature. He also rejected Rama as the Vedic leader and accepted Ravana
as the Dravidian leader. Angered by a bad experience at Banaras, he
converted Sanskrit, Rama and Ravana as cultural ideals and patronized
Ravana. He championed equality and criticized caste and gender based
discrimination. He participated in temple entry movement in 1924 held
at Vaikom of Kerala. He became the president of Justice Party in 1939.
to

He started an association called “Dravida Kazhagam’. He also started an

English magazine under the tittle ‘Revolt’.
t

Even today, Periyar remains as an ideological symbol in Tamil

No

Nadu politics. This is more evident in all the political parties of Tamil
Nadu retaining the word ‘Dravida’ with their names. The ideological Non-
Brahminical movement started by C.Ayothiadas pandit and T.M.Nayar
was turned into a cultural movement by Periyar. His life goal was to
establish an equal society where there will be no inequality based on
caste, religion and gender.

55
 EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The nineteenth century is called as ……………………..period.
2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ……………………periodical.
3. The founder of Prathana Samaj is ………………
4. The Young Bengal Movement was started by ………………
5. The Guru of Swami Vivekananda was ...........................

d
6. The Anglo-Oriental College was established at …………………

he
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:
1. What are the preaching of Brahmo Samaj?

is
2. Discuss the declaration of Dayananda Sarswathi’s ‘Back to
re S
Vedas’.
B
bl
3. Discuss the reformation advocated by Sathyashodak Samaj.
be T
4. Discuss the aims of Aligarh Movement.
pu
5. Explain the views of Ramakrishna Mission.
K

6. Explain how Swami Vivekananda was a source of inspiration

for youngsters?
©

7. What were the reformation activities of Annie Besant?

8. Explain the contributions of Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana
Yogam.
9. Make list of main aspects of Periyar Movement.
III. Activity :
to

1. Visit a nearby Ramakrishna Ashram and gather information

on Swami Vivekananda’s views.
t

IV. Projects :
No

1. Visit libraries and read books on Social reformation. Collect

more information from internet with the help of teachers.
2. Discuss on various institutions striving for social reformation
with teachers.


56
 UNIT – 6
THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
(1857)
In this unit you learn
• Reasons for the first Indian War of Independence
• Immediate reasons for mutiny

d
• Scope and nature of mutiny
• Failure and results of mutiny

he
In order to extend their rule over India, the British brought

is
in policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. As a result
re S
numerous states became part of the British Empire. This made many
B
bl
Indians unhappy. People were also upset with the administration of the
British. This unhappiness erupted in the form of a major protest against
be T
the British in 1857. Many of the Indian Historians termed this as ‘First
pu
Indian Freedom Struggle’. But, the English historians termed it as ‘The
K

Sepoy Mutiny’.
©

Reasons for the First Indian Freedom Struggle:

Political Reasons: Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by
the British, many Indians Kings had to lose their kingdoms. As a result
of this policy, Satara, Jaitpur, Jhansi, Udaipur and many other states
became part of the British Empire. Dalhousie abolished the kingships
of Tanjavore and Carnatic Nawabs. The British dethroned Mughal kings
to

and many other kings. As a result, many soldiers depended on these

kings became unemployed. This became the main reason for the protest
against the British.
t

Economic Reasons: Due to the development of industrialization in

No

England, the Indian handicrafts and industries diminished. England apart

from being an industrialized country became a workshop of industries.
The artisans of India became unemployed. The weavers became the first
victims as wool and cloth making industries suffered a lot. The Indian
handicrafts became financially pathetic. The British levied high customs
on Indian goods entering the market of England. Due Zamindari system,
the farmers were exploited by Zamindars. Land tax collection rights

57
awarded to Talukadars were withdrawn. By forming Inam Commissions,
Inam lands were also withdrawn. As result, the farmers had to undergo
lot of economic hardships and felt insulted. Hence, the farmers also
protested all these.
Administrative Reasons:
The British brought in many civil and criminal laws into effect. But
in the implementation, there were lot of partiality. Laws applied to Indians
in a different manner. English became the language of the court. The
English judges gave judgments in favour of the English. People did not

d
like the new laws.

he
Military Reasons:
The situation of Indian soldiers in the British

is
army was very pathetic. They did not have the
re S
status, salary and promotion prospectus that of
B
bl
the British soldiers. The pressure put on Indian
soldiers for overseas work triggerd resentment
be T
pu
among them due to their religious beliefs.
K

Beginning of the Mutiny and its spread: The

Indian soldiers who were present in large numbers
©

in the British army believed that they can drive Tatya Tope
away the British if all of them become united. In
this situation, the British started providing ‘Royal Enfield’ guns, a type of
new and improved guns. A rumour spread that the bullets of these guns
were smeared in the fat of pig and cow. The cow was sacred for Hindus
and the pig was prohibited for Muslims. This became the immediate
cause for the mutiny.
to

This rumour caused lot of unrest in Barackpur military soldiers.

