Annexure-I

Creating awareness on covid19

TPCS (Turning point consultancy) comes under NPO(Non profit organisation)
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
B.Tech
Computer science and Engineering
Submitted to
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
PHAGWARA, PUNJAB, INDIA

From 04/07/2021 to 10/08/2021

Submitted by
Name : NARAPAREDDY HEMANTHREDDY
Registration No : 12001617
Signature of the student :
Annexure-II
Student declaration
I am NARAPAREDDY HEMANTH REDDY, Regristration No 12001617 hereby declare that work
done by me on “creating awareness on covid 19” from July 2021 to August 2021 is a record
of original work for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree,
B.tech

Name : NARAPAREDDY HEMANTH REDDY

Regristration No : 12001617
Signature of the student :
CERTIFIED BY THE TURNING POINT CONSULTANCY
Index :
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TPCS(Turning point consultancy services)
3. Awareness webinar about covid 19
4. NPO( Non profit organization)
5. Explain about covid19
6. Awareness on covid19
7. Awareness of Symptoms of the Disease and Modes of
Transmission
8. Acknowledgments
9. Conclusion
10.References
INTRODUCTION

Turning point consultancy services

Company name:- Turning point consultancy services
Founder:- miss Shaba prewin
Established in year :- 2019

Turning point consultancy services has widen to be reliable partner far brilliance across
industry vertical. We ascertain and motivate a learning environment that nourish
people progress

Company's Vision:
Nourishment and upbringing of young talent Inspiring them to serve the nation. Our vision
ranges from motivation, aspiration, and nurturing educational
advancement. Leadership shill into millions of young aspiring students.

Company's Mission:
To help clients to achieve their business objectives by providing innovative, best-in-class
ideas, solution to the problems in best possible way to shine in the digital world
Turning Point consultancy Services is a Educational cum Business Consultancy agency that
connects
Some more information about TPCS contacts

Address:
Door No : 58-30-96/3,saketapuram airport road,
Visakhapatnam, pin code – 530009

Contact:
Mobile: +91 99129 79317
Mail: [email protected]

Hour of operation:
Monday – Friday : 09:00 – 17:00
Sunday & Saturday : 10:30 – 14:00
Food Donating campaign by TPCS(Turning point consultancy service):

Being one of the best Educational Consultant and SEO companies in south India, they know
the importance of your business and help you achieve your dream ranking in least
possible time.

TPCS is one-stop-web-solution. They believe in designing and developing sites with a touch
of creativity and innovation that reflects the imagination of our clients to make their
business
TPCS continues to assist our community in recovering from the impacts of the long-running
COVID crisis. By facilitating the distribution of food
TPCS is known in the industry for providing complete web solutions that includes website
designing, website development, mobile application development, custom app
development. online marketing (SEO, SMO, Chiline Campaigns, etc.). ERP.
As there are numerous ways to grow in the digital world, our list of services is not
exhaustive.
Here we highlighted a few of them.
Website Designing and Development: Interactive & beautiful websites are one of the
best ways to attract and engage customers in today's competitive world. We design
websites that will make you stand out from the crowd.
Mobile Application Development: Expand boundaries of your brand via our cost effective
mobile application development service to get applications version of your site for various
platforms. We develop applications for Android
Digital Marketing: As a top SEO Company India, our marketing services transform

ideas, values, and vision into professional marketing solutions to communicate and reach
your strategic goals. We are proficient in Performance Based SEO, Social Media
Marketing, All-in-one SEO, Location Based Marketing, SMO, and PPC
packets to needy people and those in labour in Bangladesh, thus extending its horizons
beyond India.
Considering the food insecurity faced by over 110 million people worldwide during this
pandemic, we've decided to extend our outreach to the most vulnerable in society. I believe
it is time for us to put together a serious, comprehensive, and cooperative effort to improve
the drastic conditions of the society as efficiently as possible, even if it just takes to provide
a person with a plate of food

organization chart of the company

Company is led by Founder & CEO Mr. Ali Ahmed under that the Marketing department is
led by Miss. Naziya Perveen The department is further divided into 2 major branches under
different team leaders from Business development and software development department
is led by Simran Khurana and Manish Yadav respectively. They look after the team of
executives of 50-100 people working under each team. These executives work on
generating leads and different digital marketing channels under the guidance of their team
leaders
he COVID-19 bought back harrowing memories for many daily wage earners and migrants
who were forced out of their livelihood help India navigate through this crisis

TPCS are continuously solidifying our efforts to assist our community in recovering from the
impacts of the long-running COVID crisis. We are facilitating the distribution of food packets
to needy people in Bandipora, Jammu and Kashmir, thus extending our reach to every
corner of India and Beyond. Considering the food insecurity faced by over 110 million
people worldwide during this pandemic, we've decided to extend our outreach to the most
vulnerable in society.
We urge you to stand by them in whichever way possible, keeping in mind that no
contribution is small in these times.
And staying together is the biggest help we can do to our fellow country men

