Aerobic Respiration / Description

1.
(Nuclear) membrane / envelope;

Glycogen ;
Lipids / fats / triglycerides oils
Plasmids ;
Flagellum /flagella;
[5]
2. (a) A Crista / cristae

B (Outer) membrane/inter-membrane space / eq envelope;
C Matrix ; 3
(b) Aerobic respiration / description /eq link reaction / Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation / electron transport chain;
Production of ATP; 2
[5]
3. (a) A - chromatid;
B- centromere; 2
(b) Anaphase;
Chromatids separate / centromere splits
Move / pulled to (opposite) poles / ends of cell / ends of spindle to centrioles ;
By spindle fibres / microtubules 3
(c) Daughter cells genetically identical (to parent cell) /maintains
chromosome number/eq; 1
(d) Interphase / G1 / S / G2 / cytokinesis / cleavage

If interphase or named stage - growth/synthesis of organelles
synthesis / replication of DNA / division of organelles
OR
If cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm / formation of cell plate in plants ;
Points linked. [if give ‘telophase’and then describe division of
cytoplasm allow second mark] 2
[8]
4.
Name of organelle Description Function
Transport of lipids /
Stack / group / eq, of, storage
(flattened / curved), of lipids / modification of
cisternae /tubules / sacs ; lipids /
formation of
glycoproteins /
modification of proteins /
formation of secretory / eq
vesicles / formation of
lysosomes / transport of
carbohydrates ;
Centrioles /
centrosome;
Mitochondria ; Aerobic respiration / ATP

production / ETC /
oxidative
phosphorylation / Krebs
cycle;
[5]
5. (a) anaphase ;
prophase ;
telophase ;
metaphase ;
[if ‘I’ or ‘II’, penalise ONCE] 4
(b) (i) (G lasts) 7.0 hrs (and cell cycle time is 14 hrs) / 18-11 ;
7 × 100 ÷ 14 ;
= 50 % ; 3
(ii) B;
DNA replication / DNA mass beginning to, increase / double ; 2
[9]
6. Note: Do not credit 'reduce water loss' alone, as this is stated in the question.
Thick cuticle ;
Impermeable to water or
Reduces, transpiration / diffusion of water (vapour) /
reduces evaporation ;
Few stomata / stomata on inside of leaf ;
Reduces, transpiration / diffusion of water (vapour) /
Leaf rolled / eq ;
Reduces (exposed) surface area / stomata open into
enclosed space / maintains high humidity inside leaf /
reduces transpiration / reduces evaporation ;
Stomata in pits / sunken stomata ;

Reduce air movement / increase humidity / reduces
transpiration / reduces evaporation ;
Presence of hairs / eq ;
Reduce air movement / trap moist air (next to leaf) /
reduce diffusion (gradient) / reduces transpiration /
Presence of hinge cells ;
To curl leaf ; 2+2+2
[6]
7. (a) Tubifex / sludgeworm / rat-tailed larva /

midge larva / Chironomus larva / bloodworm / gnat larva /
mosquito larva; 1
(b) Haemoglobin / respiratory pigment (in blood) ;
Picks up oxygen (at low external oxygen
concentrations) / very high affinity for oxygen ;
Very thin body wall ;
Short oxygen (diffusion) pathway ;
Blood (vessels) near body surface ;
Short oxygen (diffusion) pathway ;
Waving tail ;
Circulates water next to body / eq. ;
Reference to breathing tube / eq ;
Goes to surface / to obtain oxygen from the air ; 2+2
max 4
Presence of hairs / wing cases / elytra ;
To trap an air bubble ;
[Credit other correct example]
[5]
8.
Feature Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell
Cell surface membrane
Plasmids X
Ribosomes
Mitochondria X
[4]
Any two correct boxes for one mark
Blanks are incorrect
Circle correct answers
Put in appropriate number of ticks for total mark
9. (a) centrioles / centrosomes ;

asters ;
no cell wall ;
[ignore chloroplasts and vacuole] 2
(b) A chromatid / chromosome / daughter chromosome ;
B spindle (fibres) / microtubules ; 2
(c) anaphase ; [ignore I or II] 1
(d) 80 ÷ 1000 ; [accept 80 to 83 or 8 to 8.3]

0.08 mm / 0.008 cm / 80 m ; [accept answer consistent with measurement]2
[7]
10. (a) prevent, entry / exit, of water ;

by osmosis ;
which may affect / eq, organelles ; 2
(b)
Pellet Organelle
A nuclei ;
B mitochondria ;
C ribosomes ;
2
(c) glucose / monosaccharides / disaccharides / sugar ;

glycogen ;
proteins / (poly)peptides ;
enzymes / suitable named example ;
ions / named example ;
amino acids / named example ;
lipids / phospholipids / triglycerides / fats ;
microtubules / centrioles ;
microfilaments ;
RNA / mRNA / tRNA ;
[accept other correct substances present in liver cells] 2
(d) two membranes shown [M] ;

inner membrane shown folded [F] ;
membrane / envelope ;
intermembranal space ;
cristae ;
matrix ;
ribosomes / DNA, in matrix ;
stalked particles / ATPase ; 4
(e) to produce (large amounts) of ATP ;
by, aerobic respiration / Krebs cycle / electron transport chain ;
(because) liver cells are (metabolically) very active / eq ; 2
[12]
11. (a) A flagellum ;

B DNA / (bacterial) chromosome ;
C cell wall ; 3
(b)
Markin Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
g
point
1 Smaller Larger ;
2 Do not have a nucleus / Have a nucleus / nuclear envelope
nucleolus / have a nucleoid / nucleolus (allow description) /
no nucleoid ;
3 Do not have membrane-bound Have membrane-bound organelles
organelles / absence of named / presence of named membrane-
organelle bound organelle ;
-
4 Smaller / 70S ribosomes Larger / 80S ribosomes ;

5 Mesosomes / description of No mesosomes ;
infoldings
6 Circular DNA Linear DNA ;
-
7 No histones / chromosomes Histones / chromosomes ;

8 Murein / mucopeptide / Cellulose cell walls (if present) ;
peptidoglycan cell walls / no
cellulose
9 Flagellum with no Flagellum with microtubules /
microtubules / eq / reference to 9+2 arrangement / reference to
basal structure basal structure ;
3
[6]
12. (a) Reference to named stain (acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs) ;
Warm / heat ;
Break open tip with (mounted) needle /eq ;
Mount in stain / acid / water ;
(gently) squash under coverslip / eq ; max 4
(b) (i) A; 1
(ii) C; 1
(c) Synthesis / division / multiplication of organelles (or named organelle) ;

Growth ;
Replication of DNA/ chromosomes ;
Protein synthesis / name of specific protein being synthesised ;
Any normal cell activities, named example (e.g. respiration) ; max 2
[8]
13. (a) A Pollen tube ;

B Tube nucleus ; 2
(b) One, fuses / fertilises / combines, with female nucleus / egg cell / eq ;
To form zygote ;
Which is diploid ;
One fuses with polar nuclei / fusion nucleus / primary endosperm nucleus ;
To form endosperm (nucleus) ;
Which is triploid / 3n ; 4
(c) (i) 15% ; 1

(ii) (Germination rate of) both decreases ;
(Germination rate of) Bauhinia always greater than that of Camellia /
/ converse ; [greater at all concentrations must be implied]
(Germination rate of) Camellia reaches zero at 25%, Bauhinia minimum at
30% / does not reach zero / eq ;
Above 30 % / this (germination rate of) Bauhinia (starts to) increase
(Camellia stays at zero) ; 3
[10]
14. Presence of respiratory pigment / haemoglobin ;
To take up oxygen (at low partial pressures) / high affinity for oxygen ;
Presence of breathing tube / siphon / eq ;
To reach the air / to reach above surface ;
Waving tail / eq ;
Circulates water near body / maintains oxygen, diffusion / concentration, gradient ;
Gills ;
Increase surface area ;
Hairs ;
Trap bubble of air ;
Flattened / elongated body ;
Increase surface area ;
Capillaries close to surface / thin body wall ;
Short diffusion distance ; 2+2
[4]
15. (a) B Spermatagonium ;

C Spermatid / spermatocyte ; 2
(b) (i) C/D; 1

(ii) Meiosis I / reduction division ;
Homologous chromosomes ;
Attachment to spindle fibres ;
Separate in, metaphase (I) / anaphase (I) ;
To two opposite, poles / ends of cells ; 4
(c) Flagellum / tail – locomotion / eq ;

Acrosome – (hydrolytic) enzymes to penetrate egg membrane / eq ;
Large / many, mitochondria to provide, energy / ATP ; 2
[9]
16. (a) (i) (single) membrane ;

Contains {hydrolytic / digestive / zymogen} enzymes ;
[accept suitable named enzyme]
Reference to size (accept up to 1 m) ; 2
(ii) Isolation of enzymes ;

Break down / eq of {ingested material / bacteria} ;
Autolysis / self-digestion ;
Breakdown of (old) organelles ; 2
(b) 0 – 10 hours Increase in radioactivity ;
10 – 12 hours Amount of radioactivity remains constant ;
After 12 hours Fall in amount of radioactivity ;
OR
0 – 8 hours Increase in radioactivity ;
8 – 14 hours Amount of radioactivity remains relatively constant ;
After 14 hours Fall in amount of radioactivity ;
No radioactivity present in white blood cells at the beginning and some
remaining inside white blood cells at the end ; 3
(c) (hydrolytic enzymes) digesting the bacteria ; 1
(d) Degraded bacteria are expelled from cell / eq ;

By exocytosis ;
Digested molecules are (still) radioactively-labelled ; 2
(e) Not all bacteria engulfed / some {radioactivity / labelled amino acids}
still present in supernatant / eq ; 1
[11]
17. Points accepted in correct context only

1. Occurs in ovaries and testes ;
2. Formation of spindle / reference to centrioles ;
3. (Prophase) condensation of chromosomes / disintegration of nuclear
{membranes / envelope} / disappearance of nucleolus ;
4. (Meiosis I) homologous chromosomes pair / bivalents form ;
5. And attach to spindle at {metaphase plate / equator} ;
6. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids ;
7. Crossing over / chiasma ;
8. (Anaphase I) separation of chromosomes ;
9. To opposite poles of cell ;
10. Pulled by spindle fibres / microtubules ;
11. (Meiosis II) sister chromatids separate ;
12. {Haploid / n} {cells / gametes} formed ;
13. Fertilisation restores {diploid / 2n} number ;
14. Reference to genetic variation ;
15. Reference to the production of four sperm, and one {ovum / egg} plus
{two / three} polar bodies ;
[10]
18. (a) (i) Spermatagonium / primordial germ cell ; 1