When the soldiers were directed to load the bullets to the gun by chewing
off a part of bullet, the soldiers refused to do it. The soldiers of Barackpur
t
No

revolted against the British officers. A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot
dead a British officer. Mangal Pandey was arrested and after a trail he
was hanged to death.
The Spread of the Mutiny:
Meerut was a major Biritish military base. The Indian soldiers
stationed here refused to use the bullets of the new guns. Many soldiers
were arrested. This led to mutiny in Meerut. The soldiers barged into the

58
prison and released the imprisoned soldiers. This became the seed for
the Indian freedom movement. A group of soldiers reached Delhi from
Meerut. They entered the Red fort and declared the Mughal King Bhadur
Shah II as the emperor of India. Due to various reasons, the protesting
soldiers reached Delhi. The protests became intensified. This spread like
a wild fire to Delhi, Khanpur and Jhansi.
Nana Saheb of Kanpur rose in revolt. Tatya Tope was his assistant.
In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai provided leadership to the revolt. Tatya Tope
came to the support of Rani Lakshmi Bai after the fall of Kanpur to the

d
British.

he
Later, the protest spread to Lucknow. But,
finally Lucknow fell into the British. Now the free-
dom struggle spread to the South of River Yamuna.

is
This influenced the soldiers of Rani Lakshmi Bai.
re S
Rani Lakshmi Bai who was angered by the Doctrine
B
bl
of Lapse declared war on the British. She captured
Gwalior. She died a heroic death while battling the
be T
pu
British in another battle. Even today, Rani Lakshmi
Bai has a special place in the annals of Indian free-
K

dom struggle.
©

Reasons for the failure of the Mutiny: Rani Lakshmi Bai

The first war of Indian Independence failed due to various reasons.

It did not cover every part of India. It was mainly concentrated on the is-
sues of the rights of Kings and Queens rather than liberation of the coun-
try. As it was not a planned mutiny, there were many unexpected results.
The unity among the British and the disunity among the Indian soldiers
to

resulted in its failure. The Mutiny lacked direction and leadership. The
soldiers also lacked discipline and organizing skills. The Indian soldiers
lacked military strategies, planning capabilities and soldiering skills. The
t

freedom fighters lacked a definite aim. Many of the Indian kings extended
No

their loyalties to the British and did not support the freedom fighters. The
plundering and other crimes committed by the sepoys made them to lose
the faith of common people.
Results of the Mutiny:
The governance of East India Company came to an end, and the
governance of British government started. The administration of India

59
was handed over to Secretary of Indian Affairs of the British Parliament.
The Queen of Britain passed a declaration in 1858. It had the following
aspects:
1. The agreements entered by the company with the local Kings were
accepted.
2. Non pursuance of regional expansion.
3. Providing a stable government for Indians
4. Equality before the law

d
5. Non-interference of the government in religious issues of Indians

he
and practicing religious tolerance.
The British realized that unless and until they command the love and

is
re S
affection of Indians, ruling India would be a difficult proposition. The in-
ability to listen to the voice of Indians was considered as the main reason
B
bl
for the violence. Hence, they decided to involve the Indians in the pro-
cess of legislation and implemented ‘Policy of Association’. The first war
be T
pu
of Indian Independence is a like guide post of future struggles. This also
K

outlined the importance of seeking alternative channels to pursue future

struggles against the British.
©

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The Mutiny of 1857 was called as …………….by the British

historians.
to

2. The policy implemented by Dalhousie is ………………….

3. During the mutiny of 1857, ………………………killed a British
t

officer.
No

4. Jhansi Rani took over ……………………….from the British

during her war against them.

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

1. What were the results of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’? Discuss.

60
 2. How did the economic policies result in the mutiny of 1857?
Explain.
3. What were the issues that outraged the religious feelings of
the Soldiers?
4. What were the immediate causes of First War of Indian
Independence?
5. List out the reasons that led to the failure the mutiny.

d
6. What were the main aspects in the declaration of the British

he
Queen?

III. Activities:

is
re S
1. Identify the kingdoms that were affected by the Doctrine of
B
bl
Lapse on an Indian Map.
2. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 is the First war of Indian
be T
pu
Independence for Indians. Arrange a lecture on this topic.
K
©


t to
No

61