WEEK - 1

Activity 2: ESSAY

Answers: A.- Anthropology

Anthropology is a study that involves the observation of human
behavior. It explores different cultures and relations. Anthropology describes how a
person changes physically or how the person is affected by evolution. The
evolutions of art, music, languages and architecture have had a great effect on
humans. It puts into considerations various questions as how people’s behavior
differ over a period of time, how people travel over the world and how people from
different cultures are unique (Coleman & Simpson, 2001). Anthropology constitutes
several subfields such as linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, archeology
and physical anthropology (Coleman & Simpson, 2001). Cultural anthropologists put
a lot of emphasis on the link between cultures and societies. Linguistic
anthropologists study how languages are formed, and how culture and language
associate with each other. As humans, it is vital not only to understand the human
origin, but also to understand other people’s culture. Anthropology assists in
dealing with certain questions regarding the origins of human beings. It describes
why people are connected in some way, based on how they act, talk or behave. The
human culture in various societies is well explained by anthropology. This is a
discipline, which serves the infinite curiosity about human beings.
B.- Political Science
Answer:
The root word of politics is the Greek term polis which means city state. So
political science is concerned with the problems of city state. It is a common
knowledge that the ancient Greeks made no difference between the states and
cities.

This archaic meaning of politics holds good even today. So it is trite that right from
the fifth century B.C. to the present twentieth century A.D. political science carries
the same root meaning. So, whether one likes it or not, political science continues to
be predominantly concerned with the state.
 The expression “political science” has not been explained by any political
thinker in a clear and scientific way. The definition given by them is rather the
subject-matter of political science and not any definition as such. Whether we
accept these definitions or not, there is no denying the fact that the subject-matter
as hammered home by the political scientists serve as the acceptable groundwork
of political science. The expression “political science” has not been explained by
any political thinker in a clear and scientific way. The definition given by them is
rather the subject-matter of political science and not any definition as such. Whether
we accept these definitions or not, there is no denying the fact that the subject-
matter as hammered home by the political scientists serve as the acceptable
groundwork of political science.
So Paul Janet, to begin with, defined political science as “that part of social
science which treats of the foundations of the state and the principles of
government. Politics means science and art of running government. Although in
olden days the term was used only for the specific purpose, i.e., for administering a
country, the position has undergone a tremendous metamorphosis. So Gareis is of
the view that political science considers the state as an institution of power in the
totality of its relations, its origin, its setting (land and people), its object, its ethical
signification, its economic problems, its life conditions, its financial side, its end etc.
Political scientists in theory espouse the notion that political science borrows
elements from the hard sciences in terms of objectivity to scientific inquiry and how
governmental institutions function.
C.- Sociology
Answer:
Sociology (from Latin: socius,’companion; and the suffix -ology, ‘the
study of’, from Greek logos, ‘knowledge’) is the scientific study of society,
including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture i.e. the
scientific study of society and human behavior. Thus, society is used to
interpret human behavior by using theories to understand human behavior by
using scientific methods of research.Emerged as a discipline in the
19th century as an academic response to the challenge of modernization.
Sociologists hoped not only to understand what held social groups together,
but also to develop an ‘antidote’ to the social disintegration that was rapidly
resulting from modernization. Sociology is a social science that studies human
societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change
 them. Sociology also studies social status or stratification, social movements,
and social change, as well as societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance,
and revolution. As the organizations play an important role in influencing
human action, it is sociology’s task to discover how organizations affect the
behavior of persons, how they are established, how organizations interact with
one another, how they decay, and, ultimately, how they disappear. Among the
most basic organizational structures are economic, religious, educational, and
political institutions, as well as more specialized institutions such as the family,
the community, the military, peer groups, clubs, and volunteer associations.
Sociologists depend on quantitative methods of social search to describe large
patterns in social relationships, and to develop models that can help predict
social change and how people will respond to social change as well as
qualitative methods—such as focused interviews, group discussions and
ethnographic methods for a better understanding of social processes.
Sociology is a relatively new study among other social science disciplines
including economics, political science, anthropology, psychology. The term
‘Sociology’ was coined by Auguste Comte, who hoped to unify all studies of
humankind—including history, psychology and economics. He believed all
human life had passed through the same distinct historical stages and that, if
one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills.
Sociology did not replace the other social sciences, but aimed to be another of
them, with its own particular emphases in terms of subject matter and
methods.

WEEK – 2

Activity 3: Mind Challenge

Answer:

Anthropological Perspective Culture and Society

The Evolutionist- Intellectual Modern humans are an anomaly in evolution, and the final
key features occurred late in human evolution. Ultimate
explanations for this evolutionary trajectory are best
attained through synthetic studies that integrate genetics,
 biological anthropology, and archaeology, all resting firmly
in the field of evolutionary anthropology. These fields of
endeavor typically operate in relative isolation. This
synthetic overview identifies the three pillars of human
uniqueness: an evolved advanced cognition, hyper sociality,
and psychology for social learning. These properties are
foundational for cumulative culture, the dominant
adaptation of our species. Although the Homo line evolved
in the direction of advancing cognition, the evidence shows
that only modern humans evolved extreme levels of
prosocial and social learning; this review offers an
explanation. These three traits were in place ∼200–100 ka
and produced a creature capable of extraordinary social and
technological structures, but one that was also empowered
to make war in large groups with advanced weapons. The
advance out of Africa and the annihilation of other hominin
taxa, and many unprepared megafauna, were assured.
The French Sociology School French sociology has had as its chief characteristics since the
time of Comte a moral concern for social order and a
positive-scientific attitude. Durkheim initiated specialized
sociological studies of particular societies, rejecting the idea
of an evolutionary process in which all societies occupy a
given position.
The British Functionalist Functionalism considers a culture as an interrelated
School whole, not a collection of isolated traits.
At the same time, this functionalist approach was
criticized for not considering cultural changes of
traditional societies.
Structural functionalism was a form of functionalism that
arose in Great Britain.
Sociological Perspective
Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that
is most concerned with the face-to-face interactions
between members of society. Interactionists see culture
as being created and maintained by the ways people
 interact and in how individuals interpret each other's
actions. What you see is what you get as what one
saying goes.
Functionalist Functionalists view society as a system in which all parts work—
or function—together to create society as a whole. In this way,
societies need culture to exist. Cultural norms function to support
the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in
making choices.
Conflict Theory Conflict theory originated in the work of Karl Marx, who focused
on the causes and consequences of class conflict between the
bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production and the
capitalists) and the proletariat (the working class and the poor).
Focusing on the economic, social, and political implications
of the rise of capitalism in Europe, Marx theorized that this
system, premised on the existence of a powerful minority class
(the bourgeoisie) and an oppressed majority class (the
proletariat), created class conflict because the interests of the
two were at odds, and resources were unjustly distributed
among them.
Within this system an unequal social order was maintained
through ideological coercion which created consensus--and
acceptance of the values, expectations, and conditions as
determined by the bourgeoisie. Marx theorized that the work of
producing consensus was done in the "superstructure" of
society, which is composed of social institutions, political
structures, and culture, and what it produced consensus for was
the "base," the economic relations of production. 
Marx reasoned that as the socio-economic conditions worsened
for the proletariat, they would develop a class consciousness
that revealed their exploitation at the hands of the wealthy
capitalist class of bourgeoisie, and then they would revolt,
demanding changes to smooth the conflict. According to Marx, if
the changes made to appease conflict maintained a capitalist
system, then the cycle of conflict would repeat. However, if the
changes made created a new system, like socialism, then peace
and stability would be achieved.
 WEEK – 3

Activity 3: ESSAY- How unique is the culture of our community?

Answer:
"Culture" refers to a group or community which shares common experiences that
shape the way its members understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into,
such as race, national origin, gender, class, or religion. Culture is important because it
allows people to maintain a unique identity society. Many cultures have common
interests, while others may have customs that differ greatly from that of another.
Technology has had a huge impact on present day cultures.
Local culture provides a sense of identity for rural communities and residents. This
identity facilitates common understandings, traditions, and values, all central to the
identification of plans of action to improve well-being. Culture contributes to building a
sense of local identity and solidarity. It influences the confidence rural communities have
for coming together to address specific needs and problems. This local commitment
among residents, regardless of economic or political conditions, can serve as a valuable
tool in shaping the effectiveness of development options and local actions. Such
commitment, based on culture and common identity, can be seen as a potentially
important tool in sustaining local government, development, and social improvement
efforts.
Providing a local linkage and cultural basis for development is important. People
are likely to take part in and remain committed to development efforts to which they have
a direct connection. Development efforts that consider or focus on culture provide a
mechanism for linking local residents to the development process. Through such efforts,
local residents can encourage development that preserves or promotes their culture. This
is particularly important in development efforts that seek to elicit local participation,
volunteerism, and community action. In understanding the place of culture in the
development process, it is important to consider the social basis of culture, its relationship
to interaction, and the types of development and local actions it can contribute to.

WEEK – 4
Activity 1; Venn Diagram
Answer:

SET A SET B
Buildings, Landscapes, tools, Artifacts, Knowledge, Belief, Values, Rules, Behavior, Religious
Furnitures, Bridges Ceremonies, Performing Arts, Story Telling
 SET A – Physical or SET B – Non-Material or
tangible Artifacts. Intangible Heritage

Tangible Cultural Heritage'

refers to physical artefacts
produced, maintained and
transmitted intergenerationally in a
society. ... Examples of intangible
Artifacts are physical heritage are oral traditions,
objects created and used performing arts, local knowledge, 'Intangible Cultural
by humans. Artifacts may and traditional skills. Heritage' indicates
include such items as eating Objects, artefacts, buildings, places 'the practices,
utensils, tools, clothing, and and monuments are known as representations,
coins. … Since many
tangible cultural heritage. Tangible expressions,
artifacts have no
accompanying context, it is
cultural heritage has a physical knowledge, skills –
important to build a solid presence. ... This is known as as well as the
understanding of the intangible heritage. Intangible instruments,
historical period in which it cultural heritage are the traditions objects, artefacts
was produced. and living expressions inherited and cultural spaces
These are objects shape by from ancestors and passed on to associated therewith
humans that are of descendants. – that communities,
archaeological, historical, or Intangible Cultural groups and, in some
cultural interest. Examples
Heritage’ indicates ‘the practices, cases, individuals
include tools, pottery,
metal objects, weapons,
representations, expressions, recognize as part of
and items of personal knowledge, skills – as well as the their Cultural
adornments, such as jewelry instruments, objects, artefacts and Heritage'
or death masks. cultural spaces associated (UNESCO, 2003).
therewith – that communities,
groups and, in some cases,
individuals recognize as part of
their Cultural Heritage’ (UNESCO,
2003). Examples of intangible
heritage are oral traditions,
performing arts, local knowledge,
and traditional skills.
 WEEK – 5
Activity 3: Post Comments
Answer:
 WEEK – 6
Activity 3: Poster Slogan
Answer: