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Department of Education
Region XI
Division of Davao del Sur
Marber National High School
Marber, Bansalan, Davao del Sur

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Lesson Innovation

Lesson 1-Nature of Inquiry

Activity 1: Give 5 synonyms and 5 antonyms for each word given.

1. INQUIRE-investigate, question, ask, delve, dig, examine, look, research, probe, explore-
2. CRUCIAL-critical, key, pivotal, vital,-
3. GUARANTEE-bond, contract, covenant, deal, surety, warranty, guaranty, warrant

Meaning of Inquiry:

Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things,
places, or events. You do this by asking questions or investigating about something. It requires you to collect
data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of our inquiry. In your analysis, you execute varied
thinking strategies that range from lower to higher order thinking skills such as inferential, critical, integrative,
and creative thinking. Inquiry is a solving problem technique. You tend to act as a scientist to thinks logically
and systematically in seeking evidence to support your conclusions about something. You proceed like a scientist
with your inquiry by imagining, speculating, interpreting, criticizing, and creating something out of what you
discovered. Inquiry is to look for information by asking various questions while research is to discover truths by
investigating on your chosen topic scientifically; meaning, by going through a systematic way of doing things
wherein you are to begin from simplest to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking.

Governing Principles or Foundation of Inquiry:

Inquiry based learning gets its support from these three educational theories: John Dewey;s theory of
connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking.; Lev Vigotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD) that stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in learing; and Jerome Bruner’s theory on learner’s
varied world perceptions for their own interpretative thinking of people and things around them.

Elements of Inquiry are: Changing knowledge, Creativity, Subjectivity, Socio-cultural factors, sensory experience,
higher order thinking strategies.

Benefits of Inquiry Based Learning:

1. Elevates interpretative thinking skills through graphic skills

2. Improves students’ learning ability
3. Widens learners’ vocabulary
4. Facilitates problem-solving acts
5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
6. Encourages cooperative learning
7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
8. Encourages higher-order thinking skills
9. Hastens conceptual understanding
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Activity 2: by pair, answer the following questions.

1. Why is Inquiry a scientific way of thinking?

2. Differentiate inquiry from research.

Activity 3: Individually, Put a star on the question that require more complex thinking and put a circle to those
that only need simple and less thinking. Put your answer on the blank after the question.

1. What is the color of your gown?___________

2. Why are some students not willing to wear gowns?__________
3. How can the gown make you look more attractive?__________
4. What is inside the pocket of the green gown?______________
5. Should you wear a gown during the graduation ball?_________

Assignment Activity: Research and compare and contrast the three foundation theories of Inquiry based learning.
Use a three circle Venn diagram. 60 pts.

Prepared by: ANNABEL B. CULAJARA, MAEDLT

Lesson: 2- NATURE OF RESEARCH

Activity 1: Making words meaningful. Write on the blank the meaning of the given words used in the sentence.
Use the context clues in the given sentences.

1. Absolute-_________________________________________________________________________
Man has no absolute power over something, God has.
2. Abstract-__________________________________________________________________________
A stone is concrete; intelligence is abstract.
3. Portrayal-__________________________________________________________________________
Give a clearer portrayal of what is in your mind by drawing it on the paper.
4. Adopt-____________________________________________________________________________
Adopt a lawful procedure in adopting those orphans.
5. Perspective-________________________________________________________________________
Change your sitting position to have a better perspective about the whole thing.

Meaning of Research:

Research is process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information
to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research. It requires
you to inquire or investigate about your chosen topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself in
top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to
discover the truths about the many things you tend to wonder about (Litchman, 2013).

Characteristics of Research:

1. Accuracy- it must give correct and accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries
should honestly and appropriately documented and acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness-it must deal with facts, not with ere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations,
predictions, or conclusions.
3. Timeliness- it must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society.
4. Relevance- its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of
people in a community.
5. Clarity- it must succeed I expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and
correct language.
6. Systematic- it must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
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Purpose of Research:

1. To learn how to work independently

2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
3. To have a in-depth knowledge of something
4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring,
evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.
5. To improve your reading and writing skills
6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and various techniques of gathering data and of presenting
research findings.
7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of
the professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding.

