Practicalmanualgpb-5.6
Practicalmanualgpb-5.6
Practicalmanualgpb-5.6
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PRACTICAL: 1
SELFING:
In the selfing of cross-pollinated species, it is essential that the flower are bagged
or otherwise protected to prevent natural cross-pollination. Selfing and crossing are
essential in crop breeding. It is important that the breeder, master these techniques in
order to manipulate the pollination according to his needs. The exact procedure that
he may use to ensure self or cross pollination of specific plants will depend on the
particular species with which he is working. The structure of the flowers in the
species determine manner of pollination. For these reasons, the breeder should
acquaint himself with the flowering habit of the crop.
In the case of wheat, rice, barely, groundnut etc., the plant is permitted to have
self pollination and the seeds are harvested. It is necessary to know the mode of
pollination. If the extent of natural cross pollination is more, then the flowers should
be protected by bagging. This will prevent the foreign pollen to reach the stigma.
Seed set is frequently reduced in ear heads enclosed in bags because of excessive
temperature and humidity inside the bags. In crops like cotton which have larger
flowers the petals may fold down the sexual organs and fasten, there by pollen and
pollen carrying insects may be excluded.
In certain legumes which are almost insect pollinated, the plants may be caged to
prevent the insect pollination. In maize, a paper bag is placed over the tassel to
collect pollen and the cob is bagged to protect from foreign pollen. The pollen
collected from the tassel is transferred to the cob.
EMASCULATION:
Removal of stamens or anthers or killing the pollen of a flower without the
female reproductive organ is known as emasculation. In bisexual flowers,
emasculation is essential to prevent of self-pollination. In monoecious plants, male
flowers are removed. (castor, coconut) or male inflorescence is removed (maize). In
species with large flowers e.g. (cotton, pulses) hand emasculation is accurate and it is
adequate.
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Methods of Emasculation:
1. Hand Emasculation:
In species with large flowers, removal of anthers is possible with the help of
forceps. It is done before anther dehiscence. It is generally done between 4 and 6 PM
one day before anthers dehisce. It is always desirable to remove other young flowers
located close to the emasculated flower to avoid confusion. The corolla of the
selected flower is opened with the help of forceps and the anthers are carefully
removed with the help of forceps. Sometimes corolla may be totally removed along
with epipetalous stamens e.g. gingelly.
In cereals, one third of the empty glumes will be clipped off with scissors to
expose anthers. In wheat and oats, the florets are retained after removing the anthers
without damaging the spikelets. In all cases, gynoecium should not be injured. An
efficient emasculation technique should prevent self pollination and produce high
percentage of seed set on cross pollination.
2. Suction Method:
It is useful in species with small flowers. Emasculation is done in the morning
immediately after the flowers open. A thin rubber or a glass tube attached to a suction
hose is used to suck the anthers from the flowers. The amount of suction used is very
important which should be sufficient to suck the pollen and anthers but not
gynoecium. In this method considerable self-pollination, up to 10% is like to occur.
Washing the stigma with a jet of water may help in reducing self-pollination; however
self pollination cannot be eliminated in this method.
4. Alcohol Treatment:
It is not commonly used. The method consists of immersing the inflorescence in
alcohol of suitable concentration for a brief period followed by rinsing with water. In
Lucerne the inflorescence immersed in 57% alcohol for10 second was highly
effective. It is better method of emasculation than suction method.
5. Cold Treatment:
Cold treatment like hot water treatment kills the pollen grains without damaging
gynoecium. In the case of rice, treatment with cold water 0.6OC kills the pollen
grains without affecting the gynoecium. This is less effective than hot water
treatment.
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6. Genetic Emasculation:
7. Use of Gametocide:
Selfing Emasculation
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POLLINATION:
The pollen grains collected from a desired male parent should be transferred to
the emasculated flower. This is normally done in the morning hours during anthesis.
The flowers are bagged immediately after artificial crossing.
TAGGING:
The flowers are tagged just after bagging. They are attached to the inflorescence
or to the flower with the help of a thread. The following may be recorded on the tag
with pencil.
1. Date of emasculation
2. Date of pollination
3. Parentage
4. No. of flowers emasculate
RICE BREEDING
Rice is a staple food of more than 60% of the world‟s population. Maximum area
under rice is in Asia. Among rice growing countries, India has the largest area of
about 40.2 million-hectare followed by China and Bangladesh.
Rice is India's predominant crop and is the staple food for people of the eastern
and southern parts of India.
RELATED SPECIES:
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Cultivated Species of Rice:
The Asian rice grouped into three ecological forms based on morphological
and physiological characteristics and geographical adaptation:
1. Indica: Grown in Tropical climate: India, Sri- Lanka, China, Thailand, Malaysia,
Taiwan
2. Japonica: Temperate climate: Japan, Korea
3. Javanica: Intermediate between Indica and Japonica
Distinguishing characteristics of three ecological forms of rice
Character Indica Japonica Javanica
1 Tillering Profuse Moderate to fewer Low
tillering
2 Leaves Broad, Light, Narrow, deep Broad,stiff
Green, droopy green (unblended), light
(Bended) leaves green
3 Photoperiod Sensitive Often-sensitive Insensitive
response
4 Seed dormancy Present Absent Absent
5 Response to N2 Rarely responsive Responsive Moderately
fertilizers responsive
6 Seed Shattering Present Absent Absent
7 Grain Thin, narrow, flat Short, roundish Broad, thick
8 Awn Awn less Awn less to long Long awn
awn
9 Hairs on glumes Thin and short Dense & long Long
Floral biology:
1. The rice inflorescence is a panicle that bears single flowered spikelets, having 6
stamens instead of 3 in other cereals.
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2. The flower is surrounded by the lemma, palea and glumes.
3. The blooming of rice normally occurs between 8.00 am to 11.00 pm. The flowers
in a single panicle bloom over a period of 7-10 days, but most of the flowers bloom
between 2nd and 4th days after emergence of the panicle from boot leaf. Blooming
of the spikelet starts at the top of the panicle and proceeds downwards.
4. Pollen shedding begins at the time of flower opens with blooming of the spikelet.
5. High day temperature, high solar radiation and low night temperature promote
panicle production.
Fig. Rice panicle showing its branching pattern & attachment of spikelets
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Spikelets: The spikelets are single-flowered, each with a short stalk.
Glumes: There are two small glumes at the base of each spikelet.
Floret: The floret consists of the lemma, the palea, two lodicules, the androecium
and the gynoecium.
Lemma: The lemma is large and hairy. It is awned 5-nerved structure.
Palea: The palea is hairy, smaller than the lemma and is present opposite to it. It is
three-nerved structure. After maturity, the lemma, the palea and the glumes remain
attached on the seed as a cover called husk.
Flower: The flower is bisexual, zygomorphic and bracteate. Main axisSecondary
branch Spikelets Tertiary branch
Androecium:
• The androecium consists of six stamens arranged in two whorls whose filaments
are short in earlier stage.
• The filament elongates immediately after floret opening and brings anther to the
level of stigma.
• The total number of pollen grains per anther is reported to be directly correlated
with anther size.
• Normally 2-3 pollen grains are required per stigma to fertilize one egg cell.
