OA411 PrelimModules
OA411 PrelimModules
OA411 PrelimModules
Rha-an Calimutan
Course Code OA411 Instructor
Aiza G. Suarez
[email protected]
Methods of m
Course Title Email
Research [email protected]
m
Rha-an Cajes (FB Name)
(0950) 416 9826
Course Contact
3
Credits Number
Aiza Suarez (FB Name)
(0929) 184 8025
Course
OAd Core Consultatio 8 AM – 5 PM (Monday-
Classificatio
Course n Hours Friday)
n
Pre- Consultatio
None TCC Faculty Office
Requisite(s) n Venue
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RESEARCH GUIDELINES
3. It must have a positive impact to the community.
I. Introduction 4. The resources needed are available.
The Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOAd) is a 5. The proponents are capable of undergoing the said project.
four-year degree program designed to provide students with knowledge 6. It must generate new knowledge.
and skills in business and office management needed in various
workplaces such as general business, legal, or medical offices. The B. Topic Selection
program prepares students to be able to handle clerical, administrative, 1. The students shall propose at least 3 research topics that they
supervisory and managerial tasks. intend to work on.
2. The class adviser and the thesis adviser will help decide on the
The research component allows for a broader educational topic for the group through a Title Hearing.
experience whereby students are able to use that experience to see the 3. Students can do research but are not limited to the following
practical application of their classroom experience represented in research topics:
projects. The first part on Methods of Research is offered during the a. Impact of Modern Communication Facilities
second semester of their third year period and the second part on Thesis b. Impact of Internet Software Packages
Writing is during the first semester of their fourth year. Students enrolled c. Effect of Inadequate Computers in Secretarial Training
in these courses are expected to produce a research project that is d. Effects of Modern Technology
significantly integrative and representative of all the concepts and theories e. Implications of Office Technologies in Secretarial Education
that they have learned in the OAd program. Curriculum
f. Morale and Productivity of Secretaries in Business
II. Objectives Organizations
General Objective g. Effects of Stress on the Secretaries Job Performance
The primary goal of the Office Administration Research courses is h. Role and Performance of Secretaries in Modern
to produce versatile, committed and globally competitive Office Communication Industries
Administration graduates capable in dealing with the complexities and i. Utilization of Shorthand Skills in Modern Secretary Practice
challenges of managing today’s workplaces. j. Relevance of Public Relations of Secretarial Practice
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MODULE 1 Research is done to improve practices. It is a way to develop new
Introduction to Research
understanding and this knowledge will lead to the improvement of
practice (Gall and Barg, 2003).
Learning Outcomes: Goals of Research
1. Understand the concept of research.
2. Recognize the importance of research.
3. Propose a research topic/ title. Goals in conducting research as cited in Cristobal & Cristobal (2013)
are as follows:
1. To produce evidence-based practice. Every discipline or
institution must provide the best practice of management based on
Definition of Research research studies.
2. To establish credibility on the profession. A profession can be
Research is a method of acquiring knowledge based on the identified by the body of knowledge. Effective and efficient
scientific method of inquiry to enrich they system of objective knowledge practices are products of research.
in the fields of natural and social sciences. 3. To observe accountability for the profession. Every action
conducted by a profession must have a rationale. All professionals
The authors cited below defined research: must be accountable for each task he/she performs.
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through documentation. The
Palispis (2001) cited that research is carried out for a specific purpose to
findings or research must be shared to individuals, groups, or
answer specific questions to solve a particular problem or issue. It seeks new organization for which the study was intended or to whom
knowledge and provides useful information in the form of verifiable data. findings may be beneficial in this manner research becomes cost-
Sanchez (2002) defined research as a discovery and exploration of the unknown. It effective.
involves an investigation of facts leading to the discovery of new ideas and new
methods. The end result is the discovery of truth. Purpose of Research
Parel (1973) defined research as a systematic investigation or something in order to
answer the questions posed by the researcher.
The purpose of research indicated the focus and direction of the
research (Denscombe, 2002).
Research involves observation, investigation, and experimentation on a 1. Exploratory/ Formulative Research. The researcher’s goal is to
subject for any of the following purpose to discover new knowledge and formulate more precise questions that future research can answer.
paradigm; to develop and improve standards and protocols, and to test Exploratory research helps ensure that a more rigorous, more
and apply theories or laws in professional practice (De Belen, 2015) conclusive future study will not begin with an inadequate
understanding of the nature of the problem.
Importance of Research
2. Descriptive Research. This research presents a picture of the
specific details of a situation, social setting or relationship. The
major purpose of descriptive research is to describe characteristics
Researchers must not simply set results and recommend actions. of a population or phenomenon. It seeks to determine the answer
The importance of research should be measured on the extent to who, what, where, and how questions.
which they are being actually carried out (Katigak, 2008). 3. Explanatory Research. The desire to know why to explain, is the
purpose of explanatory research. It goes to identify the reasons for
something that occurs or looks for causes and reason. For
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example, the researchers are interested in learning why some world operates, what makes things happen, why social relations are a
children bully other children. certain way, and why society change.
2. Applied Research. It try to solve problems or help practitioners
Other purposes of Research: accomplish tasks. It is frequently a descriptive research and its main
strength
Basic is
anditsApplied
immediate practical
Research use.
Compared
Research provides a scientific basis for any practices or methodology in any
field. The procedures and techniques utilized by basic and applied researchers do not
Research is undertaken for sustainable development of and further differ. Both employ scientific method to answer the questions at hand. The community is the
productivity in any field. primary consumer of basic research. The consumers of applied research findings are
Research develops tools for assessing the effectiveness of any practice. practitioners such as teachers, caseworkers, or decision makers.
Research provides solutions to problems encountered in the different areas of
work.
Applied researchers have an obligation to translate from scientific
technical language into the language of decision makers or practitioners.
Characteristics of Research (Kumar, 2009)
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however, is the degree to which the changes in the dependent variable
It aims to explore and describe. It utilizes a deductive reasoning to can be attributed to the extraneous variables.
generate predictions that are tested in the real world (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2013). The evidence for a study is gathered according to the b. Non-Experimental Designs
established plan through structured instruments. Usually the information It conducted without manipulation of the independent variable and
gathered in such study is quantitative, ie. numeric information that results random assignment of the participants to group.
from some type of formal measurement, and is analysed with statistical
procedures. Following are types of non-experimental designs:
It is based on the concepts of manipulation and control of 1. Action studies 6. Methodological studies
phenomena and the verification of results validating empirical data. It 2. Comparative studies 7. Needs assessment studies
frequently uses a deductive or theory-testing approach. 3. Development studies 8. Secondary analysis studies
4. Evaluation studies 9. Survey studies
Types of Quantitative Research 5. Meta-analysis studies
1. Survey Research. It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling to get a sense of behaviour
with intense precision. It allows researcher to judge and then present the findings in an accurate Qualitative Research
way. Survey research can be conducted around one group specifically or used to compare
several groups. It aims to describe, predict, and explain. It deals with
2. Correlational Research. Test for the relationship between two variables. It is done to establish
understanding human behaviour in a natural setting. Naturalistic
what the effect of one on the other might be and how that affects the relationship. The purpose is
to use two or more variables to better understand the conditions of events that we encounter, to investigations place heavy emphasis on understanding the human
predict future conditions and events and correlation does not always mean causation. experience as if is lived, usually through collections and analysis of data
3. Causal-Comparative Research. It looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship. They look that are narrative and subjective. Qualitative research focuses on:
solely for a statistical relationship between the two variables it tries to identify, specifically, how Gaining insights on and an understanding of the individual’s
the different groups are affected by the same circumstance. It involves comparison. The use of
statistical analysis is engaged to synthesize the data. perception of events;
4. Experimental Research. It is guided specifically by a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement Concerned with in-depth descriptions of people on events and
to be proven or disproved. their interpretation of experiences;
Data are collected through unstructured interviews and participant
observation;
Quantitative Research Design The research is to synthesize the patterns and the theories in the
data; and
a. Experimental Designs Not limited by existing theories but must be open to new ideas and
It is concerned with cause and effect relationships in which all theories.
experimental studies involve manipulation or control of the independent
variables (cause) and measurement of the dependent variables (effects). Qualitative research uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to
The effect of a single variable applied to the situation can be assessed, and guide and support the construction of hypothesis. The result of this
the difference likewise be determined. research is descriptive rather than predictive.
