TEOREMA MILITAR

LISTA 04 – ADJETIVOS E PRONOMES

PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

By the end of its operations, Project Phoenix had

TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: scanned a total of 800 12‘nearby’ (up to 240 light years
The search for life beyond Earth away) stars for signs of life. The project detected some
cosmic noises, but 13none of that could be attributed to
1We have always been fascinated by the
aliens.
thought of alien life elsewhere in the universe. The These days, anyone can become involved in
idea has provided 2the 3basis for a huge wealth of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence through their
science fiction stories that have been limited only by personal computer.
our imaginations. But can other creatures exist in the While there’s currently excitement about
vast reaches of space or on other planets or moons? sending human crews to Mars, missions beyond the
And are there other intelligent forms of life out there – Red Planet are at this stage pretty much not 14feasible
or are we more likely to find something much simpler? the distances and travel times involved are simply too
4Where are all the aliens?
great. Basically, all exploration for life beyond Earth
Our Sun is just one star among billions in our will need to be done using robotic space 15probes and
5
galaxy. In the last few years, scientists have detected landing rovers. These instruments can provide a huge
thousands of planets around other stars and it seems wealth of information and are capable of exploring as
that most stars have planetary systems. It’s therefore far away as Pluto, perhaps even beyond our solar
likely that there will be large numbers of habitable system. But as for life beyond the solar system, the
planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond that are nearest stars are several light years away, and even
capable of supporting intelligent life. Some of these communications by electromagnetic waves (which all
intelligent civilisations, if they’re out there, may have travel at the speed of light) are essentially going to be
even developed interstellar travel. a one-way message.
Are there other intelligent forms of life out there While we probably won’t find intelligent life too
– or are we more likely to find something much close to home, 16there’s a chance we may still find
simpler? much simpler life forms. 17Do we have neighbours
But Earth hasn’t been visited by any intelligent beyond Earth? Time will tell – and the search
aliens (yet?). This apparent high probability of life, continues.
combined with a lack of evidence for its existence, is
called the Fermi Paradox, named for the physicist (Adapted from
Enrico Fermi who first 6outlined the argument back in https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-
1950. This begs the question: where is everybody? time/search-lifebeyond- earth – Access on 16/02/19)
Back in 1961, astronomer Francis Drake tried
to rationalise this question by developing an equation
that takes into 7account all the factors relevant to Glossary:
finding alien civilisations and gives an estimate of the 1. to outline – describe or give the main fact about
number of civilisations out there in the galaxy that something
should be able to communicate with us. It considers 2. to take into account – consider something
factors such as the 8rate of new star formation, how 3. rate – expansion
many planets around those new and existing stars 4. nearby – short distance away
might be able to support life, the number of planets 5. feasible – appropriate; suitable
supporting intelligent 9life, how many of those 6. space probe – spy satellite
civilisations might have technology we can detect,
whether they’re likely to communicate with us here on
Earth, and so on. 1. The word none (ref. 13) refers to
The 10search for extraterrestrial intelligence a) noises.
Scientists and radio astronomers have started b) project.
the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) in a c) aliens.
systematic manner. Several international organisations, d) no one.
including the SETI Institute and the SETI League, are
using radio telescopes to detect signals that might TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
have been produced by intelligent life. Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
In 1995, the SETI Institute started 11Project
Phoenix, which used three of the most powerful radio An increasing body of evidence suggests that the time
telescopes in the world: the Green Bank radio we spend on our smartphones is interfering with our
telescope in West Virginia, USA; the Arecibo telescope sleep, self-esteem, relationships, memory, attention
in Puerto Rico; and the Parkes radio telescope in NSW, spans, creativity, productivity and problem-solving and
Australia. During its initial phase, Project Phoenix used decision-making skills. But there is another reason for
the Parkes telescope to search for signals coming from us to rethink our relationships with our devices. By
202 Sun-like stars as distant as 155 light years away.
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those who have pre-booked will be guaranteed a

