Niel Ivan N.

Mercado
11-Dy (STEM 1)

General Chemistry Quarter 2 Week 1:

Quantum Numbers

PROCEDURE

n ℓ mℓ ms Number of Orbital Number of Total

Orbitals Name Electrons Electrons
0 0 ½, -½ 1 4s 2
4 1 -1, 0, +1 3 4p 6
(N- shell)
½, -½ 32
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 ½, -½ 5 4d 10
3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 ½, -½ 7 4f 14

ANALYSIS
Q1. What does the first three quantum numbers indicate?

- The first three quantum numbers are the principal quantum number, the azimuthal quantum number, and the
magnetic quantum number. The principal quantum number denotes the energy shell level of the electron. The
azimuthal quantum number denotes the subshell of the electron.
Q2. What does the fourth quantum number indicate?

- The fourth quantum number describes the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the electron within that orbital
and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum (s) along the specified axis
Q3. Explain why the 3rd main energy level can hold a maximum number of 18 electrons?

- The third principal energy level has one s orbital, three p orbitals, and five d orbitals, which can each hold up to
10 electrons. This allows for a maximum of 18 electrons.
Q4. How does the size of a given type of orbital vary with n?

- There are a number of orbitals present with a definite value of the principal quantum number. The orbital size
enhances as an increment in the n value is observed. As the n value increases, the number of nodes also increases.
Q5. How do the quantum numbers help describe the electron in an atom?

- The principal quantum number, n, designates the principal electron shell. Because n describes the most probable
distance of the electrons from the nucleus, the larger the number n is, the farther the electron is from the nucleus,
the larger the size of the orbital, and the larger the atom is.

GENERALIZATION
Explain the use of quantum numbers in describing the electron in an atom.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)

- The first quantum number describes the electron shell, or energy level, of an atom. The value of n ranges
from 1 to the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom.
The Azimuthal Quantum Number (ℓ)
- The second quantum number, known as the angular or orbital quantum number, describes the subshell and gives
the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation. In chemistry and spectroscopy, ℓ = 0 is
called an s orbital, ℓ = 1 a p orbital, ℓ = 2 a d orbital, and ℓ = 3 an f orbital.

The Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ)

- The magnetic quantum number describes the energy levels available within a subshell and yields the projection of
the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis. The values of mℓ range from − to ℓ, with integer steps
between them.
The Spin Projection Quantum Number (ms)

- The fourth quantum number describes the spin (intrinsic angular momentum) of the electron within that
orbital and gives the projection of the spin angular momentum (s) along the specified axis. Analogously,
the values of ms range from −s to s, where s is the spin quantum number, an intrinsic property of
particles.

VII. APPLICATION
Explain how advances in our understanding of the atom influence our daily lives.

- Nuclear technologies are used world-wide to meet some of the fundamental needs of modern daily life. These
include access to energy and proper medical care, food production and the management of water resources.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

1. Justify your answer if the following set of quantum numbers is valid or not.
a. n = 2, l = 2, ml = 0, and ms = -1/2
- Invalid. 0 or 1 is the correct value for ℓ.
b. n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1, and ms = -1/2
- Valid. Variables are within the range.
c. n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, and ms = 1
- Invalid. ½ is the correct value for ms.
d. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 3, and ms = ½
- Invalid. The value of mℓ should be between -2 and +2.

2. What is the maximum electron pairs that can occupy an:

a. s orbital- 2
b. the subshell of p orbitals- 6
c. the subshell of d orbitals- 10
d. the subshell of f orbitals- 14
e. the subshell of g orbitals- 18

3. Do as directed.
a. Sketch the shape of the orbital with the quantum numbers n=3, l=0 and mℓ = 0.

b. The sketch of the shape of the subshell with the quantum numbers n=4, l=2 is.

c. The highest orbital possible in n = 4

d. Sketch the orientation of the allowed values of l= 1 for the shell n=2.
 e. Write the set of quantum numbers for the following
i. It is an up-spin 4d electron with an orbital orientation of 0.

n- 4 (N-shell)
ℓ- 2
mℓ- 0
ms- ½

ii. The electron is in the 3rd energy level, px-orbital, and down spin

n- 3 (M-shell)
ℓ- 1
mℓ- -1, 0, +1
ms- -½

iii. When n=2, l is 1, mℓ = 1, ms = ½

n- 2 (L-shell)
ℓ- 1
mℓ- +1
ms- ½

f. What is the value of l for a 4f electron?

- 3
g. What is the orbital designation for an electron in the 3rd shell and p sublevel?
- The orbital designation is 3p.
h. How many electrons have the following quantum numbers: n =4, l =2, mℓ = -2?
- 5 electrons
Niel Ivan N. Mercado
11-Dy (STEM 1)

General Chemistry Quarter 2 Week 2:

Electronic Configuration of Atoms

PROCEDURE

1. Arrange the electron of calcium using electronic configuration mnemonics.

- [Ar]4s2 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
2. Distribute the electron per orbital and energy levels.

ANALYSIS:
Q1. What does the electron configuration of an atom signify?

- The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the arrangement of electrons distributed among the
orbital shells and subshells. Commonly, the electron configuration is used to describe the orbitals of an atom in its
ground state, but it can also be used to represent an atom that has ionized into a cation or anion by compensating
with the loss of or gain of electrons in their subsequent orbitals. Many of the physical and chemical properties of
elements can be correlated to their unique electron configurations. The valence electrons, electrons in the
outermost shell, are the determining factor for the unique chemistry of the element.
Q2. How many unpaired electrons does calcium has?

- Calcium has no unpaired electron.

Q3. How will you describe the magnetic property of calcium?

- Atoms with paired electrons are diamagnetic ('not magnetic') while atoms with unpaired electrons are
paramagnetic. However, Calcium is said to be paramagnetic, even though it has no free electrons.

GENERALIZATION:
How do you write the electron configuration of an atom and what is the measurement of magnetic property of an atom
using the electron configuration?

- When writing an electron configuration, first write the energy level (the period), then the subshell to be filled and
the superscript, which is the number of electrons in that subshell. The total number of electrons is the atomic
number, Z.
APPLICATION:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a medical imaging technique used in radiology helps to investigate the anatomy and
physiology of the body. In diagnosis of diseases, contrast agents are being used to improve the sensitivity and specificity
of diagnostic images. How does gadolinium metal help in the diagnosis?

- Gadolinium contrast medium is used in about 1 in 3 of MRI scans to improve the clarity of the images or pictures
of your body's internal structures. This improves the diagnostic accuracy of the MRI scan. For example, it
improves the visibility of inflammation, tumors, blood vessels and, for some organs, blood supply
- The gadolinium ion is useful as an MRI contrast agent because it has seven unpaired electrons, which is the
greatest number of unpaired electrons spins possible for an atom. Gadolinium molecules shorten the spin-lattice
relaxation time (T1) of voxels in which they are present.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Arrange the electrons of the following elements and describe the magnetic property.

1. Potassium
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 4s1 or [Ar]4s1
- Paramagnetic
2. Sodium
- [Ne]3s1 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
- Paramagnetic
3. Magnesium
- [Ne]3s2 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
- Paramagnetic
4. Chlorine
- [Ne]3s2 3p5 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
- Diamagnetic
5. Sulfur
- [Ne]3s2 3p4 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
- Diamagnetic
6. Cesium
- [Xe]6s1 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1
- Paramagnetic

Niel Ivan N. Mercado

11-Dy (STEM 1)
General Chemistry Quarter 2 Week 3:
 Electronic Configuration of Atoms and Orbital diagram

PROCEDURE
1. Assuming you are a manager of a prestigious new hotel in Cabanatuan – the “Grand Hyatt Hamster dam”. Sketch a
design of the hotel consisting of seven floors. Use the diagram below as reference of your structure:

1st floor–1 room

2nd floor–1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms

3rd floor–1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms – (2 stairs)–5 rooms

4th floor–1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms – (2 stairs)–5 rooms – (2stairs)– 7 rooms

5th floor-1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms – (2 stairs)–5 rooms – (2stairs)– 7 rooms

6th floor-1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms – (2 stairs)–5 rooms – (2stairs)– 7 rooms

7th floor-1 room – (2 stairs)–3 rooms – (2 stairs)–5 rooms – (2stairs)– 7 rooms

2. Your task is to fill rooms in your hotel. The penthouse is on the first floor and the less desirable rooms are on the top
floor.

