Elementary Ii
Elementary Ii
Elementary Ii
Examples
For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
Forming the simple present tense: to think
Examples
He goes to school every morning.
She understands English.
It mixes the sand and the water.
He tries very hard.
She enjoys playing the piano.
EXERCISE
Put the verb into the present simple. Be sure you spell it correctly!
8. My mother always __________________ (say) that love is more important than money.
9. I hope Julie __________________ (pass) the exam.
Mark : Thank you for taking the time. Now, first question: What (1) _____ you (2) _____?
Jennifer : I (3) _____________ in library. I’m a librarian.
Jennifer : We rarely (12) ________ on holiday. However, we like going to the mountains if we can.
Mark : What type of books (13) ______ you (14) __________?
(he)____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. He flies a kite and plays there.
(they) _________________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have some cases.
(she) _________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Does your mother arrive early?
(you) _________________________________________________________________________________________
5. These shoes cost a lot of money.
(it) ____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. I watch action movies every time.
(Adi) __________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Do my brothers wear nice clothes?
(Nita) _________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The food court opens at 08:00 AM.
(children) ______________________________________________________________________________________
10. His mates wash the clothes in a washing machine.
(my mother)___________________________________________________________________________________
DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstratives show where an object, event, or person is in relation to the speaker. They can
refer to a physical or a psychological closeness or distance. When talking about events, the near
demonstratives are often used to refer to the present while the far demonstratives often refer to
the past.
Demonstrative usage
This is a nice surprise! That must have been a nice surprise for you.
Sentence placement
Demonstratives can be placed before the noun or the adjective that modifies the noun.
This blue car needs to be washed next.
Those people were here first.
That metal rod should work.
These oranges are delicious.
Demonstratives can also appear before a number by itself when the noun is understood from
the context.
I'd like to try on that one.
This one is broken.
I'll take these three.
Those two are not as pretty as these two.
Demonstratives can be used by themselves when the noun they modify is understood from the
context.
I'll never forget this.
That has nothing to do with me.
I didn't ask for these.
Those aren't mine.
EXERCISE
that
those
this
these
Write the word to fill the gaps. Use this / that / these / those
Quantifiers are adjectives and adjectival phrases that give approximate or specific answers to the
questions "How much?" and "How many?". To answer the questions How much? and How
many? certain quantifiers can be used with countable nouns, others with uncountable nouns and
still others with all types of nouns.
Only with uncountable With all types of nouns Only with countable nouns
nouns
a little no, none, not any a few
a bit of some a number of
any several
a great deal of a lot of, lots of a great number of
a large amount of plenty of a large number of
Examples
Would you like some tea and a few cookies?
I always put a little milk and some carrots in my soup.
He has several apples. I don't have any fruit at all.
She has plenty of clothes for the winter.
I recieved a large amount of feedback from my survey.
(b) Interrogative sentences when you think you already know the answer.
Did he give you some tea? = I think he did.
Would you like some help? = Probably you do.
Any is used in interrogative sentences when you do not know the answer.
Do you have any friends in London?
Are there any problems with your work?
A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a
positive way, implying that although the speaker may not have much, he has enough.
I've got a few friends. = I have enough friends.
I have a few flowers in my garden. = I have enough flowers.
I've got a little money. = I have enough money.
I have a little free time on Thursdays. = I have enough free time.
Few (for countable nouns) and little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a negative
way. They may actually indicate a total lack of the noun, but are more polite than saying so
directly.
Few people visited him in hospital. = he had almost no visitors, or perhaps no visitors at all.
He had little money for treats. = almost no money, or perhaps no money at all
EXERCISE
Complete the following exercise with correct quantifiers.
ADVERBS of FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency are adverbs of time that answer the question “How frequently?” or “How
often?”. They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples:
a) Daily, weekly, yearly
b) Often, sometimes, rarely
You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly
how often the activity occurred. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand,
words like often give us and idea about frequency but they don’t tell us exactly. The words in b)
describe indefinite frequency.
We separate them into two groups because they normally go in different positions in the
sentence. In this lesson we will look in more detail at:
Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID-position in the sentence. They go before the
main verb (except the main verb “to be”):
We usually go shopping on Saturday.
I have often done that.
She is always late.
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a
sentence:
Sometimes they come and stay with us.
I play tennis occasionally.
Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with “very”):
We see them rarely.
John eats meat very seldom.
How we put adverbs of frequency in the sentence?
(b) Before main verb
I always come first to the classroom.
She never submits her report on time.
(b) After “to be”
My superior is constantly bad-tempered whenever the deadline is close
Tony and his brothers are rarely seen again.
(c) After auxiliary verb and before main verb, if there are two verbs
She will never come to that restaurant again.
We should never smoke in public transportation.
(d) Before main verb, if the sentence is negative
I don’t always stay at my parent’s house.
