Quarter 2 – Module 8

Collision Theory

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Collision Theory and Chemical Reaction Rate!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

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 For the learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Collision Theory and Chemical Reaction Rate!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the use of simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration,
temperature and particle size on the rate of reaction. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 -Collision Theory
 Lesson 2 -Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define collision theory and describe how it affects the chemical reaction; and
2. explain the different factors affecting the rate of reaction.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A chemical change that occurs when two or more substances combine to form a
new substance.
a. Activation Energy
b. Chemical Kinetics
c. Chemical Reaction
d. Product

2. The measure of the change in the concentration of the reactants or products.

a. Activation Energy
b. Activation Rate
c. Chemical Reaction
d. Concentration

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3. The substance or particles that enter into and is altered in the course of
a chemical reaction.
a. Catalyst
b. Enzyme
c. Product
d. Reactant

4. The number of particles present in a given volume of solution.

a. Catalyst
b. Concentration
c. Product
d. Temperature

5. The measure of how fast or slow a reaction happens.

a. Activation Energy
b. Collision theory
c. Particle Size
d. Rate of Reaction
6. Condition that needs to be met for a chemical reaction to occur.
a. Substance must be homogeneous.
b. Temperature should be kept constant.
c. Particles should maintain a certain distance to each other.
d. Particles in the substance must collide and have enough energy.
7. The factor that would NOT affect the rate of chemical reaction.
a. Concentration
b. Humidity
c. Particle Size
d. Temperature

8. The factor that will slow down the rate of chemical reaction.
a. Manual stirring of the substance.
b. Placing substance in a hot water.
c. Placing products in iced water.
d. Placing reactants in ice bath.

9. The factor that does NOT show evidence of chemical reaction.

a. Absorption of heat
b. Change of color
c. Change of size
d. Liberation of heat
10. The measure of the hotness or coldness of a substance.
a. Energy
b. Humidity
c. Temperature
d. Thermometer
11. The substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
a. Product
b. Reactant
c. Resistance
d. Substrate

12. The measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed
in square units.
a. Volume
b. Surface
c. Surface Area
d. Concentration

13. The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

a. Solid
b. Solute
c. Solvent
d. Substance

14. The component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount.

a. Sample
b. Solute
c. Solvent
d. Substance

15. A form of matter that has definite composition and distinct characteristics.
a. Atoms
b. Compound
c. Mixture
d. Substance
 Lesson

1 Collision Theory
Chemical reactions have been a part of this world ever since everything began.
From Big bang to the present day, everything happening around us has something
to do with chemical reactions and chemical processes. Chemical reactions are
common in our daily lives: from cooking, eating, cleaning to the different chemical
processes like respiration, corrosion and fermentation. How our body lives and
grows are results of many chemical reactions that takes place, although you may
not recognize them. This is the reason we need to understand how chemical
processes takes place, be it naturally occurring or not.

This lesson will help enhance your understanding about how chemical reaction
occurs and what are the different factors affecting chemical reaction.

What’s In

Recall

Chemical or Physical Change?

Directions: Identify what kind of change occurs by writing the word Physical
change or Chemical change.

1. Baking a pie

2. Burning a paper

3. Dissolving coffee in hot water

4. Dissolving sugar in water

5. Mixing paint to make a new color

What’s New

Picture Analysis

Directions: List down ideas you think of based on the given picture.

Directions: Complete the sentence about reaction based on the given illustration.

A reaction

What is It

The Collision Theory

All substances are comprised of millions of tiny particles in constant motion. These
particles are colliding with each other constantly in any substance. All collisions
between particles do not result in a reaction. There are two factors that determine
whether a reaction will occur between two particles that are colliding:
1. Substances or particles of reactants must physically collide with enough energy

2. Substance or particles must come into contact or collide in the correct

orientation (facing the correct way).
The collision theory states that reacting substances must come into contact (collide)
with enough activation energy, and in the correct orientation (facing the correct
way), so that their electron shells can rearrange to form the products of the
reaction. Therefore, any factor which changes the frequency or energy of the
collisions will change the rate of the reaction.

Try to analyze the illustrations given below:

Figure 1

As shown in figure 1, two atoms of Nitrogen react with two atoms of Oxygen to yield
two molecules of Nitrogen Oxide. The shared atoms form a bond by completing the
valence shells of both atoms.

Figure 2

As shown in figure 2, a chemical reaction does not take place if the collision
between molecules does not have sufficient energy to break the bonds in the
reactants and if the molecules are not properly aligned.

