ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 2: CREATIVE DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS | ARCH12S1 | AR.

MASANGKAY-SANTOS

2.1 Architectural programming

 Is the process of managing information so that the right kind of information is
available at the right stage of the design process and the best possible
decisions can be made in shaping the outcome of the building designs? Basic
architectural programming includes, but not limited to, research, site analysis,
space programming, space adjacency matrix, bubble diagram, etc.
Research
 A careful and diligent search to increase knowledge on a particular project or
building type. This may include research on similar projects or case study: get
knowledge on good practices on space planning strategies, building
technologies, etc.
Site analysis
 This involves analysis on existing conditions of the site: orientation, prevailing
winds, sun path, views and vistas, circulation, and swot (strength, weakness,
opportunities and threats).
Space programming
 Is a primary task during the schematic design process, to produce a geometric
configuration of a space layout that is in accordance with the project's
requirements. By nature, space programming is an iterative process that evolves
according to the client's requirements.
Space adjacency matrix
 This is usually in tandem with the bubble diagram in identifying the flow and
relationship of each required spaces in a building.
Bubble diagram
 A more visual interpretation of space adjacency matrix using bubbles for each
space.
"anthropometry or anthropometrics"
 Is the study of human body measurements. It is used to help scientists and
anthropologists in understanding physical variations among humans. Other than
that, it is also useful for a wide array of applications like in architecture, interior
design and furniture design which provides a baseline for human measurement.

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The average height of Caucasians

 Is relatively different from the average height of Asians. There is also a definite
difference between the body measurement of men and women as well.
According to world population review website, the average height of Filipino male
is 163.5 cm while female is 151.8. Comparing with the United States, their male
population has an average height of 175.3 cm and 161.5 cm for female.
Image 1: adult male and female standings heights (architectural graphic
standards)

Image 2: children combined standing height by age (architectural graphic

standards)

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Importance of anthropometrics in architecture

o "The basic principle of anthropometrics is that building design must be well
adapted to fit the dimensions of the human body and human motion." - solo abadi
website
o According to designing buildings ltd, "the use of anthropometrics in building
design aims to ensure that every person is as comfortable as possible. In
practical terms, this means that the dimensions must be
appropriate, ceilings high enough, doorways and hallways wide enough, and so
on.
2.3 ergonomics 
 Is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. Ergonomic design
seeks to create the most efficient workplace while providing comfort for the
people within it. According to ergonomic.com, it is the process of designing or
arranging workplaces, products and systems so that they fit the people who use
them. Architecture or space planning works with keeping in mind of the user in
designing each required spaces to create a sound and impactful building design.
Image 1: male and female workstations with reach

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Image 2: male and female seated workstations with reach

2.4 Stair design

Stair

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 Is a series of steps or flights of steps for passing from one level to another  —
often used in plural but singular or plural in construction a narrow private stair.

Newel

 A central post from which the winders of a spiral stair radiate.

o Landing
 A platform between flights of stairs or the floor at the foot or head of a
flight of stair.
o Railing
 A barrier composed of one or more horizontal rails supported by spaced
uprights or balusters.
o Balustrade
 A railing with supporting balusters
o Balusters
 Any number of closely spaced supports for a railing. Also, banister          
 A nosing having an abrasive, nonslip surface flush with the tread surface.
o The riser is the vertical surface of the stair. The tread on the other hand is the
horizontal surface of the stair and the part of the stair you step on.

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o Staircase stringer is a structural member installed on either side or in the center

of a flight of stairs into which the treads and risers are fixed. The primary function
of the stringer is to provide a framework or support to the tread
Stair design considerations
Size
o For residential structures with an occupant load of 10 or less, the minimum width
of the stairs is 0.75m.
o The minimum run of a tread is 0.20m, while the maximum height of the riser
is 0.20m, as well.
o The minimum run for a landing should be equal to the width of the stairs.

Sample computation

Total rise from ground floor to second floor = 2.85m

Headroom = 2.10m (minimum)
17numbers for riser
Run = .25
Compute for riser
Riser = 2.85 divided by 17
Riser = .167m
Culture related

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Gold

 Oro (good)
 Silver (plata/gold)
 Death (mata) -bad

Among the tagalogs, stair steps are erected with a ritual that calls for alternate
counting to three, using the chant “oro, plata, mata” (gold, silver, death) for each count.
Of course, the counting commences with the lowest rung. The topmost step should
never end with “mata,” that being a symbol of bad luck. On the other hand, “oro,”
and “plata” represent good luck.

2.5 types of stairs

Types of stairs, plan, elevation, section, definition

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3.1 types of roofs (minimum design standards)

A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions
necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection
against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of
the building envelope.

Hip
 Inclined projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sides of a roof.
Valley
 An intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows.
Dormer
 A projecting structure built out from a sloping roof, usually housing a vertical window or
ventilating louver.
Eaves
 The overhanging lower edge of a roof. Also, eave.
Rake
 The inclined, usually projecting edge of a sloping roof.
Flashing
 A wide strip of sheet metal or roofing felt for lining valley of a roof.

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Roofing materials
 The most common roofing materials available include asphalt, wood, metal, clay, cement
and slate, glass and plastic.
Types of roof

Hip or hipped roof

 Are not much different than pyramid roofs. Rather than creating a point at the top, each
side connects at a flat section or ridge. From an architect’s point of view, the hip roof is
much more pragmatic than the pyramid roof. This is the most common style of roof and
tends to perform better in high wind areas.

Gambrel roof

 Aren’t too much different from mansard roofs. The main differences are that the gambrel
style roofs feature upright gable ends and have dutch roots as compared to the mansard’s
french roots.