Types of Research:

1. Based on Application of Research Method:

Is the research applied to theoretical or practical issues? If it deals with concepts, principles, or
abstract things, it is Pure research. This type of research aims to increase your knowledge about
something. However, if your intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues,
finding ways to make positive changes in society, you call your research Applied research.
2. Based on Purpose of the Research:
Depending on your objective or goal in conducting research, you do any of these types of
research: Descriptive, Correlational, Explanatory, Exploratory, or Action Research.
a. Descriptive Research- it aims to define or give a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thin, event,
group, situation, etc. it is applicable to repeated research because its topic relates itself on a limited
time.

b. Correlational Research- it shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or

agents called variables that affect the research. It is only concerned in indicating the existence of a
relationship, not the cause and ways of development of such relationship.

c. Explanatory Research- it elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two
factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists.
d. Exploratory Research- its purpose is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas on topics that could trigger your interest in
conducting research studies.
e. Action Research- this research studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or
institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system.
3. Based on Types of Data Needed:

Qualitative research requires non-numerical data which means that the researcher uses words
rather numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or investigation about people’s thoughts, belief,
feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object of the study. These opinionated answers from people
are not measurable; so verbal language is the right way to express your findings in a qualitative research.
Meanwhile, Quantitative research involves measurement of data. It presents research findings referring
to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms. Example: percentage, fractions, numbers)
Primary data are obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings,
etc. primary data are new and original information. However, secondary data have already been written
about or reported on and are available for reading purposes.

Approaches to Research:

1. Scientific or Positive Approach- uses discovery and measures information as well as observe and
control variables in an impersonal manner. It allows control of variables. This uses interviews,
questionnaires, and observation checklist. This is used in a quantitative research.
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2. Naturalistic Approach- this uses words and gathers data from the participants’ experiences. It is non-
numerical which expresses truth on how people behave in the surroundings.
3. Triangulation Approach- is the combination of the two approaches, it is also called mixed method if
both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used. Triangulation in a qualitative research is done
by combining an in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and observation/questionnaires. This
method gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research in a different perspective
(Badke 2012; Silverman 2013).

Activity 2: Identify the type of research for each given topic. Write your answer on the space provided for.
Choose you answer from the box.
action, pure, applied, descriptive, explanatory, correlation

1. Theory of relativity-_________________________
2. War on Drugs-____________________________
3. University Belt Street Foods-___________________
4. The Why and How of Internet Use-____________
5. Landline vs. Cellphone-_______________________
6. Effects of Koreanovela to Filipinos-___________
7. Reason Behind Tuition Fee Increases-_____________
8. Digital Age-_____________________________
9. Manila Flash Floods Solutions-__________________
10. Use of PowerPoint in Teaching-______________
11. College Assessment Practices-___________________
12. Archimedes’Principle of Bouyancy-___________

Activity 3: Research work assignment

1. Research a published study for each type of research.

2. Print the title and the Abstract of the sample you have researched.
3. Differentiate each of them by giving the similarities and differences of each research type.
4. Present your findings to the class one by one.

Prepared by: ANNABEL B. CULAJARA, MAEDLT

Lesson 3: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Definition of Qualitative Research

This is the type of research that puts high value on people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their
personal traits. It usually takes place in soft sciences like social sciences, politics, economics, humanities,
education, psychology, nursing, and all business-related subjects.

In qualitative research, the reality is conditioned by society and people’s intentions are involved in
explaining cause-effect relationships. Things are studied in their natural setting, enough for the researcher to
conclude that qualitative research is an act of inquiry or investigation or real-life event. Paragraphs
comprehensively present the elements or characteristics, types, and advantages of this kind of research
(Silverman 2013: Litchman 2013: Walliman 2014; Suter 2012).

CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Human Understanding and Interpretation

Data analysis results show an individual’s mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world.
Hence, through their worldviews, you come to know what kind of human being he or she is, including his or
her values, beliefs, likes, and dislikes.
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2. Active, Powerful, and Forceful

The process of this research is not fixed. Words and discussions will be changed along the way
depending on the new findings gathered.

3. Multiple Research Approaches and Methods

This research allows you to approach or plan the study in varied ways. You may combine this with a
quantitative research and is called Mixed-Method. Mixed method or multi-method research may use
descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, case-study, etc.