Figure 3 Figure 4
As shown in figures 3 and 4, no reaction can take place between two particles if
they are far apart. To form new bonds, atoms must come in contact with each other
and have correct relative orientations so that the correct bonds are broken, atoms
transfer to the correct positions (see also Figure 1).

What is a Chemical Reaction?

When two particles collide, sometimes a chemical reaction can occur, which means
the bonds between two or more particles are broken and reformed, creating one or
more new substances. The substances or particles that enter and is changed in the
chemical reaction are called reactants and the substances that are formed are
called products.
Let us look at the chemical reaction in photosynthesis:

The reactants (left part of the equation) are carbon dioxide, water, and light while
the products (right side of the equation) are sugar and oxygen. But for a chemical
reaction to occur, several things must happen:

1. The particles must come into contact with one another or collide.

2. When the particles collide, the particles must be aligned correctly so that the
right parts of the atoms or molecules are exposed. If they are not oriented
correctly, no chemical reaction will take place.
3. The particles must collide with enough energy to break their chemical bonds.
The amount of energy that must be available for a reaction to occur is often
referred to as the activation energy. It is the measure of the change in the
concentration of the reactants or products.

The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a measurement of the increase in the

concentration of a product or the decrease in the concentration of a reactant as the
reaction proceeds over time.
Keep in mind that not all reactions occur at the same speed. Some are very slow
while others are fast.

The rate of reaction also depends on the type of molecules that are combining. If
there are low concentrations of an essential element or compound, the reaction will
be slower.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

1. Activation Energy
The activation energy refers to the minimum energy required for a reaction to take
place. When a collision provides energy equal to or greater than the activation
energy, product can form. On the other hand, if the particles have energy that is
less than the activation energy, the collision is not effective, and they just bounce
off each other unchanged.

The figure above shows a man trying to push a rock over the cliff. For the man to
push the rock, he needs to have enough energy. If the man does not have enough
energy, the rock will not move down the cliff. This energy needed for the man to
push the rock over the cliff represents the activation energy.

Can you think of another example to show how activation energy works?

2. Temperature

Temperature refers to how hot or cold a certain substance is. Usually, a rise in
temperature of 10 0C doubles the reaction rate. The rate of a chemical reaction
increases with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases, collision
between atoms and molecules becomes faster resulting to build up of more energy.
The increased kinetic energy will equal to or exceed the activation energy resulting
to more collisions giving rise to a reaction.
Let’s try to apply:

Arrange the following samples according to the rate of solubility of sugar.

(1 -fastest, 3-slowest)

Cold water Hot water Tap water

3. Concentration

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the concentration of reacting

substances. The term concentration refers to the number of particles present in a
given volume of solution. Concentration may also mean a measure of how much of
of the solute (something to be dissolved) is dissolved in a solvent (dissolving
medium) to form a homogeneous mixture. So, a higher concentration means there
is more of the solute in the solution. If the concentration of the reactant is
increased, the rate of reaction also increases. When the number of particles of the
reactant is increased, there is a great chance for particles to collide.
To illustrate:

Now, let’s try to analyze the picture below:

Based on the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) and properties of matter, why do you
think there is less collision on the left side while there is more collision on the right
side?

What can you deduced (conclude) about the effect of concentration on the rate of
chemical reaction?
4. Surface Area and Particle Size
Surface area is the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has,
expressed in square units. In a reaction between a solid and a liquid, the more
finely divided a solid is, the faster is the rate of reaction. Likewise, as you powdered
a solid, its surface area becomes greater, thus the particles have higher chance of
colliding and faster reaction happens.

To understand this further, try to analyze the picture and answer the questions
below:

Figure 1 Figure 2

How many reactant particles can be seen on Figure 1?

Which do you think is the solid particle on Figure 1?

What have you observed to the reactant particles in Figure 2?

In which container will the solid particle dissolve faster and why?

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Factors affecting Reaction Rates

The rate at which reactants are consumed and products are formed during
chemical reactions vary greatly. In this part of the module, you will discover how
the different factors, such as concentration, temperature and particle size affect the
rate of chemical reactions.
The following video links are experiments that you will watch and observe before
answering the “Activity Assessment.”

A. Effects of concentration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_TJEHzjBLM

B. Effects of Temperature: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izqJkdj1d4U

C. Effects of Particle Size: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQtKRBL3rJY

Activity 1.2 Guide Questions

Directions: Answer briefly and concisely the following
questions. PART A: Effects of Concentration
1. What evidence shows that reaction occurs?