If everyone gives a little , we can achieve big things together

Donate to help those who are in need please do help for help for people in this covid days
help for people is more important at least we will together to help for people those who
need food and we will together to spread to this positive energy and kindness, everyone will
learn in this covid days how much kindness we have spread so guys please do help for
people a small help much bigger in this days everyone we have to join together and spread
this positive energy
Invite local businesses to participate with you. Ask local community members to promote
the food drive through their local place of faith, clubs, community groups, etc. People are
most likely to do this if they're motivated by the charity that will benefit from the donations
The world is living through unprecedented times. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is
causing disruption & uncertainty in regular wage/salaried employees in urban India. These
daily wage workers facing uncertain challenges in meeting their daily food requirements. As
is often the case, people living in poverty are suffering the most.
Destitute and elderly people staying alone at home and have limited resources to meet their
basic requirements.
Your contribution today will help us to provide food to these helpless people who are hit the
hardest by the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
With the funds collected, I Charity, as a reach out partner, of Renew Power, will purchase
the meals and distribute them to those who needs it the most in and around Gurgaon.
Please support this critical work by choosing different units and contribute towards helping
the community feeding and dry rations distribution

Help people those who need your help, because this covid19 effect so many people most of
they die but the poor those who live there is no chances to survive yeah this is the
time that we have to help that people so that time this turning point consultancy
 come and it comes under NPO(non profit organization) but yeah tpcs teach a lot of
good things and it do to donate food for poor and needy people like this

CDP(community development project ) Awareness webinar

As we enter stage 3 of the pandemic, TPCS joined hands together to create awareness about
covid-19 situation
The awareness of the virus impact is still low in our country and it is difficult to actually
make them understand the crisis we are in.
Together we can make India covid free if we follow the norms or wearing masks and social
distancing
This is the poster that I do create about awareness
NPO(Non profit organization)
Non profit and not-for-profit are terms that are used similarly, but do not mean the same thing. Both
are organizations that do not make a profit, but may receive an income to sustain their missions. The
income that non profit and not-for-profit organizations generate is used differently. Non profit
organizations return any extra income to the organization. Not-for-profits use their excess money to
pay their members who do work for them. Another difference between non profit organizations and
not-for-profit organizations is their membership. Non profits have volunteers or employees who do
not receive any money from the organization's fundraising efforts. They may earn a salary for their
work that is independent from the money the organization has fundraised. Not-for-profit members
could benefit from the organization's fundraising efforts

Non profits are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to
pursue their social goals. Non profits can raise money in different ways. This includes
income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from
corporations; government funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and
investments Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an
increase in NPO's within the last decade, organizations have adopted competitive
advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from
private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have
diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many non profit organizations have
been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many
non profits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal
to individual donors

NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are,
nevertheless, some elements of importance:
Management provisions
Accountability and auditing provisions
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
Tax status of the founders
Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the USA at least) expressed in the
organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the
supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.
While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal
proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the
establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate
governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial
reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.
In many aspects, they are like corporate business entities though there are often significant
differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members,
steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of
loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involve churches, which are often not required
to disclose finances to anyone, including church members
Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that non
profit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are
reports of major talent shortages in the non profit sector today regarding newly graduated
workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be
why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-
funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent
and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant
personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who
have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work
environments and implacable work that drove them away.
Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to
their employees than most non profit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of
higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and
private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally,
the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause.
Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner like most businesses,
or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favour of
more stable employment. Today, however, non profit organizations are adopting methods
used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the
best of the newly minted workforce.
It has been mentioned that most non profits will never be able to match the pay of the
private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives
and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher
than salary and pressure of work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and
offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself
positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation
allowances or flexible work hours
There are many kinds of non profits, and charities are only one type of non profit. Generally,
if the non profit earns a substantial part of its income via public solicitation, it will be
defined by the IRS as a public charity. However, most states require non profits to register
as charities if they solicit donations of any kind from the public, and, as we have seen,
private charitable foundations qualify as charities without necessarily soliciting donations at
all.
So, what is the actual trick to determining if a non profit is a charity? The answer is reliably
found in the organization’s purpose. If the non-profit’s purpose is educational or religious, if
it provides funds or services to help support medical research, or if it promotes a cause that
in some way could benefit the general public, 99% of the time that entity is known as a
charity
Charities come in two general types: public charities and private foundations. The key
difference between public charities and private foundations is how each type of
organization derives its funds. Private foundations are usually under the control of a select
group of people and typically draw their funds from one significant source (a wealthy family,
for instance, or a corporation). Public charities, on the other hand, typically rely on public
support and derive their funding from many sources instead of one
A non-profit organization (NPO) is one which is not driven by profit but by dedication to a
given cause that is the target of all income beyond what it takes to run the organization.
Non-profit organizations are often used for trusts, cooperatives, advocacy, charity,
environmental and religious groups.
Many but not all NPOs have paid staff in management positions, almost all use volunteers.
NPOs have no owners for surplus profits to go to and any surplus after operating expenses
are used to further its goals instead of being distributed between members or employees of
the organization. For an NPO to qualify as a government-recognized and tax-exempt
organization it must fulfil conditions set out by government agencies. In the United States,
the IRS determines the validity and tax status of NPOs.
NPOs often rely on the dedication of employees who believe in their cause because it’s hard
for them to compete with private sector wages. On the other hand, executive salaries are
often quite high as a means of competing with equivalent positions in the private sector.
Funding can be an issue for non-profits as they often rely on external sources, such as
donations. Scrupulous accounting, transparency and accountability are essential to
continuation of operations, as mismanaged or misdirected funds could result in the loss of
funding from both public and private sources and loss of status.
Non-profit and not-for-profit are both widely used to refer to NPOs but there are subtle
differences. The United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), for example, uses not-for-
profit to refer to activities like hobbies in which revenues are not involved.
The terms NPO and NGO (non-government organization) are also often used
interchangeably but they are different. NGOs are separate from government and require no
government council but depend on the government for funding. However, most NGOs are
also non-profit organizations
A charity is typically a type of Non-profit organization, but it's not the only type. Also,
charities are usually Non-profits, though not all Non-profits are charities. ... A charity is
eligible to apply for 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status because of its charitable purpose, and it
may be exempt from state and local taxes as well.
A non-profit organization (NPO) is one which is not driven by profit but by dedication to a
given cause that is the target of all income beyond what it takes to run the organization.
Non-profit organizations are often used for trusts, cooperatives, advocacy, charity,
environmental and religious groups
A non-profit is an organization that uses its income and profits for the organization's main
goal that supports the mission. On the other hand, a charity is a type of non-profit that
engages in activities aimed at improving lives in the communities
The main purpose of for-profit organisations is to make money for members or owners. The
definition of non-profit organisation (NPO) covers all organisations that do not exist to make
profits for owners or members
A non-profit is based on the simple premise that none of the corporation's net profit from
donations, membership fees or business activities will benefit any individual. ... Those non-
profits that do benefit the general public are typically the best-known type of non-profit.
We call them charities
A not-for-profit organization does not earn any profits for its owners. Instead, the
organization donates the money it receives to help fund the organization's objectives and
goals. A not-for-profit might also use received donations to stay up and running
Non-profit charities get revenue from donations, grants, and memberships. They may also
get revenue from selling branded products. A non-profit organization's expenses may
include Rent or mortgage payments
Non-profit organizations have founders, not owners. The founders of a non-profit are not
permitted to make a profit or benefit from the net earnings of the organization. They can
make money in various other ways, however, including receiving compensation from the
non-profit, Non-profit organizations play a vital role in building healthy communities by
providing critical services that contribute to economic stability and mobility. They also
strengthen communities in other important ways. Frequently, non-profit leaders are the
voice of the people they serve
A non-profit corporation has no owners (shareholders) whatsoever. Non-profit corporations
do not declare shares of stock when established. In fact, some states refer to non-profit
corporations as non-stock corporations
For instance, you should expect to set aside at least $5,000 to start a donor-advised fund
sponsored by a financial firm. Many community foundations can set up a fund for $1,000 or
less if you give regularly. But it usually takes at least $250,000 in assets to make a private
foundation worth the cost
Section 501(c)(4): civic leagues and social welfare organizations, homeowners’ associations,
and volunteer fire companies.
Section 501(c)(5): such as labour unions.
Section 501(c)(6): such as chambers of commerce.
We found that non-profit CEOs are paid a base salary, and many CEOs also receive
additional pay associated with larger organizational size. ... These regulations determine the
reasonableness of executive compensation based on benchmarking against comparable
organizations
Explanation about covid 19
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing
global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in the Chinese city
of Wuhan in December 2019; a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in surrounding Hubei failed
to contain the outbreak, and it quickly spread to other parts of mainland China and around the
world. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Multiple variants
of the virus have emerged and become dominant in many countries since 2021, with
the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants being the most virulent. As of 26 October 2021, more than
244 million cases and 4.95 million deaths have been confirmed, making it one of the deadliest
pandemics in history. but in a short span of time, it covered almost all over the world (WHO,
2020b). Nearly 216 countries of the whole world are struggling for their civilization and
livelihood against the coronavirus pandemic. On January 11, 2020, China declared first
death of their 61 years old citizen due to COVID‐19, who was exposed to the seafood market
(WHO, 2020b), but now death reached exponentially to 357,736 on 29th May 2020 (WHO,
2020a). On February 11, 2020, WHO announced this coronavirus disease as COVID‐19
(WHO, 2020c) and pandemic on March 11, 2020, after reaching the virus infection to 114
countries across the world. COVID‐19 and SARS coronavirus are similar and because it is
becoming a big threat to human civilization as consequences, online awareness programs
were initiated and conducted worldwide by WHO (2020c). Proper strategies and funds were
set up by WHO globally to protect the countries with special focus to poor and weaker
health infrastructure developing countries. The aim was to reduce the virus communication
in society, dissemination of crucial information, providing proper healthcare and to
minimize social and economic loss. WHO also focused on establishing an easy and effective
diagnostic system to prevent infection (WHO 2020 c) To prevent the infection socially, the
lockdown was imposed globally, which resulted in the halt of all economic and social activity
in society This led to cease global supply chains badly resulting in the global economy in bad
shape (Ebrahim, Ahmed, Gazer, Schlagenhauf, & Manish, 2020). In India, the Central
Government also imposed a nationwide lockdown for the first time on March 22, 2020, and
continued it up to till date, that is, on May 30, 2020. All transport, manufacturing, hotel industry,
educational sector, service industry and so forth were closed immediately, people were left to
remain as to where they were at the time of lockdown announcement and during lockdown people
started working from home, school and colleges classes are running online, many people shifted on
a digital platform (McCloskey et al., 2020). But on May 30, 2020, this situation of coronavirus disease
(COVID‐ 19) outbreak has become worse, as it contains 5,704,736 confirmed cases, 357,736
confirmed deaths across 216 countries. India also has 165,799 confirmed cases with 4,706 casualties
(WHO, 2020d). Now it is very clear that COVID‐19 is creating very disaster effects globally with India,
people are getting panicked, emotionally unsecured, depressed and in a stage of confusion, unaware
about facilities provided by the government, regarding reliable news sources, symptoms of COVID‐
19 and its prevention with the cure. Some parts of the Northeast, India people are taking
coronavirus infection as a social stigma, so as a consequence people are hiding their illness and
showing their unwillingness to approach hospitals. In this connection, WHO are trying their level
best to offer technical guidance and solving public queries, to mitigate their fear, social
discrimination and stigma regarding COVID‐19 (WHO, 2020c). On the counterpart, our Indian
government is also making aware of the people by disseminating information through various
reliable sources and providing medical facilities and trying to reduce the losses due to coronavirus.
But, in India, we have a very huge dense population without well‐established medical facilities,
which is a matter of concern Sohrab et al. (2020); Sur Jadi & Suraj (2019); Sharma, Singh, Agrawal, &
Sharma, 2020). Large numbers of people are illiterate, isolated, migrants, live remotely and are
below the poverty line, struggling hard for their daily needs are raising the government's concern
during the lockdown. Migrant workers are bound to migrate from one state to their home without
any proper transport facilities and precaution such as a face mask, social distancing, meal,
cleanliness, hygiene, which are triggering to increase more infection in society. Amid the above
havoc situation, the anxiety and worries among society are at the top, people who are kept in
quarantine centres at isolated places are also feeling serious uneasiness, discomfort ness, irritated,
ignored and in traumatic stress (li et al.(2020)). Many celebrities, sportspersons, media persons,
politicians, other responsible citizens are trying to aware and change the attitude of the public, to
take self and families protection and motivating them to avail medical facilities by cooperating with
medical personnel, which ultimately leads to reducing coronavirus infection in society (Anderson et
al. (2020); Wang et al. (2020) & Zhu et al. (2019)). Hence, it is very crucial to study the following
factors in the Indian population and their effects in society. As the cases of infected people are
increasing rapidly, this article will help the public and government to plan and decide the strategies
for fighting the coronavirus. This article aims to estimate the level of exposure people get while
going to their workplace and number of people they daily interact, what are the trusted source of
information in society regarding coronavirus, how serious is the perception of threat for the virus in
society, the awareness level of health facilities provided by the government, general awareness
about coronavirus, their symptoms for infection and prevention to common people. There is very
little research in India covering the above factors, so this study is crucial for planning and adopting
the preventive measures by public and government officials during this pandemic. Hence, this study
will help in future to design necessary strategies in Indian society to fight against viruses.

COVID-19 symptoms range from none to life-threatening. Severe illness is more likely in elderly
patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions. Transmission of COVID-19 occurs
when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles. The risk of
breathing these in is highest when people are in proximity, but the virus can transmit over longer
distances, particularly indoors and in poorly ventilated areas. Transmission can also occur, rarely, via
contaminated surfaces or fluids. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the
virus even if they do not develop symptoms.

Several vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have
initiated mass vaccination campaigns since December 2020. Other recommended preventive
measures include social distancing, wearing face masks in public, ventilation and air-
filtering, covering one's mouth when sneezing or coughing, hand washing, disinfecting
surfaces, and quarantining people who have been exposed or are symptomatic. Treatments focus
on addressing symptoms, but work is underway to develop medications that inhibit the virus.
Authorities worldwide have responded by implementing travel restrictions, lockdowns, business
closures, workplace hazard controls, testing protocols, and systems for tracing contacts of the
infected.

The pandemic has resulted in severe social and economic disruption around the world,
including the largest global recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. It has led
to widespread supply shortages exacerbated by panic buying, agricultural disruption, and food
shortages. The resultant near-global sustained quarantine saw an unprecedented decrease in the
emission of pollutants. Numerous educational institutions and public areas have been partially
or fully closed, and many events have been cancelled or postponed. Misinformation has
circulated through social media and mass media, and political tensions have been
exacerbated. The pandemic has raised issues of racial and geographic discrimination, health
equity, and the balance between public health imperatives and individual rights.

Naming
The pandemic is known by several names. It is often referred to as its colloquial name, "the
coronavirus pandemic", despite the existence of other human coronaviruses that have
caused epidemics and outbreaks (e.g. SARS). Before it was declared a pandemic, it was
known as "the coronavirus outbreak" and "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak".
During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as
"coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan
pneumonia". In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV acute
respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and
international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal
species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent social stigma. The
official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February
2020. Tedros Adhanom explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when
the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019). The WHO additionally uses "the
COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.
The variants of the virus are also known by several names. Before being given official names
by the WHO, they were commonly named after where the variants were found (e.g., Delta
variant was known as the Indian variant), and are also known colloquially as "variants of
concern". At the end of May 2021, the WHO assigned labels to all the variants after
introducing a new policy of using Greek letters for variants of concern and variants of
interest.

