Q1: What is diffusion ?

Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration.

Q2: What is simple diffusion ?

Simple diffusion is the process by which solutes are moved along a concentration gradient in
a solution or across a semipermeable membrane. Simple diffusion is carried out by the actions of
hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules and solutes.

Q3: What is facilitated diffusion ?

Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the
aid of a membrane protein.

Q4: Industrial application of diffusion ?

 Petrochemical refining
 Thermal barrier
 Hot tip galvanizing
 Nitrating

Q5: What is steam distillation used for ?

The most common use of steam distillation is the extraction of natural products from plant
materials. This is the main industrial method for obtaining plant essential oils, used in
fragrances and personal hygiene products.

Q6: What are the uses of steam distillation?

Steam distillation is often employed in the isolation of essential oils, for use in perfumes, for
example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils.
Eucalyptus oil, camphor oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on an industrial scale.

Q7: What is vacuum distillation ?

Vacuum distillation is distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the
purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or
energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points.
Q8:What is fractional distillation ?
In a fractional distillation, a mixture of liquids is boiled and the resulting vapors travel up a
glass tube called a “fractionating column” and separate.

Q9: What is azeotropic distillation ?

Azeotropic distillation (AD) is a process to break azeotrope where another volatile
component, called the entrainer, the solvent, or the mass separating agent (MSA), is added to
form a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous.

Q10: What is extractive distillation ?

Extractive distillation performs the separation of close boiling components or azeotropes in
the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile component that forms no
azeotrope with the other components in the mixture.

Q11: What are the differences between simple and fractional distillation?
Main Difference – Fractional Distillation vs Simple Distillation. ... The main difference between
fractional distillation and simple distillation is that simple distillation separate liquids with
boiling point gaps of at least 50 degrees whereas fractional distillation separates liquids
with closer boiling points.

Q12: What is difference between simple distillation and steam distillation ?

This behavior occurs because a lower vapor pressure is necessary for boiling, which can be
achieved at a lower temperature. Steam distillation is analogous to simple distillation, the main
difference being that steam (or water) is used in the distilling flask along with the material to
be distilled.

Q13: Why water used in steam distillation ?

Steam or water is added to the distillation apparatus, lowering the boiling points of the
compounds. The goal is to heat and separate the components at temperatures below their
decomposition point.

Q14: What is steam distillation unit?

Steam distillation is a separation process that consists in distilling water together with other
volatile and non-volatile components. ... In that case, a Clevenger apparatus may be used to
return the condensed water to the boiling flask, while the distillation is in progress.
Q15: What is thermal conductivity ?

the degree to which a specified material conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current
density in the material to the electric field which causes the flow of current.

Q16 : What is dry bulb temperature ?

The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to
the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is usually thought
of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature

Q17: What is wet bulb temperature ?

The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked

cloth over which air is passed. the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature; at lower
humidity the wet-bulb temperature is lower than dry-bulb temperature because of evaporative
cooling.

Q18: Why is evaporation so important operation in chemistry process

industry ?

When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they
escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor. Evaporation is a very important part of
the water cycle. ... Once water evaporates, it also helps form clouds.

Q19: Why is the relationship between humidity and rate of evaporation?

Humidity, or water vapor content of the air, also has an effect on evaporation. The lower the
relative humidity, the drier the air, and the higher the evaporation rate. ... Wind moving over a
water or land surface can also carry away water vapor, essentially drying the air, which leads to
increased evaporation rates.

Q20: Factors affecting rate of evaporation ?

Liquids changes into vapour by the process of evaporation. The factors that affect the rate of
evaporation of liquids are temperature, surface area, wind speed, and humidity.

Q21: What is hydraulic cyclone ?

Hydrocyclones are of cyclonic separators that separating product phases mainly on basis of
differences in gravity with aqueous solutions as the primary feed fluid. As opposed to dry or
dust cyclones, which separate solids from gasses, hydrocyclones separate solids or different
phase fluids from the bulk fluid.
Q22: What is the formula of slope in Heinchley equation ?

y2-y1 / x2-x1

Q23: What is the formula of humidity ?

Pw/p-pw x Mol.wt of h2O/ Mol.wt of air

Q24: What is the equation of straight line ?

Y= mx +lnc

Q25: What is the working principle of hydraulic cyclone ?

Product is fed into the hydrocyclone tangentially under a certain pressure. This creates a
centrifugal movement, pushing the heavier phase outward and downward alongside the wall of
the conical part. The decreasing diameter in the conical part increases the speed and so enhances
the separation.