(ii) M clearly shown between secondary spermatocyte and spermatid ; 1
(b) A Mitochondrion ;
B Flagellum / microtubules / axial filaments ;
C Acrosome / lysosome ; 2
[All correct for two marks, two correct for one mark]
(c) 1. Seminal fluid ;

2. From secretions of {prostate gland / Cowper’s gland / seminal vesicles} ;
3. Secretions contain {nutrients / mucus / enzymes / lubricant} ;
4. Seminal fluid + sperm = semen ;
5. {Stored / collected} in {vas deferens / ejaculatory bulb of urethra} ;
6. Erection of penis ;
7. By increased blood {volume / pressure} ;
8. Inserted into vagina ;
9. Muscle contractions cause ejaculation (of sperm) ; 5
[9]
19. (a) Seminiferous {tubule / tube} ; 1

(b) Cell A Primary spermatocyte ;
Cell B Spermatid ; 2
(c) 1. Reducing chromosome number / haploid from diploid / 2n to n / correct

reduction ;
2. So diploid reformed at fertilisation / eq ;
3. Genetic variation ;
4. Four {sperm / gametes} produced ; 3
[6]
20. (a) 1. Low oxygen (concentration) ;

2. Reference to (breathing) tube / eq ;
3. To obtain oxygen / to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide ;
4. From above surface of water / from air ;
5. Reference to hairs or lipids to prevent waterlogging of tube ;
6. Reference to {respiratory pigment / haemoglobin} ;
7. With a high affinity for oxygen ; 4
(b) Reference to {claws / hooks} (on legs) ;
To hold onto stones / eq ;
Streamlined / flattened shape / aerodynamic / hydrodynamic ;

Less resistance to flowing water / hides under stones ; 2
[6]
21. Tissues are groups of (similar) cells performing similar functions;

Organs are a number of tissues that perform a function 2
[2]
22. (a) (i) BDAC; 1
(ii) Metaphase; [ignore I and II] 1
(b) (i) DNA replicates;

Cell division / cytokinesis; 2
(ii) Mitosis / G2 and mitosis; 1
(iii) {l5/20} hours; 1
[6]
23. (a) A Nucleus/chromatin/nucleoplasm;

B Mitochondrion; 2
(b) Correctly measured length;
(Length) ÷ 5000;
Correct answer in m; 3
(c) 1. (molecules/proteins) pass into the{cisternae/eq}of the RER;
2. Vesicles {break off (from cisternae) / form};
3. (molecules) carried to Golgi / (vesicles) fuse with Golgi;
4. (proteins) concentrated;
5. Modified / carbohydrate added / become glycoproteins;
6. Vesicles {break away (from Golgi) / move to cell membrane};
7. (vesicles) fuse (with cell membrane);
8. Reference to exocytosis; 5
[10]
24. (a) Anaphase;
II; 2
(b) (i) 23; 1

(ii) 46; 1
(iii) 46; 1
(c) 1. In seminiferous tubules (of testis);

2. At puberty / continuous through adult life / 12-16 years to 65-70 years;
3. Reference to {germinal cells / eq} divide by mitosis (to form
spermatogonia);
4. Spermatogonia divide by mitosis;
5. Form {primary spermatocytes /type B};
6. Divide by meiosis I;
7. Form secondary spermatocytes;
8. Divide by meiosis II;
9. Form spermatids;
10. Any reference to {correct male hormone / Sertoli cells} reference
to differentiation of spermatids to sperm; 5
[10]
25. (a) (Extensive root system) increases surface area;

For uptake of water;
Near surface so can take up water rapidly when it rains / eq; 2
(b) Storage;
Of water;
Allows easy movement of water through walls / allows expansion of cells; 2
(c) Reduced surface area;

Fewer stomata;
Reduces {transpiration / water loss} / converse;
Protection against herbivores / eq;
Spines trap humid air; 3
[7]
26. (a) Reversible damage is {not permanent / eq} and irreversible damage is
{permanent / eq};
Pipeline laying causes damage but {land / soil / eq} replaced;
Building treatment works is permanent because {land cannot be replaced
/ habitat is destroyed}; 2
(b)
Area Type of Area Ecological Units of Reversible Irreversibl
development / m2 category damage damage e
damage
p 42 000 42 000
q 2 500 2 500
r 3 000 3 000
s 2 500 2 500
t 10 000
Totals 60 000 18 000 42 000
1. Units of damage calculated for p, q, r, s and t;
2. Damage for area p assigned to irreversible damage and damage for
areas q, r, s and t assigned to reversible damage;
3. Totals correct; 3
(c) 1. (Total ecological) damage at Site 1 greater than at Site 2;

2. Reversible damage at Site 2 less than at Site 1 / irreversible damage at Site 2
greater than at Site 1;
3. Two category 5s at site 2 AND one category 5 at site 1;
4. Manipulation of figures to compare magnitude of damage; 3
(d) Number of {species / different types of organism / different kinds of organism}; 1

(e) 1. Distance from shore / different lengths of pipeline;
2. Tidal movement / tides;
3. {Strength / direction) of currents;
4. Reference to wash back / eq;
5. {Strength / direction} of winds;
6 Wave action;
7 Depth of pipeline / depth of water;
8. Temperature of water / oxygen concentration in water; 3
(f) 1. Addition of {minerals / nitrates / phosphates / nutrients} / reference to
eutrophication;
2. And organic solids;
3. (Leads to) increased growth of {algae / seaweeds / plants / producers};
4. More food for {herbivores / primary consumers};
5. (So) {herbivores / primary consumers} increase in number;
6. More food for carnivorous fish; 4
[16]
27. (a) (i) Endoplasmic reticulum / mitochondrion / mitochondria /

membrane-bound organelles / internal membranes; max 1
(ii) Bacterium / named bacterium / bacteria / blue-green
algae / cyanobacteria; 1
(b) (i) Ribosome;

(ii) Protein synthesis;
OR
(i) (Rough) endoplasmic reticulum / intermembranal space;
(ii) {Transporting / trafficking / folding / synthesising} proteins; 2
(c) B (Outer mitochondrial) membrane / double

membrane / intramembranal space / double envelope;
C Crista / infolding of (inner mitochondrial) membrane / inner
mitochondrial membrane; 2
[6]
28. (a) 1. Tail / flagellum;

{To swim / to propel it} to the {egg / ovum / vitelline membrane};
2. Small(er) size;
Makes it easier for it to swim / to aid mobility / makes it possible
to produce them in large numbers;
3. Haploid number of chromosomes / only one of each chromosome
/ (only) 23 chromosomes rather than 46;
So {normal / diploid} number restored at fertilisation;
4. Acrosome / sac of enzymes; To digest way (in)to egg;
5. Mitochondria; Energy for swimming / eq; 4
(b) (Mitosis and) meiosis; 1
(c) (Produces) {biological / genetic} variation;

No two sperms the same;
Many sperms do not reach egg / increases chances of
fertilising eggs;
Selection for {fittest / eq} sperm;
Some sperms defective; 2
[7]
29. (a) Vacuole;

Tonoplast;
Plasmodesmata / plasmodesma;
Pits;
Chloroplasts / plastids;
Starch grains / amyloplast;
Calcium pectate qualified / middle lamella; 3
(b) (i) P Sclerenchyma / (wood) fibres;

Q (xylem) vessel {cell / element}; 2
(ii) 1. Cellulose microfibrils held together by hemicelluloses;

2. Reference to orientation of microfibrils to give
maximum support in stated direction;
3. Reference to H-bonds;
4. Lignification makes walls {stiffer / rigid / thicker};
5. Cellulose walls are thicker / secondary cellulose; 3
(c) (i) Paper production / (production of) {cloth / fishing nets / fabric} /
biocomposites / ropes / string / animal feed / biofuel / fermented
to make biogas / green manure; 1
(ii) Nettles will regrow after stems have been harvested / harvest
seeds and sow for new crop / no need to buy seeds / idea that
one can always grow more;
(as opposed to) use of non-renewable resource / named
non-renewable resource e.g. oil / if used as (bio)fuel
{carbon dioxide output is equal to carbon dioxide
input / carbon neutral};
Not causing deterioration of (good) agricultural land / eq; 2
[11]
30.
Name of Two features of structure One function
organelle
Golgi (apparatus /
body);
Cisternae / {flattened / membranous / {Transport / storage} of
network} {sacs / tubules}; proteins / synthesise
proteins / translation;
Ribosomes;
(Contains) {thylakoids / lamellae /
grana};
(Contains) {stroma / chlorophyll /
DNA
/ starch granules};
(surrounded by) two membranes /
double membrane / envelope;
[6]
31. (a) Root tip / shoot tip;

Dividing cells / meristem; 2
(b) (i) To make the {chromosomes / chromatids / DNA} visible; 1
(ii) Acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs / any other

correctly named stain; 1
(c) To {get a single layer of cells / spread out cells}; 1

[5]
32.
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Ribosomes present
Cell diameter usually more than 20
µm
Cell may contain plasmids
DNA combined with protein into
chromosomes
Nuclear membranes present
Cell wall always present
[5]
33. {Alpha / α} glucose;

{Beta / β } glucose;
More than two / several / many;
Glycosidic;
Insoluble;
Energy / glucose;
Hydrogen;
[7]
34. (a) 1. (Dead cells so) {no contents / hollow / (like)

tubes / (like) pipes} / reference to lumen;
2. {No / reduced} {end / cross} walls;
3. Lignin qualified with reference to water e.g.
waterproofing / strengthens to withstand pressure;
4. Pits for lateral movement (of water); 2
(b) (Forces of) adhesion; Intermolecular force between water

and {cellulose / lignin}; (Forces of) cohesion;
Intermolecular force between water molecules;
Pulled up xylem by transpiration / correct reference to
evaporation as driving force;
Difference in water potential / (hydrostatic) pressure;
Root pressure / described in terms of osmosis in roots; 4
(c) (i) Intercellular cement / calcium pectate / middle
lamella / helps to hold cells together;
(ii) For making chlorophyll / enzyme cofactors;
(iii) Making {protein / DNA / RNA / ATP}; 3
[9]
35. (a) A Mitosis; B Meiosis; 2
(b) (i) Fertilisation / syngamy; 1