Dutch hip roof

 Sometimes called a dutch gable roof, is a combination of hip and gable roof styles in

which a gable is located at the end of the ridge, at the top of a hip roof plan

Mansard roof

 Are constructed with four slopes. Each side of the home features two slopes. The lowest
slope is steeper than the upper one. In some instances, the upper slope cannot be seen

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from ground level. The roof’s unique french aesthetic permits extra living/storage space
at the top portion of the house.

Flat roof

 Are fairly easy to construct compared to other, more nuanced types of roofs. Flat roofs
are favored for their simplicity and accessibility. A flat roof can withstand your weight if
you decide to walk on it. The only downside to this style of roof is that dirt, dust, leaves,
and other debris can collect on its surface more easily than other roof varieties.

Shed roof

 Is a single sloping roof, commonly set at a steep pitch. Also called a skillion roof or a

pent roof, it eliminates corners and low points on the walls, creating abundant usable
space inside.

Commercial sizes and minimum design standards

Standard lengths for corrugated roofing are 8ft. (2.40meter) 10ft. (3.00meter)

and 12 ft. (3.60cm). The width varies greatly, depending on the style of roofing.

Although 5″(12.7cm) is considered the standard

size for residential seamless gutters, many homeowners are upgrading to 6″(15.2cm)
over sized gutters. Though a 6″(15.2cm) gutter is only an inch bigger it does handle
40% more water. The oversized downspout installed with these gutters can also handle
more debris passing through them

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The most commonly used roof pitches fall in a range between 4/12 (18 degree)
and 9/12 (36 degree)
Roof sample projection

3.2 types of fenestrations (minimum design standards and commercial sizes)

Fenestration 

 refers to the openings in a building's facade, most notably the doors and
windows. Basically, they are anything that allows for passage from outside to
inside. Turns out, holes in the structure can actually be pretty useful. 

A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that allows ingress into and egress
from an enclosure. The opening in the wall is a doorway or portal. A door's essential
and primary purpose is to provide security by controlling access to the doorway (portal). 

A window is an opening in a wall, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and

may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. 

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Types of doors

Swinging door

 Is a simplified and easy technique. It is mainly a swinging hurdle that will close the
entrance to a room or building or vehicle. Swinging on a double hinge. It opens in either
direction as automated. Sometimes it can swing open in both directions.

Sliding door

 Opens crosswise by sliding which is parallel to the wall. It has a horizontal mechanism. 

Revolving door

 Are the visual focus of an entrance. A revolving door consists of three or four stiff upright
sections hanging on a mid-shaft and rotates around a vertical axis. It allows a large
number of people to pass in and out only by a gentle push

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Folding door

 Also known as "bi-fold door". A folding door can be as good as the utility door. It
provides fascinating design options such as freely moving, cabinet-hugging or guided
systems. Nearly all time, the position of a folding door is exterior

Types of windows

Casement windows

 is a hinged windows operate by a turn of a crank in an operating mechanism.

They can be hinged on the left or the right to open outward. Photo courtesy of
Marvin Windows

Double hung window

 has two sashes that slide vertically up and down in the frame. They can open
wide from either the top or the bottom, but they remain inside the frame so they
don't protrude out to the exterior or interior of the house

Jalousie window

 or louvre window is a window composed of parallel glass, acrylic, or wooden

louvres set in a frame. The louvres are joined onto a track so that they may be
tilted open and shut-in unison to control airflow.

Awning window

 open outward to let in air from the left or right and the bottom. They can be
installed above, below or alongside a stationary or operating window.

Sliding window

 have at least one operating window that slides horizontally over or past the other
window.

Doors and windows commercial sizes and minimum design standard

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Window openings

 Rooms intended for any use not provided with artificial ventilation shall be
provided with a window with a total free area equal to at least 10% of the floor
area of the room but not less than 1.00 sq.m. Toilet and bath rooms and laundry
rooms shall be provided with window with an area not less than 1/20 of the floor
area but not less than 240 sq.mm. Such windows shall open directly to a court,
yard, public street or alley or open watercourse.

4.1 Design of split-level residence

Split level residence

Split-level residence means that, upon entering through the front door, there is a
staircase that goes up to the bedroom level and there is another staircase going to the
basement area. Most of this type's basement area is almost always finished so it can
serve multiple purposes. It will usually include at least one bedroom and a laundry
room. Many split-level designs will also use the basement’s main space as a living room
or their primary room for entertaining. 

Another easy way to think about split-level homes is that there’s no one
floor that covers the house’s entire footprint. Some may have large main floors that
include the kitchen and dining room, but it eventually gives way to the staircases which
lead to the two other floors.  The floors of a split-level home are staggered rather than
overlapping.

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Split-level residence also gives opportunity to use the difference of floor levels to specify
boundaries from different living spaces.

Difference between split-level houses and bi-level houses

A split-level house includes at least three different levels

 It has the initial level you enter when you first walk in. This usually includes the
kitchen and dining room, as well. Then, there are the two aforementioned levels,
though there could be more.

In a bi-level house, there are only two levels

 An entranceway gives you access to both of them and is usually perched

between the two, but that initial “floor” is little more than a small space just big
enough to make access comfortable.

 Bi-levels also tend to be ranch-style homes, albeit modified for their unique two-
level design. On the other hand, split-level homes come in a number of different
styles.

Types of split-level houses

Split-level houses come in all shapes, sizes, and, as we just mentioned,

architectural styles. Not all split-level houses are three floors, either (commonly called a
“tri-level”). There are also stacked split-level houses that can have as many as five or
six floors.

A side-split is a house where you can see all the levels from the curb

 The house in the brady brunch is a famous example. From the front, you can see
one level off to the right and two off to the left.

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With a back-split house, you can see just one level from the curb

 It’s only when viewing it from the side that you’re able to see that there are two
more levels that split off the main floor.

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