chronically raising levels of cortisol, the body’s main glimpse of the world’s most famous portrait.
stress hormone, our phones may be threatening our
health and shortening our lives. (David Chazan. www.telegraph.co.uk, 13.08.2019.
Adaptado.)
If they happened only occasionally, phone-induced
cortisol spikes might not matter. But the average
American spends four hours a day staring at their 3. In the excerpt “only those who have pre-booked
smartphone and keeps it within arm’s reach nearly all will be guaranteed a glimpse of the world’s most
the time, according to a tracking app called Moment. famous portrait”, the underlined word refers to
a) hours.
“Your cortisol levels are elevated when your phone is b) bottlenecks.
in sight or nearby, or when you hear it or even think c) corridors.
you hear it,” says David Greenfield, professor of clinical d) staff.
psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of e) visitors.
Medicine and founder of the Center for Internet and
Technology Addiction. “It’s a stress response, and it TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
feels unpleasant, and the body’s natural response is to Six thousand couples decided not to let the
want to check the phone to make the stress go away.” coronavirus deter them from celebrating their happy
day. The multiple brides and grooms attended a mass
But while doing so might soothe you for a second, it wedding ceremony in South Korea’s Unification Church
probably will make things worse in the long run. Any on Friday, in spite of the health scare from the
time you check your phone, you’re likely to find coronavirus in neighbouring China. The newlyweds
something else stressful waiting for you, leading to were joined by 24,000 guests; some renewing their
another spike in cortisol and another craving to check marriage vows and others watching friends and family
your phone to make your anxiety go away. This cycle, tie the knot. The church seemed well prepared for
when continuously reinforced, leads to chronically such a large-scale event as staff handed out hand
elevated cortisol levels. And chronically elevated sanitizer and surgical masks to all attendees. They also
cortisol levels have been tied to an increased risk of checked the temperature of the couples.
serious health problems, including depression, obesity,
metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, fertility issues, Adapted from:
high blood pressure, heart attack, dementia and <https://breakingnewsenglish.com/2002/200211-
stroke. mass-wedding.html>

(Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019.

Adaptado.)
4. Who do the underlined possessive adjectives
"their" in the text refer to, respectively?
a) coronavirus / countries.
2. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “If they happened b) celebrate / marriage vows.
only occasionally”, o termo sublinhado refere-se a: c) brides / couples.
a) “the body’s main stress hormone”. d) grooms / newlyweds.
b) “our phones”. e) couples / guests.
c) “phone-induced cortisol spikes”.
d) “the average American”. TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
e) “four hours a day”. Meditation: A simple, fast way to reduce stress

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: Meditation can wipe away the day's stress, bringing
Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões). with it inner peace. See how you can easily learn to
practice meditation whenever you need it most
The Mona Lisa was recently moved from her usual By Mayo Clinic Staff
gallery in the Salle des États, currently being
renovated, to a temporary home in the Galérie Médicis. lf stress has you anxious, tense and worried,
Visitors to the Louvre who have queued patiently for consider trying meditation. Spending even a few
hours are complaining that museum staff are allowing minutes in meditation can restore your calm and inner
them less than a minute to view the masterpice. The peace.
relocation has created bottlenecks of visitors lining
corridors and the Louvre is now advising that only
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Anyone can practice meditation. It’s events of “Return of the Jedi” (1983), is also a
simple and inexpensive, and it doesn’t require any launching pad for two young actors who are barely
special equipment. half as old as the “Star Wars” franchise itself.
And you can practice meditation wherever you are - Daisy Ridley, who plays a mysterious
whether you’re out for a walk, riding the bus, waiting scavenger named Rey, and John Boyega, who plays a
at the doctor’s office or even in the middle of a difficult disaffected stormtrooper named Finn, are among the
business meeting. new heroes of “The Force Awakens” and are bracing
Meditation has been practiced for thousands of themselves for the biggest roles of their careers.
years. Meditation originally was meant to help deepen
understanding of the sacred and mystical forces of life. (www.nytimes.com.br)
These days, meditation is commonly used for
relaxation and stress reduction.
Meditation is considered a type of mind-body 6. The word themselves, in bold in the text, refers
complementary medicine. Meditation can produce a to __________.
deep state of relaxation and a tranquil mind. a) Daisy Ridley and John Boyega
During meditation, you focus your attention and b) Princess Leia and Han Solo
eliminate the stream of jumbled thoughts that may be c) The Force Awakens
crowding your mind and causing stress. This process d) roles and careers
may result in enhanced physical and emotional well-
being. TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto a seguir e responda à(s) questão(ões) a
Benefits of meditation seguir.
Meditation can give you a sense of calm, peace and
balance that can benefit both your emotional well- (Título omitido propositadamente)
being and your overall health.
And these benefits don’t end when your meditation German explosives experts defused a massive
session ends. Meditation can help carry you more Second World War bomb in the financial capital of
calmly through your day and may help you manage Frankfurt on Sunday after tens of thousands of people
symptoms of certain medical conditions. evacuated their homes.
About 60,000 people were ordered to leave in
Adapted from: <https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests- what was Germany’s biggest evacuation since the war,
procedures/meditation/in-depth/meditation/art- with more than 1,000 emergency service workers
20045858> helping to clear the area around the bomb, which was
discovered on a building site last week. Police set up
cordons around the evacuation area, which covered a
5. Read the sentence below. radius of just under a mile (1.5 km), as residents
dragged suitcases with them and many families left by
"Meditation can give you a sense of calm, peace and bicycle.
balance," The fire service said the evacuation of two
hospitals, including premature babies and patients in
Mark the option that indicates the correct question for intensive care, had been completed and they were
the sentence above. helping about 500 elderly people to leave residences
a) What do you do during meditation? and care homes.
b) What are the benefits of meditation? More than 2,000 tonnes of live bombs and
c) Why meditation is good for you? munitions are found each year in Germany, even under
d) What benefits do meditation have? buildings. In July, a kindergarten was evacuated after
e) Does meditation have benefits? teachers discovered an unexploded Second World War
bomb on a shelf among some toys. British and
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: American warplanes pummelled Germany with 1.5
Read the text and answer question(s). million tonnes of bombs that killed 600,000 people.
Officials estimate that 15% of the bombs failed to
When “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” opens explode.
on Dec. 18 and, for the first time in nearly a decade, Frankfurt police said they rang every doorbell
moviegoers can return to that galaxy of long ago and and used helicopters with heat-sensing cameras to
far, far away, they will find that it contains two new make sure nobody was left behind before they began
stars. The film, __________ is directed by J. J. Abrams defusing the bomb on Sunday.
and continues the interstellar saga of Luke Skywalker,
Princess Leia and Han Solo some 30 years after the Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/world/
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3. Human trafficking– involves transporting,

