MA5158 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

Unit V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS/

MA6151 Mathematics-I
Modules VII & VIII (RUSA)

Faculty, Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai

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 CONTENTS
• Double integrals
• Change of order of integration
• Double integrals in polar
coordinates
• Area enclosed by plane curves
• Triple integrals
• Volume of solids
• Change of variables in double and
triple integrals
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 REFERENCES
1. Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering
Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, 44th
Edition, New Delhi, 2017.

2. James Stewart, "Calculus with Early

Transcendental Functions", Cengage
Learning, 6th Edition, New Delhi,2013.

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 Section 1 – Double Integrals

• Definition of Double Integrals

• Evaluation of Double Integrals
• Change of Order of Integration
• Examples
• Practice Problems and MCQs

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Double integrals
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 be a function of two independent
variables 𝑥, 𝑦 defined at each point in a finite
region R of the XY plane. Divide R into
𝑛 subareas ∆𝐴1 , ∆𝐴2 ,…,∆𝐴𝑛 .
Let (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) be any point
within the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ elementary
area ∆𝐴𝑖

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The double Integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the region R,
denoted by 𝑅 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 , is defined as
𝑛

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = lim 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )∆𝐴𝑖

𝑅 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
provided the limit exists and is finite.
In practice, a double integral is evaluated by
successive definite integrations.
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑥1 𝑦1

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The region of integration is ABCD.
Case (i) 𝑦1 = 𝑓1 (𝑥)and 𝑦2 = 𝑓2 𝑥 ; 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are
functions of 𝑥, and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are constants.
Here 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)is integrated
w.r.t. 𝑦 first between the
limits 𝑦 = 𝑦1 and 𝑦 = 𝑦2
keeping 𝑥 fixed.

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The resulting expression is then integrated w.r.t. 𝑥
between the limits 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2

𝑥2 𝑦2 =𝑓(𝑥2 )

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑦1 =𝑓(𝑥1 )

The inner integration is done first and then the

outer integration.

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This is done as follows;

We take a vertical strip PQ of width dx where

P is on the curve 𝑦1 = 𝑓1 𝑥 , 𝑄is on the curve
𝑦2 = 𝑓2 (𝑥).

First we integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along one edge of the

strip PQ, (keeping 𝑥 constant) and then slide the
strip PQ from AC (𝑥 = 𝑥1 ) to BD (𝑥 = 𝑥2 ) to
cover the region ABCD.

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Case (ii) 𝑥1 = 𝑓1 𝑦 , 𝑥2 = 𝑓2 𝑦 ; 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are
functions of 𝑦, and 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 are constants.

𝑦2 𝑥2 =𝑓2 (𝑦)

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1 =𝑓1 (𝑦)

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We take a horizontal strip PQ of width 𝑑𝑦 where
P is on the curve 𝑥1 = 𝑓1 𝑦 , Q is on the curve
𝑥2 = 𝑓2 (𝑦).
Integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 w. r. t. 𝑥 along one edge of 𝑃𝑄
(keeping 𝑥 constant ), then slide the strip PQ
from AC (𝑦 = 𝑦1 ) to BD (𝑦 = 𝑦2 ) to cover the
region ABCD.

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Case (iii) Both the pairs of limits (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) and
(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) are constants. The order of integration
does not matter.

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i.e. We can integrate in any of the following ways:

𝑥2 𝑦2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑦1

(or)

𝑦2 𝑥2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1

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 Examples
1 𝑥
Example 1: Evaluate 0 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Solution:
Given
𝑥2 =1 𝑦2 = 𝑥

𝐼= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 =0 𝑦1 =𝑥
Since 𝑦 limits are variable limits and 𝑥 limits are
constant limits, we integrate w. r. t. 𝑦 first and
then integrate the resultant expression w. r. t. 𝑥

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 1 𝑥

𝐼= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥

1 𝑥
3
2
𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦+ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
0

1 3
3
5 𝑥2 𝑥
= 𝑥2 + − 𝑥3 + 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0

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 4 1
2 7 12 5 4𝑥
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 −
7 35 3 4 0

2 2 1
= + −
7 15 3
30 + 14 − 21 23
= =
105 105

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 2 4
Example 2: Evaluate 1 3
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2 4

𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 3
2 4
2
𝑥𝑦
= + 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 3
1
2
9
= 8𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
2
1
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 2
7
= 𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
2
1
2 2
7 𝑥 4 3 2
= + 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑥 1
2 2 1
7
= 4 − 1 + 𝑒4 − 𝑒3 2 − 1
4
21
= + 𝑒4 − 𝑒3
4
Note: Here the 𝑦 limits are 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑦2 = 4 and
𝑥 limits are 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 2.
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 1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Example 3: Evaluate 0 0 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution:
𝑥2 =1 𝑦2 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥1 =0 𝑦1 =0
We integrate w.r.t. 𝑦 first between 𝑦1 = 0 and
𝑦2 = 1 + 𝑥 2

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 𝑥2 =1 1+𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
= 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 =0 0 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

1 1+𝑥2
1 𝑦
= tan−1 𝑑𝑥
0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
0

1
1 1 + 𝑥2
= tan−1 − tan−1 0 𝑑𝑥
0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2

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 1
1 𝜋
= 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 4
0
−1
𝜋
∵ tan 1 = and tan−1 0 = 0
4

𝜋 1
= ln 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2
4 0
𝜋
= ln 1 + 2 − ln 1
4
𝜋
= ln 1 + 2
4
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Example 4
Evaluate 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 over the area
between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

Solution:
The Region of Integration R:
The point of intersection 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 are
obtained by solving 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
simultaneously.

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Strictly for University Departments only 23
Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑥 in 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and if 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
∴ 0,0 , 1,1 are the points of intersection.
The region of integration is the shaded region R.

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To find the 𝑥 limits and 𝑦 limits

Suppose we integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 w.r.t. 𝑦 first and

then integrate w.r.t. 𝑥.

Take a vertical strip PQ where 𝑃 lies on

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑄 lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along 𝑃𝑄 and then slide the

strip from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.
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 𝑦=𝑥
1
𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦=𝑥 2
𝑦=𝑥
1
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦=𝑥 2
1 𝑥
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 3
= + 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑥2
0
1
𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥7
= + − + 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 3
0
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 1
5 4 𝑥6 𝑥7
= 𝑥 − − 𝑑𝑥
6 2 3
0
5 7 8 1
5 𝑥 1𝑥 1𝑥
= − −
6 5 2 7 3 8 0
1 1 1
= − −
6 14 24
1
= 28 − 12 − 7
168
3
𝐼=
56
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Otherwise, we can integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) w.r.t. 𝑥 first
and then integrate w.r.t. 𝑦.

We integrate 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 along a horizontal strip

𝑃𝑄 where P lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥and Q lies on

𝑦 = 𝑥2 and then let the strip slide from 𝑦 = 0

to 𝑦 = 1

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Strictly for University Departments only 29
In this case the limits are
𝑥 ∶ 𝑥1 = 𝑦 & 𝑥2 = 𝑦
𝑦 ∶ 𝑦1 = 0 & 𝑦2 = 1
1 𝑦

𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦
𝑦
1
= 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑦
1 𝑦
3 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
= + 𝑑𝑦
3 2 𝑦
0
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 1 5
𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦4
= + − + 𝑑𝑦
3 2 3 2
0

1
4 1
1 2 7/2 1 𝑦 5 4
= 𝑦 + − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
37 2 4 0
6
0

5 1
2 1 5 𝑦
= .1 + −
21 8 6 5 0

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 2 1 1
= + −
21 8 6
1
= 16 + 21 − 28
168
3
𝐼=
56

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Example 5
Evaluate 𝐴 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝐴 is the domain
bounded by 𝑥 axis, ordinate 𝑥 = 2𝑎 and the curve
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
Solution:
𝑥2
Point of intersection of the parabola 𝑦 = and the
4𝑎
line 𝑥 = 2𝑎 is given by solving 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑥 =
4𝑎2
2𝑎, 𝑦 = = 𝑎. 2𝑎, 𝑎 is the point of
4𝑎
intersection. The point of intersection of the 𝑥 axis
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is (0,0)

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The domain 𝐴 is the area 𝑂𝑀𝐿. Integrating first
over a vertical strip 𝑃𝑄(w.r.t. 𝑦)from P (lies on

𝑦 = 0) to Q(lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 /4𝑎) on the parabola

and then w.r.t. 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝑎.
𝑥2
2𝑎
We have 𝐴
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 4
4𝑎 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑥2
𝑦 2 4𝑎
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0
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Strictly for University Departments only 35
 2𝑎
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 2
= − 0 𝑑𝑥
2 4𝑎
0
2𝑎
1
= 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
32𝑎2
0
6 2𝑎
1 𝑥
=
32𝑎2 6 0
6 2𝑎
1 (2𝑎) 𝑎4
= 2
−0 =
32𝑎 6 0
3