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Phenomenology. To describe experiences as they are lived.
Ethnography. To describe a culture’s characteristics.
Historical. To describe and examine events of the past to understand the present
and anticipate potential further effects.
Case Study. To describe-in-depth experience of one person, family, group,
community or institution.
Mixed Methods Research Design
The researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative Deception or misrepresentation must be avoided. The researcher must not be
research techniques. It includes the use of induction (discovery of the influenced by other consideration except only of what is the truth of the matter. The
problem), deduction (testing of theories and hypothesis), and abduction researcher must inform and discuss with the participants the consequences of the study, both
(uncovering and relying on the best of a set of explanations for the positive and negative consequences. But if there are some who refuse to participate, the
researcher cannot force them. It is therefore necessary to get the consent of the participation
understanding one’s results). prior to gathering of data.
Informed consent is the principle that is fundamental to the notion of human rights
Basic Rules for Ethical Research (Denscombe, 2002). The person involved should have the legal capacity to give consent,
should be able to exercise free power of choice without any intervention or force; and must
have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the subject of research to enable him to
The ethics concerns the system of moral principles by which make an enlightened decision. In case of children participants or other vulnerable members of
individuals can judge their actions as right or wrong, good or bad. Ethics society, consent must be given by the parents or legal guardian who has direct, formal
in research calls for a moral perspective rather than practical or logical responsibility for the welfare of the participants.
perspective related the research methodology.
Privacy Confidentiality and Anonymity. The researcher should take measures to
A very basic ethical rule is to acknowledge the sources of safeguard the confidentiality of information and ensure the non-disclosure of identities of
information or data used throughout the text. Knowledge or information those participating in the research. Confidentiality serves to uphold the law that protects the
taken from another source must be acknowledge by citing the name of the privacy of individuals and it should not be disclosed to anyone.
author/ authors and the reference material where such ideas were taken.
Writing the Research Title
The researcher should be committed to discovering and reporting things
as honestly as possible. The first step in research is identifying a topic. Research topic
broadly defines the area of research. They are not the same as the title of
the research study.
Brinkmann (2012) list some ethical questions as guide for the researcher: Conceptualizing research topic according to Moyer (2011):
What are the beneficial consequences of the study? 1. Finding your focus.
How can informed consent of the participants be obtained? 2. What are the gaps in the literature? (by topic, methods,
How can confidentiality of the participants be protected? populations, comparisons)
What are the consequences of the study for the participants? 3. Where to start?
How will the researcher’s role affect the study? 4. Refining research topics.
Murphy & Dingwall (in Flick, 2011) have developed an ethical theory:
Non-maleficence. Researchers should avoid harming participants. 8|Page
Beneficiaries. Research on human subjects should produce some positive and
identifiable benefit rather than simply be carried out for its own sake.
Autonomy or self-determination. Research participant’s values and decisions
should be respected.
5. Questions to ask yourself. (Is this a good idea? Can it be
addressed using appropriate research methods?)
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5. MODULE 2 Introduction
6. Research Problem and Data Analysis
It is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background
Learning Outcomes: information for the research. It typically begins with a general statement of
1. Formulate research problem.
the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be
2. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative
research. followed by the rational or justification for the study.
The problem and its setting general cover the ff.: Consider the following in formulating the framework of the study:
1. Existing literature and previous research and its relevant for your
1. Introduction: Presents the rationale of your study and clearly current investigation.
indicates why it is worth doing. 2. Key ideas/ concepts or constructs in your research approach.
2. Research Locale: Briefly describe the research locale where to 3. Possible lines or considerations of inquiry you want to track.
conduct the study. Cite the major characteristics of the locale that 4. Relevant theoretical or conceptual perspectives based on the
has something to do with the investigation. previous research studies/ conducted and literature review.