3. You must fill your hotel with your guest hamsters with the following rules:
a. Hamsters are lazy.
b. They can’t stand each other unless they are force them to put up with each other.
c. If they are on the same room, be sure that they will face opposite directions.
d. They stink, so you can’t put more than two hamsters in each room

4. Book the following number of hamsters for the following days of the week:
Monday – 13 hamsters
Tuesday – 25 hamsters
Wednesday – 7 hamsters
Thursday – 18 hamsters
Friday – 3 hamsters
Saturday – 11 hamsters
Sunday – 5 hamsters

ANALYSIS:
Q1. Compare the Grand Hyatt Hamster Dam to electron orbitals.

- The Grand Hyatt Hamster Dam could be said that it is like an electron orbital. Electron orbitals is known to have
multiple levels of orbitals that “house” electrons; The Grand Hyatt Hotel Hamster Dam do not have level of
orbital but it has different floors that have multiple rooms in each floor. The booking of The Grand Hyatt Hamster
Dam is a real-life example of how an electron configuration works
Q2. Describe an orbital.

- In chemistry and quantum mechanics, an orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior
of an electron, electron pair, or (less commonly) nucleons. An orbital can contain two electrons with paired spins
and is often associated with a specific region of an atom.
Q3. When hamsters go between floors, do they need to use energy? How is this related to electrons when they go between
orbitals?
 - hamsters use their energy to go between floors. When electrons move between orbitals, they may absorb or
release energy. Electrons is said to move around atoms within their respective energy level. An energy level of an
electron actually gets lower when closer to nucleus, and gets higher when farther.
Q4. How do you fill an atomic orbital?

- Electrons will fill the lowest energy orbitals first and then move up to higher energy orbitals only after the lower
energy orbitals are full. This is referred to as the Aufbau Principle, after the scientist who proposed the concept.
Q5. What role do energy and stability play in the way in which electrons are configured?

- Energy and stability play an important role in determining how electrons are configured in an atom. Orbitals of
greater energy are higher on the diagram. The range of energy levels within a principal energy level can. overlap
the energy levels of another principal level.

GENERALIZATION
How do you draw the electron configuration of an atom and what is your basis in filling up the orbitals?

- Find the element on the periodic table. The atomic number tells you how many electrons to draw in total. For
example, potassium has 19 electrons.
- Draw a small circle and write the symbol in the center. This represents the nucleus
- Draw a circle around the nucleus. This is the first electron shell
- Add up to two electrons to the first electron shell. Electrons are usually represented by a dot or cross
- Draw another circle around the first shell. This is the second shell
- Add up to eight electrons to the second shell
- Draw another circle around the second electron shell. This is the third shell
- Add up to eight electrons to the third shell
- Draw the last circle around the third shell. This is the fourth electron shell
- Add up to two electrons to the fourth electron shell. For potassium, only one electron is added to this shell
- Use the steps above to draw electron configuration diagrams of the first 20 elements
- The position of electrons may depend on what you need to draw next

APPLICATION
Suppose that you live in a universe in which the Pauli Exclusion Principle states that a maximum of three, rather than two
electrons can occupy a single orbital. Evaluate and explain the new chemical properties of the element's lithium and
phosphorous.

- Both lithium and phosphorus would be noble gases. Lithium, with an electron configuration notation of 1s3,
would be analogous to helium (1s2). Phosphorus, with an electron configuration notation of 1s32s32p9, would be
analogous to neon (1s 2, 2s2, 2p6).

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
Create a presentation showing the atomic orbitals. In your presentation, discuss the numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals
per energy level and how the electrons are distributed in an orbital. Add sample illustrations for clearer discussion of the
topic.