Mouthpieces

Lecture 13

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

A short tube having length 2 to 3 times its diameter
fitted to a circular orifice provided in a tank or
reservoir.
Classification
Base on shape Base on position Base on discharging
conditions
1. Cylindrical 1. External cylindrical 1. Mouthpiece running
mouthpiece mouthpiece full
2. Convergent 2. Internal cylindrical 2. Mouthpiece running
mouthpiece mouthpiece or free
3. Convergent- Borda’s or re-
divergent entrant mouthpiece
mouthpiece
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
External cylindrical mouthpiece

 Negligible loss between 1 to C

 Expansion loss between C to 2

(𝑉𝑐 −𝑉2 )2
 𝐻𝐿 =
2𝑔

 Cc = 1, Cv = 0.85 and Cd = 0.85

 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 2𝑔𝐻

 𝐻𝑐 = 𝐻𝑎 − 0.89𝐻

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Borda’s Mouthpiece Running full
Jet expands after Vena contracta
to fill the mouthpiece
Cc = 1,
Cv = 0.707 and
Cd = 0.707

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 2𝑔𝐻

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Borda’s Mouthpiece Running free
Length is small

Jet can’t expand to fill the mouthpiece

before it emerges from the mouthpiece

Cc = 0.5,

Cv = 1.0 and

Cd = 0.5

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 2𝑔𝐻

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Convergent Mouthpiece

 Cc = 1.0,

 Cv = 1.0 and

 Cd = 1.0

 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 2𝑔𝐻

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Convergent Divergent Mouthpiece

 No loss from 1 to C and since divergence

from C to 2 is gradual

 No loss from C to 2

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

 Head losses or energy losses in pipes:

Major head loss: occurs due to friction offered by pipe walls

hf = fLV2/2gD

Minor head loss: occurs due to change in velocity (Magnitude and direction)

hL = kV2/2g where k= loss coefficient

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

 Change in magnitude of velocity (Change in Area)

1 Loss due to Sudden expansion 2

𝑉1 − 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔
2 Loss due to Sudden contraction 2
𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉2 𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = =𝑘
2𝑔 2𝑔
3 Loss due to Gradual expansion 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘
2𝑔
4 Loss due to Gradual contraction 2
𝑉1 − 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘
2𝑔

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

5 Loss due to Entry to a pipe 𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘 k=0.5
2𝑔

6 Loss due to Exit from pipe 𝑉22

ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘 k=1
2𝑔

7 Loss due to Obstruction in pipe 𝑉𝑐 −𝑉 2

ℎ𝐿 = V = vel in pipe, Vc in
2𝑔
contracted area
8 Loss due to pipe line fittings 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘
2𝑔

Change in direction of velocity:

𝑉2
Bend loss: ℎ𝑓 = 𝑘
2𝑔
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
Loss due to sudden expansion
Applying Bernoulli’s equation
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Assuming central line of pipe as datum Z1 = Z2 = 0

𝑝1− 𝑝2 𝑉12 −𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = + (1)
𝛾 2𝑔

Applying Momentum equation

𝑝1 𝐴1 + 𝑝1 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝛾
𝑝1 𝐴2 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑔
𝑝1 −𝑝2 1 𝑄 1
= 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 𝑉 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 (2)
𝛾 𝑔 𝐴2 𝑔 2
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
Using in (1)
1 𝑉12 −𝑉22 2𝑉22 −2𝑉2 𝑉1 +𝑉12 −𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑉 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + =
𝑔 2 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉22 −2𝑉2 𝑉1 +𝑉12

ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔

(𝑉2 −𝑉1 )2
ℎ𝐿 = known as Borda Carnot equation
2𝑔

Using continuity equation

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
(𝑉2 −𝑉1 )2 𝑉12 𝐴1 2 𝑉22 𝐴2 2
ℎ𝐿 = = 1 − = −1
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐴2 2𝑔 𝐴1

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Loss due to sudden contraction

In accelerating or converging flow losses are

negligible. Assuming no loss from section 1 to
section c, consider the expansion from c to 2

2
(𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉2 )2 𝑉22 𝐴2
ℎ𝐿 = = −1
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐴𝑐

2
𝑉22 1 𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = −1 =𝑘
2𝑔 𝐶𝑐 2𝑔

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Flow through external cylindrical mouthpiece:

There is negligible loss from 1 to C and some loss from

C to 2 given by
𝑉𝑐 −𝑉2 2
ℎ𝐿 = (1)
2𝑔

Applying continuity equation between C to 2

AcVc = A2V2
𝑉2 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑉𝑐 = = = assuming Cc = 0.62
𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑐 0.62