4. Specificity to Generalization
This type of research uses inductive method, from a complex ideas to the more complex ideas.
5. Contextualization

Using this type of research means examining the context or situation of an individual life like the –
who, what, why, how, and other circumstances affecting the participant’s way of life.

6. Diversified Data in Real-Life Situations

Data gathering is in natural setting like observing people as they live and as they genuinely appear to
people, analyzing photos or videos.

7. Abounds with words and Visuals

Words come in big quantity. Data gathering is through In-Depth interview, Focus Group Discussion,
Readings, and Observations which are done verbally. Presenting its results maybe through pictures, videos,
drawings, and graphs.

8. Internal Analysis

Data examination yielded from the internal traits of the participants such as emotional, mental,
spiritual characteristics.

Activity 1: By group, students discuss the given topic to their group and present their output to the class.

Activity 2: Oral Recitation about the topic discussed.

Types of Qualitative Research

1. Case Study- this qualitative research is usually done in the field of social care, nursing, psychology,
rehabilitation centers, and education. This involves a long time study of a person, group, organization, or
situation. It seeks to find the answers why something is occurring to the subject/participant. Data
collection method for this kind of research are interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentary
analysis.

2. Ethnography-is a study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-
up, internal operation, and lifestyle.

3. Phenomenology- coming from the word “phenomenon” tis main which means something known
through sensory experience and how their people find their experiences meaningful. Its main goal is to
make people understand the experiences of death of loved ones, care for handicapped, friendliness,
broken heartedness etc.
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4. Content and Discourse Analysis- it requires an analysis or examination of the substance of communication
(letters, books, journals, photos, videos recordings, SMS, online messages, email, audio-visual materials,
etc.) it is a study of language structure to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and
ideological factors.

5. Historical Analysis- this makes you understands the connections of past events to the present time. This
will make you see the changes of the society through the years.

6. Grounded Theory- this takes place when you discover new theory to underlie your study at the time of
data collection and analysis. Through your observations of subjects, you will make a theory

Strengths/ Advantages of Qualitative Research Weaknesses/Disadvantages of Qualitative Research

Naturalistic approach-understand based on meaning It depends on the data analysis
Full understanding of human behavior Hard to know the validity or reliability of the data
Instrumental for positive societal change Open-ended questions yield “data overload
Fosters respect on people’s individuality Time consuming
Way of understanding social interaction Involves several processes which results depend on the
Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining researcher’s views and interpretations
information

Activity 1: Individual task. Answer the following questions in a 1/2 sheet of paper.

1. What comes to your mind when you hear Qualitative research?

2. How will the research gather the data in Qualitative research?
3. What is grounded theory? How can we make it?
4. Can all research methods be used in one study? Explain.

Activity 2: Assignment

1. Look for the meaning of the following words and use each of them in writing a sentence
2. Write 5 synonyms of each word.
3. Write 5 antonyms of each word.

Activity 3: Assignment

1. Research for a sample of a full-blown Qualitative Research.

2. Print or download the sample you have chosen.

SUBJECT MATTER OF THE RESEARCH

Guidelines in choosing a topic:

1. Interest in the subject matter- your interest in the topic maybe caused by your knowledge and rich
background about it. It not familiar to you.
2. Availability of information- information to be s=collected for the certain topic of your interest in rich and
varied.
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic-the topic is current and timely. It is related to social issues and
societal problem. Its result can help in societal improvement.
4. Limitations on the subject-it should benefit you, for example, a completion for the teacher’s requirement.
5. Personal resources-Assess your research abilities in terms of financial standing, health condition, mental
capacity, needed facilities, and time allotment to enable you to complete the initial to the final stage of
the research.
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Research topics to be avoided:

1. Controversial topics- this depends on the writers’ opinion, and tends to become bias or prejudicial. Facts
cannot support topics such as these.
2. Highly technical subjects- for a beginner, use a basic topic because highly technical topics are difficult.
3. Hard to investigate subjects- a topic is hard to investigate if there is only limited reading materials about
it.
4. Too broad subjects- this prevents you from getting focused in an in-depth analysis of the subject.
5. Too narrow subject- if subjects are too limited or very specific requires you to have extensive readings for
its materials.
6. Vague subjects- choosing a topic like this will prevent you from having clear focus on your paper. Topics
should be clear for you to have the right direction to follow.

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS:

1. Mass media communication- press, newspaper, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.
2. Books, internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications
3. Professional periodicals like college English language teaching forum, English forum, the economists
forum, business circle, law review, etc.
4. General periodicals such as readers’ digest, women’s, magazine, panorama magazine, time magazine,
world mission magazine, etc.
5. Previous readings in your subjects and assignments.
6. Work experiences-clues to are searchable topics form full-time or part-time jobs, OJT and field
experiences.

Guidelines in Writing a qualitative research title:

1. Be creative
2. Short but snappy
3. Attention catcher
4. Relevant and timely
5. Sources must be rich
6. Interesting issue

Example: The travails of learning English: The lived experiences of the Ilocano and Igorot
Students’ in learning foreign language
Activity:
1. By trio, brainstorm for 5 possible problems to be used as your research topics.
2. Write a possible qualitative title out of your topics.
3. Write them in ½ crosswise paper.

RESEARCH PROBLEM VS. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The ultimate goal of the research is not only to propose ways of studying things, people, places,
and events, but also to discover and introduce new practices, strategies, or techniques in solving problem.
Research problem will lead you to a specific topic to focus on.

Background of the Problem

Spend time in looking for the background knowledge about the problem that triggered off your
research topic to discover its relation to what the world, the experts, and the professionals know about
the topic.
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Research Questions

Research problems enable you to generate search questions. However, your ability to identify
your research problem and formulate the questions depends on the background and review of related
literature. A research problem serves as an impetus behind the desire to carry out a research study.
Difficulties in life from social relationships, governmental affairs, institutional practices, cultural problems,
environmental issues, marketing strategies, etc. are problematic situations that will lead you to identify a
topic for research.

Guidelines in formulating research questions:

1. Establish a clear relations on your research question and the problems of the topic.
2. Base your research questions on your RRL or Review of Related Literature because existing published
works help you get a good background knowledge of research problems.
3. Formulate research questions that can arouse curiosity and surprise you with your discoveries or
findings.
4. Avoid asking questions answerable by yes or no only.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

Related Literature is a written record of a man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a
simple manner. Embodied in any literary work like essay, journal, story, bibliography, novel, and published
articles. It is an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world.

Purposes of Review of Related Literature:

1. To obtain background knowledge of your research

2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, concepts of your research
6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence gathered to support the
conclusion of your research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic

STYLES OR APPROACHES OF RRL OR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Traditional Review of Literature

This is to summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject. It aims to expand new
knowledge of the existing work. Being necessarily descriptive interpretative, evaluative, and methodically
unclear and uncertain but it is prone to subjectivity.

2. Systematic Review of Literature

This is a methodical way of reviewing the related literature. It uses rigorous way of obtaining data
from written works. It is bias-free style that every researcher wanting to be a research expert should
experience. The RRL are limited to peer-reviewed journals, academically written works, and it ensures
objectivity.
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Sampling Techniques:

1. Purposive sampling: this sampling technique identifies or directly determines the respondents or
participants of the study based on the given initial categories se by the researcher depending on the
variables of the study or title.
2. Random sampling: this sampling technique does not directly pick the respondents or participants,
they are chosen by accident. There are 2 most common style of random sampling.
a. Fishbowl technique: this style uses name or code, written on a small paper and rolled, placed
in the bowl or box, then pick as much as needed based on the given number of population
determined by the use of Cronbach alpha or Power of T-test or etc.
b. Number technique: this is the same process as the fishbowl, the only difference is that it uses
numbers that corresponds to the names of the possible respondents/participants.
3. Multi-layered sampling: this is a combination of 2 or more sampling techniques.

Basic Research Writing and Parts

1. Sample of Title page

LEARNING INSTITUTION STUDENTS IN DIGOS CITY

An Outline Research
Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Business Administration
University of Mindanao Digos Branch
Digos City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Business Administration
Major in Financial Management

Name of Proponents

December 2020
__________________________________________________________________

2. APPROVAL SHEET

Sample: This research entitled Financial Literacy and Saving Behavior among Higher Learning Institution
Students in Digos City prepared and submitted by Jemmar Bacole, Hazel Jean Salado, Dahlia Bonita Roilo
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Financial Management has been examined and is hereby recommended for final defense and
approval.

ANNABEL B. CULAJARA, MAEDLT

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
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Approved by the committee for final defense with the grade of _____.
____________________________ __________________________
Member Member
________________________
Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in
Financial Management.

______________________ _____________________
Research Coordinator School Principal

3. Acknowledgement
First paragraph: state how thankful you are in completing the study, your struggles, and general
thanks.
Second paragraph: mention those who have helped you in completing the study and how they
have helped you.
Third paragraph: mention your panelists and how they have contributed in the fulfillment of your
study.
Fourth paragraph: mention your parents, friends, and whoever became your inspiration and
those who were behind your back and supported you in your research journey.
Fifth paragraph: give thanks to the Lord and whatever you want to thank Him for.
-The Researcher/s

4. Dedication
In this page, express and share to whom you want to dedicate your output.
- The Researcher/s

5. Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Preliminary Pages Page

Title Page i
Acceptance and Approval ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Hypothesis 3
Review of Related Literature and Studies 3
Theoretical Framework 9
Conceptual Framework 9
Significance of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 12
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Chapter 2 METHOD
Research Design
Research Respondents
Research Instruments
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment of Data (for quantitative only)
Chapter 3 Results and Discussions
Chapters 4 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
Appendices
List of Tables
List of Figures (if necessary and applicable)

6. Abstract

You can only write the Abstract of the study if you have already completed the study. This
contains the summary of your study, the purpose of the study, the variables, the
participants/respondents, the methodology, the statistical treatment, the results and findings, the
conclusion and recommendation.

7. CHAPTER I: Problem/s and its Setting

A. Rationale: How to write a Rationale?

First paragraph: Background of the Study In the first paragraph, present the problem of the study or the
issue that you need to address. Present quoted statements or paraphrased related literature from
credible sources about the study and the problem.
Second paragraph: International setting of related literature (cite properly with at least 3 authors)
Third paragraph: National setting of related literature (cite properly with at least 3 authors)
Fourth paragraph: Local setting of related literature (cite properly with at least 3 authors)
Fifth paragraph: present the research gap/the urgency of the study

B. Statement of the Problem:

1. Here, present the purpose and importance of the study and why it needs to be conducted.

2. Cite the possible outcomes/results of the study.

3. Present here the questions that you want to answer through your study.

C. Research Questions Samples:

The following qualitative research questions were answered:
1. What life experiences contributed to the participants’ being as closet gay teachers?
2. What are the issues of closet gay teachers about revealing their sexual orientation to their
colleagues and students at school?
3. How do closet gay teachers describe the effects of their sexual orientation in their pedagogy?
D. Hypothesis: Sample
The following null hypotheses will be treated at the 0.05 level of significance.
Ho. There is no significant relationship between the saving behavior and financial literacy of higher
learning institution students in Digos City.
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E. Theoretical Lens-
If the study is Qualitative research. (Theoretical and Conceptual Framework for Quantitative
Research)
Here, present the theories where your study is anchored. The year of publication of the theory
will not matter here. For quantitative study with 2 variables, present at least 1 theory for each variable.

F. Significance of the Study:

State the importance of conducting the study and the benefits the researchers and the
society can get out of it.
Sample: a. teachers
b. students
c. school administrators
d. future researchers

G. Definition of Terms:
Define the terms according to their functions in the study.

G. Delimitations and Limitations

Here, present the limits of the topic, who the participants are, as well as their locality, number of
participants, jobs, inclinations, and the possible topics/themes to be asked as well as the demographic
profile of the participants.

H. Research Environment:

Here, discuss the description of the research locale where the study is to be conducted which
includes the significant features like description of the place, specific location, and location map, because
these are relevant to the study.

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature

This contains the various related literature reviews cited. Date must be not older than ten (10)
years old. Do not copy-paste the researched articles, read them carefully, and write your understanding
about them.

Chapter III: Methodology (Methods)

Discussions in this chapter indicated the research design, research locale, research
participants, research instruments, research procedure in gathering data, and the statistical tools
that will be used in the conduct of this study.

1. Research Design:
Discuss here the type of research design you will be using for your study, for Qualitative,
mention what type of qualitative research are you going to use. Example: Phenomenological
research. If Quantitative, mention whether it is descriptive, correlative, and etc.

Example:

This study will employ descriptive-correlational research design. A substantial proportion

of quantitative educational research is non-experimental because many important variables of
interest are not manipulable. And so on, then cite an author that says this.
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2. Research Respondents/participants:

Here, present your respondents/participants and why they were chosen to become part
of your study. Mention their location, or even the demographic profile and specify the
number of participants/respondents.

3. Research Instrument:

For qualitative research, use an open-ended questions and make sure to discuss it a little.
Then, start crafting your research questions. Below are sample of Phenomenological study
research questions:

1. What are the lived experiences of the 2019 earthquake victims?

2. How do these earthquake victims cope-up with their earthquake trauma?
3. How can the local government help the earthquake victims mend their broken souls
brought about by the earthquake trauma?

Out of these main questions, formulate the sub-questions which will lead you to extract
the needed information of your study. Construct atleast 5 sub-questions for each main question.

For quantitative research, discuss your questionnaire, from whom it is being adopted,
why is it chosen to be used and cite the author. You may opt to contextualize your questionnaire
if necessary.

4. Data Gathering Procedure:

Here, present the steps on how to gather the data starting from the following:

a. Write a letter of permission from the authority (principal, teacher, or whoever can give
you the go signal to conduct your study.
b. Distribution of the instrument (questionnaires for quantitative)
c. The conduct of the 1. In-depth Interview, 2. Focus Group Discussion, 3. Written Questions
or Observation (for qualitative research).
d. Data collection:

For qualitative research:

1. Transcription of the recorded data

2. Translation
3. Coding
4. Making themes

For quantitative research:

1. Retrieval of the questionnaires
2. Tallying of the data
3. Tabulation and encoding of the data
4. Submit the data to the statistician for SPSS process and statistical treatment,
Analysis, and Interpretation.
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5. Statistical Treatment of the Data

For Quantitative Research only: present here the statistical tools to be used in order to
get the findings of the study.

For Qualitative Research: present here the thematic and coded data.

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

1. Presentation of Findings and Discussion
a. For Quantitative Research- present here the tabular presentation of data and their Analysis and
Interpretation supported with cited literature.
b. For Qualitative Research- present there the themed and coded responses of the participants or just
the simple transcribed answers of the participants and your Analysis and Interpretation of the
Findings supported with cited related literature.

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter precedes the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations of
the study. This section contains a summary of the study and how things are doing. The data
will be discussed based on the results of the study.
1. Summary: present here the totality of your study- a. the purpose of the study, b. mention the
problem, c. the findings or results, d. enumerate the result for each variable if it is quantitative
research, and present the totality of the findings of it is qualitative research.

2. Conclusion: Base your conclusion to the findings or results of the study and mention here what you have
learned from the study that conforms to your problem or title. Also, present here the impact of the
problem to the lives of the participants/respondents and to the general public if necessary.

3. Recommendation: Base your recommendation to the findings and results. Your recommendation is the
product of the study which can help solve the problem that you have mentioned in the study or title. List
down the people or institution who or which will probably benefit or do something to address the
problem that you have found in your study.

Appendices: Present all the materials used in the study such as:
a. Letters of permission
b. Questionnaires
c. Tables
d. The tabular presentation of data (for quantitative research), and thematic presentation of data for
qualitative research
e. Curriculum vitae of the researchers

References: Present here all the references used in the study, no more, no less, but all, as long as they are cited in
the study. Present them in APA format.
1. Surname, Initial of first and middle name. (Culajara, A.B.)
2. Year of publication. (2020)
3. Title of the article used as related literature. (Language proficiency of the grade 12 students of
Marber national high school)
4. Publisher- if available. (New York Times, 123 Street, New York City, USA)
5. Website where you got the article cited in your study was retrieved. (www.googlescholar.com-this is
the URL of the website)
6. Retrieval date.
 15

7. Note: the title of the article must be italicized and only the first letter of the first word of the title is in
capital letter.

APA Format Sample:

Culajara, A.B. (2020). Language proficiency of the grade 12 students of Marber national high school.
Marber publishing house, Km.82, Marber, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, Philippines. Retrieved from
www.googlescholar.com. Retrieved on January 12, 2021.

Prepared by:

ANNABEL B. CULAJARA, MAEDLT

MASTER TEACHER II

Noted by:

VERONICA G. ACERO, ED.D.

MASTER TEACHER II/SHS FOCAL PERSON

Approved by:

JUEFFREY R. PALER, MA
PRINCIPAL III