2-3. Compare the rate of formation of Hydrogen gas in a tube A containing diluted
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) with that of tube B containing concentrated
Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

4-5. Explain the effects of concentration on the rate of chemical reaction.

6. Show the correct chemical equation for the reaction of Magnesium (Mg) ribbon
And Hydrochloric (HCl) acid.

PART B: Effects of Temperature

7. In which temperature of Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mixture
that Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) dissolves faster?

8-9. What evidence shows that a fast reaction occurs?

10-11. How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reaction?

PART C: Effects of Particle Size

12-13. Compare the speed reaction of powdered Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3) with
that of a lump of Calcium Carbonate placed in water?

14-15. How do particle size affect the rate of chemical reaction?

 What I Have Learned

SENTENCE COMPLETION
Directions: Complete the group of words to form relevant ideas about the lesson.

1-3. According to the collision theory, there are three (3) requirements for a
reaction to occur these are ,
and .

4-7. The factors that can affect the rate of reaction are ,
, and
.

8. Increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution

the frequency of collision of particles and the rate of

reaction.

9. Increasing the concentration means, there is more of

in the solution.

10. Increasing the temperature the collision of particles.

11. Increasing the temperature the kinetic energy of

particles.

12. The greater the size of particles, the is the surface

area.

13. The smaller the size of particles, the is the surface

area.

14-15. Remember, not all reactions happen at the same speed. Some are
while others are .
 What I Can Do

Create your own 5-minute experiment video by choosing one of the factors
discussed in this lesson.
Rubric for Grading
The video will be scored from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The criteria for
grading are as follows:

Criteria Expectations

Visuals The video is clear and engaging. Camera shots tell the story
visually and no lighting problems.

Audio Loudness and dialogue are balanced. Spoken words show

confidence and are convincing.

Content Deliver of content is precise and complete. Emphasis given

should be based on the discussion.

Timeliness The video should consume the required 5-minutes. For

every less or added minute/s, points will be deducted.
 Assessment

PART A. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is
FALSE, change the italicized word to make the statement correct.

1. Decreasing the concentration of the reactants increases the

collision frequency between reacting particles.

2. Increasing the concentration of a substance increases the kinetic

energy of the particles that make up the substance.

3. Increasing the surface area of the reactant, increases the rate of

the reaction.

4. Raising the temperature of the reaction increases the rate of the

reaction by increasing the energy of the collisions between
reacting particles.

5. If the reactant particles collide with less than the activation

energy, the particles bounce back and no reaction will occur.

PART B. IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what factor affects the rate of chemical reaction in the following
situations. Use the choices below by writing the correct letter before the
number.

A. Temperature B. Concentrations C. Particle Size

6. The food was refrigerated.

7. A coal dust explosion happen in mines.
8. Acid rain erodes marble fast.
9. Two antacid tablets neutralizes acids faster than one tablet.
10. Kindling is used to start a fire.

PART C. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Encircle the LETTER of the correct answer.

11. What conditions must be met in order for a chemical reaction to occur?
A. Collision with proper orientation
B. Sufficient activation energy
C. Adding more reactant particles
D. Both collision with proper orientation and sufficient energy
12. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of reaction?
A. Increasing the temperature
B. Adding catalyst
C. Increasing the volume
D. Increasing the concentrations

13. Suppose you dissolve Zinc (Zn) in Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and add more acid
than usual. Then drop pieces of Zinc. What factor does NOT affect the rate of
the reaction?
A. Surface area of the Zinc
B. Concentration of the reactant
C. Temperature of the solution
D. Amount of Hydrochloric acid

14. Activation energy is the amount of energy required to

A. Break the bonds between the reacting molecules
B. Make the reacting particles collide
C. Form the bonds between the product molecules
D. Convert the reactant to a single product

15. Why does a candle burn more rapidly when placed in an open jar than in
air? What accounts for this reaction?
A. Higher Oxygen concentration
B. Greater surface area of the jar
C. Increasing the surrounding temperature
D. Length of the candle

Additional Activities

Now is the time for you to explore your knowledge about collision theory and the
factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction. Only short answers are needed.
1. Use the collision theory to explain why a lump of sugar is better to use in hot
cup of tea, but granulated sugar is better to use in iced tea.

2. Suppose you held a lighted match to a solid piece of wood and another match to
a pile of wood shavings. Which form of wood would catch fire more easily and
why?
WORD SEARCH ACTIVITY
Directions: Find and encircle the missing words hidden in the grid. The words
may be hidden in any direction.

activation collision energy particle size product

reactant reaction solute temperature theory