(ii) Zygote / diploid cell; 1
(c) XYZ
Acrosome;
Nucleus;
Mitochondria; 3
[7]
36. (a) Protection (of plant) from (bacterial) disease; 1
(b) (i) Correct reference to {bacteria / bacterial} innoculum;

{Sterile / aseptic} techniques; Incubation / left to grow
for a time; At temperature in the range 25 – 40 ˚C / for
24 hours (accept up to 5 days); Correct reference to using a
Petri dish or similar suitable piece of apparatus / correct
reference to use of {a medium / agar};
(If antibacterial substance is present) {clear / bacteria-free}
zone around disc; 4
(ii) A bigger {clear / bacteria-free} zone than with garlic means

the new substance is a more effective antibacterial agent / converse;
Keep in same conditions / use same dish;
Specific reference to any two variables to be standardised
e.g. {mass of plant material used / incubation time / incubation
temperature / volume of extract used / size of filter paper
disc / type of filter paper / etc.};;
Specific reference to quantitative means of comparing the
differences in size of the clear zones; 3
(c) {Food preservative / food additive} to counteract
{disease / food poisoning} / (chemotherapeutic) medicine to
fight bacterial infection / {disinfectant / antiseptic / antibiotic} / toothpaste; 1
[9]
37. (a) Conflict with {farmers / agriculture } / eq / destruction of natural

habitat; Isolated populations breed less successfully; Reference to
climate change in habitat; Removal of prey species / reference to
food chain; {Poaching / eq} / example of why tigers are removed
e.g. chinese medicine; 2
(b) (Breed from animals that are) {unrelated / from the wild / from another
zoo / from outside the programme};
{Maintaining / increasing} breeding population;
Different genetic makeup (from existing tigers) / introduction
of new genes / eq;
Prevents {inbreeding / homozygosity} / promotes heterozygosity / less risk
of genetic disorder;
{Genes / alleles/ eq} mixed / larger gene pool;
Replace genes lost as captive animals die;
[allow converse of points] 3
(c) Tigers occur in a wide variety of natural habitats;

(90% is a) high proportion of the different alleles / keeps
many different alleles in the population;
Provides variety in phenotype;
Allows adaptation to {new / natural} environment;
Some individuals will survive {changed / different}
conditions / similar organisms would be affected in the
same way by adverse environmental change;
Maintain {gene flow / similarity} to wild population / prevent
loss of wild characteristics / successful breeding between wild
and captive populations; 4
[9]
38. Nuclear {membrane / envelope} / nucleolus;

Centrioles;
Metaphase;
Centromeres / kinetochore / chromosome;
Anaphase;
[5]
39. (a) (i) A Flagellum;
B DNA / bacterial chromosome; 2
(ii) Glycogen; 1
(iii) Made of {peptidoglycan / murein} / does not contain cellulose; 1
(b) Correct measurement: {80 / 81} mm;

Correct division: ÷ 6000;
Correct conversion to m;
[Maximum 2 marks if answer is incorrect, correct answer: 13.3 / 13.5] 3
[7]
40. (a) (i) (Inner) membrane of mitochondrion {is folded / forms cristae};
(Inner) membrane of mitochondrion has {ATPase / stalked particles /
electron carriers};
Nuclear membrane has pores;
(Outer) nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum;
(Outer) nuclear membrane has ribosomes; 2
(ii) Chloroplast; 1
(b) 1. Cylindrical;
2. Occur in pairs;
3. Lie at 90° to each other;
4. Made of microtubules;
5. Arranged in {triplets / nine groups};
[Maximum 2 marks from marking points 1-5]
6. Reference to spindle formation / organisation;
7. Reference to {microtubule organising centre / assembling the tubulin}; 3
[6]
41. (a) (i) (Chromosomes) condense / become visible / eq;

Presence of homologous chromosome pairs / (form) bivalents / synapsis;
Attach to spindle (fibres) ; [accept once, either here OR in (a)(ii)]
Reference to crossing over / reference to {chiasmata / genetic material
exchanged); 2
(ii) (Chromosomes) arranged at {equator / middle of cell};
{Bivalents / homologous chromosomes / very clear description} start
to separate;
Attach to spindle fibres; [accept once, either here OR in (a)(i)] 2
(iii) Centromeres divide / eq;

Each chromosome separates into two chromatids / the chromatids separate;
(Separated chromatids) move to opposite poles; 2
(b) (i) {Secondary / 2°} oocyte; 1

(ii) {Secondary / 2°} spermatocyte; 1
[8]
42. (a) Function: Photosynthesis / {absorb / trap} light;

Reason: Near top of leaf;
Cells contain [chloroplasts / chlorophyll};
Reference to densely packed cells; 3
(b) Buoyancy / eq;

Storage of [oxygen carbon dioxide gases)
Allows (rapid) [diffusion / movement) of [gases named e.g.); 2
(c) To enable {diffusion / uptake / exchange} of {gases (from air) / carbon dioxide /
oxygen};
If in lower epidermis would let in water; 2
[7]
43. (a) Number / range / variety of species;

Range of taxa / eq;
{Variety / diversity} within species;
{Variety / diversity} of ecosystems; 2
(b) {Identify / classify / name} organisms / eq;

Recognise new species; 2
(c) Correct working (56 250 – 53 820) (= 2430) ÷ 56250 x 100;
Correct answer = 4.32 % / - 4.32 % ;
2 marks for correct answer with no working shown;; 2
(d) 1. Loss (of rainforest) is not that bad;

2. Main means of subsistence / e.g. {growing food / obtaining
fuel / building materials} / eq;
3. Can’t afford reforestation;

4. Can’t afford fertilisers (to improve existing farmland);
5. Allows exploitation of resources for profit / benefit economy;
6. Too difficult to enforce regulations;
7. {Ancient / existing} land rights;
8. Benefit tourism in Honduras;
9. Rainforests help to {prevent / slow down} global
warming / reference to CO2 levels;
10. Reference to other environmental benefit of keeping forests;
11. Prevent loss of {habitat / niches / shelter / eq} for wildlife;
12. Prevent loss of {species / biodiversity};
13. Provide means of sustainable exploitation (of forest);
14. Prevents loss of potential medicine;
15. Regulation would make government unpopular; 5
[11]
44. (a) Measure {growth / height / number of leaves / mass / dry mass};
Growth with copper and {without copper / control / range of
copper concentrations};
Reference to controlling variables;
Reference to {repeats / means / calculation of percentage growth}; 2
(b) High tolerance plants grow on {site B / eq};

Tolerance genes from {mine site / site B};
Carried by {pollen / seeds};
To {downwind site / site C};
Tolerance higher downwind than upwind; 3
(c) Plants compete / eq;

For {ions / water / nutrients / nitrates / light / space / eq};
Tolerant plants less well adapted / converse / eq;
So tolerant plants {smaller / less dry mass} / converse / eq;
Idea: Results are due to competition only because trays 1
and 3 growing the same;
Manipulated figures; 4
(d) Decreases / more non-tolerant;

No benefit;
Competes less well; 2
[11]
45. (a) A Nucleus / nucleoplasm / chromatin / nuclear {envelope / membrane};

B Chloroplast / stroma;
C DNA / chromosome / nucleoid; 3
(b) Cell wall of leaf cell is made of cellulose / bacterial cell wall is not made of
cellulose / bacterial cell wall is {peptidoglycan / mucopolysaccharide} /plant
cell wall is not made of peptidoglycan / mucopolysaccharide; 1
(c) To enable cell to move (through medium);

Rotates / eq;
Any valid reason for movement; 2
[6]
46. (a) 1. Reference to named stain (acetic orcein / acetocarmine /

Feulgens / Schiffs);
2. {Warm / heat} (with the stain / acid);
3. Break open tip (with needle / eq);
4. {Mount / eq} in {stain / acid / water / glycerol};
5. (Gently) squash under coverslip / eq;
6. Warm (gently to intensify stain); 4
(b) 1. Telophase is the longest stage;
2. Anaphase is the shortest stage;
3. Correct manipulation of figures to compare any two phases;
4. Any two actual times given e.g. {prophase 29.16 mins /
metaphase 16.80 mins / anaphase 8.40 mins / telophase 33.36 mins}; 3
(c) (Use the equation to) work out actual time of each phase;
Total all four times;
OR
Add up all 4 percentages;
1200
{Substitute into equation / eq} / Multiply by 100 ; 2
[9]
47. (a) Stack of at least three cisternae;

Cisternae curved / showing {budding / fusing} vesicles / eq;
{Cisternae / sacs / vesicles} labelled; 3
(b) (i) Level of radioactivity falls;

Protein moving out (of the RER); 2
(b) (ii) 1. (In first 20 minutes) there were no secretory vesicles / only
non-radioactive material in vesicles;
2. (Because) radioactive proteins have not yet reached the vesicles;
3. (Because) {proteins / radioactivity / eq} has yet to pass into
Golgi apparatus;
4. From RER (into Golgi);
5. (After 20 minutes) reference to formation of vesicles
(from Golgi) now containing (radioactive) protein; 3
[8]
48. (a) Anther / pollen sac / microsporangium / pollen mother cell; 1
(b) Anaphase;
II; 2
(c) 7;
7;
14;
21; 4
[7]
49. (a) (i) M written between secondary follicle and part Q; 1

(ii) Graafian follicle / mature follicle; 1
(iii) Oestrogen;
Progesterone; 2
(b) 1. Sperm in {Fallopian tube / eq};

2. Release of enzymes (from acrosome);
3. Idea that enzymes digest channel on layers around secondary oocyte / eq;
[accept ovum]
4. Fusion of membranes;
5. Reference to second meiotic division (of secondary oocyte);
6. Reference to fusion of two nuclei;
7. Reference to change in permeability of egg membrane; 3
[7]
50. No mark scheme available

51. Unit 2B
Introduction could include reference to the structure of xylem tissue in plants –
Roles of diffusion and active transport in the uptake of mineral ions –
Structure of the root –
Movement of water (plus dissolved mineral ions) through the plant –
Apoplast, symplast and vascular pathways –
Role of the endodermis –
Functioning of the transpiration stream –
Structure of vessels and their contribution to the movement of water –
Unit 5B
Functions of:
Nitrate ions –
Phosphate ions –
Magnesium ions –
[some candidates might refer to the transport of mineral ions to sinks in the phloem]
Scientific content 11 marks
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[maximum 15]
ESSAY MARK SCHEME

Total maximum mark available: 15
11 available for Scientific content
2 available for Balance
2 available for Coherence
Scientific content (S)
Scientific
content Description
(S)
The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic,
contains a significant amount of material relevant to two (or more)
11 Units (including A2 units) of the specification, and includes
(good) suitable examples where appropriate.
The candidate has clearly and coherently linked together
information from different parts of the specification.
An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes
9
a good balance of material from two (or more) Units (including the
(above
A2 units), and examples where appropriate.
average)
There may be some minor factual errors.
The essay includes relevant information from two (or more) Units
(including A2 units), and the candidate links together some facts
7
and principles.
(average)
Some examples are included.
The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant
5
material, and there is some attempt to link material from more than
(below
one Unit. However, the discussion lacks details, particularly of A2
average)
Units.
There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and
3
accuracy. Little or no relevant information from A2 Units is
(poor)
included.
1 There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial
(poor) and inaccurate.
0
No correct, or relevant, information included.
(poor)
Note: If a scientific content mark of 0, 1, or 3 is awarded, it is very unlikely that a
balance mark of more than 1 is appropriate.
S = 11 marks
Balance (B)
2 Most of the main topic areas outlined are covered
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable
examples where appropriate
Material included is all relevant to the topic and the candidate has linked
information from more than one area of the specification.
Few, if any, errors
1 Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered.
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen.
Some irrelevant material included.
There are some examples which link together different areas of the
specification.
Some errors
0 Very limited account, possibly only one aspect chosen
Material mostly irrelevant
No examples of the candidate linking information from different topics
Large number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence (C)
2 Material logically presented, with little or no repetition
Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used
throughout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion, summing up the main points
Technical terms have been used correctly
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are sound
1 Material is presented in an orderly way and some ideas developed
Continuous prose used throughout
The introduction and conclusion may be present, but brief
Technical terms are used and generally in the correct context
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are generally sound
0 Essay style not used
Material in note form or numbered points
Very poor standard of spelling, punctuation and grammar
C = 2 marks
52.
Typical plant cell Typical animal cell
Cellulose cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Large central vacuole
Chromosomes
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Stored starch
[One mark for each correct row]
[7]
53. (a) C D B E A;; 2

[Two error = 1 mark, more than two errors = 0 marks]
[Allow one mark for D B E A C]
(b) (i) Root tip / (just behind) last 4-5 mm of root; 1

(ii) (Ethanoic / acetic / propionic) orcein / feulgen / toluidene blue /
haemotoxalin; 1
(c) (i) (DNA) replication / S1; [do not credit reference to prophase / interphase] 1
(ii) {DNA / chromosomes} {doubled / copied} / new set of
{chromosomes / DNA} forms / eq; 1
[Allow replication if not given in part (i)]
[6]
54. (a) 1. Glucose;

2. Hydrogen;
3. Microfibrils / fibre;
4. Strong(er) / thick(er) / stiff(er) / rigid;
[Do not credit hard]
5. Waterproof / impermeable; 5
[Allow marking point 4 and 5 either way round]
[5]
55. (a) A Metaphase ;

B Prophase ;
C Telophase ; 3
(b) 1. Chromatids separate / centromere splits ;

2. Moved to (opposite) {poles / ends / centrioles} ;
3. By spindle fibres / microtubules ;
4. Shortening / eq ; 2
(c) Daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell / maintains

chromosome number / eq ; 1
[6]
56.
First division of Second division of
Statement
meiosis meiosis
Pairing of homologous
chromosomes occurs
Each chromosome consists of a pair
of chromatids during prophase
Crossing over occurs and chiasmata
are formed
Independent assortment of
chromosomes occurs
[Any two correct responses = 1 mark]
[Blanks are incorrect]
[ is incorrect]
[4]
57. (a) 1. Reference to streamlined shape ;

2. Less resistance to water /eq ;
3. {Legs / feet } with {hooks / claws} ;
4. Gripping substrate / eq ;
5. Gills (on abdomen) ;
6. For gas exchange in water / eq ;
7. Antennae ;
8. Detecting water current ; 4
(b) (i) 1. Presence of haemoglobin / eq ;
2. For uptake of oxygen /with high affinity for oxygen ;
3. Presence of breathing tube / eq ;
4. To obtain oxygen from air /eq ;
5. Gills ;
6. To increase surface area (for uptake of oxygen) ;
7. Lower rate of respiration ;
8. Less oxygen required ; 4
(ii) 1. (Numbers increase as) pollution decreases ;

2. (and) oxygen levels increase ;
3. Less competition (from other species) / less predation ;
4. More food available ;
5. Larvae move down stream ; 2
[10]
58. (a) 1. Prevent extinction;

2. By keeping breeding populations / where natural habitat lost;
3. Breed / breeding programme to increase numbers;
4. For reintroduction to wild / reference to genetic diversity / eq;
5. Study animals / research;
6. Better understand means of conservation;
7. Education;
8. Raise awareness / support for conservation; 4
(b) 1. Introduce new / unrelated animals / reference to sperm bank;

2. Introduce new alleles / genes / increase gene pool;
3. Prevent inbreeding;
4. Maintain genetic diversity;
5. Stud books / pedigree records;
6. Collaboration between zoos;
7. Reference to embryo technology; 2
[6]
59. Diagram mark(cell wall, no nucleus, slime capsule, pili or membrane-bound
organelles, genetic material or flagellum) ;
Any 3 labelled structures:
Cell wall ;
Invaginations / mesosome ;
Flagellum ;
Bacterial chromosome / circular DNA ;
Plasmid ;
70s ribosomes
[4]
60. (a) A Granum / (stack of) thylakoids ;

B Stroma ;
C Starch grain ; 3
(b) Correct width measured (mm / cm) ;

Width / 5000 ;
Correct conversion into µm ; 2
(c) Palisade (mesophyll cells) ;

Spongy (mesophyll cell) ;
Guard(cells) ;
[“Mesophyll” unqualified = 1 mark] 2
[8]
61. (a) (i) 4;

(ii) 4; 2
(b) 1. Idea of using a short length of root tip ;

2. Ref. to acidification ;
3. Add {acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens stain /
Schiffs reagent / Toluidine Blue / Lactoproprionic Acid} ;
4. Warm / heat ;
5. Break open tip (with mounted needle / eq) ;
6. Mount/ eq in {stain / acid / water} ;
7. (Gently) squash under coverslip or slide ;
8. Warm slide (to intensify staining) ; 5
(c) (i) Metaphase /prophase ; 1
(ii) Spindle is made during prophase ; 2

(if there is no spindle) {there is nothing for the
chromosomes to attach to(in metaphase)} / {chromatids
cannot be pulled apart(in anaphase)} ;
[10]
62. (a) Pollen tube ; 1
(b) One male nucleus fuses with egg cell / eq ;

Forms zygote ; Which is {diploid / eq} ;
One male nucleus fuses with {polar nuclei / fusion nucleus} ;
Forms endosperm ; Which is {triploid / eq} ; 4
(c) (i) 21 to 22 (%) ; 1

(ii) {Rises / 21–24% figs. Given} from 10 to 15 % ;
Reaches {a peak /eq} at 15 % ;
Decreases from 15 to 25 % ; 2
[8]
63. (a) Stage Prophase I / metaphase I / diplotene /diakinesis;

Reason Chromosomes paired / bivalents present / synopsis ;
Reference to {chiasmata formation / crossing over} ; 3
(b) (i) 180 ;

(ii) 360 ; 2
(c) Halves the number of chromosomes /eq ;

Reference to genetic variability / eq ;
Diploid number restored at fertilisation / eq ; 2
[7]
64. (a) 4; 1
(b) BADCE ;
[correct sequence = 2 marks, one error = 1 mark] 2
(c) Halves chromosome number / diploid to haploid / 2n to n ;
Diploid restored at fertilisation ;
Reference to genetic variation ;
Four {sperm / gametes} produced ;
From each spermatogonium / eq ; 4
(d) Very few sperm reach the ovum / eq ;

Reference to some sperm not motile / eq ;
Therefore large number needed / eq ;
Reference collective activity / eq ; 2
[9]
65. (a) (gene) {length / eq} of DNA that codes for {polypeptide / protein /eq};
(allele) form of gene /eq ; 2
(b) (i) dominant ;

if recessive not possible to produce child D or G,(as all offspring
in second generation would have to be Dd)/eq explanation ; 2
Must use D and d(allow CE for other letters used in(b)(ii))
(ii) B – Dd
F – dd
J – Dd
[ 2 correct = 1, 3 correct = 2 ] 2
(iii) 50% / 1 in 2 / 0.5 / ½ ;

(parental genotypes) dd × Dd ;
Clearly indicated gametes ;
offspring genotypes /(at least Dd and dd) ; 3
(c) 1. mutation ;
2. occurs during meiosis /suitable cause of mutation /ref to non-disjunction;
3. causes faulty {protein /polypeptide/eq} to be produced /might not
be produced ;
4. recessive/ both parents could be carriers /eq;
5. offspring inherit recessive(allele) from both parents ; 2
[11]
66.
Starch Cellulose
Molecule with branches
attached by 1-6
linkages
Molecules always long
and straight
Formed from α glucose
molecules
Form microfibrils by
hydrogen bonding
Major component of
plant cell walls
Stored in amyloplasts
One mark for each correct row; ; ; ; ;

Empty box = no marks
[Reject ticks that might be crosses]
[5]
67. Meiosis;
Halved / ½;
Random(ly) / independently;
(Digestive) enzymes / lysozyme / eq;
Acrosome;
Zygote;
Mitosis;
[7]
68. (a) (i) Mitochondrion / mitochondria;