METHODOLOGY
Our study was cross‐sectional, carried out by a convenience, nonprobability sampling
technique in India. We adopted this sampling because, due to movement constraints during
a lockdown, it was impossible to approach a common man in the population. This technique
of convenience sampling, which is a nonprobability sampling technique, allows researchers
to select respondents directly from the population as per their convenience. This technique
was cost‐effective and timesaving. Researchers choose these samples just because they are
easy to fix, approach and train. A semi structured questionnaire was developed in
straightforward, understandable English by using Google form. The questionnaire was
disseminated to known through WhatsApp, e‐mails and other social media platforms. The
participants showed enough interest in giving their responses and forwarded it to their
contacts, which resulted in getting responses from all over the country. Participants who
possess smartphones with internet connectivity have participated in this study, which is
very common in modern society. Participants above 15 years and comfortable in English
filled the response with willingness. Total, we received 533 responses, but some were filled
incomplete, so we eliminated them. Finally, we analysed 522 responses to draw our results.
The respondents' sociodemographic profile was accessed by a questionnaire, which includes
gender, age, education, place of residence, domicile, marital status and so forth. The
questionnaire used for the survey have a separate section to know how they commute and
interact to peoples, what are their trusted source of information, two questions were to
evaluate the threat level of virus, one dichotomous question for awareness about health
facility, six questions to estimate awareness level of coronavirus in society, 11 questions for
accessing symptoms, 12 questions for perception about prevention from coronavirus. The
process of data collection was held from April 11, 2020, to April 28, 2020. Factor analysis
with principal component analysis was used to describe the unobserved underlying latent
variables with 12 observed variables (items) of prevention methods adopted by people for
coronavirus. Bartlett's test of sphericity was used to check interdependency among the
items and KMO (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy) was used to inspect
the sample sufficiency (Kaiser, 1974). The criterion of Eigenvalue > 1 with factor loading
greater than 0.5 was used to decide the number of factors (latent variables; Kaiser, 1960,
Sharma, 1996, Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1995). To check the items' internal
consistency (reliability index), Cronbach's α (Cronbach, 1984) value was calculated and
checked.

Epidemiology
Although the exact origin of the virus is still unknown, the first outbreak started in Wuhan,
Hubei, China, in November 2019. Many early cases of COVID-19 were linked to people who
had visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, but it is possible that human-
to-human transmission was already happening before this. On 11 February 2020, the World
Health Organization (WHO) named the disease "COVID-19", which is short for "coronavirus
disease 2019". The virus that caused the outbreak is known as severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly discovered virus closely related to bat
coronaviruses, pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV. The scientific consensus is that the
virus is most likely of zoonotic origin, from bats or another closely related mammal. Despite
this, the subject has generated extensive speculation and conspiracy theories, which were
amplified by rapidly growing online echo chambers. Global geopolitical divisions, notably
between the United States and China, have been heightened because of this issue.
The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on
1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet
market cluster. However, an earlier case of infection could have occurred on 17
November. Of the early cluster of cases reported that month, two-thirds were found to have
a link with the market. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the index case is likely to have
been infected with the virus between mid-October and mid-November 2019.

Cases
Official case counts refer to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and
whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols. Many countries,
early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms. An analysis of the
early phase of the outbreak up to 23 January estimated 86 percent of COVID-19 infections
had not been detected, and that these undocumented infections were the source for 79
percent of documented cases. Several other studies, using a variety of methods, have
estimated that numbers of infections in many countries are likely to be considerably greater
than the reported cases.
On 9 April 2020, preliminary results found that 15 percent of people tested in Gangelt, the
centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, tested positive for antibodies. Screening for
COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and blood donors in the Netherlands, has
also found rates of positive antibody tests that may indicate more infections than
reported. Seroprevalence based estimates are conservative as some studies show that
persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies. Some results (such as the
Gan gelt study) have received substantial press coverage without first passing through peer
review.
An analysis in early 2020 of cases by age in China indicated that a relatively low proportion
of cases occurred in individuals under 20. It was not clear whether this was because young
people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop serious symptoms and seek
medical attention and be tested. A retrospective cohort study in China found
that children and adults were just as likely to be infected.
Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R0) for COVID-19 in January were
between 1.4 and 2.5, but a subsequent analysis concluded that it may be about 5.7 (with a
95 percent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). R0 can vary across populations and is not to be
confused with the effective reproduction number (commonly just called R), which takes into
account effects such as social distancing and herd immunity. By mid-May 2020, the effective
R was close to or below 1.0 in many countries, meaning the spread of the disease in these
areas at that time was stable or decreasing.
Deaths
Official deaths from COVID-19 generally refer to people who died after testing positive
according to protocols. These counts may ignore deaths of people who die without having
been tested. Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to over-
counting. Comparisons of statistics for deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average
indicate excess mortality in many countries. This may include deaths due to strained
healthcare systems and bans on elective surgery. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan
on 9 January 2020. Nevertheless, the first reported death outside of China occurred on 1
February 2020 in the Philippines, and the first reported death outside Asia was in the United
States on 6 February 2020.
More than 95 per cent of the people who contract COVID-19 recover. Otherwise, the time
between symptoms onset and death usually ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14
days. As of 26 October 2021, more than 4.95 million deaths have been attributed to COVID-
19. People at the greatest risk of mortality from COVID-19 tend to be those with underlying
conditions, such as those with a weakened immune system, serious heart or lung problems,
severe obesity, or the elderly (including individuals age 65 years or older). The strongest risk
factors for severe COVID-19 illness are obesity, complications of diabetes, and anxiety
disorders.
Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality. These numbers vary by region and over
time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options,
government response, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such
as age, sex, and overall health. Countries like Belgium include deaths from suspected cases
of COVID-19, regardless of whether the person was tested, resulting in higher numbers
compared to countries that include only test-confirmed cases.
The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 divided by the
number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University
statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 2.03 percent (4,959,558 deaths for 244,239,277
cases) as of 26 October 2021. The number varies by region.
The official death counts have been criticised for underreporting the actual death toll,
because comparisons of death rates before and during the pandemic show an increase in
deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone. Using such data, estimates of the
true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 9.5 to 18.6
million by The Economist, as well as over 10.3 million by the Institute for Health Metrics and
Evaluation.