7. Choose the alternative with the correct reference recruiting or harbouring people for the purpose
for the underlined words from the text. of exploitation, using violence, threats or
a) their (paragraph 1) = experts. coercion.
b) which (paragraph 2) = the area. 4. Descent-based slavery – where people are born
c) them (paragraph 2) = suitcases. into slavery because their ancestors were
d) they (paragraph 3) = the fire service. captured and enslaved; they remain in slavery
e) that (paragraph 4) = warplanes. by descent.
5. Child slavery – 13many people often confuse
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: child slavery with child labour, but it is much
WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY? worse. 14Whilst child labour is harmful for
children and 15hinders their education and
1Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th development, child slavery occurs when a child
century. 2Slavery 3continues today and harms people in is exploited for someone else’s gain. It can
every country in the world. include child trafficking, child soldiers, child
Women forced into prostitution. People forced marriage and child domestic slavery.
to work in agriculture, domestic work and factories. 6. 16Forced and early marriage – 17when someone
Children in 4sweatshops producing 5goods sold is married against their will and cannot leave the
globally. Entire families forced to work for nothing to marriage. 18Most child marriages can be
pay off generational debts. Girls forced to marry older considered slavery.
men. Many forms of slavery have more than one
There are estimated 40.3 million people in element listed above. For example, human trafficking
modern often involves advance 19payment for travel and a job
slavery around the world, including: abroad, using money often borrowed from the
1. 10 million children traffickers. Then, the debt contributes to control of the
2. 24.9 million people in forced labour victims. Once they arrive, victims cannot leave until
3. 15.4 million people in forced marriage they pay off their debt.
4. 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation Many people think that slavery happens only
6Someone is in slavery if they are: overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country
5. forced to work – through coercion, or mental or is free from modern slavery, even Britain. The
physical threat; Government estimates that there are tens of
1. 7owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through thousands people in modern slavery in the UK.
mental or physical abuse or the 8threat of Modern slavery can affect people of any age,
abuse; gender or race. However, contrary to a common
20
2. dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought misconception that everyone can be a victim of
and sold as ‘9property’; slavery, some groups of 21people are much more
3. physically constrained or have restrictions placed vulnerable to slavery than others.
on their freedom of 10movement. People who live in 22poverty and have limited
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to
human society for most of human history. However, accepting deceptive job offers that can turn
Anti-Slavery International has refused to accept that exploitative. People who are discriminated against on
this bloody status quo should be allowed to persist the basis of race, caste, or gender are also more likely
(Aidan McQuade, former director). to be enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur
Forms of modern slavery where the rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife.
Purposes of 11exploitation can range from Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to
23
forced prostitution and forced labour to forced tackle the root causes of slavery in order to end
marriage and forced organ removal. Here are the most slavery for good. That’s why we published our Anti-
common forms of modern slavery. Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures 24that
1. Forced labour – any work or services which need to be taken to end slavery across the world.
people are forced to do against their 12will under
the threat of some form of punishment. (Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-
2. Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s today/modern-slavery/)
most widespread form of slavery, when people
borrow money they cannot repay and are
required to work to pay off the debt, then losing
control over the conditions of both their
employment and the debt.
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Glossary: 1. ‘Coupling’ and ‘decoupling’

4. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very The first is to consider how inclined people are to
little and work many hours in very bad conditions ‘couple’ or ‘decouple’ topics involving wider political
11. exploitation – abuse, manipulation and social factors. Swedish data analyst John Nerst
12. will – wish, desire has used the terms to describe the contrasting ways in
14. whilst – while which people approach contentious issues. Those of us
15. to hinder – obstruct, stop more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as inextricably
20. misconception – wrong idea/ impression related to a broader matrix of factors, whereas those
22. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an
23. to tackle – attack issue in isolation. To take a crude example, a
decoupler might consider in isolation the question of
whether a vaccine provides a degree of immunity to a
8. Mark the sentence from the text that is an virus; a coupler, by contrast, would immediately see
example of comparative form. the issue as inextricably entangled in a mesh of
a) Owned or controlled by an ‘employer’. (ref. 7) factors, such as pharmaceutical industry power and
b) Most child marriages can be considered slavery. parental choice.
(ref. 18)
c) […] people are much more vulnerable to slavery […] 2. ______________________
(ref. 21) Most of us are deeply committed to our beliefs,
d) […] that need to be taken to end slavery across the especially concerning moral and social issues, such
world. (ref. 24) that when we’re presented with facts that contradict
our beliefs, we often choose to dismiss those facts,
9. Mark the option with the suitable question to rather than update our beliefs.
answer the fragment below. A study at Arizona State University, U.S., analysed
more than 100,000 comments on a forum where users
“When someone is married against their will”. (ref. 17) post their views on an issue and invite others to
a) When does anyone get married? persuade them to change their mind. The researchers
b) When are women married? found that regardless of the kind of topic, people were
c) When does it happen? more likely to change their mind when confronted with
d) When is anyone getting married? more evidence-based arguments. “Our work may
suggest that while attitude change is hard-won,
10. “Slavery continues today and harms people in providing facts, statistics and citations for one’s
every country in the world” (ref. 2). The highlighted arguments can convince people to change their
words can be substituted for _____. minds,” they concluded.
a) them
b) theirs 3. Just be nicer?
c) their Finally, it’s easier said than done, but let’s all try to
d) they be more respectful of and attentive to each other’s
positions. We should do this not just for virtuous
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: reasons, but because the more we create that kind of
Remember the good old days, when you could have a climate, the more open-minded and intellectually
a heated-yet-enjoyable debate with your friends about flexible we will all be inclined to be. And then
things that didn’t matter that much — times when you hopefully, collectively, we can start having more
could be a true fan of the Manchester United soccer constructive disagreements — even in our present very
team when you didn’t come from the city of difficult times.
Manchester? (Christian Jarrett. www.bbc.com, 14.10.2020.
How things have changed. Adaptado.)
Now disagreements feel deadly serious. Like when
your colleague pronounces that wearing a face mask in 11. In the fragment from the fourth paragraph
public is a threat to his liberty. Or when you see that “Those of us more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as
one of your friends has just tweeted that, actually, all inextricably related to a broader matrix of factors”, the
lives matter. Before you know it, you’re feeling angry underlined term refers most specifically to
and forming harsh new judgments about your a) contrasting ways.
colleagues and friends. Let’s take a collective pause b) wider political and social factors.
and breathe: there are some ways we can all try to c) topics.
have more civil disagreements in this febrile age of d) terms.
culture wars. e) contentious issues.
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due to depressive complaints).