Q26: What is batch distillation ?

Batch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is distilled to
separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more
mixture and the process is repeated

Q27: What is continuous distillation ?

Continuous distillation, a form of distillation, is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is

continuously fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output
streams.

Q28: What is the difference between batch and continuous distillation ?

Batch distillation and continuous distillation are types of distillation process. The key difference
between batch and continuous distillation is that the batch distillation is done in batch-wise
whereas continuous distillation is done as a continuous process.

Q29: Why batch distillation is referred to as differential distillation ?

Batch distillation without reflux is often called differential distillation. Because there is no

reflux, the vapor product is in equilibrium with the liquid residue in the tank at any given
time.
Q30: Which distillation is also called differential distillation?

Large number of flash distillation equals a differential distillation. Explanation: In flash

vaporization, only a small portion of liquid gets flashed. Explanation: Still is the distillation
column used for differential distillation.

Q31: What relative volatility tells us?

Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid
mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation
processes

Q32: What is the formulae to prepare 2M Nacl soln?

2M= x/58.5*1000/50

33. What is diffusion coefficient?

Diffusion coefficient is a proportionality costant b/w the molar flux due to molecular diffusion
and the gradient in the concentration of the species.

Q34: Working principle of diffusion?

The diffusion pump uses the vapor of a boiling fluid to capture air molecules. The fluid is the
moved to another location and cooled. The cooling forces the air molecules to be released. The
combination of gravity and the downward direction of vapors move the air molecules toward the
bottom of the pump.

Q35: Define Conductivity?

It is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electric current.

Q36: Factors affecting on Conductivity?

Three main factors:
•The concentration of dissolved ions.
•The type of Ions.
•Temperature.

Q37: What is Concentration?

It is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
Concentration= solute / solution volume

Q38: Formula of diffusion coefficient(D) & also its unit?

D= dM/dt*V/A*x/N.M
Units: square meter per second (m2/s) in SI units & cm2/s in CGS units.

Q39: What is Distillation?

It is a process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapor that is subsequently condensed
back to liquid form. It is used to separate liquids from non-volatile solids.
Q40: Principle of distillation?
The principle for operation of a distiller is simple. Water is heated to boiling in an enclosed
container. As the water evaporates, inorganic chemicals, large non-volatile organic chemicals,
and microorganisms are left behind or killed off in the boiling chamber.

Q41: What is Rate of Distillation?

rate of distillation= (mo + ms) /time
mo= mass of oil
ms= mass of steam

Q42: Name main types of diffusion?

Two main types:
 Simple diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion

Q43: Name main types of Distillation?
Four main types.
 Simple distillation
 Fractional distillation
 Steam distillation
 Vacuum distillation

Q44: What is Steam Pressure?

Steam pressure is a very important property of steam when learning about steam turbine
generators and gas laws. The force of steam pressure is shot through a nozzle in a steam impulse
turbine and is strong enough to turn the blades of the turbine at such a high pressure.

Q45: What is the formulae to prepare 2M Na2So4 solution?

2M= x/142*1000/50

Q46: What is Turpentine oil?

Turpentine oil is made from the resin of certain pine trees. Turpentine oil is included in some
chest rubs, such as Vicks VapoRub. When it is included in these products, it is used in very small
amounts as a fragrance.

Q47: What is Turpentine oil used for?

In foods and beverages, distilled turpentine oil is used as a flavoring ingredient. In
manufacturing, turpentine oil is used in soap and cosmetics and also as a paint solvent. It is also
added to perfumes, foods, and cleaning agents as a fragrance.
Q48: Chemical formula, Solubility in water and Flash point of Turpentine
oil?
Chemical formula: C10H16
Solubility in water: 20 mg/L
Flash point: 35C (95F; 308K)

Q49: What is Cell constant?

The ratio of distance b/w the electrodes which is divided by the area of the cross-sectional of the
electrode. The formula of cell constant (k) is:
K= L / a

Q50: What is Concentration gradient?

It is the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas. The bigger the
difference, the steeper the conc. Gradient and faster the molecules of a substance will diffuse.

Q51: What is vaporization efficiency?

It is the ratio of the actual vapor composition on a stage to the ideal vapor composition.

Q52: Difference b/w vaporization and evaporation?

Vaporization is defined as the transitional phase of a compound or an element and it occurs
during the boiling or sublimation process. Evaporation is nothing but a type of vaporization
which mostly occurs at temperature below the boiling point.

Q53: Formula of Practical yield?

mass of oil / mass of water * density of oil / density of water

Q54: Formula of Theoretical yield?

molecular weight of oil / molecular weight of water * density of oil / density of water

Q55: Formula of %age yield?

%age yield= Actual yield / Theoretical yield * 100

Q56: Formula of Efficiency?

Efficiency= Practical yield / theoretical yield * 100

Q57: Factors affecting rate of distillation?

Five critical factors:
 Relative Volatility
 Activity Coefficient
 Solubility
 Maximum achievable concentration
 Surface area
Q58: What is rate of evaporation(W) with formula?
It is the rate at which material will vaporize (change from liquid to vapor) compared to the rate
of vaporization of a specific known material. This quantity is a ratio, therefore it is unitless.

Q59: Define Heinchleys equation?

It is used to find out the evaporation rate at any temperature. Rate of evaporation is related as:
W= C (Ps-Pw)^n
Ps= Saturated vapor pressure
Pw= Partial pressure of water
C & n= constant of Heinchleys equation

Q60: Applications of Heinchleys equation?

1. The places where we cannot measure the level of water. e.g. On sea
2. We use Heinchleys equation to measure the rate of evaporation using only wet bulb and dry
bulb temperatures.

Q61: What is mass transfer coefficient?

It is a diffusion rate constant that relates the mass transfer area & concentration change as
driving force. It is expressed in units of moles per unit of volume.

Q62:Applications of Hydrocyclone?
1. Separate solids from gas.
2. Size separation of solids in liquids.
3. For separating the heavy or coarse fraction from fine dust.

Q63: What is batch distillation equation?

ln S1 / S2= integration XS1 & XS2 [dXs / Xd-Xs]

Q64: What is is Reflux ratio with formula?

It is the ratio of the liquid returned to the column divided by the liquid removed as product.
R= Lc / D

Q65: What is Reyleigh equation?

This equation shows the relationship b/w total moles remaining in the still & the mole fraction
of the more volatile component in the still.

Q66: Methods to carry Batch distillation?

Two methods:
1. Constant reflux ratio
2. Variable reflux ratio

Q67: Working principle of Batch distillation column?

The batch rectifier consists of a pot, rectifying column, a condenser, some means of splitting off
a portion of the condensed vapor as reflux, and one or more receivers. The pot is filled with
liquid mixture and heated. Vapor flows upwards in the rectifying column and condenses at the
top.

Q68: Applications of Batch distillation column?

1. Pharmaceutical industry
2. Purification of high valuable oils
3. Waste water treatment

Q69: Range of diffusion coefficient in gas and liquid?

In gas phase: 10^-6 to 10^-5 m2/s
In Liquid phase: 10^-10 to 10^-9 m2/s

Q70: What is Wrinklemann method?

The Stefan-Wrinklemann method for measuring diffusivities of vapors is based on determining
the rate of evaporation of a volatile liquid that can be followed by the rate of decent of the liquid
surface in a glass tube or diffusion cell.

Q71: Factors affect the rate of mass transfer?

1. Surfactant and its content
2. Stirring speed
3. Ratio of reagents
4. Treating ratio and volume ratio of membrane phase to internal phase

Q72: Factors affecting the Diffusivity?

1. Type of gas Porous medium interface
2. Reservoir pressure
3. Reservoir temperature
4. Gas to gas interface

Q73: Factors affect the diffusion coefficient depends?

1. Size of molecule
2. Shape of molecule
3. Interaction with solvent
4. Viscosity of solvent

Q74: What is mole?

A mole corresponds to the mass of a substance that contains 6.023 x 1023 particles of the
substance. The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. Its symbol is mol.

Q75: How to calculate moles?

No. Moles (mol) = Molarity (M) x Volume (L) = 0.5 x 2. = 1 mol.
Q76: What is molarity?
Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution. Molarity is defined as
the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. Molarity is also known as the molar concentration of
a solution

Q77: How to calculate molarity?

Molairty= moles of solute/ liters of solution

Q78: What is normality?

It is the number of gram equivalents of solute present in one litre of the solution. It is denoted by
N.

Q79: How to calculate normality?

Normality= number of equivalent weights/ liters of solution

Q80: What is equivalent weight?

Equivalent weight simply refers to the amount of any chemical substance. An equivalent of a
substance is defined as the amount of it which combines with one mole of hydrogen atom or
replaces the same number of hydrogen atoms in a chemical reaction.