Gynoecium:
• The gynoecium is monocarpellary and has a superior ovary, with two feathery
stigmas on a style.
• Receptivity of stigma is maximum during the first 3 days after opening of spikelet
and then is gradually lost after 7 days.
• Stigma exertion, large stigmatic area and its receptivity, all play a major role in
determining high seed set in CMS parent.
• Under certain temperature and humidity conditions, the anthers may emerge from
the flower without bursting and such flower is generally cross pollinated.
Emasculation:
Several methods have been used for emasculating rice:
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(a) Standard method:
• This is most widely used method of emasculation in rice.
• Remove all the immature and mature spikelets from the panicle.
• Separate the glumes with the help of a pair of forceps and gently remove all the six
stamens.
• To speed up the emasculation, suction may be used.
• Emasculation is generally performed in the evening and the pollination is done
next morning.
• After emasculation, cover the female with butter paper bags. Tagging is also done.
Crossing technique:
Hot water is also used to open the florets of rice before crossing. Panicles in the
2nd and 3rd days of blooming are selected for emasculation. Open and immature
florets are removed. Then this panicle is immersed in water having temperature 42-
44 °C for 5-10 minutes. Pollinate the emasculated panicle and then bagged and
labeled it.
HYBRID RICE
Heterosis in rice was reported by Jones in USA as early in 1926 and Ramaiah in
1933.
But the research work on hybrid rice was initiated in 1964, in China by Yuan Long
Ping (Father of hybrid Rice).
The identification of „Wild Abortive‟ or „WA‟ type cytoplasmic male sterility in
1970 was a breakthrough in hybrid rice breeding.
In 1971 China accepted Hybrid Rice Research as a national cooperative project
and in the year 1976, hybrid rice became a reality in China, for the first time in
world, by the release of commercial rice hybrids.
Since then many commercial rice hybrids were released in countries like Vietnam,
Korea; besides these countries, research on hybrid rice is progressing in countries
like Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, United States, Egypt, Colombia
and Brazil.
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Although research on the commercial utilization of heterosis in rice has made
tremendous gains during the last 20 years, it is still in its infancy stage because the
high yield potential of hybrid rice has not been fully tapped yet and hence various
approaches are adopted in major rice growing countries of the world to maximize
the yield potential advancements of hybrid rice production.
EGMS lines are made use of viz., PGMS (Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility) and
TGMS (Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterility) which had been developed
successfully in China. In rice EGMS system is commonly used.
Developing hybrid rice varieties with these system has the following
advantages over the classical CMS system,
- Maintainer lines are not needed.
- The choice of parents for developing heterotic hybrids is greatly broadened.
- No negative effect due to sterile cytoplasm
In 1991, China had released hybrid combinations using this approach, and some of
these combinations out yielded the best existing hybrids by 10-20%
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Work is progressing in India and International Rice Research Institute, in
Philippines to identify best suited rice hybrids through this approach, for
commercial exploitation.
TGMS system is considered useful in tropical and subtropical regions where as
PGMS system is useful in temperate regions.
Other possible approaches to develop two-line hybrid breeding system includes
identification of a genic male sterility system which would revert to male fertility,
in response to application of growth regulators and also the chemical induction of
male sterility.
Rice hybrids can be developed and popularized through the following concepts
- Vegetative propagation
- Micro propagation
- Anther culture hybrids
- Apomictic lines
Among the above, apomictic lines and anther cultured materials will be economical
for large scale cultivation.
Tissue culture, particularly Anther culture has been utilized in rice improvement by
China and also developed several varieties.
Practical Achievement:
Several semi dwarf and high yielding varieties has been developed by IRRI. The
Dee Geo-woo-gen has been used as source of dwarfing gene in evolving semi
dwarf rice varieties.
Improved varieties: GR-3, GR-4, GR-5, GR-103, GR-6, GR-7, Ambica, Gurjari
and Jaya
Hybrid varieties: APHR1, APHR 2, COHR 1, KRH 1, KRH 2, DRRH 1,
CNHR 3, PHB 71, MPH 516, MPH 517, MPH 518, PRS 101
and VRH 4
Research stations:
A. International:
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los banos, Laguna,
Philippines
B. National:
Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack, Orissa
DRR: Directorate of Rice Research Hyderabad. (A.P)
C. State level:
Main Rice Research Station, AAU, Navagam (Kheda), Gujarat
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PRACTICAL: 3
Pearl millet, popularly known as bajara, is the 4th most extensively cultivated
cereal after rice, wheat, and sorghum.
It is robust, quick growing, rainy season cereal grass with large stems, leaves
and heads, being tall and vigorous, with exceptional grain and fodder yielding
potential.
Pearl millet is an important food crop of semi arid tropics. It is also grown as
fodder crop
It is also grown in arid and semi-arid region of our country with limited
rainfall.
It is one of the most dual-purpose crops.
The main pearl Millet growing countries are Africa, India, Pakistan and East
Asia. In USA, Australia and Europe it is primarily grown as forage crop.
In India, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana and Utter Pradesh are the
leading states of pearl millet.
The nutritive value of grains of pearl millet is fairly high and used for human
consumption.
It contains protein (9 to 15%), fat (5%) and mineral matters (2 to 7%).
It is also rich in vitamin-A and B, thiamin and riboflavin contents and imparts
substantial energy to the body with easy digestibility.
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Floral biology:
The inflorescence is a cylindrical spike tapering towards the end.
Each spikelet contain two types of flowers, staminate and bisexual protected by
glumes
and a whorl of bristles.
Pattern of emergence of stigma is from top to bottom.
Stigma begins to appear 2-3 days after emergence of spike, attain full length after
36-
48 hrs and remain receptive for 1-2 days.
The anthers emerges after the stigma dry up, thus it is protogynous in nature
which
induce cross pollination even though bisexual flower.
Anthesis:
The stigmas begin to appear two to three days after emergence of the spike.
Stigma attains full length after 36 to 48 hours and remains receptive for one to
two days.
The anthers emerge after stigmas dry up.
The anthers of the bisexual flowers appear two to three days before those of the
staminate flowers.
Style divides in two branches in its upper part and possesses stigmatic hairs to
admit pollen grains.
Stigma takes 12 to 24 hours to protrude and open out, and remains receptive for
one to two days.
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Fig.: Various stages of spike initiation to ear development
Fig.Fig.
7.3: Different
Spikelets, parts
Florests andof pearl millet flower
Stemens
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Fig: Earhead of pearl millet Fig: Emergence of receptive stigma
from bajara flower
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Emasculation:
Emasculation is not required in pearl millet due to its protogynous nature
The head is covered with glassine bag before style appears.
The exerted style can be watched through the glassine bag.
When styles are exerted then pollination is performed with desired male parent.
However, the emergence of the stigmas before emergence of the anthers is used
for artificial cross-pollination.
Pollination:
Self Pollination:
Bag the spikes before the emergence of stigma.
Length of bag must be such that lower most spikelets, which will be emerging
later, could be covered.
Alternate way is that two spikes from the same plant may be enclosed within the
same bag.
These spikes are such that the older one sheds Pollen when the stigma emerges in
the second spike.
Label it with lead pencil.
Cross-Pollination:
Crossing can be done without the necessity of emasculation with the advantage
of protogynous condition of bajra.