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Otherwise integrating first over horizontal strip RS
(w.r.t. 𝑥)from R (lies on 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑦) on parabola
to S (lies on 𝑥 = 2𝑎) and then w.r.t. 𝑦from 𝑦 =
0to y = 𝑎. We get
𝑎 2𝑎

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐴
0 2 𝑎𝑦
𝑎
2 2𝑎
𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2 𝑎𝑦
0
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Strictly for University Departments only 38
 𝑎
𝑦 2 2
= 2𝑎 − 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝑎

= 2𝑎 (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0
2 3 𝑎
𝑎𝑦 𝑦
= 2𝑎 −
2 3 0
3 3 𝑎
(𝑎) 𝑎 𝑎4
= 2𝑎 − −0 =
2 3 0
3

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Example 6
Evaluate 𝑅 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where 𝑅 is the region in
the first quadrant bounded by the line
𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 8 and the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 16

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Solution:

The line 𝐴𝐿 𝑥 = 8 intersects the hyperbola

𝑥𝑦 = 16 at𝐴 8,2 while the line𝑦 = 𝑥 intersects
this hyperbola at𝐵 4,4 .The figure shows the
region R of intersection which is the area𝑂𝐿𝐴𝐵.

To evaluate the given integral we divide this area

into 2 parts 𝑂𝑀𝐵 and 𝑀𝐿𝐴𝐵.

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Strictly for University Departments only 42
 ∴ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑅
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑀 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝐿 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑄′

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑀 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃′
16
4 𝑥 8 𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 4 0
4 8
16
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 0𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
0 4
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 4 8
2 2
16
= 𝑥 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0 4
4 8

= 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4 4 2 8
𝑥 𝑥
= + 16
4 0 2 4
44
= − 0 + 8 82 − 42
4
= 448
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 Change of order of integration

In a double integral with variable limits, the

change of order of integration changes the
limits of integration. While doing so, sometimes
it is required to split up the region of
integration and the given integral is expressed
as the sum of a number of double integrals with
changed limits.
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To fix up the new limits, it is always advisable to
draw a rough sketch of the region of integration.

The change of integration quite often facilitates

the evaluation of a double integral. The following
examples will make these ideas clear.

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 Example 7

Change the order of integration in the interval

𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑦 2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−𝑎 0

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Solution
First we find the region of integration:
𝑥 limits
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
This is a circle with center
at (0,0) and radius 𝑎.

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Here first we integrate
along 𝑃𝑄 and the strip
slide from 𝑦 = −𝑎 to
𝑦 = 𝑎. Therefore the
region of integration is
the shaded semi-circular
region. In the given integral the integration
is done with respect to 𝑥 first and then
with respect to 𝑦

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If we change the order of integration we have to
integrate with respect to 𝑦 first and
then with respect to 𝑥.
We take a vertical strip
RS where S lies on
𝑦 = − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 & where
R lies on 𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
We integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑅𝑆 and then let
The strip slide from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎.

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Therefore
𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝐼= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 − 𝑎2 −𝑥 2

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 Example 8

Change the order of integration in

1 2−𝑥

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2
and hence evaluate the same.

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Solution
To find the region of integration :
Given 𝑦 limits : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 limits : 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
The integration is done first with respect to 𝑦 along a
vertical strip 𝑃𝑄 where 𝑃 lies on 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑄 lies
on 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 or 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.The point of intersection
of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥

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𝑥 2 = 2 − 𝑥 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥+2 𝑥−1 =0
If 𝑥 = 1,then 𝑦 = 1.
If 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = 0, but this point (−2,0) is
outside the region.
The region of intersection is the shaded region
OAB. If we change the order of integration, we have
to integrate along a horizontal strip 𝑃′ 𝑄′and let the
strip slide from 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.

