Gce Marking Scheme: Biology/Human Biology AS/Advanced
Gce Marking Scheme: Biology/Human Biology AS/Advanced
Gce Marking Scheme: Biology/Human Biology AS/Advanced
BIOLOGY/HUMAN BIOLOGY
AS/Advanced
JANUARY 2011
INTRODUCTION
The marking schemes which follow were those used by WJEC for the January 2011
examination in GCE BIOLOGY/HUMAN BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed
discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The
conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made
to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of
discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were
interpreted and applied in the same way by all examiners.
It is hoped that this information will be of assistance to centres but it is recognised at the
same time that, without the benefit of participation in the examiners' conferences, teachers
may have different views on certain matters of detail or interpretation.
WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or correspondence about these
marking schemes.
Page
BY1 1
BY2 5
HB2 10
BY4 15
HB4 21
Biology BY1
(Total 14 Marks)
1
Q.4 (a) [4]
Role Mitosis Meiosis
9 X
X 9
X 9
9 9
(Total 10 Marks)
(Total 7 Marks)
(ii) A = cristae;
B = matrix; [2]
(Total 6 Marks)
2
Q.7 (a)
DNA m-RNA
[4]
(Total 13 Marks)
H. high specific heat / large amount of heat energy needed to raise temp
3
K. molecules of water stick together / (high) cohesion (not: adhesion)
(Total 10 Marks)
4
Biology BY2
Q.2
Large
Mouth Stomach Duodenum Ileum
Intestine
Villi present * *
Site of mechanical
breakdown of food * *
Microorganisms secrete
vitamins *
pH 2-3 *
5
Q.3 (a) Segmented body [1]
Jointed limbs [1]
[Total 5 marks]
(ii) Haemoglobin carries much more oxygen for the muscle than the
theoretical situation. [1]
(d) Myoglobin is saturated/has high affinity for oxygen at very low pp [1]
acts as an oxygen store [1]
used when muscle is exercising heavily/working hard [1]
[Total 11 marks]
6
Q.5 (a) An organism that lives on, in or off a host [1]
The host is harmed. [1]
[Total 11 marks]
(d) Phloem and sieve tubes (allow: mesophyll and palisade cells) [2]
[Total 11 marks]
Q.7 (a) Thoracic spiracles open first / just before abdominal spiracles
Abdominal spiracles open as thoracic spiracles close.
Abdominal spiracles close just after the thoracic spiracles.
Abdominal spiracles open for the same length of time as thoracic spiracles
(Any 2) [2]
(b) (i) Thoracic spiracles open when the abdomen expands [1]
Abdomen is compressed before abdominal spiracles open [1]
(ii) Acting as a pump to draw air in via the thoracic spiracles, [1]
through the system and forces it out via the abdominal spiracles. [1]
[Total 7 marks]
7
Q.8 (a) A. Double circulation / left and right sides of heart completely separated.[1]
D. Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium. [1]
G. Aorta carries blood from left ventricle to general body circulation. [1]
K. Aorta then branches into arteries and smaller arterioles supplying all
body tissues. [1]
8
(b) A. Leaf is flat and thin / large surface to volume ratio. [1]
J. Allows room for movement of respiratory gases and water vapour. [1]
9
Biology - HB2
(iii) house dust(mites), animal fur, feathers, pollen. Any 2 for 1 mark [1]
10
3. (a) [4]
Blood group A B AB O
Antibodies b a none a and b
Produced and
found in blood
plasma
A B AB O
A / x x /
B x / x /
AB / / / /
O x x x /
(d) Destroyed by immune system, not present in large enough numbers. Owtte.
[1]
(iii) Smooth muscle, move villus to change materials in contact with it (not:
peristalsis) [1]
11
5. (a) [4]
Initiated by
Purkyne fibres 9
(Purkinje fibres)
12
6. (a) Salmonella,
C Ref. Eggs;
(Max 2)
Cholera,
E Contaminated water;
G Antibiotics;
H rehydration;
I vaccination;
(Max 4)
Tuberculosis,
J airborne;
K milk;
M TB tested cows;
O Vaccination; BCG
(Max 4)
13
(b)
A Natural barrier
C WBC/macrophage
D ref PHAGOCYTOSIS
F lymphocytes
H B cells qual;
M Memory cells
(Max 10)
14
Biology – BY4
[Total 5 marks]
[Total 10 marks]
15
(c) (i) fish – ammonia
bird – uric acid
mammal – urea [3]
(iii) little mass (for storage) / reduces body mass / light for flight / less
storage space for eggs (not: less toxic/ less water unqual) [1]
[Total 12 marks]
(c) all wavelengths except green are absorbed / green wavelength is reflected or
transmitted. (not: ref to light; allow: ref to spectrum / frequency) [1]
(d) since they follow a similar trend / pattern / shape / close correlation / peaks
correspond (not: similar unqual) [1]
it suggests that the pigments / wavelengths responsible are used in light
absorption are then used in photosynthesis. [1]
(e) (i) R – light harvesting unit / complex / centre / antenna complex [1]
S – reaction centre [1]
[Total 11 marks]
16
Q.5 (a) carbon dioxide / CO [1]
(b) ATP;
Reduced NADP / NADPH / NADPH2 [2]
(c) D;
G (any order) [2]
[Total 6 marks]
Q.6 (a) pyruvic acid / pyruvate is converted to (two carbon) acetyl / acetate;
(two molecules) of reduced NAD formed (by dehydrogenation)
(allow: NADH etc)
loss of (two molecules) of carbon dioxide / decarboxylated
acetate combines with coenzyme A (to form acetyl coenzyme A) [3]
(pyruvate converted to acetyl Co A = 0)
(ii)
In the link In the Krebs In the Krebs
reaction Cycle using Cycle
using NADH NADH using FADH
Number of
Molecules of
3 9 2
ATP
Formed
(iii) carrier system involving NAD has three pumps FAD has two pumps.[1]
(not: ref carriers)
[Total 12 marks]
17
Q.7 (a) (rapid) reaction/ response to a stimulus; [1]
automatic / involuntary / not under conscious control /
brain not involved (not: cannot be controlled / automated without thinking) [1]
(b) A – motor;
B – relay / intermediate / connector;
C – sensory
(all three) [1]
(d) (i) Na+ or sodium ions are actively removed / pumped out /
faster than K+ ions are moved in; [1]
(e) (i) As the axon diameter increases the speed of conduction increases
(ref. linear/proportional needs direction allow: positive correlation) [1]
[Total 14 marks]
18
Q.8 (a) A. Glucose is phosphorylated / ATP is added. [1]
[Total 10 marks]
(b) A. All materials are added at start / not during the process [1]
19
I. Water jacket to prevent overheating to remove excess heat
produced during respiration / metabolism or maintain optimum
temperature qual / prevent enzyme denaturation [1]
[Total 10 marks]
20
Human Biology – HB4
(ii) H [1]
(iii) F [1]
(iv) B [1]
(v) I [1]
[Total 5 marks]
[Total 8 marks]
(b) (i) microvilli provide a large surface area for absorption; [1]
many mitochondria for active transport [1]
21
(c) (i) blood is taken from a vein;
dialysate passes in opposite direction / countercurrent;
dialysis fluid has the same water potential/concentration/ isotonic with
ions and glucose as blood of patient;
urea/excess water/ salt diffuses from blood into dialysate
(not: waste products diffuse out)
Constant replacement of dialysis fluid to maintain the concentration gradient
(any four points) [4]
(ii) glucose would diffuse out of the patient’s blood and would lead
to a shortage of glucose. [1]
[Total 16 marks]
22
(d) (i) one [1]
(ii)
(iii) (carrier system involving) NAD has three pumps and FAD has
two pumps. [1]
[Total 12 marks]
(c) D; [1]
G (any order) [1]
[Total 6 marks]
(b) A – motor;
B – relay / intermediate / connector;
C – sensory.
(all three) [1]
(d) (i) Na+ or sodium ions are actively removed / pumped out /
faster than K+ ions are moved in; [1]
K+ or potassium ions diffuse out more rapidly than Na+ /
membrane has a higher permeability to K+ than Na+. [1]
(Na / K pump pumps 3Na+ out and 2K+ in = 2 marks
Or 1 mark if no numbers)
23
(ii) Change/ increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na+ /
Sodium gates/ channels open; [1]
Sodium ions diffuse in/or moves in if reference to concentration
gradient. [1]
[Total 17 marks]
(b) A band remains unchanged as the myosin filaments are in a fixed position;
actin slides over myosin;
Z-lines to move closer/sarcomere decreases in width;
H zone gets smaller/shorter/disappears when actin filaments move closer
together.
Any 3 [3]
[Total 6 marks]
24
Q.8 (a) A. Glucose is phosphorylated / ATP is added. [1]
(any 3 out of 5)
[Total 10 marks]
25
(b) Parkinson’s disease
Stroke
J. causing loss of function associated with that part of the brain [1]
26
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