Being sure that anthers of a spike will not ripen at the time of stigma receptivity
we can select a spike
About four-fifth of the upper spikelets of the inflorescence are removed.
The remaining spike of spikelets is enclosed in a bag before the stigma
emergence. Upper spikelets bloom a day prior to lower spikelets.
Bag the spikes to be used as pollen parents and collect the shedding pollen dust.
In the morning dust the pollen grains on the stigmas.
Bag the spike after gross pollination has taken place.
Label the necessary information.
Other methods:
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The various steps involved in the production of hybrid pearl-millet seed are:
maintenance of parental lines namely:
Male sterile lines (A-lines).
Maintainer lines (B-lines).
The hybrid seed is produced by crossing male sterile line (Line A) with a
specific restorer line (Line R) in an isolated plot.
The isolation distance for foundation seed and certified seed production
are 200 and 400m, respectively.
The hybrid seed is produced by growing 6 rows of male sterile line A
alternated by 2 rows of restorer line (Line R).
The 2:6 proportion of male rows (Line R) and female rows (Line A) can
be increased safely to 2:10 depending upon the pollinating vigour of the
restorer parent.
The seed harvested from the female rows (A-lines) is the hybrid seed.
SORGHUM BREEDING
Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crop in the world with
significant acreage in Africa, South Asia, and Central America.
It is grown as an animal feed in the USA and Australia.
Sorghum is widely used as a staple food in rural areas and is fed as fodder to
the cattle.
Sorghum is C4 plant and, therefore has high photosynthetic efficiency.
It can tolerate heat, drought, salt and aluminum toxicity. It can be easily
grown on soil with low fertility.
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Table: List of wild relatives of sorghum along with chromosome number
Types of sorghum:
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Sorghum is short day plant and flowering is hastened by short day length and
higher temperature.
Anthesis:
The sorghum flowers bloom just prior to sunrise.
Blooming starts from apex and moves downward.
Anthers and stigma pushed out as the glumes open.
Pollen remain viable for 3-6 hrs. while stigma remain receptive for 7 days but are
most receptive up to 3 days after emergence.
Mode of Pollination:
Sorghum is an often cross pollinated crop like pigeonpea and cotton.
The extent of out crossing ranges from 5-47 per cent, on account of the exposure
of the stigma before the dehiscence of the anthers.
Emasculation:
Hand Emasculation:
Remove all the open spikelets with fine blade scissors. Remove all the three
stamens with the help of forceps. Care must be taken that there is no injury to
stigma.
Male Sterility:
Genetic (GMS) and cytogenetic male sterlity (CMS) are available in sorghum.
These types of male sterility may be used for the production of hybrid seed on a
large scale.
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MSCK 60 (male sterile combine Kafir 60) is a male sterile variety of sorghum.
It contains the Kafir chromosomes and Milo cytoplasm.
One phenomenon which has been observed by the seed producer is the
occurrence of female sterility in male sterile parent resulting in poor seed set.
Mainly observed in K 60A, 2071 A and 2219 A verities.
Pollination:
For pollination, the pollen is collected in the morning from the desired male
parent panicle which is flowering.
Dust the pollen on the emasculated spikelet and cover is again with pollinated
bag.
Fruit:
Fruit of sorghum is caryopsis (Kernel), it may be naked or covered.
The individual grains are small- about 3-4 mm in diameter.
They vary in colour from pale yellow through reddish brown to dark brown
depending on the cultivar.
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PRACTICAL: 5
MAIZE BREEDING
• Maize is the important crop next to rice and wheat with regard to total area and
production.
• It is studied to a much wider range of climatical conditions than rice and wheat,
because of its greater adoptability.
• Corn is most important grain crop in the United States which produces nearly
one-half of the total world production.
• The next largest corn-producing countries are China and Brazil.
• The important maize growing states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
• It has worldwide significance as human food, animal feed and as a raw material
for the manufactures of hundreds of industrial products.
• Floral biology:
Maize bears monoecious flowers.
Staminate flowers are produced in tassel and
Pistillate flowers are on the shoot in the axil of leaf.
Staminate flower (tassel):
• The main stem of the maize plant terminates in a tassel, bearing two flowered
staminate spikelets.
• Each staminate flower having lemma, palea and three stamens.
• As the tassel flower opens, the anthers are pushed-out by the elongating
filaments and pollen grains are come out from the extruded anthers.
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• Pollen shedding usually brings 1-3 days before the silk have emerged from the
shoots of the same plant (protandry nature) and usually continues for a period of
3-4 days after the silks on the plants are ready to be pollinated.
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Pistillate flowers (silk / spadix):
• The shoots arise as branches from nodes about mid-way of the stalk. Each shoot
is composed of a shank from which the husk arises and terminates in the ear on
which the pistillate flowers are borne .
• The spikelets are borne in pairs. Each spikelet normally contains one fertile and
one sterile ovule. This results in an even number of rows of kernels on the ear.
• Fresh silks functions both as a stigma and style, being receptive to fresh pollen
throughout their entire length
• Fertilization of the ovule usually occurs within 12-28 hours after the silk have
been pollinated.
Selfing technique:
1. Select the plant that silk will emerge within 1-2 days
2. The ears should cut about 1" below the tip of husk in evening and
covered with butter paper bag.
3. The tassel of the same plant is also covered with a brown paper bag for
collection of pollen dust.
4. By the following 1-2 days equal size of the silk (1 - 1.5") will grow.
Pollen collected in the tassel bag will be dusted on silk in the morning.
Bag the silk quickly to avoid contamination with foreign pollens. Label
the ear shoot.
Crossing technique:
As the maize is a monoecious plant, detesseling of male inflorescence
from plant ensure the process of emasculation and desire pollen from
selected inbred line is dusted on female inflorescence previously
protected with paper bags.
Why TMS source of cytoplasm not used for hybrid seed production?
o The Texas cytoplasm of maize carries two cytoplasmically inherited
traits, male sterility and disease susceptibility.
o The two traits are inseparable and are associated with an unusual
mitochondrial gene, T-urf13, which encodes a 13-kilodalton
polypeptide (URF13).
o An interaction between fungal toxins and URF13, which results in
permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, accounts for the
specific susceptibility to the fungal pathogens, Southern Leaf Corn
Blight.
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XENIA EFFECT:
Effect of pollen grains on the phenotypic development of seeds:
XENIA CAN BE DEFINED as the effect of the genes from the male
parent on the development of the fruit or the seeds.
Effect of pollen grains on the phenotypic development of seeds.
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Where, n= number of inbred lines
• Female: male row ratios of 3 : 1 is to be maintained in seed production plot.The
female parents are detasseled or male sterile lines are to be used.
• Double cross hybrids are superior to Single cross hybrids because they are more
uniform and more productive. It is more vigorous than parents.
Research stations:
A. International:
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMIT),Maxico
B. National:
All India Co-ordinated Maize Improvement Project (AICMIP), IARI, New
Delhi.
C. State level:
Main Maize Research Station, AAU, Godhara.
Improved varieties :
Guj. Maize -1, Guj. Maize -2, Guj. Maize -3, Guj. Maize -4, Guj. Maize -6
Hybrid varieties :
Ganga safed-2, Ganga-5, Ganga-9, Ganga-11, Deccan, Deccan-103 and
Sartaj.
Synthetic and Composite varieties :
Protina, Shakti, Ratan, Vijay, Kisan, Vikram, Tarun, Prabhat, Navjot,
Mansar, Arun, Renuka, Kiran and Surya.
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PRACTICAL: 6
BREEDING FOR PIGEONPEA AND MUNGBEAN
PIGEONPEA / REDGRAM BREEDING
Pigeon pea / Red gram is an important pulse crop next to chickpea in India.
The major pigeonpea growing countries are India, Uganda, Kenya, West Indies,
Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic in the Caribbean region and Burma.
India is a largest producer i.e. 90% of the world‟s production. It is grown in
kharif season.
In India it is mainly cultivated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Floral structure:
Inflorescence:
The flowers are borne on short axially or terminal racemes and are vary in
colors.
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Pigeonpea has typical papilionaceous, bracteate bracteolate flowers consisting of
5 sepals (gamosepalous), 5 pleats (polypetalous) and one carpel with the style
born laterally on the ovary.
Papilionaceous. Five free petals are unequal in size (Zygomorphic) and arranged
in butterfly like manner - one large posterior bilobed petal called standard (or
vexillum) which over-laps two small lateral petals called wings (or alae). The
wings further overlap the two innermost smallest and fused petals forming a
boat, called Keel (or carina). Examples - plants of family Papilionaceae or
Fabaceae (Pea, chickpea, pigeonpea etc.).
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Bracteate:
Flowers having bracts.
Stamen:
It consists of a slender stalk or filament, which supports an anther. These are 10
in number, 9 fused to form a staminal column and one is free i.e. are in
diadelphous condition.
Pistil:
The ovary is unicarpellary, unilocular, superior, sub-sessile with 2-9 ovules; style
long, filiform, much upcurved; stigma capitate and glandular papillate.
• Flowers are generally emasculated in the evening and pollinated in the next
morning.
• For emasculation, flowers that will open one or two days later are selected, and
the rest of the flowers and the buds in a branch are removed.
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• The stamens of the selected buds are removed with a pair of a fine forceps by
gently pushing the keels apart. The emasculated floral branch is then bagged.
Self pollination:
•To ensure selfing the flowers need to be bagged. This is because insects may
sometimes carry pollen to the stigma and bring about cross-pollination.
Seed Production:
Classification of Pigeonpea:
Determinate type: Flowering duration is short and flowers are borne more or
less at the same level. e.g. GT-100.
Breeding objectives:
1. High yield
2. Shattering resistant
3. Early and synchronous maturity
4. High harvest index
5. Adaptation
6. Efficient nitrogen fixing ability
7. Resistant to drought
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8. Resistant to disease and pest
9. Breeding for quality:
(i) Grain colour (ii) Grain shape (iii) Grain size (iv) Protein content
RESEARCH STATIONS:
A. International:
International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),
Patancheru, Hydarabad
B. National:
Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
C. State level:
Main Pulses Research Station, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
Improved varieties:
T-15-15, GT-1(Vegetaable), BDN-2, GT-100, GT-101, GT-102, GT-103, GT-
104, GT-105, GNP-2 (Dual purpose) , GJP-1, AGT-2, AVPP-1, BSMR-856,
BSMR-736, ICPL-87119, ICPL-87
Hybrid varieties:
World first GMS based hybrid, ICPH-8 = MS Prabhat DT x ICPL 161
(ICRISAT, Hyderabad), World first CGMS based hybrid, GTH-1 = GT 288A x
GTR-11 (GAU, Sardarkrushinagar)
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GREENGRAM / MUNGBEAN
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Flower biology:
Flowers are in an axillary or terminal receme, peduncle up to 13 cm in
length with clusters of 10 to 20 flowers.
Corolla is yellow in colour and papilionaceous, sometimes curved 5-10 cm
long. Small flowers are borne in capitates clusters on the end of long hairy
peduncles.
Petals are five in numbers, three kinds of petals, 1 standard, 2 wings and 2
keels.
Androecium: male reproductive part stamen has got two parts anther and
filament.
Gynoecium : Female reproductive part made up of stigma, style and ovary.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary with a superior unilocular ovary.
The stigma is hairy and placentation is marginal.
Keel encloses reproductive organs, 10 stamens and one gynoecium.
Anthesis and pollination:
Pollination occurs a night prior to opening of the flowers.
Anthers start dehiscing from 9 a.m. and complexly dehisced by 3 a.m.
A stigma is by then receptive and is thoroughly covered with pollen.
Flower open between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. and remain open till 11 a.m. later
they close between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m.
Pollen shedding takes place long before the petals open.
Cleistogamy occurs to an extent of 40 %.
Pollination is effected in the bud stage on the night previous to the
opening of the flower.
Shivashankar’s Methods:
Followed in pulse crop
On the evening previous to the day of pollen shedding, transverse cut is
made in flower bud.
Facilitates removal of upper portion of the corolla like a cap without
causing injury to the gynoecium.
Anthers are clipped off automatically and remains inside the corolla cap
which is removed.
The stigma is then pollinated with desired pollen on the next morning.
Research Stations:
36
A. National:
Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
B. State level:
Main Pulses Research Station, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
Improved varieties:
Gujarat Mungbean-1, Gujarat Mungbean-2, Gujarat Mungbean-3, Gujarat
Mungbean-4, K-851, Gujarat Mungbean-5, Gujarat Mungbean-6, Gujarat
Mungbean-7, Meha
*********
PRACTICAL-7
CASTOR BREEDING
37
Castor is monotypic because all varieties of castor from giant perennials to short
internode dwarf have the same chromosome number.
1. Name of crop : Castor
2. Botanical name : Ricinus communis L.
3. Family : Euphorbiaceae
4. Chromosome number : 2n = 4x = 20
5. Center of origin : Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
6. Mode of pollination Cross polination
7. Out crossing percentage : 5-46 %
8. Related wild species : R. perciens, R. chinesis, R. maxicanus
38
Types of blooming (waxy coat):
Floral biology:
Flowering pattern:
39
Female Flower:
• Famle flowers are conical shaped having three-carpalled ovary, short style and
feathery, bifurcated red stigma.
• The pistillate flowers starts opening at 11.00 a.m. but peak opening period is
from 4.30 to 5.00 p.m.
• The pistillate flowers are mature and become receptive even 2 hrs before
opening of the flowers and remain receptive for 2-3 days.
Crossing technique:
• Select the desire healthy plants and removes all the male flowers either by
rubbing the fingers/thumb or by using forceps
• 100 per cent pistillate line can also be used to avoid the emasculation
• Cover the emasculated inflorescence by cloth/paper bag.
• On the next day, during anthesis, collect pollen grains and apply it on the
receptive stigmas of female inflorescence with hair brush or may be dusted.
• The raceme is covered with a bag immediately after pollen is applied and labeled
it. If the exceptionally hot or wet weather not follows pollination, the seed set
should be nearly 100%.
• When the capsule setting is complete, remove the bag.
40
Breeding objectives
1. Higher yield
2. Higher Oil content
3. Early and medium duration varieties.
4. Dwarf and medium tall plant types
5. Disease and insect resistance
• Semi looper, jassid. Hopper burn - serious in dry land varieties.