12. Besides conventional pharmacological
treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet
psychological and physical needs of the patient.
Psychological consequences of cancer, such as
depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be
counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within
cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop 3coping
strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates
that 4music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy,
can have positive effects on both physiological and
psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as
in acute or palliative situations.
There are several definitions of music therapy.
According to the World Federation of Music Therapy
(WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: “the use of music
and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and
harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client
or group, in a process designed to facilitate and
O efeito de comicidade que se obtém do meme promote communication, relationship, learning,
decorre, sobretudo, da mobilization, expression, organization, and other
a) repetição da palavra “never”. relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet
b) ambiguidade gerada pela expressão “buy her physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive
flowers”. needs”.
c) asserção “your wife says”. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT,
d) contradição presente na frase “To be honest”. 1999) defines music therapy as “5a methodological
e) pergunta “is that true?”. form of assistance in which musical means are used
within a therapeutic relation to manage changes,
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the
Read the text below and answer the question(s) emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the
according to it. physical field”.
The assumption is that the 6patient's musical
Music therapy with cancer patients behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The
starting points are the features of the patient's specific
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy
the United States, in Germany and in many other between psychological problems and musical
industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million behaviour, which means that emotions can be
people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a expressed musically. 7For patients who have difficulties
mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful
2007). In the industrial countries, 1the most commonly medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention
diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and
cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most enhance their emotional expressivity. 8Besides analogy,
commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric there are further qualities of music that can be
cancer and lung cancer. beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons,
of the disease, but there are common symptoms objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily
caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment life. 9Therefore, music is a reality, which represents
(e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality
symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality
10
appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, for it evokes memories about persons, objects or
limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat incidents. These associations can be perceived as
and bowel problems. 2Cancer also often causes positive or negative, so they release emotions in the
psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, patient.
mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and Music therapy both addresses physical and
decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies
social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both
physical or psychological symptoms (for example, acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in
feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off the final stage of disease.
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Most research with acute cancer 13. The fragment “the most commonly diagnosed
patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell cancers” (reference 1) is an example of
transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive a) superlative.
music therapy. Listening to music during b) comparative of superiority.
chemotherapy, either played live by the music c) comparative of inferiority.
therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain d) comparative of equality.
perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was
also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or 14. In the fragment “music therapy with post-hospital
heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia curative treatment could have its main focus on
and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in psychological aspects” (reference 12) the pronoun
patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by refers to
receptive music therapy were found for physical a) music therapy and post-hospital curative treatment.
comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the b) curative treatment and main focus.
chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing c) main focus and psychological aspects.
surgery found that receptive music therapy led to d) psychological aspects and music therapy.
decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before,
during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be 15. Mark the sentence in which “that” can correctly
applied in palliative situations, for example to patients replace the pronoun.
with terminal cancer who live in 11hospices. a) Music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy,
Studies indicate that music therapy may be can have positive effects (reference 4).
beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative b) A methodological form of assistance in which
situations, but the benefits of music therapy for musical means are used (reference 5).
convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas c) For patients who have difficulties in expressing
music therapy interventions for acute and palliative emotions [e] (reference 7).
patients often focus on physiological and d) Patients often express the wish to become aware of
psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and themselves again (reference 13).
reducing medical side-effects, 13music therapy with
posthospital curative treatment could have its main TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not The search for life beyond Earth
free from cancer until five years after the tumour
ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not 1We have always been fascinated by the
been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients thought of alien life elsewhere in the universe. The
frequently feel insecure, depressive and are idea has provided 2the 3basis for a huge wealth of
emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and science fiction stories that have been limited only by
negative emotions is an important issue for many our imaginations. But can other creatures exist in the
oncology patients. After the difficult period of the vast reaches of space or on other planets or moons?
medical treatment, which they often have overcome in And are there other intelligent forms of life out there –
a prosaic way by masking emotions, 13patients often or are we more likely to find something much simpler?
express the wish to become aware of themselves 4Where are all the aliens?
again. They may wish to grapple with negative Our Sun is just one star among billions in our
emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to 5
galaxy. In the last few years, scientists have detected
experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and thousands of planets around other stars and it seems
vitality. that most stars have planetary systems. It’s therefore
The results indicate that music therapy can likely that there will be large numbers of habitable
also have positive influences on well-being of cancer planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond that are
patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as capable of supporting intelligent life. Some of these
they offer valuable information about patients' needs intelligent civilisations, if they’re out there, may have
in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt even developed interstellar travel.
with properly. Are there other intelligent forms of life out there
– or are we more likely to find something much
(Adapted from simpler?
https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pd But Earth hasn’t been visited by any intelligent
f - Access on 25/02/19) aliens (yet?). This apparent high probability of life,
combined with a lack of evidence for its existence, is
called the Fermi Paradox, named for the physicist
Enrico Fermi who first 6outlined the argument back in
1950. This begs the question: where is everybody?
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Back in 1961, astronomer Francis (Adapted from