(ii) Ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER;
(iv) Golgi body / golgi apparatus / smooth endoplasrnic reticulum / SER;
(v) Vacuole;
(vi) Centriole; 5
(b) A description to include two from:
1. pits contain plasmodesmata / pass through pits
2. (plasmodesmata) are strands of cytoplasm (which connect plant cells)
3. pits are holes through (cell) walls / thinning of wall / eq
{Accept thinning of wall / eq]
4. {plasmodesmata / pits} allow [ / named appropriate substance}
to pass between (plant) cells / eq; 2
(c) Any two from:

1. (prokaryotic cell) has no nuclear membrane (whilst a eukaryotic
cell does) / DNA not enclosed in a {nuclear membrane / nucleus};
2. (prokaryotic cell) has circular chromosome (whereas eukaryotic
cell has linear ones) / (prokaryotic cell) has single chromosome
whereas eukaryotic cells have {many / several});
3. (prokaryotic cells) do not have {mitochondria / ch / endoplasmic
reticulum / golgi body / centriole / lysosomes / membrane
bound organelle / structure within cell) (whereas eukaryotic
cells can have);
4. (prokaryotic cells) can have {plasmids / pili / slime} capsule
(eukaryotic cells do not);
[Reject flagellum]
5. (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller (than eukaryotic cells);
6. (prokaryotic cells) always have a cell wall (only some
eukaryotic cells have cell wall);
[To gain a mark there must be no ambiguity about whether the
candidate is referring to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell] 2
[9]
69. (a) A suggestion an explanation to include:

1. to remove / separate the soft tissues from the fibres;
2. by microbial / bacterial decomposition / activity; 2
(b) A description to include four from:

1. measure samples of fibres to standardise (same length / width);
2. increasing range of suitable masses / eq;
3. record mass needed to break fibre or record force (if a
newton meter used);
4. repeats for reliability;
5. one good safety precaution;
6. appropriate reference to calculation of cross sectioned area; 4
(c) A suggestion to include two from:

1. cotton has to be imported / eq;
2. Lower transport costs;
[Accept other good reference to costs]
3. more expensive fertilisation / pesticides used to grow cotton
or converse for nettles / grow any where / waste ground; 2
[8]
70. (a) (i) A description to include four from:

1. animals / cell culture tested for humans;
2. reference to female subjects;
3. (phase I) preliminary (small scale) tests on healthy volunteers;
4. {independent / official} body of {scientists / medics} /
(UK) Medicines Control Agency decides whether
work can progress (to phase 2);
5. (phase II drug tested on small groups of (volunteer)
{patients / people} who already have the disease;
6. (phase III) {larger / 1000 to 3000 group of} {patients / people}
who already have the disease;
[Accept if no reference to phase I and I]
7. placed randomly in two groups one to receive treatment
the other not / as control;
8. one group given medical product the other a placebo /
dummy treatment / no active ingredient;
9. (double blind test) neither patients nor doctors know
who has the active compound;
10. statistics used to analyse results / test for significance;
[Credit points 6-9 in context of animal testing] 4
(ii) An explanation to include two from

1. only sick patients treated;
2. high risk doses / patients nearly died;
3. no placebo / control used / not a double blind test;
4. no control by regulatory body;
5. small sample size; 2
(b) In favour:
1. Relief of human suffering;
2. Cancer a very serious condition / causes death / severe
distress / no satisfactory alternative way of treating it;
3. Debatable whether an embryonic stem ccli can be regarded
as a potential human life but adult stem cells are not a
potential human life;
4. Developing stem cell technology could lead to cures for
other conditions;
5. Any balanced view an the use of stem cells;
[Level marking award points 1-4 to a max 2 marks and point 5 for the 3rd
mark]
against:
1. Stem cells can be harvested from human embryos /
increases pressure to produce embryos specially for treating people;
2. Embryos have right to life / use at embryos = murder;
3. Research using non-embryonic stems could make use of
embryonic stem cells unnecessary;
4. Could be unforeseen side effects for the woman / any
children she has / correct reference to gene line /
might lead to even more ethically questionable practices;
5. Any balanced view on the use at stem cells;
[Level marking award points 1-4 to a max 2 marks and point 5 for the 3rd mark]
[A candidate who does not express a position can only be awarded a
maximum of two marks unless he or she has deliberately chosen and
attempted to justify an undecided position supported by an argument
that the ethical issues are so finely balanced that he or she would
not like to come down on either side] 3
[9]
71. (a) An explanation to include two from:

1. Biodiversity depends on number of species;
Reject ‘amount’
2. (Extinction) reduces this;
3. Dependent species affected; 2
(b) (i) Source of protein / source of energy / reference to protein

synthesis / growth / few suitable alternative protein sources /
reference to economic significance; 1
(ii) (A suggestion to include two from:

1. Smaller catch;
2. For African fishermen;
3. Fat bush meat instead / eq;
4. Correct reference to aquatic mammals; 2
(c) A description to include two from:

1. People will not change way of life easily;
2. Like European fishermen;
3. So unexpected effects;
4. Elsewhere;
5. African culture or using bush meat / eq 2
(d) An explanation to include three from:

1. Cannot control external factors;
2. Which might affect local area;
3. Could send problem elsewhere;
4. Conflicting needs not considered;
5. Reference to globalisation of human activities;
6. Wild populations not confined (to human boundaries);
7. Law of the commons / eq;
8. International agreements carry more weight / eq; 3
[10]
72. 1. Centrioles;
2. Nucleolus;
3. Golgi (apparatus / body);
4. Lysosomes;
[4]
73.
Structure Bacterial cell Liver cell
Ribosomes
Centrioles
Starch grains
Nucleus
(1 mark for two correct boxes)
Blank spaces are incorrect.
A tick which has been crossed through and is ambiguous is incorrect.
[4]
74. (a) A = cisterna / cisternae;

B = (Golgi / secretory) vesicle / lysosome; 2
(b) 1. {modified / ref. to attachment (of another molecule)} (of protein);

2. carbohydrate / glycoside / (oligo)saccharide (chain) / to form
glycoproteins;
3. (proteins) concentrated / eq;
4. idea that proteins end up in vesicles / within a membrane / lysosome; 3
[5]
75. (a) acetic orcein / Schiffs / Feulgens / acetocarmine / lactopropionic acid /

toluidine blue; 1
(b) prophase, telophase, metaphase and anaphase; 1
(c) (i) 1. idea that P1 is earlier (in prophase) than P2;

2. {chromosomes / threads / chromatids} can be seen
(more) clearly / eq;
3. because (chromosomes / DNA) {shorten / spiral /
condense / coil};
4. idea of chromosomes spreading out more;
5. ref to effect of preparation technique; 3
(ii) correctly labelled cell;

IF two cells are labelled, both must be correct 1
(iii) 1. centromeres divide / split / separate / pulled apart;
2. {spindle fibres / microtubules} become {shorter / contract /
condense};
3. chromatids {separate / pulled apart};
4. chromosomes / chromatids move towards (opposite)
{poles / ends / sides / centrioles}; 2
[8]
76. (a) (i) spermatids; 1
(ii) spermatogonia / spermatogonium;

primary spermatocytes / primary spermatocyte; 2
(b) 1. meiosis / reduction division;

2. reference to halving the number of chromosomes;
3. idea that {the diploid number / 2n} restored at fertilisation / eq; 3
[6]
77. (a) adaptations that enable a plant to {live in dry conditions / eq} /
{reduce water loss / reduce transpiration }; 1
(b) 1. leaf is rolled / curled up / eq;

2. to reduce (exposed) surface area;
3. encloses stomata (on the inside);
4. presence of spines / hairs / spikes;
5. to trap air / trap humid air / trap moisture;
6. reduces the {diffusion / concentration} gradient;
7. thick cuticle;
8. any reference to reducing {transpiration / evaporation / water loss};
9. presence of hinge cells;
10. idea that hinge cells roll the leaf; 4
[5]
78. (a) 1. as the concentration of garlic increases up to 60 – 80%
{the growth of bacteria {decreases / inhibited} / more bacteria killed};
2. decrease in growth is proportional to increase in extract
concentration between 20% and 60%;
3. idea that a concentration of 60 - 80% (and over) has maximum
effect /eq; 2
(b) (i) Gram negative bacteria are affected; 1

(ii) idea of extract affecting gram negative bacteria more than it
affects positive bacteria / eq; 1
[4]
79. ESSAY MARK SCHEME
Outline scheme for marking essay
11 available for Scientific content (S)
2 available for Balance (B)
2 available for Coherence (C)
Scientific Description
content
(S)
11 The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic and contains
(good) a significant amount of material from most areas of the mark scheme,
including A2 content.
Suitable examples are included and the candidate has clearly and
coherently linked together information from different parts of the
specification.
9 An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes a
(above good balance of material from several areas of the mark scheme,
average) including A2 content, and examples where appropriate.
7 The essay includes relevant information from some areas of the mark
(average) scheme, including A2 content. The candidate links together some facts
and principles.
5 The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant
(below material, and there is some attempt to link material from more than one
average) area of the mark scheme. The A2 content, in particular, lacks depth
and accurate details.
3 There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and accuracy. The
(poor) essay contains little or no relevant information from the A2 content.
1 There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial and
(poor) inaccurate.
0
No correct or relevant material is included.
(poor)
An essay containing AS content only can be awarded a max of 3 for scientific content.
An essay containing A2 content only can be awarded a max of 7 for scientific content.
S = 11 marks
Balance (B)
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable examples
where appropriate
Few, if any, errors
1. Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered.
There are some examples which link together different areas of the specification.
Some errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence (C)
Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used throughout
C = 2 marks
[A2 content is in bold]
Introduction could include ref to the importance of sexual reproduction giving rise to
genetic variation –
Gamete formation involves meiosis – independent assortment
Crossing over –
Random fertilisation –
Mutations giving rise to genetic variation –
Selection pressures act on the gene pool –
Changes in allele frequency in populations –
Stabilising, directional and disruptive selection –
Natural selection giving rise to speciation –
Allopatric speciation –
Sympatric speciation
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[15]
80.
Feature Sperm Egg
Tail
(i) Haploid nucleus
(ii) Acrosome present
(iii) Mitochondria present
Cytoplasm containing
(iv)
many lipid granules
(v) Use ATP for movement
(1) per line

NB an empty box = (0) for that line
a tick/cross hybrid = (0) for that line
[5]
81. (a) (i) onion / garlic / other suitable species;

