Offshore Safety
Offshore Safety
Offshore Safety
HSE in OFFSHORE
Oil&Gas and
Petrochemical Projects
INTRODUCTION
5 FEBRUARY 2009
TABLE OF CONTENT
MODULE 0 - INTRODUCTION
- General concepts
- Safety in Design (Offshore)
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Hazardous?
Hazards
Fire
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Hazards
Explosion
Hazards
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Hazards
Hazards
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Hazards
Major Hazards
Hazardous Substances
Hazardous Substances
NFPA Diamond
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Hazardous Substances
Hazard Scenarios
Toxic Material
- Toxic Dispersion
- Physical explosion
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Hazard Scenarios
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“GOOD” DESIGN
LOW RISKS
(FOR POPULATION, HIGH PRODUCTIVITY
OPERATORS, ENVIRONMENT)
Î PROBLEMS:
Î How can we demonstrate ‘safety’ of design? 2
SAFETY
To assess the level of safety
wrt exposed people
ENVIRONMENT
MACHINERY
To assess the level of safety CERTIFICATION (EU)
towards environment
To identify and certify the
machinery systems
F&G DETECTION according to the provisions
RELIABILITY of the EU Directive
Optimisation of Localisation of detectors
To assess the level
of productivity of plant
PRESSURE EQUIPMENT
CERTIFICATION AUDITS/REVIEW
(PED, EU)
To verify, in all phases of production process,
To certify safety of pressure equipment
the correct implementation of Rules,
HAZARDOUS AREAS Standards and SE requirements
CLASSIFICATION
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WORKS
HSE
CONTRACTOR’S
AUDIT
HSE
INPUT TO DESIGN
ETC.
REVIEW
ETC. PROJECT
(STUDIES) (REVIEWS) MOC
PROCEDURE PRE-STARTUP
REV IEW HSE REVIEW
FEED BACK
COMMISSIONING &
INPUT TO ENGINEERING & STARTUP
DESIGN PROCUREMENT APPROVED
HSE REVIEW
CHANGES OF CHANGES PROPOSED CHANGES
OFFSHORE PLANTS
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• External events:
9 collisions (ship, helicopter..),
9 extreme weather;
• Worsening factors:
9 equipment congestion;
9 process/safety/living areas on same structure in close
proximity;
9 repair/escape and rescue is difficult;
9 mitigation is difficult.
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ACTIVITY
2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
4. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
5. SAFETY CASE
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Some References
4. AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), 1992, "Guidelines for
Hazard Evaluation Procedures", USA, 2nd edition.
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Headquarters:
Via San Nazaro, 19 - 16145 Genova – Italy
National Offices:
Via Martiri di Cefalonia, 2 - 20097 San Donato
Milanese
URL: www.dappolonia.it
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HSE in OFFSHORE
Oil&Gas and
Petrochemical Projects
Module 1
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Methodology
The Dropped Object Analysis is done to assess the risk of damage to
process areas, subsea pipelines and safety critical elements due to
falling objects.
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
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ASSUMPTIONS (1/3)
ASSUMPTIONS (2/3)
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FREQUENCY (1/6)
• For each drop point vertical projection onto the sea bed,
a normal distribution of the load is given, as follows:
−x 2
1
p( x ) = ⋅ e 2⋅ δ
2
2⋅π⋅δ
• The probability that a sinking object will hit the seabed
within a distance r from the vertical line through the
drop point is : r
P( x ≤ r ) = ∫ p( x ) ⋅ dx
−r
FREQUENCY (2/6)
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FREQUENCY (3/6)
• For the considered load class LC, the frequency FLC, with which
the associated dropped objects hits the sea bottom, can be
evaluated as (drop/year/m2):
FLC = fd ⋅ fl ⋅ ∑∑ (p di ⋅ pij )
fd dropped object frequency (drop/lift); i j
fl lift frequency (lift/year);
pdi probability that the object drops on the vertical of the dropped point i;
pij probability per m2 that the object drops into the j-th annular ring with “i” as
centre point.