Disease
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe
illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste, nasal
congestion and runny nose, cough, muscle pain, sore throat, fever, diarrhoea, and breathing
difficulties. People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their
symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been
identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and
fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue;
a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In people
without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is
associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of cases
Of people who show symptoms, 81% develop only mild to moderate symptoms (up to
mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnoea, hypoxia, or more than
50% lung involvement on imaging) and 5% of patients suffer critical symptoms (respiratory
failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). At least a third of the people who are infected
with the virus do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in
time. These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested and can spread the disease. Other
infected people will develop symptoms later, called "pre-symptomatic", or have very mild
symptoms and can also spread the virus.
As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person first becomes
infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. The median delay for COVID-19 is four
to five days. Most symptomatic people experience symptoms within two to seven days after
exposure, and almost all will experience at least one symptom within 12 days.
Most people recover from the acute phase of the disease. However, some people – over
half of a cohort of home-isolated young patients – continue to experience a range of effects,
such as fatigue, for months after recovery, a condition called long COVID; long-term damage
to organs has been observed. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the
long-term effects of the disease.

Prevention
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying
at home, wearing a mask in public, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others,
ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap
and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and
avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the
CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare
provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any
room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly
wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.

Diagnosis
The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid tests, which
detects the presence of viral RNA fragments. As these tests detect RNA but not infectious
virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited." The test is
typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal
swab or sputum sample may also be used.[141][142] Results are generally available within
hours. The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.
Chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical
suspicion of infection but are not recommended for routine screening. Bilateral
multilobe ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric, and posterior distribution
are common in early infection. Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal
thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease
progresses. Characteristic imaging features on chest radiographs and computed
tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground-
glass opacities without pleural effusions.

Vaccines
A COVID-19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge
existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This knowledge
accelerated the development of various vaccine platforms during early 2020. The initial
focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness. On 10
January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence data was shared through GISAID, and by 19
March, the global pharmaceutical industry announced a major commitment to address
COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread,
severity, and death caused by COVID-19.
Many countries have implemented phased distribution plans that prioritize those at highest
risk of complications, such as the elderly, and those at high risk of exposure and
transmission, such as healthcare workers. Single dose interim use is under consideration to
extend vaccination to as many people as possible until vaccine availability improves.
On 21 December 2020, the European Union approved the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine.
Vaccinations began to be administered on 27 December 2020. The Moderna vaccine was
authorised on 6 January 2021 and the AstraZeneca vaccine was authorised on 29 January
2021.

On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar published a
notice of declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for
medical countermeasures against COVID-19, covering "any vaccine, used to treat, diagnose,
cure, prevent, or mitigate COVID-19, or the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or a virus mutating
therefrom", and stating that the declaration precludes "liability claims alleging negligence by
a manufacturer in creating a vaccine, or negligence by a health care provider in prescribing
the wrong dose, absent wilful misconduct". The declaration is effective in the United States
through 1 October 2024. On 8 December, it was reported that the AstraZeneca vaccine is
about 70% effective, according to a study.
As of mid-August 2021, more than 4.6 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been
administered in over 190 countries worldwide. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is the most
widely used around the globe.
Variants
Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged that are spreading globally. The most
prevalent, all of which share the more infectious D614G mutation, are

B.1.1.7, also known as the Alpha variant, first detected in the UK, which has spread to over
190 countries
P.1, also known as the Gamma variant, first detected in Brazil, which has spread to over 90
countries

B.1.351, also known as the Beta variant, first detected in South Africa, which has spread to
over 140 countries

B.1.617.2, also known as the Delta variant, first detected in India, which has spread to over
170 countries

Prognosis

The severity of COVID-19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no
symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold.
In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause
hospitalization. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or
critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the
time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. The
Italian Institute reported that the median time between the onset of symptoms and death
was twelve days, with seven being hospitalised. However, people transferred to an ICU had
a median time of ten days between hospitalisation and death. Prolonged prothrombin time
and elevated C-reactive protein levels on admission to the hospital are associated with
severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to ICU

Mitigation
Speed and scale are key to mitigation, due to the fat-tailed nature of pandemic risk and the
exponential growth of COVID-19 infections. For mitigation to be effective, (a) chains of
transmission must be broken as quickly as possible through screening and containment, (b)
health care must be available to provide for the needs of those infected, and (c)
contingencies must be in place to allow for effective rollout of (a) and (b).
In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving herd immunity may not
currently be possible because the Delta variant is transmitted among those immunized with
current vaccines. The CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit
the Delta variant, something officials believed was not possible with other variants.
Consequently, the WHO and the CDC encourage vaccinated people to continue with
preventive measures, such as social distancing and wearing masks indoors.
Awareness on COVID-19
Participants of IDIs were asked, regarding the disease COVID-19, about its cause and
common symptoms. Accordingly, 18 of 22 participants indicated that COVID-19 is a new
disease which happened recently, affecting all people in all countries in the world,
transmitted from person to person and caused by virus. Participants obtained information
about the disease from different sources; common sources of information mentioned by the
participants include radio, television, social media, health care workers, telecom messages
during outgoing call, religious leaders and friends/neighbours. Four of the participants
linked the disease with resentment of God on people and some others had a confusion with
the term zoonotic disease.
One of the participants who is barber explained the disease as follows.
As I heard from media, radio, TV, religious institutions and mobile health educators, it is a
virus which is deadly and has no treatment that transmits from person to person through
breathing or by air during coughing. It is affecting all people in all countries in the world.
(Male participant, aged 31)
Another participant from another area, who is engaged in hotel management service said.
I heard the information from media and people talking about a disease called corona virus
which I have not ever heard. I know that there is no detected case in our area but based on
the information from media, cases are detected in other countries and Addis Ababa only in
our country. Since then, I am practicing the messages told by health professionals for
prevention from the disease acquisition. (Male participant, aged 30)
Two of the participants noted that the disease is the result of the anger of God since people
do not obey the rule of God and one of the participants who is a “Bajaj” driver explained
that;
what I know is, it is the disease that came from God as result of our bad and evil acts, it has
no drug to treat, and the only option is pray to God to be protected from this type of
disease. (Male participant, aged 28)
Another participant from another site similarly noted that the disease emerged by the order
of God, and he shared the above idea by saying.
I believe that corona virus disease came from God because of our sin, and we should pray to
alleviate the problem and we should try to fight it by using all possible methods. (Male
participant, aged 21)
A participant from a similar Woreda emphasized to follow all the instructions from the
government despite his strong belief in God for the reason of the emergence of the disease
as well as solutions for it and noted the situation as follows.
I recommend all people should kneel for repentance. So far there are many evil acts we did,
disobedience, homosexuality, genocide, ethnic targeted displacement, corruption, robbery
and so many unethical acts. So, we must ask forgiveness of God along with precautions from
government. (Male participant, aged 52)
One of the participants, who is civil servant in his occupation, said that “it is confusing for
me whether this disease can be transmitted from animal to human through eating animal
products like raw meat since there are recommendations that avoid consuming raw meat.
“This idea was shared by another participant from another Woreda, and he pinpointed the
situation as follows.
“The disease can be transmitted via raw meat consumption, so I think there is a possibility
of acquiring it from animals” (male participant, aged 28),
 Awareness of Symptoms of the Disease and Modes of Transmission
Participants of the assessment were asked to reflect their opinion on common symptoms
and modes of transmission of COVID-19; accordingly, they forwarded their perspectives on
symptoms of the disease and modes of transmission. Cough, fever, sneezing, diarrhoea,
throat pain, difficulty breathing, and headache were common symptoms of the disease
mentioned by several participants. Based on the review of transcripts, participants indicated
different modes of transmission of COVID-19, namely, hand shaking, hugging, sitting
together, contact with droplets during coughing and sneezing, contacting infected air and
objects, skin penetration, and sharing clothes.
Concerning modes of transmission, one of the participants said.
The virus can be transmitted through contact, sneezing droplets, when we are sharing
clothes with others, hand shaking, when we talking there are small droplets they may
transmit disease, when we are close each other or sit together. These are the ways of
transmissions. (Female participant, aged 29)
Droplet inhalation and contact with the droplet was pinpointed by another participant and
he spoke.
Corona virus is a disease that can be transmitted from person to person via contact and
individuals might contract this virus through droplet inhalation. In addition to this, if a
person touches different materials that might have come in touch with the virus, it favours
the virus transmission in the developed countries and now a days, has also been health
problem in Ethiopia. (Male participant, aged 24)
Based on the transcripts of interviews, some participants emphasized that the virus can be
transmitted via skin penetration after hand shaking or contacting an infected person. A Bajaj
driver from one of study Woredas said.
If we don’t wash our hands, the virus can enter our body through penetration of skin of our
hands. (Male participant, aged 18)
The above concern was shared by another participant from the same town, and he further
elaborated the issue as follows.
… at the time of hand shaking with the infected individual, uninfected individual can easily
acquire the virus and at the same time it enters the body by penetrating hand, because it is
very dangerous virus. (Male participant, aged 23)