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Strictly for University Departments only 55
For that we divide the region into 2 parts by the
line 𝑦 = 1.Write 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Then
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑂𝐴𝐵
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Limit over 𝑂𝐴𝐶
𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑦 limits:𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

Strictly for University Departments only 56

Limit over 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦
𝑦 limits: 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
1 𝑦 2 2−𝑦

∴𝐼= 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

0 0 1 0
1 𝑦 2
2 2 2−𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0
2 0
0 1
1 2
𝑦2 1
= 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 2
0 1
Strictly for University Departments only 57
 2
3 1
1 𝑦 1
= + 𝑦 4 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 3 0
2
1
2 3 4 2
1 3 1 4𝑦 4𝑦 𝑦
= 1 −0 + − +
6 2 2 3 4 1
1 1 2
4 3 1 4
= + 2 2 −1 − 2 −1 + 2 −1
6 2 3 4
1 1 28 15
= + 6− +
6 2 3 4
1 5 9 3
= + = = .
6 24 24 8 Strictly for University Departments only 58
Example 9
y
  e
Evaluate  
0 x y
dy dx , by changing the order of

integration.
Solution:
y
e x  y 
The given integral is I    dy dx.
x 0 y  x y
The region of integration is bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = ∞, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = ∞.

Strictly for University Departments only 59

 Region of integration

Y y x
y

x0 xx00 x y

y0

Strictly for University Departments only 60

When we change the order of integration, we
integrate first w.r.t. 𝑥 and then w.r.t. 𝑦.
The limits are
𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝑦 and
𝑦 varies from 0 to ∞

Strictly for University Departments only 61

   ey  y ey
I   
0 x y
dx dy   
0 0 y
dx dy
y
 e
 
y
[x] dy0
0 y


y
 e dy
0

e  y
 
 1 0
  (0  1)  1.

Strictly for University Departments only 62

Practice Problems
1 𝑥 𝑦
1. Evaluate 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

2. By changing the order of integration,

1 𝑥 𝑦
evaluate 0 0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Strictly for University Departments only 63

 MA5158 ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS-I
Unit V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS/

MA6151 Mathematics-I
Modules VII & VIII (RUSA)

Faculty, Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai
Strictly for University Departments Only 1
 Section 2 – Double Integrals in
Polar Coordinates and Area

• Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

• Evaluation of Double Integrals in Polar
Coordinates
• Area as Double Integrals
• Examples
• Practice Problems and MCQs

Strictly for University Departments Only 2

DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR
CO-ORDINATES
q2
f r ,q  dr dq , we first
r2
To evaluate q 
1 r1
integrate w.r.t r between limits r = r1 and r =
r2 keeping q fixed and the resulting
expression is integrated w.r.t q from q1 to
q2. In this integral, r1, r2 are functions of q
and q1, q2 are constants.

Strictly for University Departments Only 3

Following figure illustrates the process
geometrically.

r2 = f 2 (q )

r1 = f1 (q )

Strictly for University Departments Only 4

Here AB and CD are the curves r1 = f1(q)
and r2 = f2(q) bounded by the lines q = q1
and q = q2. PQ is a wedge of angular
thickness dq .

 f r,q  dr
r2

r1

indicates that the integration is across PQ

from P to Q while the integration w.r.t q
corresponds to the turning of PQ from AC
to BD.
Strictly for University Departments Only 5
Thus the whole region of integration is the
area ACBD. The order of integration may
be changed with appropriate changes in
the limits.

Strictly for University Departments Only 6

  dr dq over the
3
Example 1: Calculate r
area included between the circles r = 2 sin q
and r = 4 sin q.

Solution: Given circles r = 2 sin q and

r = 4sinq are shown in the figure. The

shaded area between these circles is the
region of integration.

Strictly for University Departments Only 7

 
q=
2

r = 2 sin q 2

r = 4 sin q
1

q = q =0

Strictly for University Departments Only 8

 If we integrate first w.r.t. r, then its
limits are from P(r = 2 sin θ) to Q (r = 4 sin θ)
and to cover the whole region, θ varies from
0 to π. Thus the required integral is
π 4 sin θ 4 sin θ
r  π 4
I =   r dr dθ =   
3
dθ
0 
0 2 sin θ
4  2 sin θ
π π/ 2
= 60  sin 4θ dθ = 60  2  sin 4θ dθ
0 0

3.1 π
= 120  . = 22.5π
4.2 2
Strictly for University Departments Only 9
 AREA ENCLOSED BY PLANE
CURVES

(1)Cartesian co-ordinates.

Consider the area enclosed by the

curves 𝑦 = 𝑓1(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓2(𝑥) and the
ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑥1, 𝑥 = 𝑥2.

Strictly for University Departments Only 10

 y = f 2 ( x)

y = f1 ( x)

Strictly for University Departments Only 11

 Divide this area into vertical strips of
width 𝛿𝑥. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄 (𝑥 +d 𝑥, +d 𝑦) be two
neighboring points, then the area of the
small rectangle PQ =d x d y.

 area of strip KL = Lt
δy  0
 δx δy.

Strictly for University Departments Only 12

 Since for all rectangles in this strip δx
is the same and y varies from y = f1(x) to y
= f2(x).
f 2(x)
 area of strip KL = δx Lt
δy  0
 dy
f1(x)
f 2(x)
= δx  f1(x)
dy.

Strictly for University Departments Only 13

 Now adding up all such strips from x = x1
to x = x2 , we get the area ABCD
x2


f 2(x)
= Lt dydx
δx  0 f1(x)
x1
x2 f 2(x)
=  
x1 f1(x)
dy dx
x2 f 2(x)
=  
x1 f1(x)
dy dx

Strictly for University Departments Only 14

Strictly for University Departments Only 15
 Similarly dividing the area A’B’C’D’
into horizontal strips of width d y, we get the
area A’B’C’D’.
y2 f 2(y)
=  
y1 f1(y)
dx dy

Strictly for University Departments Only 16

(2) Polar Co – ordinates.

Consider an area A enclosed by

a curve whose equation is in polar co-
ordinates.

Let P(r, θ), Q (r +d r, θ + d θ) be two

neighboring points. Mark circular areas of
radii r and r + d r meeting OQ in R and OP
(produced) in S
Strictly for University Departments Only 17
Strictly for University Departments Only 18
Since arc PR = rd θ and PS = d r.
 area of the curvilinea r rectangle PRQS
is approximat ely = PR. PS = r dq. dr.

If the whole area is divided into such

curvilinear rectangles, the sum  r dq dr
taken for all these rectangles, gives the area
A in the limiting case.

Strictly for University Departments Only 19

Hence
A = Lt
δr  0
 r δr δθ
δθ  0

=  r dr dθ
where the limits are to be chosen as
to cover the entire area.

Strictly for University Departments Only 20

 Example 2: Find the area of the plate in the
x2 y2
form of a quadrant of the ellipse 2
 2 = 1.
a b
Solution:- Dividing the area into vertical
strips of width d𝑥, 𝑦 varies from 𝐾( 𝑦 = 0) to
𝐿[𝑦 = 𝑏√(1 – 𝑥2 / 𝑎2)] and then 𝑥 varies from
0 to 𝑎.

Strictly for University Departments Only 21

  x2 
y = b 1  2 
 a 

x=0

y=0

Strictly for University Departments Only 22

 Required area
a b ( 1 – x2 / a2 )
=   0 0
dy dx
a

b ( 1 – x2 / a2 )
= [y] 0 dx
0

b a π ab
=  (a  x ) dx =
2 2
.
a 0 4

Strictly for University Departments Only 23

 Example 3:- Show that the area between
2 2 16 2
the parabolas 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 is a .
3
Solution:- Solving the equations

𝑦2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥2 = 4𝑎𝑦, it is seen that

the parabolas intersect at O(0, 0) and
A( 4a, 4a).

Strictly for University Departments Only 24

 As such for the shaded area between
these parabolas 𝑥 varies from 0 to 4a and
𝑦 varies from 𝑃(𝑦 = 𝑥2 / 4𝑎) to
𝑄(𝑦 = 2 √(𝑎𝑥)).

Strictly for University Departments Only 25

 y = 2 ax

x = 4a
x=0

Strictly for University Departments Only 26

 Hence the required area
4a 2 (ax)
=  
0 x2 / 4a
dy dx

 2 
4a
= (ax)  x 2 / 4a dx
0

3 4a
2 3/ 2 1 x
= 2 a. x  .
3 4a 3 0

32 2 16 2 16 2
= a  a = a.
3 3 3

Strictly for University Departments Only 27

 Example 4:- Using double integration find
the area enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥2 and
𝑦2 = 4𝑥.

Solution:- The given curves are

𝑦 = 2𝑥2 …(1)

𝑦2 = 4𝑥 …(2)

Strictly for University Departments Only 28

Solving (1) and (2), we get

(2𝑥2)2 = 4𝑥
4𝑥4 = 4𝑥
𝑥4 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥3 − 1) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 – 1)(𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 are the real values.

Strictly for University Departments Only 29

 y

y = 2x 2

(1,2)

x
x =1
y2 = 4x

Strictly for University Departments Only 30

 𝑥 = 0 gives 𝑦 = 0

and 𝑥 = 1 gives 𝑦 = 2.

Hence the points of intersection of (1) and

(2) are (0,0) and (1,2). Then 𝑥 varies from 0
to 1 and 𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to 𝑦 = 2√𝑥.

Strictly for University Departments Only 31

 Hence the required area

 
1 2 x 1
=  dy dx = 0 2 x dx
2 x
y 2
0 2 x2

 2 
1
= x  2 x 2 dx
0
1
x x   2 1
3/ 2 3
=2   = 2  
 3/ 2 3  0  3 3
2
= .
3

Strictly for University Departments Only 32

 Example 5:- Calculate the area included
between the curve r = a ( sec θ + cos θ) and
its asymptote.

Solution:- The curve is symmetrical about

the initial line and has an asymptote
r = a sec θ

Strictly for University Departments Only 33

Strictly for University Departments Only 34
 Draw any line OP cutting the curve at P
and its asymptote at P’. Along this line, θ is
constant and r varies from a sec θ at P’ to
a ( sec θ + cos θ) at P. Then to get the
upper half of the area, θ varies from 0 to
π / 2.

Strictly for University Departments Only 35

 Hence the required area
π/2 a ( sec θ  cos θ)
= 2  r dr dθ
0 a sec θ
a ( sec θ  cos θ)
π/2 r  2
= 2   dθ
0
 2  a sec θ
π/2
=a  ( 2  cos 2 θ) dθ
2
0

= 5 π a 2 / 4.

Strictly for University Departments Only 36

 Practice Problems
rdrdq
1. Evaluate  where R is one loop of
Ra r2 2

the lemniscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2q .

2. Find the area lying between y = 4 x  x 2 and
y = x.
3. Find the area lying inside the cardioid
r = a1  cos q  and outside the circle r = a .

Strictly for University Departments Only 37

 MA5158 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I
UNIT V
and
MA6151 MATHEMATICS I (RUSA)
MODULES VII AND VIII
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Section 3 Triple Integrals and Volumes of solids

Faculty
Department of Mathematics
Anna University, Chennai

Strictly for University Departments only 1

Section 3. Triple Integrals and Volumes of solids

Contents
I Triple Integrals
I Volumes of solids
I Examples
I Practice Problems and MCQs

Strictly for University Departments only 2

Triple Integrals
RR
We consider the integrals of the form I = f (x, y , z) dV where R
R
is a region in the space R 3 .
For Example
Z x2 Z y2 (x) Z z2 (x,y )
I = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx
x1 y1 (x) z1 (x,y )

Strictly for University Departments only 3

Example 1
Evaluate Z 1Z 2Z 2
x 2 yz dx dy dz
0 0 1
Solution :

Z 1 Z 2  3 1
x
I = yz dy dz
0 0 3 2
1 2  
1
Z Z
= z dz y dy (8 − 1)
0 0 3
 2 1  2 2  
z y 7
=
2 0 2 0 3
1 7
= .2.
2 3
7
=
3

Strictly for University Departments only 4

Example 2
Evaluate
1Z
√
1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
1
Z
p dz dy dx
0 0 0 1 − x2 − y2 − z2

Solution :

1Z
√
1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
1
Z
I = p dz dy dx
0 0 0 1 − x − y2 − z2
2

Z 1 Z √1−x 2  √1−x 2 −y 2
z
= sin−1 p dy dx
0 0 1 − x2 − y2 0
Z 1 Z √1−x 2  
−1 −1
= sin (1) − sin (0) dy dx
0 0

Strictly for University Departments only 5

 Z 1p
π
= 1 − x 2 dx
2 0
 1
π xp 2
1 −1
= 1 − x + sin (x)
2 2 2 0
 
π 1 −1 −1
= (0 − 0) + sin (1) − sin (0)
2 2
π 1 π
= . .
2 2 2
π2
=
8

Strictly for University Departments only 6

Volume of Solids
I Volumes as double integrals
I Volumes as triple integrals
I Volumes of solids of revolution

Strictly for University Departments only 7

Volumes as double integrals
0
Let z = f (x, y ) be a surface. Let S be the subset of the surface.
0
Let S be the projection of S on the xy plane.
Then the volume of the solid cylinder or prism between S and the
surface z = f (x, y ) is RR RR
1. In cartesian coordinates z dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy
RR S S
2. In polar coordinates f (r , θ)r dr dθ
S