FREQUENCY (4/6)
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FREQUENCY (5/6)
For the considered load class LC, the frequency FLC, with
which the associated dropped objects hits the deck, can be
evaluated as (drop/year/m2):
fd ⋅ fl
FLC =
ALC
where:
fd=dropped object frequency (drop/lift);
fl=lift frequency (lift/year);
ALC=area (m2) of the footprint of the crane trajectory over the
deck, during the movement of objects belongs to load class LC.
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CONSEQUENCE (1)
• Kinetic energy for each drop points and for each load
class LC is evaluated with the formula of objects
dropping in air (first) and into water (after) and
compared with the kinetic energy capable to produce a
sealine OR topside Equipment damage.
1 1 3
⎛ 2 ⋅π ⎞ 2 ⎛ D ⎞2 ⎛ δ ⎞2
E D = 16 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ m p ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ D⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ t ⎠ ⎝D⎠
CONSEQUENCE (2)
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EXAMPLES
Dropped Objects:
EXAMPLES
2.5E-006
2.3E-006
Platform North Jacket 2.1E-006
1.9E-006
Deck +19.500
1.7E-006
1.5E-006
1.3E-006
1.1E-006
9E-007
7E-007
3E-007
SCALE 1E-007
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EXAMPLES
3E-006
2.8E-006
2.6E-006
Platform North
2.4E-006
2.2E-006
2E-006
jacket
1.8E-006
EXAMPLES
2.3E-006
2.1E-006
1.9E-006
1.5E-006
1.3E-006
Sealine
1.1E-006
9E-007
7E-007
5E-007
3E-007
1E-007
SCALE
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EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
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HSE in OFFSHORE
Oil&Gas and
Petrochemical Projects
Module 2
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MARINE HAZARD
……
SHIPS IMPACT
Are those Hazards related to
Marine and Vessel Operations
HEAVY LIFTS/D.O.
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Fc = (Fc1+Fc2) × Pred;
Pred; Fc1 = N × Pr × Pc/r × Pna
Pc/r = α/2π 1/π×
/2π = 1/π arcsin[(D1+D2)/2L];
Fc2 = N × Pf × Pc/f × Pna
D1 + D 2
L= +H
2
Fc = annual collision frequency with a fixed obstacle for dedicated and powered passing vessels (event/year);
Fc1 = annual collision frequency with a fixed obstacle for powered passing vessels (event/year);
Fc2 = annual collision frequency with a fixed obstacle for drifting vessels (event/year);
Pred = reduction factor for approaching vessels supported by assistance vessels;
N = number of vessels per year (vessel/year);
Pr = probability of uncontrolled navigation inside Minimum Safety Operational Distance MSOD;
Pc/r = probability that the route leads to collision with the fixed obstacle conditioned to the entrance inside the
MSOD zone, it is calculated using geometrical models;
Pna = probability of failure of safety procedures to avoid impact;
α = is the collision angle;
D1,2 = equivalent diameters (obstacle/vessel) meters;
H = is the net distance between the vessel and the fixed obstacle (m);
L = is the average distance between vessel and the obstacle (m);
Pf = is the failure probability for vessels with the potential to cause vessel to drift (events/vessel);
Pc/f = probability that the route leads to collision with the fixed obstacle conditioned to propulsion loss.
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Suezmax Tanker
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Energy
Event (MegaJoule)
Mt. St. Helens Eruption Of 1980 1.90E+12
"Little Boy" Nuclear Bomb 6.28E+07
Typical Lightning Bolt 5000
Chemical Energy In 1 Gallon Of Gasoline 132
Electrical Energy In 1 AA Battery 0.001
Hidraulic Hammer (per stroke) 0.004
1 Ton of TNT 4185
Earthquake Ritcher Scale 3.0 2000
Suezmax impact 150,000 DWT - 15 knots 5000
1 1,000 0 1 3 5 13 30 53
2 3,000 1 3 10 16 40 89 159
3 14,500 6 16 49 79 192 432 768
4 80,000 31 89 270 436 1,057 2,384 4,235
5 140,000 54 155 473 762 1,849 4,172 7,412
(a) the impact energies expected to have the potential to cause a loss of integrity for
perpendicular collision are highlighted.