• Wilt. GCH-7 is resistance
• Triple bloom - TMV 5. - Triple bloom condition gives resistance.
6. Breeding varieties suitable for mechanical and efficient harvesting.
7. Breeding varieties with low ricin content
8. Breeding non shattering, spineless varieties
• Baker variety of USA Non - Shattering.
Breeding methodology
1. Introduction: TSP-10R
2. Selection:
• Mass selection: Kavkazskaya from NVIIMK, IAC-38 from Brazil,
CP-1 from interbreeding of different lines viz., JI 35, HC-6, HC-8.
3. Mutation breeding: e.g., Aruna. SA 2 is short duration types identified as
spontaneous mutant from TMV-1
4. Population improvement: Recurrent selection method.
5. Hybridization and selection
• Pedigree method of selection; method generally used to improve
polygenic trait, long duration and tall plant type variety e.g., HC 8,
Junagadh-1, MC 1 developed.
• TMV-1 to TMV-5 series was developed at Tindivanam centre.
6. Heterosis breeding: For developing hybrid pistilate and inbred lines are used
Research stations:
A. National: Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad.
B. State level: Castor-Mustard Research Station, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar,
Gujarat.
41
Table :- Hybrids developed by Gujarat Agricultural University
Because in castor hybrid seed production, generally 100% pistillate line is used as
female. So, there is no need to do emasculation.
**********
42
PRACTICAL-8
Breeding for Soybean, groundnut and sesame
SOYBEAN BREEDING
44
45
46
Research stations:
A. National:
Directorate of Soybean Research (DSR), Indore, M.P.
B. State:
Oilseed Research Station, JAU, Amreli
Improved varieties :
Gujarat Soybean-1,
Gujarat Soybean-2,
Gujarat Soybean-3
Groundnut Breeding
Peanut is having 46-55 per cent oil and 25-30 per cent protein. Out of the
total groundnut production, 12 per cent used for seed purpose, 6 per cent for for
domestic purpose, 81 per cent for oil extraction and 1 per cent is exported to other
countries. Plant is used as a fodder and the oilcake as feed for cattle or as a manure.
48
General constraints for low productivity in groundnut:
1. Periodic droughts (early season, mid season and late season drought).
2. Occurrence of petsts and diseases.
3. Difficulties in implementing the recommended moisture conservation
practices.
4. Poor economic status of the farmers.
5. Lack of drought tolerant cultivars.
6. Inadequate and untimely supply of inputs.
7. Poor response to high dose of fertilizers.
Three types viz., bunch, semi-spreading and spreading are recognized in varietal
classification.
•In spreading form, the main axis is very short and erect and the primary
branches spread horizontally along the ground.
• In the bunch types, the main axis is long and erect and the primary branches
are oblique to the main axis.
The indeterminate forms between these two types are classified as semi-spreading
Types of groundnut
The cultivated Arachis hypogaea have two-sub species, hypogaea (Virginia types)
and fastigiata (Spanish and Valencia types).
2n=40 Allptetraploid
Arachis hypogaea
Floral biology
The flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves, mostly near the
base of the plant.
Sepals are 5 and form a green colored tube
Petals are 5 and yellow in color, one standard, two wings and two keels.
The stamens are 10 monoadelphous with the staminal column surrounding
the ovary. Two of them are usually sterile.
Long style, club shaped stigma with hairy end, which is enclosed in keel.
Stalk of the ovary elongate to form a peg and curves towards soil.
Flowers open between 6.00 to 8.00 am. Anthers dehisce about 1-2 hrs before
opening of the flowers and fertilization completes before mid-day (6 hours
after pollination)
50
Though flowers are above ground level in groundnut, peg formation take place
below ground level.
51
Because after fertilization, in response to auxin formation, ovary stalk
elongates and shows positive geotropic movement towards the soil, subsequent to
penetration of the peg in the soil, pod development takes place due to darkness,
mechanical stimulus and Ca than nutrients uptake by the developing pod.
Selfing technique
The whole plant is covered with muslin cloth bag to ensure the cent percent self-
pollination.
Crossing technique
Select a bud of the female parent, which is fully matured and very nearer to
the soil during 1.30 - 6.00 p.m. (mature bud is pink or light purple in color)
Except the selected bud in the inflorescence all other buds should be
removed. Care should be taken to see that any developing peg resulted from
self-pollination is not in axils of the leaf.
Hold the bud very gently with your thumb and index finger.
Pull down a little part of the calyx with the help of forceps.
• Open the whole flower by forceps and holds its standard and wings with
thumb and index finger.
• Pull down the keel by forceps and remove all anthers in down-wards
movement very carefully. Do not touch the stigma by forceps during the
whole procedure.
• Leave the flower, it will close automatically.
• On the next day at 6.00 to 10.00 a.m. pollinate the emasculated flowers by
pollen of the desired male parent.
• After 5-7 days of pollination successfully crosses will produce pegs. A small
wire-ring of 4 mm diameter will kept on the pegs with code number of
receptive crosses.
Breeding objectives:
1. Breeding for higher yield
The different yield components traits viz., Seed size (Virginia types have
larger kernels than Spanish type), Number of pods per plant, Shelling per
cent.
52
2. Breeding for fresh seed dormancy
Disease: Rust and leaf spot (early and late) are major diseases; varieties
having multiple disease resistance are Girnar-1, ALR-2, GPBD-4, etc.
Tomato spotted wilt virus or Bud necrosis of late gaining importance. NCAC
17090 -resistant.
53
F. Aflatoxin resistance: A toxin produced by fungi Aspergillus flavus
and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin causes various disease in animal
including human i.e., Cancer, affects on immune system.
Research stations
A. International
International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hydrabad, Andhra Pradesh
B. National
Directorate of Groundnut Research (DGR) [National Research
Center for Groundnut (NRCG)], Junagadh, Gujarat
C. State level
Main Oilseeds Research Station, JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat
Improved Varieties
Spreading types: GAUG-10, GG-11, GG-12, GG-13, GJG-17
Semi-spreading types: GG-20, GJG-22
Bunch type: GG-2, GG-4, TG-26, GG-5 and GG-7
********
54
Sesame Breeding
3. Family : Pedaliaceae
4. Chromosome number : 2n = 26
5. Center of origin : East Africa or Asia
6. Mode of pollination : Self pollination
7. Out crossing percentage : <1%
8. Related wild species : S. alatum, S. carpense, S. schenckii,
S. malabaricum (2n=26).
S. prostratum, S. laciniatum, S. angolense,
S. angustifolium (2n=32).
S. radiatum, S. occidentale (2n=64)
Flower Biology
The flowers are zygomorphic, solitary, occasionally two or three together,
axillary, short- pedicelled, borne on the upper part of the stem or branches.
The tube bent downward and is dialated above the oblique base.
The calyx is small and five sectioned.
The corolla is tubular and campanulate.
There are four functional stamens and often one is sterile, didynamous. (Di -
two, dynamis – strength): Out of four stamens, two are long and two are
short.)
The ovary is superior, bilocular but may be subdivided by false internal
walls.
55
The fruit is a capsule, erect and oblong. The capsule contains numerous small ovate
seeds. The testa may be smooth or reticulate and may be white, yellow, reddish-
brown or black
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
The objectives are dynamic rather than static and change with the
requirement of time.
The general breeding objectives in sesame are similar to those applicable in
other crops and include higher yield, improved plant architecture, reduced
length of growing season and resistance to diseases and pests whereas,
whereas the specific objectives vary with the level of technology and local
conditions.
Sesame fits into cropping systems either as a main crop or a second crop.
Furthermore, it is grown often in mixed stands with diverse companion crops
like groundnut, pigeon pea, cotton, pearl millet and soybean to mention a
few.
Non-shattering cultivars are needed for combine harvesting in advanced countries
and shattering types are preferred where manual labour is readily available and
prevailing the traditional systems.
56
Whereas brown seeded or black seeded are preferred by domestic consumers
in eastern coastal region and black seeded in southern coastal region. Specific
breeding objectives in sesame are summarized below.
Seed characters:
Large or medium-large, well filled, shape and colour to satisfy market demands,
especially for confectionery use.
Seed coat, rough or brittle, easily removed by dry decortication; Short term
(a few months) seed dormancy, appropriate for local cropping systems;
Higher oil content above 50%; Higher lignans content for longer shelf life.
Seedling characters:
57
PRACTICAL: 9
COTTON BREEDING
India ranks first in terms of area among cotton growing nation. Cotton
constitutes about 85 per cent of raw material of our textile industries. The major
cotton growing states in India are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Genus Cossypium
contains 39 species of which 33 are diploid and 6 are tetraploid. Ninety per cent
of the world cotton production comes from G. hirsutum followed by G.
barbadense (8%).,G.herbaceum and G. aeboreum is mainly cultivated in India.
1. Name of crop : Cotton
2. Botanical Name : Gossypium spp.
3. Family : Malvaceae
4. Chromosome Number : As per Table
5. Center of Origin : As per Table
6. Mode of pollination : Often cross pollination
7. Out crossing percentage : 5 – 25 %
8. Related wild species : As per Table
58
Table: Details of cultivated species and wild relatives along with
chromosome number, center of origin and common name.
Sr. Particulars No. of Chromo. Center of origin Common
No. Chromo. Size name
A. Cultivated species
1 Gossypium 2n = 26 Large India Deshi/
arboreum Diploid/
Old world
2 G. herbaceum 2n = 26 Large Africa Deshi/
Diploid/
Old world
3 G. hirsutum 2n = 52 26-Large South America New world/
26-Small Tetraploid
4 G. barbadense 2n = 52 26-Large North America New world/
26-Small Tetraploid
B. Wild species
1 G. anomalum 2n = 26 Medium Africa Diploid/
Old world
2 G. thurberi 2n = 26 Small America Diploid/
New world
3 G. tomentosum 2n = 52 26-Large Hawaii Tetraploid/
26-Small New world
4 G. caicoense 2n = 52 26-Large Brazil Tetraploid/
26-Small New world
Growth and development in cotton: The branch forms in the axil above a main
stem leaf. The leaves and stems on nodes above and below the one illustrated
have been removed.
59
Development of fruiting and vegetative branches:-
The branches on a cotton plant are classified as either vegetative
branches (monopodia) or fruiting branches (sympodia). Vegetative branches, like
the main stem, are referred to as monopodia (meaning “single foot”) since they
have only one meristem. Because vegetative branches have only one meristem,
they grow straight and erect, much like the main stem (Fig. 2). Vegetative
branches can also produce fruiting branches.
Fig. 2 Fig.3
A cotton plant (with leaves A fruit Branch (with leaves)
removed) shows the straight removed shows its zig-zag
growth habit. growth
60
Floral biology:
The base of cotton flower is surrounded by leaf like triangular bracts that is
commonly known as squares.
On the day before pollination the twisted corolla emerges from the bracts.
When the corolla first opens the petals may be white, cream, yellow or purple
in the different varieties. The following day the corolla turns pink gradually
changes to red and finally falls from the plant.
61
“flowering”. A cotton plant typically blooms or flowers for about 6 weeks. Thus,
until the cotton begins to produce fruit, the stage of development is discussed in
terms of leaves or nodes. Once fruiting begins, the stage of cotton development is
discussed in terms of square development and the number of nodes. Once blooms
are present, the stage of cotton development is discussed in terms of weeks of
bloom.
Fig.5: Development of the bud from match head square (a) to flower (e)
involves both a size increase and petal development.
Two bracts have been removed from each square, candle and bloom to show
this development.
Stages of flowering:
Flowering is important to cotton production because pollinated flowers from
cotton bolls. The bloom process takes several days, and bloom age can be
estimated by the bloom characteristics (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6: Development of a cotton bloom. A white flower emerges on day 1 (a), then
gradually darkens and takes on a red color during days 2, 3 and 4 after emergence
(B and c). The bloom eventually dries up and either falls off or becomes a bloom tag
(d).
62
On the day a flower opens it is white in colour. Pollination of that flower usually
occurs within a few hours after the white flower opens.
On the second day, the flower will have a pink-like color and a red color
on the third day. Approximately 5 to 7 days after a flower appears it usually dries
and falls from the plant exposing the developing boll. Occasionally a flower will
stay attached to the developing boll for a longer period of time. This is referred to
as a bloom tag
Selfing technique:
The flowers, which are expected to open next day morning either, should
be covered with the proper size of paper bag or tide with the rubber ring, mud or
wire ring.
Crossing technique:
Emasculate the young bud in the afternoon. Buds, which are likely to flower
next day, are selected for emasculation.
Remove the corolla with staminal from the base of the buds with the help of nail
of the thumb without injuring the ovary. Emasculated flower is labeled and
bagged.
Collect the male flower in the dish and exposed it to sunshine to stimulate the
anthers.
Rub the male flower on the stigma of emasculated flower then labeled and
bagged.
Pollination should be completed in the morning 8:00 to 10:00 am.
Stages of flowering:
Flowering is important to cotton production because pollinated flowers form
cotton bolls.
The bloom process takes several days, and bloom age can be estimated by the
bloom characteristics.
On the day a flower opens it is white in color.
Pollination of that flower usually occurs within a few hours after the white
flower opens.
On the second day, the flower will have a pink-like color, and a red color on
the third day.
63
Approximately 5 to 7 days after a flower appears, it usually dries and falls from
the plant exposing the developing fruit (boll).
Occasionally a flower will stay attached to the developing boll for a longer
period of time. This is referred to as a bloom tag.
BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
1. Yield of line fiber:
More bolls and high lint percentage, Small bolled varieties having small
seeds and a high lint turnout.
2. Early maturity
3. Mechanical picking
4. Fiber quality: Fiber quality is depends on (i) Fiber length (staple length)
(ii) Fiber strength and (iii) Fiber weight (fiber fineness)
* Cotton fiber is borne in bolls consist 3-5 locks. The fiber developing on
the cottonseed may be separated into two groups according to length.
(a) Lint: the outlay is composed of long fibers separated from the seed in
ginning and used in spinning cotton yarn.