3. Framework of the study. States the anchor point of the study. This
could be in the form of conceptual or theoretical framework. The conceptual framework of the investigation presents the researcher’s
Identify the key independent and dependent/ major and minor own way of understanding concepts based upon the previous readings
variables of your investigation. Explain the relationships of these and experiences relative to the field of focus of investigation. The
variables in a clear and systematic way. theoretical framework uses abstract concept, facts or laws, variables and
relations that explain and predict how observed phenomena exist and
4. Statement of the Problem: States the general and specific research
operate in the investigation.
problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.
5. Assumption/ Hypothesis: Provides introductory statement. State
your assumption or hypothesis. Statement of the Problem
6. Scope and Limitation: Sets the limitation or boundaries of your
research in order to provide a clear focus.
The problem statement should provide a specific and accurate
7. Significance of the Study: provides the context and sets the stage
synopsis of the overall purpose of the study. The research problems must
for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity
be stated vividly and explicitly expressed in question form which possess
and importance.
the characteristics of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
8. Definition of Terms: Identifies and defines key terms found in the
Realistic, and Time-bound).
research.
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The number of the specific problems depends on the researcher but make Questions are relevant to normative or census type research and
sure that these should be with the research problem/ title. most often used in qualitative inquiry. Thus, research question poses a
The following are the sources of research topic for investigation: relationship between two or more variables but phrases the relationship as
personal experiences, personal values, school or community priorities, a question.
department’s practices, societal issues and concerns, result of previous Hypotheses are relevant to theoretical research and generally used
researchers, politics, education, economy and other groups. in quantitative inquiry. A hypothesis represents a declarative statement of
the relations between two or more variables.
A good topic has the ff. characteristics and prerequisites: Hypotheses can be identified in two general kinds of statements:
1. Fills a gap in existing literature and studies conducted. Null Hypothesis: A “no difference” form in terms of theoretical constructs and a
2. Is of interest to you. “no difference” form in terms of the operation required to test the hypothesis.
3. It is within the limits and range of your resources and capability.
4. Cannot be answered by “yes” or “no”. For example:
5. It is what you plan to investigate. 1. There is no significant relationship between study habits and academic
6. It is based on the general and specific goals of the study. performance of college students.
Alternative Hypothesis: A form that states the hypothesis you will accept if the
null hypothesis is rejected, stated in terms of theoretical constructs. In other words, this is
Assumptions/ Hypotheses usually what you hope the results will show.
For example:
Assumptions are presumed as true statement of facts related to the 1. There is a significant relationship between study habits and academic performance
research problem. They are clearly stated to provide the reader a of college students.
foundation in analysing the conclusions that result from the assumptions.
In doing this, the researcher must consider this question: What Scope and Limitation
assumptions have you made about the nature of the research you are
investigating, the conditions under which the behaviour occurs, the
This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the
research methods or design employed, measurements collected, or the
relationship of this study to other persons and situations.
research instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the
study, and the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the
Hypotheses. The researchers commonly use null hypothesis studies.
because it is denial of difference of an effect, which is easy to reject or
accept. If the results show significant difference, then the null hypothesis A scope addresses how a study will be narrowed, and how it is
is rejected; if insignificant difference exists, acceptance of the hypothesis bounded. This is the place to explain the things that you are not doing and
occurs. The hypotheses are based on the statement of the problem. why you have chosen not to do them. It usually includes the general
problem to be investigated including the time frame or work.
Questions versus Hypotheses A limitation identifies potential weaknesses of the study. In doing
this, try to consider the nature of self-report, instruments used, and the
sample or the respondents involved in the study as well as some threats to
internal validity that maybe impossible to avoid or minimize.
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Making sense of the data gathered involves a procedure called
data analysis. Data analysis begins with a general statement that means
something to the audience. The researchers then support such with
Significance of the Study appropriate figures. The narrative portion of the section should stand on its
own.
Types of Graphs The ff. should be considered:
The researcher must convince the reader that the study has
significant contributions in relation to solving educational problem, 1. Bar graph – uses bars to show Table number, graph number, and figure
business operation, bringing a knowledge gap, improving social economic, different categories and the number in number
and health conditions, enriching research instrument and methods, and each category. Title
2. Frequency table – tells the number of Keep table headings brief and separate
government thrusts. times an observation occurs in the data. from other parts of text with solid line
3. Histogram – displays data counts with Be selective in what you present in the
Consider the ff. on presenting the significance of the study: data organized into bins. body
4. Venn diagram – displays data using Avoid redundancy
1. What impact will this have in the future? overlapping circles. Present information in its most meaningful
2. How will results of the study be implemented, and what innovations will come 5. Pie graph and appropriate form
about? Captions: a concise explanation of the
3. When the research is finished, what are the questions to which reasonable answers figure/graph
can be expected? Points to remember: The entire table is enclosed by solid
4. What suggestions for subsequent research arise from the findings? horizontal lines
5. Will results influence programs, methods, and/or interventions? The presentation and discussion of the results should follow the
6. What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research?
This can be difficult part to write because you have to think about
order of the statement of the problem.
implications on how the results of the study may affect scholarly The discussion should present the principles and relationship
research, theory, practice, educational interventions, curricula, shown by the results.
counselling, and policy. Measurement errors and standard errors shall be shown on the
graphs when applicable.
Definition of Terms Researchers should make sure that they have used appropriate
statistical analyses.
There are two ways in defining the key terms, namely, conceptual Meaningful interpretation must be applied by the researcher.
or operational. In conceptual, the meaning of the term is usually taken
from the dictionary. Operational definition, it is based on the observed
characteristics and how it is used in the study. The terms must be arranged Quantitative Data Analysis
in an alphabetical order. Consider the ff. in defining the important terms:
1. List and define the major terms you will use, particularly where terms The two classes of statistical techniques are descriptive statistics
found in the study such as the variable have different meanings to different and inferential statistics.
people.
2. Emphasis should be placed on operational or behavioural definitions. Descriptive Statistics
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A frequency distribution is a representation, either in a graphical 2. The Median
or tabular format that displays the number of observations within a given a. the value of the data that occupies the middle position
interval. b. to find the median: rank the data, determine the depth of the
median (or number of positions from either end)
0-5 - 20 4. Midrange
6-11 - 15
a. the number which found exactly midway between a lowest
12-17 - 15
18-23 - 10 data value (L) and a highest data value (H)
24-29 - 5 b. to find midrange, get the average of the low and high value.
30-35 - 3
36-41 - 3 For example, the lower value is 10 and the highest value is 30,
42-47 - 2 10+ 30 40
48-53 - 3 Thus: L = 10 and H = 30 = ¿ = =20
54-59 - 10 2 2
60 and above - 14
Total = 100
Descriptive Statistics
In this grouped frequency distribution, the arrangement of data
makes it easier to detect how many females have been relocated according It takes data from a sample and makes inferences about the larger
to their age groupings. population from which the sample was drawn.
Measures of Central Tendency A hypothesis is a tentative statement that something is true, which
needs to be proven through statistical information. The null hypothesis,
1. The Mean expressed as H0, is the hypothesis subjected to testing. The alternative
a. also known as arithmetic mean hypothesis, written as H1, is also known as the research hypothesis since it
b. computed by adding all the values of the variable x, (The sum represents the idea that the researcher theorizes in his study.
of the x values is symbolized by x or summation of x) and
dividing the sum by the total number of samples, represented H0: There is no significant difference between the math scores obtained by students
enrolled in the science section and those enrolled in the regular section.
by n.
H1: Students enrolled in the science section will have higher math scores than those
The formula is expressed as: enrolled in the regular section.