(b) Total Mass is calculated as ship dwt plus ship weight.
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References:
• Technica,
Technica, 1987, Report, "RABL - Risk Assessment of Buoyancy
Loss, Project PP4, Assessment of Module Collision
Frequencies", London, U.K.
• Pitblado,
Pitblado, 2004, “Consequences of LNG Marine Incidents”
Incidents”, CCPS
Conference, June 2004.
• SikteC,
SikteC, 1987, Report, “Zeepipe Riser Platform, Ship Collision
Study”
Study”, Trondheim, Norway
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HSE in OFFSHORE
Oil&Gas and
Petrochemical Projects
Module 3
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EERA
WHY EERA ?
EERA
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EERA
DEFINITIONS
EERA
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EERA
EERA
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EERA
EERA
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EERA
IMPAIRMENT CRITERIA
EERA
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EERA
Major Incident
2.0
Access
3.0
Muster
4.0
Egress
5.0 6.0
Evacuation Escape
7.0
Rescue
PATH 1
PATH 2
Place of Safety
PATH 3
PATH 4
EERA
0.0
EER PROCESS
4.1
2.1 3.1 5.1 6.1 7.1
1.1 Choose
Choose Register at Evacuate Via Escape Approach
Detect Alarm Egress
Access Route Muster Point Bridge Link by Sea survivors
Route
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Flame
EER Top Overpress Heat Flash Flamma Overall EER Goal
Impingem
Arrangement Events ure Radiation Fire ble Gas Impaired
ent
1 N P P P P N
Escape 4 N P P P P N
routes 5 N P P P P N
9 N P P P P N
1 N P P P P N
Emergency 4 N N P N N N
Gates 5 N N P P P N
9 N P P P P N
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References:
• A methodology for hazard identification on EER Assessments –
OTH 95 466 – RM Consultants – Health and Safety Executive
• SOLAS International Maritime Organization (IMO). Consolidated
text of the IMO international convention for the Safety Of Life At
Sea (SOLAS) 2004 and subsequent amendments
• ISO 13702:1999 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Control
and Mitigation of Fires and Explosions on Offshore Production
Installations – Requirements and Guidelines
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HSE in OFFSHORE
Oil&Gas and
Petrochemical Projects
Module 4
5 February 2009
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T.R.
T.R.
T. R. - TEMPORARY REFUGE
T.R.
T.R.
The TR needs:
• to be accessible,
• to provide physical protection for personnel
from the immediate effects of the emergency
incident,
• to maintain its structural integrity,
• to allow communication with people outside
involved in controlling the incident or
organising rescue services, and
• to provide egress to the means of evacuation.
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T.R.
T.R.
T.R.
T.R.
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T.R.
T.R.
T.R.
T.R.
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T.R.
T.R.
The TR impairments
• Failure of firewalls, allowing entry of fire, smoke,
flammable vapours, toxic fumes or flood water
• Fire inside the TR (modelled as a separate event)
• Explosion
• Deterioration of internal conditions due to
external fire, smoke, gases or flooding
• Structural, foundation or buoyancy failure
• Loss of command support and communications
systems (this should be covered by a separate
emergency systems survivability assessment)
• Escape from the TR is prevented at all exits due
to a deterioration of external conditions
T.R.
T.R.
The TR impairments
A risk-
risk-based approach shall be set out in the Temporary
Refuge Impairment Analysis (TRIA) in which the
impairment criteria shall be assessed for hazards
identified by all credible Major Accident Events (MAEs
(MAEs))
discussed in the following;
• Fire and Explosion Analysis (FERA);
• Toxic Gas Dispersion Analysis;
• Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analysis (EERA);
• Smoke and Gas Ingress Analysis (SGIA);
• Emergency Systems Survivability Analysis (ESSA);
• Impact analysis (Dropped object, Boat impact and
Missile impact);
• Environmental analysis (Seismic and Extreme
weather conditions).
• helicopter crash
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References:
• A methodology for hazard identification on EER Assessments –
OTH 95 466 – RM Consultants – Health and Safety Executive
• ISO 13702:1999 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Control
and Mitigation of Fires and Explosions on Offshore Production
Installations – Requirements and Guidelines
• ISO15544:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries-
industries-Offshore
production installation-
installation-Requirements and guidelines for
emergency response
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Module 5 (Extra)
Safety Engineering
In the latest years, design and operating procedures to eliminate or control process
hazards have evolved and been incorporated into codes and standards. The
sequence and series of control tools and techniques normally applied in a modern
Process Project is referred to as "Safety Engineering".
One of the most widely used and important (for its influence in the design)
technique is the Hazardous Area Classification (HAC).
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References:
• API Recommended Practice 505, “Recommended Practice for
Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and
Zone 2”
2”, First Edition, November 1997.
• IEC EN 60079-
60079-10. Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmospheres - Part 10 - Classification of Hazardous Areas. -
Fourth Ed. 2002 - 6.
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example
Grades of Release:
Release:
Continuous (C): A release which is continuous or is
expected to occur for long periods, or that
occurs frequently and for short periods.
Primary (P): A release which can be expected to occur
periodically or occasionally during normal
operation.
Secondary (S): A release which is not expected to occur
during normal operation and if it does
occur, it is likely to do so only
infrequently and for short periods.
Normal Operation:
Operation:
The situation when the equipment is operating within its
design parameters.
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Zones:
Zones: Hazardous areas are classified into zones on the
basis of the frequency of the occurrence and duration of
an explosive gas atmosphere, as follows:
• Zone 0:0: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere
is present continuously or for long periods.
• Zone 1:1: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere
is likely to occur in normal operation.
• Zone 2:2: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere
is not likely to occur in normal operation and, if it does
occur, it is likely to do so only infrequently and will
exist for a short period only.
Type of Ventilation:
Ventilation:
Natural (N): This is a type of ventilation, which is
accomplished by the movement of air
caused by the wind and/or by temperature
gradients.
Artificial (A): The air movement required for ventilation is
provided by artificial means, for example
fans or extractors.
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Availability of Ventilation:
Ventilation:
Good (G): Ventilation is present virtually continuously.
Fair (F): Ventilation is expected to be present during
normal operation. Discontinuities are
permitted, provided they occur infrequently
and for short periods.
Poor (P): Ventilation which does not meet the standard
of fair or good and whose discontinuities are
however not expected to occur for long
periods.
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Fluid Category:
Category:
Fluid Category A:
A: A flammable liquid that, on release,
would vaporize rapidly and substantially.
This category includes: .
a) Any liquefied petroleum gas or lighter flammable liquid.
b) Any flammable liquid at a temperature sufficient to
produce, on release, more than about 40% vol vaporization
with no heat input other than from the surroundings.
Fluid Category B:
B: A flammable liquid, not in Category A,
but at a temperature sufficient for the
boiling to occur on release.
C: A flammable liquid, not in Category A
Fluid Category C:
or B, but which can, on release, be at a
temperature above its flashpoint, or form a
flammable mist or spray.
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Temperature Classes:
Classes: According to the auto-
auto-ignition
temperature, for every flammable fluid is associated a
Temperature Class
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INPUT
Max air temperature: 38°C
Relative Humidity: 77%
Environment: Open structure, naturally ventilated
Material: Natural Gas (99,47% mol CH4)
Chemical-Phisical Properties:
Boiling point: -162°C Density gas/air: 0,694
LEL: 5,3 Ignition Temperature: >500°C
Group: IIA Temperature Class: T1
Vapour Pressure: N/A (gas) Flash Point: N/A (gas)
OUTPUT
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The IEC standards provide also the rules for classifying the areas
areas
with flammable powder and dust substances.
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Hazardous Volume
Minimum ventilation flow
Gas emission flow rate
Two-phase emission flow rate
Cryogenic emission flow rate
Liquid emission flow rate
Hazardous distance (high velocity of emission)
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a = a1 = dz ~ 1 m
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with K0=1
a = a2 = dz ~ 10 m
Vex Group,
Results ai Qg kg/s Vz m3
m3 Temp. Class
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INPUT DATA
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Results:
a = 0.2 m
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