(ii) root tip; 2
(b) (acidic/acidified/acetic/ethanoic/propanoic) orcein / feulgen / toluidene blue;1
(c) to macerate them/to separate the cells; 1
(d) A = centromere;
B = chromatids; 1
[6]
82. (a) (i) (superovulation) from IVF treatment; 1

(ii) totipotent cells can give rise to a complete human/all cell types;
pluripotent can only give some cell types; 2
(b) (i) cells allowed to multiply / produce more cells;

in petri dish/test tube / any reasonable attempt to refer to suitable
culture vessel;
reference to culture medium/incubator/sterile conditions;
to produce more (identical) cells; 2
(ii) cell becomes specialised (in function)/stem cells develop into

different types of cells;
cells stop dividing;
one type of cell can be used to produce a specific type of tissue /
named example;
one cell type can be sued to produce tissue / use of named example; 2
(c) This question is intended to test the candidate’s ability to deal thoughtfully
with a moral dilemma and to balance scientific knowledge and ethical
considerations. These are the kinds of skills developed through
well-informed class discussion.
Candidates must decide for or against - a candidate who does not
make his or her choice clear is limited to a maximum of 3 marks.
A candidate who presents points for and against without expressing
an opinion is limited to a maximum of 3 marks for valid points
either for or against (which ever is the greater) unless he or she
presents a good case why the matter is too finely balanced to come
down one way or the other.
To gain 4 marks a candidate must include one of the points marked
with an asterisk in the mark scheme which attempts to counter the
opposing view.
Against:
• Embryonic stem cells are (potential) people/babies;
• From the moment of conception;
• Objectional on religious/ethical grounds; [do NOT credit unqualified
statements such as ‘unnatural’, against nature’ ‘playing God’]
• Pressure on women to produce surplus embryos;
• Cloning/stem cell techniques may get into the wrong
hands/regulation might be difficult to police* / might be the
thin edge of a wedge like designer babies;
• It will soon be possible to use non-embryonic stem cells so
research into the use of embryonic stein cells is unnecessary / eq; (*)
• Although there are some advantages there could be unexpected
dangerous consequences therefore not worth the risk / eq; (*)
For:
• Potential for alleviating human suffering / eq(*);
• Specific example e.g. culturing patient’s own cells to provide
replacement tissues/organs;
• Stem cells from IVF would otherwise be discarded;
• Embryos should not be considered as human at an early
stage (awareness that only cells at a very early stage are used) (*).
• Use of non-embryonic cells will need a development phase
using embryonic cells / more can be done with embryonic stem cells;
• Ethically questionable to use embryonic stem cells but these
objections are outweighed by the greater evil of not using
embryonic stein cells to alleviate human suffering (*),
• Could be excesses but these can be regulated (*); 4
[11]
83. (a) proportion of total alleles;

for one gene (in a population)/eq; 2
(b) different alleles exist / ref mutation;

advantage in specific environment;
ref selection pressure;
more likely to reproduce;
allele passed to offspring more often;
ref at disadvantage in other environment;
Allow converse argument 4
(c) faster life cycle of bacteria/converse/ eq;

greater selection pressures on bacteria (eg antibiotic use);
ref plasmid transfer in bacteria/eq;
larger numbers of bacteria hence larger gene pool/eq;
ref. mutation; 2
[8]
84.
Breadth: maximum of 6 Depth: maximum of 8 marks
marks These marks are awarded to
These marks are to be awarded candidates for demonstrating an
to the candidate if they understanding of relevant A level
successfully introduce the biological detail expanding on the
general area of Biology relevant areas of biology introduced in A.
to the essay title. If a relevant B This list is not exhaustive but is
point is awarded then the designed to give an idea of the type
corresponding A point should of response worthy of credit for a (B)
also be awarded. Key ideas to mark. Allow a maximum of 4 B
look for are in bold type – the marks per corresponding A mark.
candidate need only show
evidence that he or she realises
that key idea is appropriate in
the essay to gain a breadth (A)
mark.
A1 Description of Stem Cells: B1a Cells that are able to differentiate
into more than one cell type/eq;
B1b Correct descriptions making use of
the words totipotent, pluripotent
and/or multipotent;
B1c Reference to cell/ nuclear division as
source of new cells;
B1d Good description of mitosis and/or
cell cycle including details such as
the names of the phases;
B1e Introduction of concept that cells
specialise during their development;
B1f/g Good description of gene
switching/induction/inactivation such
as the use of transcription
factors/methylation [2 marks
available for excellent description
including 2 methods of
specialisation]
A2 Source of embryonic stem cells: B2a IVF as a source of spare embryos;
B2b Details of how IVF tends to produce
excess embryos and that those
embryos may be stored for long
periods in liquid nitrogen.
B2c Cloning to produce embryonic stem

cells;
B2d Details of a suitable cloning
technique; e.g. description of how
Dolly was cloned
A3 Other sources of stem cells: B3a Coral blood (from placenta/umbilical
cord);
B3b Explanation that placenta/umbilical
cord contains stem cells that will be
identical to the new born child and
they may be harvested and stored or
used.
B3c Adult stem cells;
B3d Example of tissue that contains stem
cells e.g. bone marrow, testes, etc
A4 Therapeutic uses of Stem cells B4a/b Credit two specific examples of a
tissue/organ that could be
replaced/healed through the use of
stem cells e.g. repairing spinal cord
injuries
A5 Cloned/Adult stem cells are less B5a Details of the specific immune
likely to be rejected by the system and reasons why traditional
patient transplants may be rejected
B5b Details of why cloned cells are not
going to be rejected by the immune
system e.g. ref to antigens/MHCs etc.
B5c No need to use immune suppressant
drugs with stem cells/converse.
A6 Adult stem cells will need to be B6 Use of chemical signals to enable
reprogrammed stem cells to differentiate to produce
the desired cell types.
A7 Stem cells can be manipulated B7a Details of how to insert a gene into a
by gene therapy stem cell
B7b Description of a suitable vector e.g.
liposome, retrovirus, etc
B7c Example of specific disorder/disease

that could be treated through gene
therapy e.g. cystic fibrosis, diabetes,
SCID etc
B7d Further detailed explanation of the
case study named in B7c e.g. replace
gene for insulin production into
pancreatic stem cells and stimulate
them into becoming Islet cells
A8 Alternatives to the use of stem B8a Xenotransplantation.
cells B8b Details and examples e.g. heart
valves from pigs
B8c Dangers of xenotransplantation e.g.
new viruses become active/ or need
for genetic modification of the
animal so that it is not rejected by the
immune system
B8d Prosthetic replacements
B8e Specific example e.g. artificial heart
valves or hearts, limbs
A9 Ethical Issues B9a eugenics
B9b Issues described related to selection
of embryos, designer babies etc
through genetic modification
B9c Pro-life issues
B9d Discussion about embryos having the
potential for independent life in the
future – should we be allowed to
manipulate/destroy
B9e Technology may be misused
B9f Once therapeutic cloning is possible
others will use the technology for
reproductive cloning or similar.
A10 Dangers/Disadvantages B10a Developmental deformities/Cancers
B10b Explanation linked to cells not being
fully reprogrammed/ new mutations/
B10c Premature aging of cells/organism
B10d Chromosomes come from an older
donor nucleus – shorter telomeres
etc.
Unpacking the question: The C points might be made as discrete points in the
introduction and/or conclusion or indirectly as part of the way the factual material has
been presented in the body of the essay. But it should be possible to identify precisely
where each C mark has been awarded by, for example, writing C1 or C2 on the script.
C1 Recognition that embryonic stem cells have more potential than adult stem cells
but they raise more ethical issues regarding their use.
C2 An issue of balancing risks and benefits for any new therapies.
C3 Adult stem cells will not need to be cloned, but will need to be reprogrammed and
may be harder to extract.
C4 Issue of whether it is better to make use of spare embryos resulting from IVF
rather than disposing of them.
C5 Essay provides a balanced argument that includes at least 2 good examples of the
use of stem cells and 1 danger/ethical problem associated with the use of stem
cells.
C6 Discussion of how the human genome project has helped identify candidate genes
for gene therapy.
C7 Evidence that candidate is aware of the key issues of needing to understand the
precise series of chemical signals required for cells to specialise successfully and
form the correct tissues/organs required.
C8 reference to the role of clear legislation/supervision of work in these key areas e.g.
outline of the role of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).
C9 Recognition that stem cells may be cultured and manipulated in tissue culture
before use/storage
C10 Need for greater research/understanding careful testing before proceeding with
new therapies
C11 Key question is about the status of the embryo – a ball of undifferentiated cells or
a potential human being.
C12 Tissue typing may reduce need for cloning as we may only need a few stem cell
lines to avoid tissue rejection in most people.
D: Coherence, clarity and expression of the answer:
maximum of 4 marks
This strand will award students for style of their answer and is quite distinct from
mentioning the big ideas (C). It isn’t what candidates say but how they say it.
4 marks: A truly synoptic essay which links together information from different parts of
the specification in a coherent and logical style (introduction. Conclusion, good use of
paragraphs and well illustrated by examples). Good spelling, punctuation, grammar and
sound use of technical terminology.
3 marks: Good logical structure with good spelling, punctuation, grammar and sound
use of technical terminology, but tends to be a collection of information which, although
relevant, tends to be disjointed and only partly attempts to synthesise information.
2 marks: A reasonably coherent account that includes satisfactory spelling, punctuation
and grammar, which tends to be disjointed. A collection of information with little or no
attempt to link ideas together.
1 mark: Some relevant information is presented in an intelligible way using correctly
formulated simple sentences.
0 marks: The use of English is not adequate to convey scientific information beyond
naming a list of examples. A candidate who has scored some marks (particularly in
strand A) for mentioning some relevant points may nevertheless fail to score marks in
strand D if he or she fails to form simple sentences.
[20]
85. (a) (i) cell in anaphase correctly identified; 1

(ii) cell in telophase correctly identified; 1
(iii) 2 / 3; 1
(b) 1. idea that during prophase {chromosomes / chromatids}