Lint Index 100 seed weight x Ginning per cent
=
(Absolute weight of lint/seed) 100 – Ginning per cent
65
A) Sowing of the female parent (Gujarat - 67):-
Sowing is done in last week of May to 2nd week of June at a distance of
1.5 m x 1.5m or 2.0 m x 2.0 m. the seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kg seed per hectare is
needed to grow approximately 2500 – 3600 plantlets per hectare. Extra seeds
may be raised in bags for gap filling.
B) Sowing of male parent (American Nectariless):
About 0.2 ha male plot is enough for one hectare of female parent. The
spacing required is 1.0 x 0.6 m proportion of female: Male is 5 : 1 rows.
C) Time of sowing:
American Nectariless is early in maturity. So that male parent should be
sown 20-25 days after the female parent sowing. The male parent is usually sown
in 2-3 different dates like.
(i) With female parent sowing
(ii) 10 days after female parent sowing
(iii) 25 days after female parent sowing
D) Period of Sowing:
• The crossing begins from September onwards and continues up to 15th
December. The seed setting is good during September – October.
• For emasculation of flower buds Doak‟s method is used. In this method, bracts,
petals and anthers removed by Thumbnail without damaging the ovary.
• Emasculation is carried out from 2.00 to 6.00 pm. Unemasculated open flowers
should be removed.
• After emasculation the flower buds should be covered by RED colored tissue
paper bag or round straw tube and tide with a thread or tag or price label. Red
colour bag is useful for identification of emasculated buds for pollination.
E) Pollination:
• From male flowers, which are about to open, bracts and petals are removed and
flower is kept in sunlight in trays or dishes. The anthers burst at 10.00 a.m.
• The red tissue bag from the emasculated female flower bud is removed and
male flower bud is rubbed all around the surface of the stigma.
• One male flower is sufficient for 3 to 5 female flowers.
66
• The pollinated female flowers are covered by white tissue paper bags.
F) Picking of crossed bolls:
• When the bolls open, picking should be done along with the tissue paper bags.
The cotton is then taken out and filled in gunny bags after drying.
• On an average, 700-1000 kg of hybrids seed can be produced per hectare.
**************
67
PRACTICAL-10
Tobacco Breeding
:
N. Affinis Ornamental tobacco
N. glutinosa
Resistant
: to mosaic virus
N. repanda
N. longiflora Resistant
: to wild fire and black fire disease
Resistant to blue mould black root rot, wild fire and
N. debneyi :
fusarium wheat
Nicotine Botanical pesticide 40% Nicotine sulphate
Drugs/Tobacco cessation products Pure nicotine
Protein Feed supplement crude protein
Seed oil Paint and soap industry crude oil
Edible oil refined oil
68
Nicotine
Tobacco type Type of curing
(%)
Burley Air-curing 0.5-1.0
FCV Flue-curing 2-3
Lanka/Natu Sun-curing 3-4
Hookah/chewing Air curing 4-6
Bidi Sun-curing 6-10
NICOTINE
• Nicotine (C10H14N2) is the principal alkaloid synthesized in roots and
accumulated in the leaf.
• Nicotine is known for its insecticidal property in the form of 40% Nicotine
sulphate.
• Further, tobacco decoction is used for controlling several pests in cereals and
vegetables in many countries.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION
Nicotiana sylvetries X Nicotiana tomentosa
2n=24 2n=24
F1(sterile)
Natural doubling of Chromosome
Nicotiana tabacum
2n=2x=48
69
northern and north-eastern areas of the country, i.e., U.P., West Bengal, Bihar
and Assam.
• The N. tabacum varieties known as desi types have tall plants with broad leaves
and have usually pink flowers.
• The N. rustica varieties known as `vilayati' and `calcuttia' are characterised by
short plants with round puckered leaf and yellow flowers.
• Specific varieties in N. tabacum have been developed for cigarette, cigar and
cheroot, bidi, hookah and snuff tobaccos.
• The varieties developed in N. rustica are used for only chewing, hookah and
snuff tobaccos.
Comparision between N. rustica and N. tabacum
N. rustica N. tabacum
Also known as vilayati, cullcuttia type Also known as desi types
leaves of are usually petiolate and of regular leaves are mostly sessile, ovate or
ovate or cordate shape with a dark green, shiny oblong-lanceolate shaped.
surf
N. rustica types are dwarf than rustica N. tabacum types are taller than rustica
types types
Chewing type Used for cigarette, cigar and cheroot,
bidi, hookah and snuff tobaccos.
Flower colour is yellow. Flower colour is pink.
FLORAL BIOLOGY
• The inflorescence of tobacco is a terminal raceme
• The flowers are pedicellate and hermaphrodite
70
• Calyx contain five sepals
• Corolla contain five petal
• The stamens are five in number
• It has superior ovary
• It is self pollinated crop but; 4-10; of cross pollination occurs due to insects.
Therefore, it is grouped into often cross pollinated crop.
• Pollens are viable for 24hrs
• Stigma is receptive one day before and after flower opening
SELFING TECHNIQUE
Covering entire inflorescence with paper bag will ensures the self pollination.
CROSSING TECHNIQUE
• It involves emasculation followed by pollination
• For emasculation select the unopened flowers with pink colour tip and anthers
are removed with five pointed forceps after tearing petals
• Collect the pollen grain from matured flowers and dust it on the emasculated
flower
• Bag the pollinated flower and then tag it
71
BREEDING METHODS
• Introduction
• Selection
• Pedigree method
• Back cross method
• Ploidy breeding
• Mutation breeding
• Genetic engineering
MAJOR BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• To develop drought tolerant, high yielding, better quality tobacco varieties.
• Breeding variety for multiple resistances to diseases and insect pests.
• Breeding tobacco for less health risk factors.
• Tailoring the genotypes suitable for alternate uses.
• Heterosis breeding for developing high yielding commercial hybrids
• Development of genotypes suitable for multiple and intercropping systems.
Physical traits
• Body appearance
• spangling score
• Colour
• Leaf thickness
Chemical traits
• Nicotine content
• Reducing sugar content
• Total nitrogen content
• Potash content
• Chloride content
• Aroma
Smoke quality traits
• Tar content
• Total phenol content
• Carbon monoxide content
Number of puff per bidi
Physical traits
• Body colour
• Puckering score
72
• Spangling score
• White incrustation
Chemical traits
• Nicotine content
• Reducing sugar content
• Total nitrogen content
• Chloride content
• Aroma
Oganoleptic traits
• Chewing taste
• Elasticity
• Pungency
RESEARCH STATION:
• National level:- Central Tobacco Research Institute,
Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh
• State level:- Bidi Tobacco Research Station (BTRS) - AAU, Anand
Cigar-wrapper S 5, Krishna
tobacco
73
PRACTICAL: 11
OKRA BREEDING
Okra is a fast growing annual herb, the young seed capsules are used for
vegetable purpose in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is commonly grown in
Asia, Southern Europe, northern Africa and USA. In India, okra is commercially
grown in the states Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Utter Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana and Punjab.
The okra is low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium and high in
dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, thiamine, B6, folate, calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, zinc and copper.
Floral biology:
74
Fig. 13. Okra flower A. Side view. B. Longitudinal section of
flower C. Longitudinal section of stamina column
A B
. .
Flowers open during 8.00 and 10.00 a.m. The pollen viability is maximum in
the period between an hour before and an hour after opening of the flower. It
takes 2 to 6 hours for fertilization after pollination.
The stigma is receptive at opening of the flower and hence pollination at bud
stage is not possible.
Breeding objectives:
1. Higher green fruit yield
2. Early and prolonged harvest
3. Dark green, tender, thin, medium long, smooth, 4-5 ridged fruits
4. Pods free from conspicuous hairs
5. Short plants with more number of nodes and short internodes
6. Optimum seed setting ability
7. Resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV), fusarium with, cercospora
leaf spot and fruit rot
8. Resistance to insect-pests viz., Fruit and shoot borer, jassids and white fly
9. Tolerance to abiotic stress
75
RESEARCH STATION:
A.International:
Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Shanhua,
Taiwan.
B. National:
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varansi, Uttar Pradesh
C. State level:
Vegetable Research Station, JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat.
**************
76
PRACTICAL: 12
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
• Bottle gourd is a monoecious, annual vine pubescent herb with five angled stem,
stem is profusely branched.
• The flowers are large, unisexual, white, solitary, showy. The flower has five
petals (Pentamerous).
77
• The staminate flower are on long pedicels than female and hermaphrodite flower
& exceeding the foliage.
• The pistilate flowers are single with short peduncle and hairy ovary.
• Ovary may be round, ovate long or cylindrical.
• There are three stamens, two as compound and one as single.
• The spiny, sticky pollen is not windborne and the plants therefore require
pollinators to move pollen from male to female flowers.
• The ratio of male & female flower may vary from 5 : 1 to 15 : 1 in common type.
• The fruits are essentially a berry, it is called because of its hard and tough rind at
maturity.
• Tendrils are borne in the axils of leaves
•
GENETICS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS.
• Very little is known about genes following simple inheritance in this crop.
• Kalloo (1993) has mentioned fruit colour to be monogenically determined.
• Pathak and Singh (1950) have demonstrated a single dominant gene for
bitterness in Lagenaria leucantha (Duchs.). They also reported that two genes
have major effects on fruit shape, and a single gene pair determines patchy vs
white fruit colour in L. leucantha.
• Singh (1996) obtained an andromonoecious sex form (staminate and
hermaphrodite flowers on same plant) in a segregating progeny during the course
of selfing in a monoecious local collection of bottlegourd. F2 and
BC1 generations derived from the crosses between a stable monoecious line and
the andromonoecious form indicated monogenic recessive inheritance for
andromonoecious sex form.
•
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SEX PHENOTYPES
• Bottle gourd is a monoecious species with male and female flowers found
separately on the leaf axils of the same plant.
• Though monoecious, bottle gourd is a highly cross pollinating crop.
• Dioecious (i.e Male and female flowers found on different plants) and
andromonoecious sex forms (i.e Sex forms bearing male and perfect flowers)
also exist in wild, non-cultivated species (Singh et al., 1996).
• An andromonoecious sex form bearing hermaphrodite flower and male flower in
the same plant have been isolated and named Andromon-6 by Singh et al.
(1996). The male flowers of Andromon-6 are similar to normal monoecious,
however; the hermaphrodite flowers exhibit a few distinguishing characteristics
compared to normal female flowers.
• The expression of monoecious and andromonoecious sex form in bottle gourd is
genetically controlled (Singh et al., 1996).
• The expression of sex form, flower, fruit morphology and seed characteristics in
the F1 generation demonstrated that monoecious sex form is completely
dominant over andromonoecious sex form, normal size corolla dominant over
large size corolla, long fruit shape dominant over drum-shaped oval fruit, small
blossom scar dominant over large blossom scar and normal seed development
dominant over abnormal seed development.
• Even though more than one sex form has been reported in bottle gourd, there is
generally little sex phenotypes reported in this crop compared to other cucurbits.
BREEDING METHODS
• Mass selection,
• Pedigree method
• Back cross method
• Bulk population method
• Heterosis breeding
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•
GRAFT HYBRIDIZATION
• Intergeneric grafting is used in the production of many cucurbits, i.e. cucumber
grafted on pumpkin and water melon on bottle gourd.
• When watermelon tops are grafted onto bottle gourd root stock, they are found
to be resistant to Fusarium wilt.
• It‟s a non-genetic approach of crop improvement.
• Its better to assess graft compatibility before performing graft hybridization
Hybrids
• Pusa Hybrid-3
• Pusa Meghdoot
• NDBH-7
• GABGH-1
CUCUMBER BREEDING
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Flower Parts of flower
Selfing techniques:-
For Selfing use the staminate flowers to pollinate the pistillate flowers of
the same vine to ensure self pollination.
Crossing technique:- Being a Monoecious plant, hybrid seed is produced by hand
pollination without emasculation. The female flowers of female parents and male
flowers of male parents are tide with butter paper bags about 24 hours befor the
open. It is less time consuming and also profitable if, corolla of the buds of male
flowers of male parents is covered with non-absorbent cotton instead of covering
them with butter paper bags. The following day, when the flower open, the male
flower are collected after removing cotton or butter paper bags and their pollen
grains are dusted directly on the stigma of the female flowers after removing the
butter paper bags. After completing the hand pollination, the female flowers are
covered again by butter paper bags and tags with small labels. After completing
the hand pollination, the female flowers are covered again by butter paper bags
tags and tags with small labels. After 4 to 5 days of pollination, remove butter
paper bags for better fruit sets. The success of controlled pollination may be
enhanced by removal of any previously set fruit as first fertilized flower inhibits
the development of sub sequent fruit. Therefore, controlled pollination should be
done as soon as possible after flowering begins.
BITTER GOURD
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1 Name of crop Bitter gourd
2 Botanical name Momordica charantia L.
3 Family Cucurbitaceae
4 Chromosome number 2n = 22
5 Center of origin Indo-Malayan
6 Mode of pollination Cross pollination
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SUPPLIMENTARY EXERCISE
Q.1 Describe floral biology of cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd and
Loofah with suitable diagram.
Q.2 How selfing and crossing is done in cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd
and Loofah?
Q.3 Enlist the important wild relatives of cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd
and Loofah.
Q.4 List out breeding methods adopted for improvement of cucumber,
FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Bitter gourd is monoecious having both male and female flowers are in same
plant.
• The anthesis and anther dehiscence take place early in the morning from 7.30 to
9.30 a.m.
• The stigma remains receptive 24h before and 24h after anthesis.
• Pollen loses viability as the day advances and may be fully non-viable by
midday.
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VARIETIES / HYBRIDS RELEASED
• VK 1 Priya
• Pusa vishesh
• Punjab 14
• C 96
• Pusa Do Mousmi
• Arka Harit
• Coimbatore Long
• Kalyanpur barahmasi,
• Kalyanpur sona,
• Pant karela-1
• Coimbatore green
RESEARCH STATIONS FOR BOTTLE GOURD AND BITTER GOURD
A. International: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center
(AVRDC), Shanhua, Taiwan
B. National: Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh
State: Main vegetable Research Station, AAU, Anand, Gujarat
Improved varieties:
Ridge gourd: Co-1, Pusa nasdar, Pusa sadabahar, Satputia (hermaphrodite), Pant
torai-1
Sponge gourd: Pusa chikni, Kalyanpur chikni, Pusa Supriya, Gujarat Sponge
gourd-1
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PRACTICAL-13
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