Strictly for University Departments only 8

Example 3
Find the volume bounded by the xy plane, the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1
and the plane x + y + z = 3 .
Solution:

ZZ
Required volume = z dx dy
S=(x 2 +y 2 ≤1)
ZZ
= (3 − (x + y )) dx dy
S=(x 2 +y 2 ≤1)

Strictly for University Departments only 9

Limit over S: X√2 +Y2 = 1
√
y limit : y = − 1 − x 2 y = 1 − x 2
x limit : x = −1 x = 1

Suppose we integrate over S with respect to y first,

i.e., Integrate along a strip PQ parallel to the y axis and let the
strip slide from x = −1 x = 1 in S.

Strictly for University Departments only 10

Required volume
√
Z 1 Z 1−x 2
= √ (3 − x − y ) dy dx
−1 − 1−x 2
√ √
Z 1 Z 1−x 2 Z 1 Z 1−x 2
= √ (3 − x) dy dx − √ y dy dx
−1 − 1−x 2 −1 − 1−x 2

Strictly for University Departments only 11

Note :
√ √
Z 1−x 2 Z 1−x 2 p
√ dy = 2 dy = 2 1 − x2
− 1−x 2 0
√
Z 1−x 2
and √ y dy = 0
− 1−x 2

since y is an odd function.

∴ The required integral
Z 1 p Z 1
= 2
(3 − x)2 1 − x dx − 0 dx
−1 −1
Z 1 p
= (3 − x)2 1 − x 2 dx
−1

Strictly for University Departments only 12

 Z 1 p Z 1 p
= 6 2
1 − x dx − 2 x 1 − x 2 dx
−1 −1
Z 1p
= 12 1 − x 2 dx − 0
0
√ √
(since x 1 − x 2 is an odd function and 1 − x 2 is an even
function.)
 p 1
x 2
1 −1
= 12 1 − x + sin (x)
2 2 0
 
12 π
= 12 sin−1 (x) = = 3π
2 2

Strictly for University Departments only 13

Volumes as triple integrals
dx dy dz R is a region in R 3
RRR
The volume (V ) =
R
Note that in example 3 we can also evaluate the volume as triple
integral:

√
Z 1 Z 1−x 2 Z z=3−x−y
V = √ dz dy dx
−1 − 1−x 2 z=0

Strictly for University Departments only 14

Example 4 Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the
coordinates plane and the plane xa + yb + cz = 1.
Solution:
For the plane xa + yb + cz = 1
the x intercept is a , y intercept is b, z intercept is c.

Strictly for University Departments only 15

Required volume = volume of the tetrahedron OABC
As triple integral,
volume of the tetrahedron OABC is
Z a Z b(1− x ) Z z=c(1− x − y )
a a b
V = dz dy dx
0 0 z=0
Z a Z b(1− x )  
a x y
V = c 1− − dy dx
0 0 a b

Strictly for University Departments only 16

 x
a
1 y 2 b(1− a )
Z 
x
= c y− y− dx
0 a b 2 0
Z a 
x
b x
1 2 x
2
= c b 1− −x 1− − b 1− dx
0 a a a 2b a
Z a
x 2 2x

2b b 2 b
= c b − x − 2 x − (1 + 2 − ) dx
0 a a 2 a a

Strictly for University Departments only 17

 a 
2b
Z
b b b 2 b
= c b − x − + ( 2 − 2 )x + x dx
0 a 2 a 2a a
Z a 
b bx b
= c − + 2 x 2 dx
0 2 a 2a

b x2 b x3 a
 
b
= c x− + 2 dx
2 a 2 2a 3 0

b a2 b a3
 
b
= c a− + 2 dx
2 a 2 2a 3
abc
Required volume =
6

Strictly for University Departments only 18

Remark:
One can find the volume of the tetrahedron as double integral as
follows :  
R a R b(1− xa ) x y
Volume of OABC = 0 0 c 1 − a − b dy dx

Strictly for University Departments only 19

Example 5
2 2 2
Find the volume of the ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + cz 2 = 1.
Solution:
Let R denote the part of the ellipsoid in the positive octant.
Volume of the ellipsoid

= 8.Volume of the ellipsoid in the positive octant

ZZZ
= 8 dx dy dz
R

Strictly for University Departments only 20

Over R, the limits for integration are
r
x2 y2
z : z = 0 to z = c (1 − 2 − 2 )
r a b
x2 bp 2
y : y = 0 to y = b (1 − 2 ) = a − x2
a a
x : x = 0 to x = a

Strictly for University Departments only 21

 x2 y2 z2
Volume of the ellipsoid a2
+ b2
+ c2
= 1 is

q q
2 2 2
Z aZ b (1− x 2 ) Z z=c (1− x 2 − y 2 )
a a b
V = 8 dz dy dx
0 0 z=0
q
2
(1− x 2 )
r
aZ b
x2 y2
Z
a
= 8 c (1 − − 2 ) dy dx
0 0 a2 b

Strictly for University Departments only 22

 b
√
a2 −x 2
r
aZ
1 b2 2
Z
a
= 8 ( (a − x 2 ) − y 2 ) dy dx
c
2 a2
0 0 b
Z a Z b √a2 −x 2 r 2
8c a b
= ( 2 (a2 − x 2 ) − y 2 ) dy dx
b 0 0 a
Z a r 2
8c y b 2
= (a − x 2 ) − y 2 +
b 0 2 a2
√
2
 # ba a2 −x 2
b y
2
(a2 − x 2 ) sin−1 b √ dx
2a 2
a a −x
2
0

Strictly for University Departments only 23

 a  b√ 2
b2 2 a √a − x
2
 
8c
Z
= (a − x 2 ) sin−1 − 0 dx
b 0 2a2 b 2
a a −x
2
Z a
8c b 2
= (a2 − x 2 ) sin−1 (1) dx
b 2a2 0
4bc π a 2
Z
= (a − x 2 ) dx
a2 2 0

Strictly for University Departments only 24

 x3 a
 
2bc 2
= π a x−
a2 3 0
a3
 
2bc 3
= π a −
a2 3
2bc 2 3
= π a
a2 3
4
= πabc
3

∴ Volume of the ellipsoid = 34 πabc cubic unit.

Strictly for University Departments only 25

Volumes of solids of revolution
Let A be a plane area.
Suppose the plan area A revolves about the x-axis, then the volume
of solid formed by the revolution of the area A about the x-axis is
given by
1. In cartesian coordinates
ZZ
2πy dx dy
A

2. In polar coordinates
ZZ
2πr 2 sin(θ) dr dθ
A
(by taking y = r sin(θ), dx dy = r dr dθ)

Strictly for University Departments only 26

Similarly the volume of solid formed by the revolution of the area A
about the y-axis is given by
1. In cartesian coordinates
ZZ
2πx dx dy
A

2. In polar coordinates
ZZ
2πr 2 cos(θ) dr dθ
A
(by taking x = r cos(θ), dx dy = r dr dθ)

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Example 6
Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the
revolution of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ)about its axis. (i.e.,x-axis)
Solution:
Since the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ)is revolved about the x-axis, the
volume of the solid formed
ZZ
= r 2 sin θ dr dθ
A

(Here we use polar coordinates form)

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It’s enough if we resolve one half of the cardioid above the x-axis,
to form the solid
Therefore A = Shaded half of the cardioid.
∴ Limits over A are
r : r = 0 to r = a(1 − cos θ)
θ : θ = 0 to θ = π

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∴ Volume of the solid
Z π Z a(1−cos θ)
= 2πr 2 sin θ dr dθ
0 0
Z π Z a(1−cos θ)
= 2π r 2 sin θ dr dθ
0 0
π a(1−cos θ)
r3
Z 
= 2π sin θ dθ
0 3 0
π
2π
Z
= a3 (1 − cos θ)3 sin θ dθ
3 0

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Let 1 − cos θ = t
sin θ dθ = dt
As θ varies from θ = 0 to π, t varies from t = 0 to 2

2
2π 3
Z
Volume of the solid = a t 3 dt
3 0
2π 3 t 4 2
 
= a
3 4 0
2π a3 4
= 2
3 4
8πa3
= .
3

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Practice Problems

1.Evaluate
Z c Z b Z a
I = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dx dy dz
−c −b −a

2.Evaluate
Z log 2 Z x Z x+y
I = e (x+y +z) dx dy dz
0 0 0

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3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the
plane y + z = 4 and z = 0.

4. Find the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .

Note:
You can find the volume of the sphere by changing the rectangular
coordinate system to spherical polar coordinate system also, which
you will learn in the next section.

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