Prevention Methods
Hand washing, avoiding hand shaking, wearing masks and gloves, using sanitizer, physical
distancing, general personal hygiene, holy water, consuming hot drinks, chili papers, garlic
and ginger were identified as prevention methods of the disease by participants of in-depth
interview. According to the in-depth interview participants, hygiene was described in
different ways namely, washing hands every 15 minutes, taking showers five times per
week, washing hands three times per day and using sanitizer, soap and water together. Two
participants assumed the fever screening as a final technique that declares their status and
feel a sense of security. Negative perception towards quarantine and isolation centre was
indicated by some of the participants. The following quotes describe different views as
follows.
As health professionals have been telling us washing hands every 15 minutes, rubbing with
alcohol, avoid hand shaking, making physical distance at least 2 meters. (Male participant,
aged 28)
To prevent disease, keeping social distancing, we have been practicing social distancing in
funeral areas yesterday as well as the day before yesterday. There were professionals
coordinating this. Another is minimizing social life. Very important way is washing hand
frequently. Using masks, wearing gloves in the office is important since we are collecting
revenues. Avoiding hand shaking is another method. (Female participant, aged 29)
A religious leader has briefed the importance of holy water to prevent the disease together
with other precautions and he spoke.
We make members to sit far apart, we order them to wash their hands and they use holy
water without sharing drinking materials and I believe this is helpful to prevent the disease.
(Religious leader, male, aged 31)
Based on a participant response, hot drinks and homemade prevention options were key to
prevent COVID-19. She described by her own word as follows. this disease has come from
foreign countries, we are ordered to pray God in churches, in addition we are using spices
and herbs like garlic, ginger, chili papers and hot drinks which are important to prevent this
infection. (Female participant, aged 20)
Based on the explanation of a participant, one time screening was considered as an
adequate method to prevent the disease and he explained the issue as follows. I don’t know
about it in detail but to prevent the disease as it has no drug, for myself I got tested for the
disease while I was coming from Shawsheen, as I knew my status there is no problem, but I
want to teach others to get tested for the disease. (Male participant, aged 25)
A participant described how they changed their usual office set up and trend in order to
prevent the disease, she explained the situation as follows.
In our office, our work has forces us to have frequent interaction with the people since we
are collecting revenues. Another thing that poses risk is money that we are collecting. We
can’t lock the job, because the revenue and tax that we collect is necessary for salary and
other payments. With us there is fingerprint machine. Since many people are touching it
may transmit the disease. Therefore, we clean machine with alcohol after everyone is
recording fingerprint and we are making the customers who use machine to rub their hands
with alcohol. Another is we have hand washing corner at the gate. Therefore, everyone
washes his/her hand before getting into office. We serve the customer through window. We
don’t allow them to enter to the rooms. (Female participant, aged 29)

Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the zonal health department and local administrations;
without whose cooperation this assessment would have been impossible. Study participants
deserve special acknowledgment for all their cooperation in the data collection process and
for providing genuine information that resulted in the accomplishment of this assessment
Learning outcomes
This study also has some limitations such as questionnaires filled by people who can
understand English and possess smartphones with internet connectivity. These educated
population segments are mainly restricted to an urban area only, so this cannot be
generalized to the whole community. The results drawn from rural people can be different
from the findings of our study. The time duration of the data collection was a little bit less.

Conclusion
During this coronavirus pandemic, mostly literate urban people were aware of this
pandemic, which also like the outcome of a study done by (Ray et al., 2020). They are aware
of virus infection symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, tiredness, running nose and
possible infection method from one person to another, so government and celebrities
should encourage the ordinary people and boost their morale in this tough time. People
showed confidence that disease can be prevented but are concerned for loss due to
pandemic. Most people in society are commute by their two‐wheelers or public bus, prone
to infection, so the government should take extra care to sanitize public places and coaches.
They have adopted their prevention methods such as lockdown, naturopathy and social
distancing, so the government should make necessary arrangements. Most people daily
interact either to 10 or more people, which is the biggest threat to community transmission,
so people should be discouraged from associating with others. Peoples are following trusted
sources of information such as TV, newspapers and official government website, so the
government should broadcast all relevant information to these platforms. Common men in
society are aware of medical facilities' government initiatives, which are vital to cease the
infection. Worries and anxiety among the public regarding COVID‐19 disease can be checked
and quickly reduce by counselling, their levels to be measured in some research. There is a
need to intensify the awareness program during this COVID‐ 19 pandemic, raised by other
researchers (Ray et al., 2020). So, this article will help common men to understand the
intensity of infection and its symptoms and precaution. It will help common people to
understand the threatens level of virus in society and counsel him that it's with everyone,
rather than only with him. He will adopt the necessary precautionary measure to avoid
infection from illness by getting proper and reliable information from time to time. The
government will also get an idea of common man psychology, problems and worries of
ordinary people to formulate a better and effective strategy.
References:
https://www.google.com
https://www.instagram.com/tpcs.india/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/turningpoint-consultancy-services/

Submitted by:
Name:- NARAPAREDDY HEMANTH REDDY
REGISTATION NO:- 12001617
Signature of the student: