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    Chapter 2 chm207

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    MIZUKI JIRO
    Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions when heated with halogens such as chlorine or bromine. This reaction, called halogenation, involves the successive replacement of hydrogen atoms in the alkane with halogen atoms to produce halogenated alkanes. It is an example of a substitution reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another in the organic compound. The mixture of products depends on factors like temperature and type of halogen used.

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    Chapter 2 chm207

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    MIZUKI JIRO
    20 views1 page
    Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions when heated with halogens such as chlorine or bromine. This reaction, called halogenation, involves the successive replacement of hydrogen atoms in the alkane with halogen atoms to produce halogenated alkanes. It is an example of a substitution reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another in the organic compound. The mixture of products depends on factors like temperature and type of halogen used.

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    Chapter 2 chm207

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    Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions when heated with halogens such as chlorine or bromine. This reaction, called halogenation, involves the successive replacement of hydrogen atoms in the alkane with halogen atoms to produce halogenated alkanes. It is an example of a substitution reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another in the organic compound. The mixture of products depends on factors like temperature and type of halogen used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views1 page

    Chapter 2 chm207

    Uploaded by

    MIZUKI JIRO
    Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions when heated with halogens such as chlorine or bromine. This reaction, called halogenation, involves the successive replacement of hydrogen atoms in the alkane with halogen atoms to produce halogenated alkanes. It is an example of a substitution reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another in the organic compound. The mixture of products depends on factors like temperature and type of halogen used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    Alkanes burn in a plentiful supply of air

    or O2 produce H2O and CO2 only. weak dipole moment


    In limited supply of air, combustion of weak polar molecules/non-polar
    molecules.
    ISOMERISATION
    alkanes produces CO and H2O
    In a very limited supply of air, alkanes Combustion Solubilities Soluble in non-polar solvents
    burn to form carbon as one of the product. Insoluble in water(hydrophobic)
    Molecules that
    have the same ula,
    molecular form
    but different
    reaction structure

    If the mixture of alkanes and CL or BR is


    of Densities
    densities around 0.7 g/mL.
    less dense than water .
    heated at high temperature/irradiated by alkanes
    uv light, the H atoms in the alkanes are Halogenation

    successively replaced by CL or BR atoms to of alkanes


    produce a mixture of products (halogenated
    alkanes). PHYSICAL Effect of relative molecular mass:
    -C5H12 to C18H38 liquids at room
    This reaction is called a substitution
    reaction(an atom or a group atom in an
    PROPERTIE temperature, melting point lower than
    organic compound is replaced by another S OF 28oC
    Boiling point -above C18H38 are solids at RT.
    atom or a group of atoms) ALKANES - BP of straight chain alkanes
    increase steadily with relative
    molecular mass.
    Effect of branching :more branch
    lower boiling point.

    MECHANISM OF
    Initiation step

    FREE RADICAL melting points increase with


    SUBSTITUTION Melting point increasing of molecular weight.

    Chapter 2
    Propagation step
    REACTIONS more branched, higher melting
    point.

    Termination step

    Alkanes
    PETROLEUM CYCLOALKANE Step1: Find parent structure(Longest chain)

    Fractional REFINING
    distillation
    alicyclic
    y the
    Process wherebis compounds Step 2: Number the substituent and write the
    petroleum its
    separated intog with
    form a ring name
    Crude oil enters a refinery and then goes alon
    components tion of

    to distillation units where it is heated the separa


    to temperatures as high as 370 to 425oC impurities

    and separates into fractions.

    Cracking and Reforming General


    Process formula: Step1: Find parent structure(Longest chain)
    e
    CnH2n+2, wher
    n = 1, 2, .. .
    nt
    Cracking:A process whereby a saturated single covale
    hydrocarbon is converted into an bonds Step2: Number the atoms in the main
    unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen saturated Alkyl Grou NAMING OF chain(Beginning at the end nearer the first
    hydrocarbons p
    Catalytic reforming: A process for ALKANE branch point)
    increasing the octane number of naphthas. hydrogen is
    removed fr
    alkane om an
    Step3: Identify and number the substituents
    general fo
    of an alky rmula
    group is Cnl
    H2n+1 Step4: Write the name as a single word
    (alphabetical order)

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