Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating: +1 Order
Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating: +1 Order
Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating: +1 Order
+1st order
Λ θ
0th order (or DC term)
incident –θ
plane diffraction angle
wave -1st order
spatial frequency
diffraction efficiencies
…
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04/06/09 wk9-a- 5
Example: binary phase grating
0.75
|gt| [a.u.]
s q=+5 0.5
0.25
q=+4 0
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30
x [!]
q=+3
pi
Λ
phase(gt) [rad]
pi/2
q=+2
0
q=+1 −pi/2
Duty cycle = 0.5
−pi
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30
x [!]
q=0
incident q= –1
plane
wave q= –2
q= –3
q= –4
q= –5
glass
refractive index n
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Grating dispersion
Λ
air glass
white
Grating: Prism:
…
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Today
• Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fourier transforms: maths
• Fraunhofer patterns of typical apertures
• Fresnel propagation: Fourier systems description
– impulse response and transfer function
– example: Talbot effect
Next week
• Fourier transforming properties of lenses
• Spatial frequencies and their interpretation
• Spatial filtering
MIT 2.71/2.710
04/08/09 wk9-b- 1
Fraunhofer diffraction
may be expressed as a
convolution integral
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Example: rectangular aperture
y z
sinc pattern
free space
propagation by
x0 l→∞
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input field far field
Example: circular aperture
y z
Airy pattern
free space
2r0 propagation by
l→∞
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input field far field
How far along z does the Fraunhofer pattern appear?
may be expressed as a
convolution integral
cos(πα2)
in practice, the Fraunhofer intensity pattern is recognizable at smaller z than long short
these predictions (but the correct Fraunhofer phase takes longer to form) propagation distance z
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04/08/09 wk9-b- 5
Fourier transforms
• One dimensional
– Fourier transform
– Fourier integral
• Two dimensional
– Fourier transform
– Fourier integral
x
Re[G(u)]= dx
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Frequency representation
g(x)=cos[2πu0x] Re[e-i2πux]
x
Re[G(u)]= dx =0, if u0≠u
x
Re[G(u)]= dx =∞, if u0=u
G(u)
δ(u+u0) δ(u−u0) G(u)=½ δ(u+u0)+½ δ(u−u0)
½ ½ The negative frequency is physically meaningless,
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Commonly used functions in wave Optics
04/08/09 wk9-b- 8 Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd ed.) pp. 12-14
jinc(ρ)≡
MIT 2.71/2.710
A general discussion of the properties of Fourier transforms may also be found here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform#Properties_of_the_Fourier_transform.
IMPORTANT! A note on notation: Goodman uses (fX, fY) to denote spatial frequencies
MIT 2.71/2.710
04/08/09 wk9-b-10 Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd ed.) pp. 8-9
The spatial frequency domain: vertical grating
y v
x u
y v
x u
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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The spatial frequency domain: tilted grating
y v
x u
y v
x u
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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Superposition: two gratings
+ +
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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Superposition: multiple gratings
discrete
(Fourier
series)
continuous
(Fourier
integral)
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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Spatial frequency representation of arbitrary scenes
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The scaling (or similarity) theorem
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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The shift theorem
Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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The convolution theorem
multiplication convolution
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