Substituting value of Vc in (1) and simplifying

𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = 0.375 (2)
2𝑔
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and 2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝐿 using (2)
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑉22 𝑉22
0+0+𝐻 = 0 + +0 + 0.375
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉22
𝐻= 1.375
2𝑔

𝑉2 = 0.853 2𝑔𝐻 (3)

𝑉2 0.853 2𝑔𝐻
𝐶𝑣 = = = 0.853
𝑉𝑡ℎ 2𝑔𝐻

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

 𝑎2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
𝐶𝑐 = = =1
𝑎𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒

Therefore 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 = 0.853 Hence discharge flowing

through external cylindrical mouthpiece is

𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎𝑜 2𝑔𝐻 (4)

Discharge coefficient of mouthpiece is greater than the

discharge coefficient of sharp edged orifice (0.85.0.62) having
same diameter and working under the same head H.

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

 Head at vena contracta section:
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and C
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝𝑐 𝑉𝑐2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍𝑐
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉𝑐2
𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 0 + 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 + +0
2𝑔
𝑉2
Using 𝑉𝑐 =
0.62
𝑉22
𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 0 + 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 + 2.6
2𝑔

Using (3) 𝑉2 = 0.853 2𝑔𝐻 and simplifying

𝐻𝑐 = 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 0.89𝐻 (5a) (in Absolute pressure)
Thus pressure at vena contracta is negative or suction
𝑝𝑐
= 𝐻𝑐 = −0.89𝐻 (5b) (in terms of gage pressure)
𝛾 Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
If 𝐻𝑐 = 0, substituting 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 in terms of head of water which is 10.3m,
using (5a)
H = 11.53m
Thus if head in the tank is 11.53m, pressure at vena contracta reduces to
absolute zero. This condition could not be obtained practically because
the pressure at vena contracta reduces to vapor pressure (corresponding
to certain value of head H < 11.53m) before reaching to absolute zero.
At that value of H cavitation starts
Vapor pressure of water at
T = 20oC pc or pv = 2.5 kPa (absolute)
T = 30oC pc or pv = 4.0 kPa (absolute)
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
 𝑝𝑐 4
For the second value = 𝐻𝑐 = = 0.41 m of water
𝛾 9.81

and
Hatm = 10.3m of water
Using these values in (5a)
𝐻𝑐 = 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 0.89𝐻
0.41 = 10.3 − 0.89𝐻
H = 11.11m

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

 At this value of H cavitation starts. Further
increase in head causes the velocity of the
central core of the jet to become so high
that it sweeps aside the annulus of eddying
liquid that surrounds it. The jet then comes
out clear of wall of mouthpiece, as if the
mouthpiece was removed from the tank
and flow is taking place through orifice.
At this particular condition, the External
Cylindrical Mouthpiece Runs Free.

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.

Flow through convergent Divergent Mouthpiece:

Mouthpiece converges up to vena contracta and then

gradually diverges to minimize the expansion
losses. Limiting value of divergence is computed
using minimum possible value of Hc i.e. vapor
pressure of fluid. Cd for such a mouthpiece is unity.

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 C and 2

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝𝑐 𝑉𝑐2 𝑝2 𝑉22

+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍𝑐 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑉𝑐2 𝑉22
𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 0 + 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 + + 0 = 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + +0
2𝑔 2𝑔
yields
Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
𝑉𝑐 = 2𝑔(𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑐 ) (1) and

𝑉2 = 2𝑔𝐻 (2)
Using continuity equation between C and 2
AcVc = A2V2

𝐴𝑐 𝑉2 𝐻
= = (3)
𝐴2 𝑉𝑐 𝐻+𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝐻𝑐

At T= 30oC, vapor pressure of water pc or pv = 4.0 kPa (absolute), cavitation starts,

𝑝𝑐 4
= 𝐻𝑐 = = 0.41 m
𝛾 9.81

Hatm – Hc =10.3 – 0.41 = 9.89m

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.
Substituting this value in (3)

𝐴𝑐 𝐻
= (4)
𝐴2 𝐻+9.89

To avoid cavitation at C and separation of flow, the pressure at C should

not fall below 2.45m of water. Using this value of Hc in (3)

𝐴𝑐 𝐻
= (5)
𝐴2 𝐻+7.85

𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎2 2𝑔𝐻
𝐶𝑑 = 1

Prof. Talib Mansoor Civil Engg. Dept.