Drake tried to rationalise this question by developing https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-
an equation that takes into 7account all the factors time/search-lifebeyond- earth – Access on 16/02/19)
relevant to finding alien civilisations and gives an
estimate of the number of civilisations out there in the
galaxy that should be able to communicate with us. It Glossary:
considers factors such as the 8rate of new star 1. to outline – describe or give the main fact about
formation, how many planets around those new and something
existing stars might be able to support life, the number 2. to take into account – consider something
of planets supporting intelligent 9life, how many of 3. rate – expansion
those civilisations might have technology we can 4. nearby – short distance away
detect, whether they’re likely to communicate with us 5. feasible – appropriate; suitable
here on Earth, and so on. 6. space probe – spy satellite
The 10search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Scientists and radio astronomers have started
the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) in a 16. Read the sentences from the text and classify
systematic manner. Several international organisations, them. The underlined excerpts are examples of
including the SETI Institute and the SETI League, are
using radio telescopes to detect signals that might “Project Phoenix, which used three of the most
have been produced by intelligent life. powerful radio telescopes in the world:” (ref. 11).
In 1995, the SETI Institute started 11Project
Phoenix, which used three of the most powerful radio “there’s a chance we may still find much simpler life
telescopes in the world: the Green Bank radio forms.” (ref. 16).
telescope in West Virginia, USA; the Arecibo telescope a) comparative and superlative.
in Puerto Rico; and the Parkes radio telescope in NSW, b) superlative and comparative.
Australia. During its initial phase, Project Phoenix used c) superlative of inferiority.
the Parkes telescope to search for signals coming from d) comparative of equality.
202 Sun-like stars as distant as 155 light years away.
By the end of its operations, Project Phoenix had 17. Mark the alternative that is grammatically
scanned a total of 800 12‘nearby’ (up to 240 light years INCORRECT.
away) stars for signs of life. The project detected some a) Milky Way is the galaxy where there will probably be
cosmic noises, but 13none of that could be attributed to a large number of habitable planets.
aliens. b) 1961 is the year when the astronomer Francis
These days, anyone can become involved in Drake developed an equation.
the search for extraterrestrial intelligence through their c) Scientists and astronomers were the ones who
personal computer. started the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
While there’s currently excitement about d) Robotic space probes are instruments what can
sending human crews to Mars, missions beyond the provide a huge wealth of information.
Red Planet are at this stage pretty much not 14feasible
the distances and travel times involved are simply too TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
great. Basically, all exploration for life beyond Earth THE POWER OF METAPHORS
will need to be done using robotic space 15probes and
landing rovers. These instruments can provide a huge Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be.
wealth of information and are capable of exploring as Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are
far away as Pluto, perhaps even beyond our solar increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in
system. But as for life beyond the solar system, the the past three years. What should city officials do
nearest stars are several light years away, and even about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and
communications by electromagnetic waves (which all lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or
travel at the speed of light) are essentially going to be design programs that promise more peace by
a one-way message. addressing issues like a faltering economy and
While we probably won’t find intelligent life too underperforming schools?
close to home, 16there’s a chance we may still find Your answer – and the reasoning behind it –
much simpler life forms. 17Do we have neighbours can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the
beyond Earth? Time will tell – and the search problem, according to new research by Stanford
continues. psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with
just one word, they say.
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Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Coronavirus: Venice Carnival closes as Italy

Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau imposes Iockdown
were curious about how subtle cues and common 23 February 2020
figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult
problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of Italian officials have cut short the Venice Carnival as
every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”, said they try to control what is now the worst outbreak of
Thibodeau, the study’s lead author. “But 1we didn’t the coronavirus in Europe.
know the extent to which these metaphors influence
people”. Authorities in the Veneto region said the event
In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked would end later on Sunday, two days earlier than
to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in scheduled. Italy has by far the highest number of
the fictional city of Addison and answer questions coronavirus cases in Europe, with 152. Three people
about the city. The researchers gauged how people have died. Italy has imposed strict quarantine
answered these questions in light of how crime was restrictions in two northern “hotspot” regions dose to
described – as a beast or a virus. Milan and Venice.
They found the test subjects’ proposed About 50,000 people cannot enter or leave several
solutions differed a great deal depending on the towns in Veneto and Lombardy for the next two weeks
metaphor they were exposed to. The results have without special permission. Even outside the zone,
shown that people will likely support an increase in many businesses and schools have suspended
police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is activities, and sporting events have been cancelled.
described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if The BBC’s Mark Lowen described the situation just
people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they outside the zone. In neighbouring Austria, a train from
are more inclined to treat the problem with social Venice was stopped at the Austrian border after it
reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think emerged that two passengers had fever symptoms.
they’re objective. They want to believe they’re logical. Austria’s Interior Minister Karl Nehammer later
But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”. confirmed to the BBC that the pair tested negative for
To get a sense of how much the metaphor coronavirus.
really mattered, the researchers also examined what "All authorities have acted quickly and with great
role political persuasions play in people’s approach to caution in this case," said Mr Nehammer in a
reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans statement. "The reporting chain worked without
would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate delay."
criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting Elsewhere, authorities in South Korea and Iran are
social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 battling to control rising numbers of infections. South
percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based Korea has raised its coronavirus alert to the "highest
solution. level".
“We can’t talk about any complex situation – The new strain of coronavirus, which originated last
like crime – without using metaphors”, said Boroditsky. year in Hubel province in China, causes a respiratory
3
“Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They disease called Covid-19. China has seen more than
shape the conversation for things we’re trying to 76,000 infections and 2,442 deaths.
explain and figure out. And they have consequences
for determining what we decide is the right approach What is happening in Italy?
to solving problems”. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced on
While their research focused on attitudes Saturday that "extraordinary measures" would come
about crime, their findings can be used to understand into force to try to stem the rising number of
the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of coronavirus cases.
phrase can influence debates and change minds. He said the quarantine restrictions could last for
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. weeks, Police, and if necessary the armed forces, will
have the authority to ensure me regulations are
18. w e didn’t know the extent to w hich these enforced.
m etaphors influence people. (ref. 1) Angelo Borrelli, the head of Italy’s Civil Protection
Department, told reporters that 110 of the confirmed
In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the cases were in Lombardy, with 21 in Veneto with others
researcher can be formulated by the following in Emilia-Romagna and Lazio. Officials reported a third
question: death on Sunday, an elderly woman from the town of
a) How far do these metaphors influence people? Crema suffering from cancer. Italian officials say they
b) How come these metaphors influence people? are still trying to trace the source of the outbreak.
c) How fast did these metaphors influence people? Universities in Milan have been closed and the city’s
d) How long have these metaphors influenced people? mayor, Giuseppe Sala, said schools would also close
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
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their doors while the outbreak continued.

