CHEMISTRY PROJECT

SMK PUTERI SEREMBAN

HAEMAAVADHAANA SEEMADARAN ( 4 OMEGA)

TRANSITION ELEMENTS

PBL 2022

Index
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
DEFINITION AND MEANING
Transition elements is also known as transition metals.
They occupy group 3 through 12 of the periodic table and
include such metals as titanium, copper, nickel, silver,
platinum, and gold.
Transtion metals also includes group of elements such as
lanthanides and actinides. They are called the "inner
transition metals."
ELECTRON SHELLS
The transition elements are unique in that
they can have an incomplete inner subshell
allowing valence electrons in a shell other
than the outer shell. Other elements only
have valence electrons in their outer shell.
This allows transition metals to form several
different oxidation states
SIMILAR PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION METALS
1 They can form many compounds with different
oxidation states

They can form compounds with different

2 colors.

3 They are metals and conduct electricity.

4 They have high melting and boiling points

5 They have relatively high densities.

6 They are paramagnetic.

TRANSITION ELEMENT IN
PERIODIC TABLE
PICTURE GALLERY
TITANIUM MANGANESE COPPER GOLD

IRON NICKEL COBALT SILVER

SCANDIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MERCURY

BOHRIUM HASSIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM

INNER TRANSITION
ELEMENTS
 LANTHANIDES
The Lanthanides were first discovered in 1787 when a unusual black mineral was
found in Ytterby, Sweden. This mineral, now known as Gadolinite, was later
separated into the various Lanthanide elements. In 1794, Professor Gadolin
obtained yttria, an impure form of yttrium oxide, from the mineral. In 1803,
Berzelius and Klaproth secluded the first Cerium compound. Later, Moseley used
an x-ray spectra of the elements to prove that there were fourteen elements
between Lanthanum and Hafnium. The rest of the elements were later separated
from the same mineral. These elements were first classified as ‘rare earth’ due to
the fact that obtained by reasonably rare minerals. However, this is can be
misleading since the Lanthanide elements have a practically unlimited abundance.
The term Lanthanides was adopted, originating from the first element of the
series, Lanthanum
 PROPERTIES OF
LANTHANIDES
Similarity in physical properties throughout the series
Adoption mainly of the +3 oxidation state. Usually found in crystalline compounds)
They can also have an oxidation state of +2 or +4, though some lanthanides are
most stable in the +3 oxidation state.
Adoption of coordination numbers greater than 6 (usually 8-9) in compounds
Tendency to decreasing coordination number across the series
A preference for more electronegative elements (such as O or F) binding
Very small crystal-field effects
Little dependence on ligands
Ionic complexes undergo rapid ligand-exchange
 ACTINIDES
The first actinides to be discovered were Uranium by Klaproth in 1789 and
Thorium by Berezelius in 1829, but most of the Actinides were man-made
products of the 20th century. Actinium and Protactinium are found in small
portions in nature, as decay products of 253-Uranium and 238-Uranium.
Microscopic amounts of Plutonium are made by neutron capture by Uranium, and
yet occur naturally. Monazite is the principle Thorium ore. It is a phosphate ore
that contains great amounts of Lanthanides in it. The main Uranium ore is U3O8
and is known as pitchblende, because it occurs in black, pitch-like masses. An
example of pitchblende is located in the picture below. All elements past Uranium
are man-made. Actinides require special handling, because many of them are
radioactive and/or unstable. The radiation in actinides plays a large role in the
chemistry and arrangement of particles in crystals.
 PROPERTIES OF
ACTINIDES
Similarity in physical properties throughout the series
Adoption mainly of the +3 oxidation state. Usually found in crystalline compounds)
They can also have an oxidation state of +2 or +4, though some lanthanides are most
stable in the +3 oxidation state.
Adoption of coordination numbers greater than 6 (usually 8-9) in compounds
Tendency to decreasing coordination number across the series
A preference for more electronegative elements (such as O or F) binding
Very small crystal-field effects
Little dependence on ligands
Ionic complexes undergo rapid ligand-exchange
Transition elements
and its uses in
industry
NIOBIUM TANTALUM

Niobium is a element which is

similar to steel in appearance. Tantalum is relatively much
Upon polishing, it looks more rarer than most elements. It
like platinum. This transition is highly resistant to
metal is completely chemical corrosion. Hence,
hypoallergenic, making it ideal it is used in capacitors and
for the creation of electronic surgical instruments.
devices, alloys, and jewelry.
 IRON SCANDIUM
Iron is very useful, especially when mixed
with other elements to prepare alloys such Scandium forms a 25 parts per million
as steel. Such alloys have many industrial component of the Earth’s crust. The element is
uses such as the manufacture of usually extracted from a rare mineral named
construction and building materials, tools, thortveitite, or while processing uranium from
vehicles, cosmetics, paints, fertilizers, making various ores. It is used in the television
it extremely important for the world industry, because it has a good light output,
economy. Most importantly, iron is a very that is similar to the solar spectrum. Some
important element in the bodies of many isotopes of scandium are used to analyze
animals, used to create hemoglobin which is crude oil samples.
used to carry oxygen in the blood.
PALLADIUM RHODIUM
Palladium is primarily used in

the jewelry industry, as it resists

Rhodium is used to harden
tarnishing very well. It also platinum, and is also
forms white gold when alloyed important to improve
with yellow gold. This element is optical instruments through
used in the extraction of the process of
hydrogen as it can absorb the electroplating.
element up to 900 times of its
own volume.
VANADIUM MANGANESE
Vanadium is another abundantly available
element that is found in over 60 minerals. It This elements is widely used in creating
is mainly found as a byproduct during the components of electronic devices, owing to
production of uranium and crude oil. its low temperature coefficient of resistivity.
Vanadium is important in creating steel alloys It is also used to create potassium
that are stronger and more resistant to wear permanganate, which is used in chemical labs
and tear, that are primarily used to create across the world. Manganese is also used in
high speed tools. It is used sometimes to dry batteries, the manufacture of bricks and
bond steel and titanium. This element is also glass, fertilizers, and the production of
used in the chemical industry for the magnets that are used in televisions.
production of sulfuric acid.
CHROMIUM TUNGSTEN

. It is commonly used in the Tungsten is also used to

process of electroplating for strengthen steel and make
protective and decorative purposes. it heat resistant, mainly
Besides this, due to its low ductility
because it is the metal with
at low temperatures, it is also used
the highest melting point.
to create non-ferrous alloys. It is
also used for strengthening steel This property also makes it
and manufacturing chrome/ tinted important in light bulbs,
glass. missiles, and furnaces.
 COBALT ZINC
Over 6 million tons of zinc is produced
A very important element in terms of annually, majority of which is used to coat
electrical systems that use copper wires, it is various metals to prevent corrosion and rust.
also used in making currency coins in many It is also used in the manufacture of batteries
countries. It is used to make lightning rods, and in the process of die casting. . Zinc oxide
heating and cooling systems, etc. Besides is used in manufacturing textiles, paints, and
this, it is a major part of alloys such as rubber products. Zinc sulfide is used in
bronze, and monel. Also, because it is so televisions, clocks, and fluorescent light bulbs.
malleable and non-reactive with water, it is The element is also a part of rat poisons. The
used to manufacture water pipes, heaters, human body uses zinc to heal wounds and to
and cooking dishes. store insulin inside the pancreas.
 MERCURY Titanium

The most well-known medical use of the It is used in the construction of

element is in the manufacture of fighter airplanes, racing cars,
thermometers, and also in other spacecraft, Titanium is also used to
measurement devices such as barometers,
create artificial limbs and joints for
hydrometers, and pyrometers. It is used to
people with physical disabilities. The
remove gold and silver from amalgams, and
metal is used to make pipes, that are
is also a part of many electric switches and
relays. Also, because it loses its resistance part of nuclear power stations. Its
to electricity at very low temperatures, it is compounds are also used in the
a very good candidate for superconductor production of white paint all over the
research. world.
 SILVER GOLD

Silver is a good conductor of electricity, and

it does not corrode in air or water. This Everyone knows, that gold is a high value
makes it ideal for manufacturing jewelry, metal. Similar to silver, gold does not corrode,
printed circuit boards, and electric contacts, and it is a great conductor of electricity. It is
especially when alloyed with copper. It is a used for making computer chips, wires,
very important element in the photograph electric contacts, and jewelry. Some
developing process, and is found in cadmium radioactive isotopes of gold are also used as
batteries. implants to cure certain cases of cancer.
 PLATINUM CADMIUM
Even though cadmium is a metal, it is
Used in manufacturing fuel cells and nitric
soft enough to be easily cut with a
acid, it is also used as a catalyst in
knife. It is a silvery white element that
automobiles to reduce the polluting
emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen is used in electroplating metals to
oxides. It is also sometimes used in protect them from corrosion and rust.
manufacturing thermometers and rocket It is also found in batteries. It is also
engines due to its ability to withstand high an important component in the
temperatures. Platinum can also be found in control rods of nuclear power plants
pharmaceutics and medical fields for due to its ready nature in absorbing
manufacturing anti-cancer drugs and neutrons during a nuclear-fission
surgical equipment.
process.
 COPPER NICKEL
This element is quite rare, and is primarily
used in the ceramics and paint industry to It is primarily used to produce ferrous and
create blue colors. Some compounds of non-ferrous alloys, such as alnico steel and
cobalt are used in the creation of aldehydes stainless steel. It is also used in the
that are useful in the chemical industry. It is manufacturing process of vegetable oil and
also used to make stellite, an alloy used for margarine. It also has several uses in chemical
making drill bits. This element is also used to labs and industries across the world.
produce high temperature-resistant alloys
that are used in the manufacture of gas
turbines. Magnetic alloys such as alnico steel
are also manufactured with the help of
cobalt.
 SOURCES

1)https://sciencestruck.com/what-
are-uses-of-transition-metals
2)Chemistry textbook KSSM
THANK YOU