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Example of a Discussion of one Common Theme: Poverty
The researchers narrated memories of poverty. (a) Benjie remembered his father selling slippers in
Caloocan in order to have some money for the family. (n) Rem, (g) Anthony and (e) Che narrated
incidents wherein the experience of poverty was real. Their situation might have been brought about by
natural occurrences like the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo as told by (m) Lala or the experience of typhoon
that brought hunger for several days to the family (o) Joan. Poverty was also described in unfortunate
events, the fire that ruined the livelihood for (a) Benjie, the untimely death of a father for (d) Adie or with
parents losing job or having no permanent income to support the needs of the family. Another face of
poverty as a number of co-researchers describe it is the size of the family. Brothers and sisters were
going to college at the same time with limited or no resources at all as what happened with (b) Malou
and (f) Cecille. (c) Ogie and (0) Maricel tried to describe poverty with staying at home having no income
and (h) Arnold with his losing his permanent work. Separation from family at a young age is perceived
as an abnormal situation as described by 0) Henry or the need to do summer job in a beach resort as
experienced by (k) Pando. Poverty was also narrated in the things that they had and had been deprived
of. For (0) Marianne the advent of her mother's sickness was the beginning of the disintegration of her
family. Her father had foregone his job as a seaman to attend to her ailing mother. She had relatives who
accepted her and her siblings but that is the last resort one would like to happen to him or her to be
distributed to the care of relatives. (d) Adie had a strong mother, one can just imagine the agony she
went through, but he missed her motherly warmth at night to comply with the policy of orphanage that
took them. The poverty was real; it has stuck into the consciousness and has affected families.
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Example Drawing Conclusions from a Qualitative Study
MODULE 3
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation
Consider the sample analysis and interpretation:
Learning Outcomes: … The co-researchers’ life stories are one of struggle; specifically portraying the ways how
1. Give conclusion based on the findings of the out-of-school adolescents, in their extremely inadequate capacities, attempt to uplift the
research. family from the bondage of poverty…
2. Formulate recommendation that is relevant to
the findings. Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions are put forward:
In the light of this scenario it is safe to make a general statement that some Filipino out of-
school youth, even if they are not attending school for one reason or another, have the desire
Drawing Conclusions to help alleviate their family’s economic conditions. In the same manner they have the
aspiration to relieve the yoke off their parents’ shoulders by throwing in a share in the
In this part of the study, the researcher will describe his/her latter’s obligation.
insights of the overall strength/weakness of his/her study. Depending on
the type of research conducted, quantitative research uses statistical
Contents of the Conclusions
criteria to form conclusions. While qualitative measure draws conclusions
from themes and holistic meanings derived context of behavior studied. Writing your conclusion is more than simply summarizing the
According to Russey, et, al (2006) it is the part of the thesis where findings. You need to write what finding means and how it can be applied.
you can make comment on the overall significance of major findings of The following are suggested:
your study. However, presentation of findings should be limited in the
sense that there is no need to display the entire study. According to Tan 1. It should remind the reader of what you have done, what has been
(n.d.) conclusions are the logical outgrowth of the summary of findings as answered and summarized what has been learned and discovered.
a result of conceptualizations and generalizations in response to the 2. It is a good practice for the researcher to evaluate her/his study as
problems used in the study. a whole and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. This could lead
to a discussion on how future researchers might refine or redesign
the methodology (Matthew & Ross, 2010).
Example Drawing Conclusions from a Quantitative Study 3. If the research has practical application, the researcher might want
to make suggestions for future practice or policy.
Consider the sample analysis and interpretation: 4. Personal reflections may not be appropriate for some types of
research, but it can be useful in reflecting on an impact on specific
In Table 61, the teacher justifies that the lecture-discussion method which she employed is
still interactive because the students get to answer her questions. This is still unacceptable individual in the research. As cited by Galvan (1999) drawing
because the students could have been more actively engaged in their learning if they are the conclusions may need assertions made by the researcher and
ones reading the new material and discovering learning by themselves. findings presented.
Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions are put forward: Conclusions should focus on the answers to major problems raised in the
study more particularly on the results of hypotheses testing (Tan, n.d).
… It is very conspicuous that the teachers could not yet deviate from the traditional
methodology of doing the lecture-discussion. They are still worried that the students might There is no one formula for writing research conclusions. You may
not be able to understand the new lesson if they do not lecture. They still have the false belief derive a general conclusion for the whole study and draw minor ones, or
that the lecture-discussion engages active learning because the students participate in the you may cite conclusions for every problem answered in the study. No
question and answer portion. They have not yet incorporated in their system that allowing
students to discover new knowledge by themselves is a better teaching methodology.
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matter what, the end point is that, conclusions provide meaning to the
Formulating
findings
Recommendations
of the study in the context of the research problems.
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Read me
Topic Selection
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