“As a precaution I think that the schools have to be
closed in Milan. I will propose to the president of the
region to enlarge the precaution to the entire
metropolitan city area. It is just a precaution, we don’t
want to create panic," he said.
Meanwhile Giorgio Armani’s fashion show,
scheduled to be held __________ (I) Milan
__________ (II) Sunday, went ahead but without any
media or buyers present. The show was live streamed
__________ (III) its website, Instagram and Facebook
pages.

Adapted from: htts://www.bbc.com/news/world-

europe-51602007

19. Read the following sentence taken from the text.

"Italian officials have cut short the Venice Carnival as

they try to control what is now the worst outbreak of
the coronavirus in Europe."

Mark the adjective that forms its Superlative the same

way as the underlined word.
a) High.
b) Good.
c) Early.
d) Elderly.
e) Extraordinary.

TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES:

Read the text and answer question(s).

When “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” opens

on Dec. 18 and, for the first time in nearly a decade,
moviegoers can return to that galaxy of long ago and
far, far away, they will find that it contains two new
stars. The film, __________ is directed by J. J. Abrams
and continues the interstellar saga of Luke Skywalker,
Princess Leia and Han Solo some 30 years after the
events of “Return of the Jedi” (1983), is also a
launching pad for two young actors who are barely
half as old as the “Star Wars” franchise itself.
Daisy Ridley, who plays a mysterious
scavenger named Rey, and John Boyega, who plays a
disaffected stormtrooper named Finn, are among the
new heroes of “The Force Awakens” and are bracing
themselves for the biggest roles of their careers.

(www.nytimes.com.br)

20. Choose the best alternative to complete the text.

a) whose
b) which
c) where
d) who
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John Boyega...estão se preparando para os maiores

Gabarito Comentado: papéis de suas carreiras”.

Resposta da questão 1: Resposta da questão 7:

[A] [D]

A alternativa [A] está correta, pois o texto coloca: “The De fato, o pronome pessoal they (eles) refere- se a
project detected some cosmic noises, but none of “the fire service” (os bombeiros). O texto coloca: “The
that could be attributed to aliens” (o projeto detectou fire service said the evacuation of two hospitals,
alguns ruídos cósmicos, mas nenhum deles pôde ser including premature babies and patients in intensive
atribuído a alienígenas). care, had been completed and they were helping
about 500 elderly people to leave residences and care
homes (Os bombeiros disseram que a evacuação de
Resposta da questão 2: dois hospitais, incluindo bebês prematuros e pacientes
[C] em terapia intensiva, foi completada e que eles
estavam ajudando aproximadamente 500 idosos a
A alternativa [C] está correta, pois o pronome pessoal deixarem as suas residências e casas de repouso).
em destaque (eles ) na oração “se eles acontecessem
apenas ocasionalmente”, refere-se aos “picos de Resposta da questão 8:
cortisol induzidos pelos telefones”. O texto coloca: “If [C]
they happened only occasionally, phone-induced
cortisol spikes might not matter” (Se eles A alternativa [C] está correta, pois possui um exemplo
acontecessem apenas ocasionalmente, os picos de de adjetivo no grau comparativo de superioridade
cortisol induzidos pelos telefones não teriam (more vulnerable). Tradução: “... pessoas são muito
importância). mais vulneráveis à escravidão...”.

Resposta da questão 3: Resposta da questão 9:

[E] [C]

O pronome demonstrativo those (aqueles) faz A alternativa [C] deve ser escolhida, pois é uma
referência ao substantivo visitantes. Assim, “apenas os pergunta adequada para a resposta em destaque.
visitantes que fizeram um pré-agendamento Tradução da pergunta: “Quando isso ocorre?”.
conseguirão dar uma olhadinha no retrato mais Tradução da resposta: “Quando alguém se casa contra
famoso do mundo”. sua vontade”.

Resposta da questão 4: Resposta da questão 10:

[E] [A]

A alternativa [E] está correta, pois their (deles) refere- Pelo fato de o termo em destaque se referir a pessoas
se respectivamente aos casais (couples) e (people) e ter a função sintática de objeto direto,
convidados (guests). deve-se usar o object pronoun them (elas).

Resposta da questão 5: Resposta da questão 11:

[B] [E]

A alternativa [B] está correta, pois é uma pergunta A alternativa [E] está correta, pois o termo em
adequada à oração em destaque. Tradução da destaque faz referência a “assuntos controversos”. O
pergunta: “Quais são os benefícios da meditação?”. texto coloca: “Swedish data analyst John Nerst has
Tradução da oração: “A meditação pode dar a você used the terms to describe the contrasting ways in
uma sensação de calma, paz e equilíbrio”. which people approach contentious issues. Those of us
more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as inextricably
Resposta da questão 6: related to a broader matrix of factors…” (O analista de
[A] dados sueco John Nerst usou os termos para descrever
as maneiras contrastivas em que as pessoas abordam
O pronome reflexivo themselves (se ) refere-se a Daisy assuntos controversos. Aqueles de nós mais propensos
Ridley e John Boyega. O texto coloca: “Daisy Ridley...e ao ‘acoplamento’ os enxergam como inseparavelmente
relacionados a uma matriz mais ampla de fatores...).
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humanos (instrumentos) e possuem a função de

Resposta da questão 12: sujeito.
[B]
Resposta da questão 18:
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois a expressão “buy [A]
her flowers” é ambígua. As duas possíveis traduções
são: “comprar flores para ela” e “comprar as flores A alternativa [A] está correta, pois a pergunta em
dela”. Tal ambiguidade provém do fato de o pronome destaque é: “Até que ponto essas metáforas
her poder ser pessoal e possessivo. influenciam as pessoas?”. O trecho em destaque pode
ser entendido da seguinte forma: “Não sabíamos até
Resposta da questão 13: que ponto essas metáforas influenciam as pessoas”.
[A]
Resposta da questão 19:
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois é um exemplo de [B]
superlativo. Tradução do trecho: “os tipos de câncer
de diagnóstico mais comum”. O advérbio most está Os adjetivos “good” e “bad” são irregulares quanto à
modificando um outro advérbio (commonly). formação de seus superlativos (best e worst,
respectivamente).
Resposta da questão 14:
[A] Resposta da questão 20:
[B]
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois o possessive
adjective its (seu) refere-se a “musical therapy with A alternativa [B] está correta, pois pelo fato de a
post-hospital curative treatment”. Tradução do trecho: oração ser subordinada adjetiva explicativa e o
“terapia musical com tratamento curativo após a sujeito ser film (filme), o pronome relativo a ser
internação poderia ter seu foco principal em aspectos utilizado é which.
psicológicos”.

Resposta da questão 15:

[C]

A alternativa [C] é a única em que o pronome that

pode ser usado, uma vez que se trata de uma oração
subordinada adjetiva restritiva com who funcionando
como sujeito, referindo-se à pessoas (patients).

Resposta da questão 16:

[B]

A alternativa [B] está correta, pois os adjetivos estão

respectivamente nos graus superlativo (most
powerful) e comparativo de superioridade
(simpler). No primeiro caso, pelo fato de powerful
possuir três sílabas, deve-se usar most; como simple
possui apenas duas sílabas e termina em –le, deve-se
usar o sufixo –er.

Resposta da questão 17:

[D]

A alternativa [D] deve ser escolhida, pois possui uso

incorreto dos pronomes relativos. A frase correta pode
ser reescrita da seguinte maneira: “Robotic space
probes are instruments that/which can provide a
huge wealth of information”. Os pronomes that e
which podem ser usados pois se referem a entes não