(becoming) visible;
2. idea of centrioles move to opposite poles;
3. reference to formation of {spindle /spindle-fibres / microtubules};
4. disappearance of nucleolus / nucleoli;
5. breaking down of nuclear {envelope / membrane} (in prophase) or
nuclear envelope is broken down by metaphase / eq;
6. (at metaphase) {chromosomes / centromeres} attached to spindle
(fibres);
7. idea of {chromosomes / chromatids} lined up at equator; max 5
[8]
86. (a) 1. {envelope / double membrane} clearly shown;
2. granum clearly shown;
3. {granum / thylakoid(s)} labelled;
4. {stroma / ribosomes / starch grain / DNA / lipid droplet / {double
/ inner / outer} membrane / envelope / intergranal lamellae}
correctly labelled; 4
(b) (i) 1. correct length;

2. divided by 50 000;
3. correct length in µm; 3
(ii) vacuoles / vesicles / lysosomes / glycogen granules / ribosomes /

lipid droplets / centrioles / spindle fibre / microtubules; 1
(iii) {resolution not high enough / eq} / damage / {angle of section /

eq} / {poor printing of photograph / eq}; 1
[9]
87. (a) (i) 1. presence of gills;

2. to increase surface area / increase uptake of oxygen;
3. presence of haemoglobin / respiratory pigment;
4. with high affinity for oxygen;
5. presence of siphon / (breathing) tube / eq;
6. to obtain oxygen (directly) from the air;
NB paired points max 4
(ii) 1. presence of claws / hooks / suckers;

2. to attach to substrate / eq;
3. {flattened / streamlined / eq} body /reference to burrowing;
4. less resistance to water flow / less likely to be washed away;
NB paired points max 2
(b) 1. inverse relationship / eq;

2. credit a manipulated quantitative comment; 2
[8]
88. (a) E D C B A;;
NB All correct = 2 marks, 1 error (i.e. one letter out of sequence) = 1 mark 2
(b) (i) 46;

(ii) 23; 2
(c) 1. {primordial (germ) cells / oogonia} divide by mitosis;

2. oogonia (develop to) form primary oocytes;
3. primary oocytes divide by meiosis I;
4. to form a secondary oocyte;
5. and a polar body;
6. secondary oocyte divides by meiosis II;
7. to form an ovum; max 4
[8]
89.
Name of cell Description of cell Diagram of cell
structure structure structure
nucleolus;
(1)
pair of cylinders;
at right angles to
each other;
(2)
1. spherical
(structures);
2. single membrane;
3. containing
{hydrolytic / eq}
enzymes;
max (2)
microtubules;
(1)
[6]
90. (a) 1. cell cycle is shorter in A than B /eq;
2. {interphase / eq} is shorter in A than B / eq;
3. {mitosis / eq} is shorter in A than B / eq;
4. {S phase / eq} is the same duration;
5. comparative figures; max 3
(b) 1. cells preparing to divide /eq;

2. reference to S phase;
3. reference to replication (of DNA);
4. reference to semi-conservative (replication) or a
description of it;
5. idea that new cells will have same quantity of DNA as
parent / eq; max 2
(c) 1. chromosomes {move to / at} opposite poles of cell / eq;

2. reference to formation of nucleus / eq;
3. reference to formation of cell {plate / wall};
4. {cell splits in two / eq} / reference to cytokinesis; max 2
[7]
91. (a) 1. thick cuticle;

2. reduces {transpiration / water loss / eq};
3. leaves rolled / folded / curled up / eq;
4. reduces (exposed) surface area / stomata enclosed /
reduces air movements / eq;
5. sunken / fewer stomata;
6. reduces {transpiration / water loss / eq};
7. presence of spines / spikes / hairs;
8. trap water vapour near leaf / reduces air movement / eq;
9. reference to hinge cells;
10. (which) cause the leaf to roll up / eq; max 6
(b) leaf not rolled / no hairs / no spines / thin cuticle / no cuticle

/ air spaces / aerenchyma / no stomata / stomata on upper
epidermis only / stomata on upper surface only / less
supporting tissue / stomata not sunken / leaves feathery / eq; 1
[7]
92. ESSAY MARK SCHEME
Outline scheme for marking essay
11 available for Scientific content (S)
2 available for Balance (B)
2 available for Coherence (C)
Scientific Description
content
(S)
11 The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic and contains
(good) a significant amount of material from most areas of the mark scheme,
including A2 content.
Suitable examples are included and the candidate has clearly and
coherently linked together information from different parts of the
specification.
9 An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes a
(above good balance of material from several areas of the mark scheme,
average) including A2 content, and examples where appropriate.
7 The essay includes relevant information from some areas of the mark
(average) scheme, including A2 content. The candidate links together some facts
and principles.
5 The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant
(below material, and there is some attempt to link material from more than one
average) area of the mark scheme. The A2 content, in particular, lacks depth
and accurate details.
3 There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and accuracy. The
(poor) essay contains little or no relevant information from the A2 content.
1 There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial and
(poor) inaccurate.
0
No correct or relevant material is included.
(poor)
An essay containing AS content only can be awarded a max of 3 for scientific content.
An essay containing A2 content only can be awarded a max of 7 for scientific content.
S = 11 marks
Balance (B)
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable examples
where appropriate
Few, if any, errors
1. Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered.
There are some examples which link together different areas of the specification.
Some errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence (C)
Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used throughout
C = 2 marks
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants and genetic variation
introduction could include reference to sexual reproduction involving the fusion of
gametes, leading to genetic variation
AS structure and functions of the principal parts of a flower –
pollination –
adaptations to insect pollination –
adaptations to wind pollination –
events leading to fertilisation –
mechanisms for ensuring cross-pollination –
A2 continuous and discontinuous variation –
meiosis as a source of genetic variation –
random fertilisation –
mutations –
Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
[15]
93.
Plant Animal Bacterial
(eukaryotic) (eukaryotic) (prokaryotic)
cell cell cell
Cell wall ;
Chloroplasts
Nuclear ;
membrane
Cell (unit) ;
membrane
Ribosomes ;
Centrioles ;
max 5
[5]
94. 1. insulin detaches from ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER;
2. (insulin) passes through / inside endoplasmic reticulum
(to golgi body);
3. (insulin) passes from endoplasmic reticulum to golgi
body in vesicles;
4. (insulin) assumes 3-D shape whilst passing through ER;
5. (insulin) is (further) modified inside golgi body;
6. (insulin) is enclosed in vesicles budded off / produced by golgi body;
7. vesicles fuse / join with cell membrane (releasing
insulin to exterior);
8. (insulin passes through cell membrane) by exocytosis; max 5
[5]
95. (a) 1. cellulose has β-, starch has α-glucose;

2. cellulose has unbranched, starch can have branched
molecules;
3. cellulose molecules are much longer / several thousand
(glucose) molecules long whilst starch several hundred;
4. cellulose molecules are straight, starch molecules are
coiled / spiral;
5. cellulose molecules are only of one type, starch can be
a mixture of two types of molecules / amylose and
amylopectin;
6. cellulose only has 1 – 4 glycosidic bonds whilst starch
has 1 – 4 and 1 – 6 glycosidic bonds; max 3
(b) 1. (cellulose) molecules parallel / side by side;

2. joined by hydrogen bonding; 2
(c) 1. (cohesion is) the attraction between like molecules /

water molecules (tendency) to stick together / eq;
2. by hydrogen bonding;
3. appropriate references to polarity of water molecules; max 2
[7]
96. (a) 1. halves the chromosome number / one of each pair in
gamete / haploid cells;
2. randomly assorts the chromosomes / genes;
3. provides genetic variation;
4. the diploid number is maintained (in the zygote); max 2
(b) 1. acrosome present;

2. digestive enzymes / eq;
3. breakdown jelly surrounding ovum / allow head to
reach the ovum membrane;
4. reference to genetic material passing through ovum membrane; max 2
(c) (i) 16; 1
(ii) the cells do not {grow / increase in volume} / no new

cytoplasm is produced; 1
(iii) 1. chromosomes {shorten / coil} / condenses / become

visible;
2. (each chromosome becomes visible) as two chromatids;
3. nuclear membrane / envelope breaks down;
4. centrioles position themselves at opposite end of the
cell / eq;
5. spindles formed from microtubules / between {poles /
centrioles}/ eq;
6. chromosomes on the equator / eq;
7. {attached / eq} by centromeres; max 3
[9]
97. (a) (ii) 1. {not all / different} genes are switched {on / off} /
active / activated;
2. correct and appropriate reference to factors /
mechanisms for gene switching;
3. e.g. reference to promoters / transcription factors; max 2
(iii) 1. if you (suffered an accident / disease / deterioration)
and needed to replace damaged brain cells;
2. would be genetically the same as the rest of your cells;
3. able to replace more than one kind of brain cell;
4. goes on generating new cells as required / eq; max 2
(b) (i) 1. embryonic cells are easier to work with than adult stem
cells;
2. embryonic cells are (relatively) undifferentiated
whereas adult stem cells {are/appear to be} less so;
3. embryonic stem cells are {totipotent / pluripotent /
able to become any kind of cell in the body}, but adult
stem cells are {multipotent / able to become only a
limited number of cell types};
4. embryonic stem cells have a wider range of clinical
applications / adult stem cells have a narrower range of
clinical applications; max 2
(ii) Against
Credit any three of the points below:
1. embryonic stem cells (are taken from embryos) which
(are to be considered) unborn children / eq;
2. use of stem cells is thus effectively murder / lack of
respect for embryo as a (potential) human;
3. a lot of current (embryonic) stem cell treatment is
fraudulent / badly regulated / exploits suffering /
encourages IVF clinics to ‘create’ more ‘spare’
embryos;
4. if we wait a few years longer we shall have the same
benefits through adult stem cells;
5. not enough funding for alternatives e.g. adult stem cells;
6. an embryo becomes a new human at the moment of
conception / eq;
The fourth mark: for attempting to balance opposing points of
view whilst thoughtfully coming down on one side e.g.
“Even though it may benefit people this does not justify taking
the life of an unborn child”;
For
Credit any three of the points below:
1. offers prospect of treatment to many suffering people;
2. research using alternatives e.g. adult stem cells
progressing more slowly than that with embryonic stem
cells;
3. if we ban it in the UK it’ll still happen in other countries;
4. using spare IVF embryo which would alternatively be
destroyed;
5. research with embryonic stem cells is needed to
develop use of adult stem cells;
6. an embryo is not a new human until it is viable / eq;
The fourth mark: for attempting to balance opposing points of
view whilst thoughtfully coming down on one side e.g.
“Alleviation of suffering in people (who have already been
born) is (ethically) more important than destroying embryos”; max 4
[11]
98. (a) (i) B; 1
(ii) Spindle fibre;

Accept Spindle 1
(iii) Metaphase;
Accept Metaphase I 1
(b) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a
maximum of four marks.
1. Ref. to use of root tip;
2. Add {acid / named acid / acetic alcohol};
3. Add appropriate named stain e.g. toluidine blue, acetic
orcein, Schiff’s reagent, Feulgen’s reagent;
4. Break open tip with {(mounted) needle/eq};
5. Mount in {stain / acid / water};
6. (Gently) squash under coverslip;
7. Warm (to intensify staining); 4
[7]
99. (a) (i) Award one mark for each of the following points in context.
1. ref. to random aligning of chromosomes/eq;
2. idea of new combinations of {(parental) chromosomes /
alleles}; 2
(ii) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to
a maximum of two marks.
1. breaking and rejoining of {chromatids / DNA /eq};
2. on same chromosome pair;
3. recombines {genes / alleles} / produces recombinants /eq; 2
(b) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to
1. Height increased (from 1950) until 1970;
2. Plateau /eq (after 1970);
3. Relevant correct manipulation of data from graph; 2
(c) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to
a maximum of three marks for each section, and a maximum
of four marks overall.
Environmental
1. Diet is an environmental factor;
2. Protein content increases;
3. Protein required for growth;
4. This leads to increase in height up to 1970;
Genetic
1. {Plateau / level off} in height (after 1970);
2. indicates a (potential) maximum height/eq;
3. this is a genetic factor;
4. no change in height despite further protein increase (after 1970); 4
[10]
100. (a)
Organelle A B C D E
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
3
(b) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a
maximum of three marks.
1. {layers / stacks} of {membrane / cisternae};
2. single membrane;
3. similar to endoplasmic reticulum;
4. difficulty interpreting electron micrographs;
5. reference to {limited microscope techniques /
artefacts / resolution}; 3
(c) (i) Award one mark for each of the following points in context.
1. idea of different levels of radioactivity from other organelles;
2. peak at different time; 2
a maximum of four marks.
1. radiactivity peaks first in RER;
2. protein synthesised (in RER);
3. vesicles containing protein formed by RER;
4. vesicles migrate and fuse to Golgi;
5. which is where the second peak;
6. protein modified in Golgi;
7. vesicles (containing protein) formed from Golgi;
8. third peak in secretoty vesicles;
9. (vesicles contain protein) for secretion; 4
(iii) Award one mark for one of the following points only.
1. Background/eq;
2. Amino acids diffuse in mitochondria;
3. Radioactive protein {used by / found in} mitochondria; 1
[13]
101. (a) Acrosome 1

Flagellum 1
Accept Tail
Mitochondria 1
Reject midpiece
(b) Totipotent
Accept totipotency
Reject pluripotent 1
a maximum of three marks.
1. some genes active / some genes inactivated;
2. only get mRNA from active genes;
3. active mRNA translated to specific protein;
4. proteins modify cell;
5. changes permanent/difficult to reverse;
6. ref. to differentiation; 3
(d) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to
1. {these / unfertilised} embryos not viable;
2. objections to discarding viable embryos / no objection
to discarding non-viable embryos;
3. rights from moment of fertilization;
as they are genetically unique/eq; 3
[10]
102. (a) Award one mark for one of the following points only.
1. binomial name is unique;
2. more precise / less confusion than simple names; 1
(b) Class = Mammalia

Reject any mis-spelt answers
Order = Cetacea
Family = Balaenopteridae
All three correct = 1 mark 1
(c) A;
B;
in A, B and C / D = 1 mark
in A / B and C and D = 0 marks
in A, B, C and D = 0 marks 2
(d) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a
maximum of three marks.
1. idea that they are very similar / share many {features/eq};
2. reference to homologous features;
3. in structure / behaviour/eq;
4. idea that they cannot breed together;
5. to produce {fertile / sexually viable} offspring; 3
[7]
103. (a) The number of (different) species in a {habitat /

environment / ecosystem/eq}; 1
1. both have decreased;
2. decrease in roadside verges greater than in hedgrows;
3. {percentage / proportional} decrease greater in roadside
verges greater than in hedgerows;
4. roadside verges greater species richness in 1990 and in 1998;
5. correct manipulation of figures to quantify any comparison; 3
1. idea that species richness gives no indication of
abundance of each species;
2. idea that biodiversity refers to {variety/eq} of organisms;
3. ref to use of a calculated biodiversity index eg Simpson’s;
4. using species richness value / number of different species;
5. number of individuals in each species recorded;
6. ref to genetic diversity; 3
a maximum of five marks.
1. reference to seeds stored in cool, dry conditions;
2. seeds can be stored for {long time/eq};
3. {viability tests/eq} carried out at regular intervals;
4. {more economic / less costly / less labour involved} than
conserving {living plants/eq};
5. less space needed/eq;
6. {large numbers/eq} of plants can be stored;
7. seeds do not need be stored in original {habitat/eq};
8. less likely to be damaged by {vandalism / natural disaster/eq};
9. less likely to be damaged by {disease / herbivores/eq};
10. ref to any other valid comment about the value of
conserving plant species; 5
[12]
104. (a) (i) 287; 1
(ii) 287 / 1432 or relevant working;

20 / 20.0;
[Allow consequential error from part (i)] 2
1. biodegradable;
2. use renewable material;
3. sisal {obtainable / grown} {easily / locally / similar idea};
4. fibres extraction more suited to {developing countries /
small scale};
5. cheaper;
6. less use of fossil fuel/eq;
Assume idea relates to sisal unless stated otherwise, but
accept converse arguments for nylon. 2
(c) (i) Ability to resist {stretching / being broken when pulled} /

maximum {load / force} which can be applied before breaking; 1
1. idea of suspending {fibres / bundles of fibres} with
weights on / pulling them with a forcemeter/eq;
2. {fibres / bundles of fibres} of same diameter used /
different diameters accounted for;
3. {fibres / bundles of fibres} of same initial length used;
4. detail of how {weights added / forcemeter pulled};
5. description of measurable endpoint eg {breaking point /
stretched to standard length};
6. repeated readings taken at each {weight / forcemeter
reading} (using different fibre NOT just checking the
reading with same fibre);
7. reference to a safety procedure eg {goggles in case fibre
snaps / precaution against falling weights};
8. ref to control of {temperature / humidity / other
relevant factor}; 4
1. lignin in wall / lignified walls;
2. reference to {thick / thickened} walls;
3. dead / no living contents / hollow lumen;
4. elongated / much longer than they are wide; 2
[12]
105. (a) A;
C;
in A, B and C / D = 1 mark
in A / B and C and D = 0 marks
in A, B, C and D = 0 marks 2
(b) 1. = mitochondrion;
2. = amyloplast;
3. = lysosome;
Reject any other answers 3
1. cellulose molecule is an unbranched {polymer/chain};
2. of β-glucose;
3. joined by glycosidic bonds;
4. microfibril formed from 50 to 80 cellulose molecules;
5. reference to hydrogen bonds (between adjacent
cellulose molecules);
6. between adjacent –OH groups;
7. large number of hydrogen bonds; 4
[9]

Aerobic Respiration / Description

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Aerobic Respiration / Description

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1.

(Nuclear) membrane / envelope;

2. (a) A Crista / cristae

(b) Aerobic respiration / description /eq link reaction / Krebs cycle

(d) Interphase / G1 / S / G2 / cytokinesis / cleavage

Mitochondria ; Aerobic respiration / ATP

Stomata in pits / sunken stomata ;

7. (a) Tubifex / sludgeworm / rat-tailed larva /

Feature Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell

Cell surface membrane

9. (a) centrioles / centrosomes ;

(c) anaphase ; [ignore I or II] 1

(d) 80 ÷ 1000 ; [accept 80 to 83 or 8 to 8.3]

10. (a) prevent, entry / exit, of water ;

(c) glucose / monosaccharides / disaccharides / sugar ;

(d) two membranes shown [M] ;

11. (a) A flagellum ;

4 Smaller / 70S ribosomes Larger / 80S ribosomes ;

7 No histones / chromosomes Histones / chromosomes ;

(c) Synthesis / division / multiplication of organelles (or named organelle) ;

13. (a) A Pollen tube ;

(c) (i) 15% ; 1

15. (a) B Spermatagonium ;

(b) (i) C/D; 1

(c) Flagellum / tail – locomotion / eq ;

16. (a) (i) (single) membrane ;

(ii) Isolation of enzymes ;

(c) (hydrolytic enzymes) digesting the bacteria ; 1

(d) Degraded bacteria are expelled from cell / eq ;

17. Points accepted in correct context only

18. (a) (i) Spermatagonium / primordial germ cell ; 1

(c) 1. Seminal fluid ;

19. (a) Seminiferous {tubule / tube} ; 1

(c) 1. Reducing chromosome number / haploid from diploid / 2n to n / correct

20. (a) 1. Low oxygen (concentration) ;

Streamlined / flattened shape / aerodynamic / hydrodynamic ;

21. Tissues are groups of (similar) cells performing similar functions;

22. (a) (i) BDAC; 1

(ii) Metaphase; [ignore I and II] 1

(b) (i) DNA replicates;

23. (a) A Nucleus/chromatin/nucleoplasm;

(b) (i) 23; 1

(c) 1. In seminiferous tubules (of testis);

25. (a) (Extensive root system) increases surface area;

(c) Reduced surface area;

(c) 1. (Total ecological) damage at Site 1 greater than at Site 2;

(d) Number of {species / different types of organism / different kinds of organism}; 1

27. (a) (i) Endoplasmic reticulum / mitochondrion / mitochondria /

(b) (i) Ribosome;

(c) B (Outer mitochondrial) membrane / double

28. (a) 1. Tail / flagellum;

(c) (Produces) {biological / genetic} variation;

29. (a) Vacuole;

(b) (i) P Sclerenchyma / (wood) fibres;

(ii) 1. Cellulose microfibrils held together by hemicelluloses;

31. (a) Root tip / shoot tip;

(b) (i) To make the {chromosomes / chromatids / DNA} visible; 1

(ii) Acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs / any other