Statistics and Probability
Statistics and Probability
Statistics and Probability
and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Random Sampling,
Parameter and Statistic, and
Sampling Distribution of
Statistics
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Statistics and Probability. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
1
Lesson
Random Sampling
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
3. What sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. stratified random sampling
D. quota sampling
5. It refers to a part of the sampling technique where each sample point has an
equal chance of being selected.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. random sampling
D. quota sampling
2
Lesson
1 Random Sampling
What’s In
3
What’s New
1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in Statistics and
probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the scores of one class only?
Analysis
Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she will get the scores
of her entire class to have an analysis.
What is It
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Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population,
which is the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the
sample has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.
Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400
students from the population which are grouped according to the
cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per
city.
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Solution:
What’s More
On your answer sheet, give one situation where each of the sampling methods is
being applied.
1. Lottery Sampling:
2. Systematic Sampling:
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3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multi-stage sampling
Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random
sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population where
one hopes to draw valid conclusions from about population.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the
subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point has an
equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are
listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.
What I Can Do
7
Assessment
A. Identify the type of sampling method. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and
puts it in a box for the graded recitation.
2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.
Additional Activities
Get the samples needed for each category using stratified random sampling.
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Lesson
Parameter and Statistic
2
What I Know
What’s In
In this course, the parameters and statistics are closely related terms that
are important for the determination of the sample size. Many have trouble
understanding the difference between the parameter and the statistic, but it's
important to know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish
them.
What’s New
Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.
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2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain school to identify their
insights about their favourite shoe brand.
Analysis: In the first case the researcher measures for a sample. Only 40% out of
100 said yes. While in the second case the researcher measures the population
because the researcher interviewed all the students of that school.
What is It
Example:
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care
proposal. Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree,
What’s More
so they take samples or part of the population and calculate the rest.
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Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of statistic. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
To generalize your learned skills and concepts, take note of the similarities
and differences of parameter and statistic .
What I Can Do
Direction: On your answer sheets, draw a Venn diagram by listing the
similarities and differences
In conducting of parameter
a research, and statistic.
which measure are you going to use? Parameter or
statistic? Why?
Assessment
Additional Activities
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Give a situation in your area that is an example of parameter and
statistic. Explain why you considered it as a parameter or a statistic.
What I Know
Given the set of numbers, compute for the mean. Write your answer on the
space provided in each item. Round off your answers to two decimal places.
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned the concept about the parameter
and statistic. In this lesson we will study a form of probability distribution which is
known as the sampling distribution.
What’s New
12
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.
sample mean
2,3 2.5
What is It
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.
To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a
time), where N is the total population and n is the sample to be taken out of the
population,
5 C2 = 10
List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based
on the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for
samples.
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C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called the sampling distribution of the sample means.
1
Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P(x)=
10
or 0.1
Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below.
86 88 90 95 98
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A. How many possible samples can be drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total population and n
is the sample to be taken out of the population,
5 C3 = 10
List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called, the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their probability is P(x)= 1 or
10
2
0.1. Since 90 and 94 appeared twice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.2. While 91
10
3
appeared thrice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.3
10
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Observe that the total probability of all sample means must be equal
to 1.
What’s More
What I Can Do
Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the questions on
your answer sheet.
Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards numbered from 1-5.
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Assessment
Construct all random samples consisting three observations from the given data.
86 89 92 95 98
Additional Activities
Construct all random samples consisting two observations from the given data.
You are asked to guess the average weight of the six watermelons by taking a
random sample without replacement from the population.
Watermelon A B C D E F
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Answer Key
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