She doesn’t often visit me.
(e) In interrogative sentence
Will you sometimes clean your room?
Does she ever call her brother again?
EXERCISE
1. Nancy and I [25%] ( never / occasionally / frequently ) go out for coffee together.
2. Andrea lives next door so wee [75%] ( never / often / rarely ) see her.
3. We meet ( never / every day / yearly ) at the Annual General Meeting.
6. My sister ( has often missed / often has missed / has missed often ) two days of school in a row.
7. My boyfriend and I take vacations together quite ( never / hardly / frequently ).
8. Andy [10%] ( very frequently / very rarely / very often ) gets to visit with his cousins.
9. My doctor ( a. yearly ) checks my health ( b. yearly ).
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main
verb or after the object.
He swims well.
He ran quickly.
James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)
An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be
placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.
Examples
He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]
He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]
He gave us the money generously. [correct]
He generously gave us the money. [correct]
If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either before
the preposition or after the object.
Examples
The child ran happily towards his mother.
The child ran towards his mother happily.
Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object (intransitive
verbs).
Examples
The town grew quickly after 1997.
He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: well, badly,
hard, & fast
Examples
He swam well despite being tired.
The rain fell hard during the storm.
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the
adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies only that verb. If the adverb is placed
after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. Notice the difference in
meaning between the following sentences.
Example Meaning
She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick
She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick
She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. the re-typing is quick
He quietly asked me to leave the house. the request is quiet
He asked me quietly to leave the house. the request is quiet
He asked me to leave the house quietly. the leaving is quiet
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis.
Examples
He gently woke the sleeping woman.
She angrily slammed the door.
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and
make us curious.
Examples
Slowly she picked up the knife.
Roughly he grabbed her arm.
EXERCISE
Please choose the correct answer.
5. She did ___ in her tennis match last week. She won.
a. goodly b. well c. bad
8. My husband sings ___ when he's in the shower. Even the neighbours can hear him.
a. bigly b. enthusiastically c. quietly
10. Sometimes I need my teacher to talk more ___ so I can hear her better.
a. slowly b. successfully c. hardly
ADVERBS of DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually
placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions.
The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Enough as an adverb
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it
is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative
sentences.
Examples
Is your coffee hot enough?
This box isn't big enough.
He didn't work hard enough.
I got here early enough.
Usage of "too"
"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
Examples
I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Is this gift for me too?
I'm not going to clean your room too!
Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be
used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples
This coffee is too hot.
Isn't she too young?
I am not too short!
Usage of "very"
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Examples
The girl was very beautiful.
The house is very expensive.
He worked very quickly.
She runs very fast.
If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can
use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original
adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not
very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
Examples
The girl was The girl was not The girl was not very The girl was ugly.
beautiful. beautiful. beautiful.
He worked He did not work He did not work very He worked slowly.
quickly. quickly. quickly.
The movie was amazingly The movie was particularly The movie was fairly
interesting. interesting. interesting.
She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather
boring. boring.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not She did not only the cooking but the Not only did she do the cooking, but the
only cleaning as well. cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he Scarcely did I close the door before he
started talking. started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset.
EXERCISE
Fill these sentences with the words in the brackets.
2. Tammy Payne isn't a good singer. She's _________________ fantastic. ( absolutely / very )
8. Scarlett Johansson looked ____________________ gorgeous at the Golden Globe Awards ceremony.
( absolutely / totally )
(b) to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:
Are you still working for the same company?
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
(c) to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared:
We're going on holiday tomorrow.
I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
Are they visiting you next winter?
(e) with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of
repeated actions:
Harry and Sally are always arguing!
You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!
EXERCISE
1. (where/go/the children) =
2. (send/the man/his letter) =
3. (who/an apple/eat) =
4. (drink/those people/juice) =
5. (why/meet/Dennise/him) =
6. (take/Miranda/a photograph) =
The simple past tense is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The time of
the action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
My father died last year.
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with
certain past time expressions
frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the
period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Examples
He went to a club last night.
They didn't give John their new address.
Did he come to your party last week?
interesting places.
4. In the evenings we usually (go) ________________________ to a pub.
Draw a circle around the correct past tense verb in each sentence below.
3. We ( selled / sold ) our old car and ( buyed / bought ) a new one.
4. The bell ( ringed / rang ) and we all ( goed / went ) into school.
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there
is no 'attitude'.
Note: Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice. With
the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With
rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."
Contractions
I will = I'll He will = he'll
We will = we'll She will = she'll
You will = you'll
They will = they'll The form "it will" is not normally shortened.
Will not = won't
EXERCISE
3. They’re going away for 2 days. They’re leaving tonight, so they _________ be there tomorrow.
4. You don’t need to take an umbrella. It _________ rain.
5. You don’t look so well today. Just take a rest and you __________ feel better later.