E Com 40113088818 Rashi Ramola

E-COMMERCE LAB PRACTICAL
2020-2021
BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
(HONORS)
6th SEMESTER
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE

OF MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Rashi Ramola Mrs. Ekata Gupta
ENROLLMENT NO:
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INDEX
S.no Topics
1 HTML Text Formatting using bold,
underline, italics, marquee, big, small,
strike
2 Header Tag (H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6)
3 Create a HTML page using Pre tags
4 Ordered and Unordered List – Create
an Index for any subject using both OL
and LL
5 Definition List – Create short form
using DL tag
6 Internal Hyperlinks- Create a webpage
of any country using Internal
Hyperlinks
7 Create a webpage of Sikkim using
different font tags
8 External Hyperlinks
9 Local Hyperlinks – Create list of
UNESCO world heritage sites using
local hyperlinks
And Image inserting tag.
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10. Create different webpage and
link them using Previous , Next and Back
buttons
11. Create Product table having Product
name, price, description and images using
table tag.
12. Create timetable for any
workshop using table tag, rows pan and
colspan
13. Using Tables display of html different
types of trees
14. Create Chess Board using Frameset tag.
15. Using frames showing famous personality
MARY KOM
16. Create Flipbook using frameset.
17. Replicate an E-commerce website PIZZA
HUT using different tags.
18. Make a Resume using different tags and
using submit and reset buttons.
19. Html display of MCQ question paper of
E-commerce
20. Display of images through marquee tag
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HTML TEXT FORMATTING USING TAGS
1. HTML program to display the basic tags of HTML.
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> My first page! </title>
</head>
<Body>
The laws are: The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, The
Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act and The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price
Assurance and Farm Services Act. The stay on their implementation means the Centre cannot, for the time
being, proceed with any executive actions to enforce the laws. The court formed a four-member committee of
experts “to listen to the grievances of the farmers on the farm laws and the views of the government and make
recommendations”.
</body>
</html>
Screenshot of html program to display the basic tag coding result:
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2. HTML program to display text using text formatting tags
(bold, italics etc.)
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Title><big> NEP2020 </title>
</head>
<Body>
<Big><marquee> National education policy 2020 </marquee></big>
 Education is fundamental for achieving full human potential, developing an equitable and just
society, and promoting national development. Providing universal access to quality education is the key
to India’s continued ascent, and leadership on the global stage in terms of economic growth, social
justice and equality, scientific advancement, national integration, and cultural
Preservation. Universal high-quality education is the best way forward for developing and maximizing
our country's rich talents and resources for the good of the individual, the society, the country, and the
world. India will have the highest population of young people in the world over the next decade, and
our ability to provide high-quality educational opportunities to them will determine the future of our
country This National Education Policy 2020 is the first education policy of the 21st century and aims
to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country. This Policy proposes the
revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and
governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century education,
including SDG4, while building upon India’s traditions and value systems. 
 the world is undergoing rapid changes in the knowledge landscape. With various
dramatic scientific and technological advances, such as the rise of big data, machine learning, and
artificial intelligence, many unskilled jobs worldwide may be taken over by machines, while the need
for a skilled workforce, particularly involving mathematics, computer science, and data science, in
conjunction with multidisciplinary abilities across the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, will be
increasingly in greater demand.
With climate change, increasing pollution, and

Depleting natural resources, there will be a sizeable shift in how we meet the world’s energy, water,
food, and sanitation needs, again resulting in the need for new skilled labor, particularly in biology,
chemistry, physics, agriculture, climate science, and social science. The growing emergence of
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Epidemics and pandemics will also call for collaborative research in infectious disease management
and development of vaccines and the resultant social issues heightens the need for multidisciplinary
Learning. There will be a growing demand for humanities and art, as India moves towards becoming a
developed country as well as among the three largest economies in the world. Education Policy lays
particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the
principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the ‘foundational capacities
’of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem
solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions. 
<Strike> Indeed, with the quickly changing employment landscape and global ecosystem, it is
becoming increasingly critical that children not only learn, but more importantly learn how to learn.
Education thus, must move towards less content, and more towards learning about how to think
critically and solve
Problems, how to be creative and multidisciplinary, and how to innovate, adapt, and absorb new
material in novel and changing fields. Pedagogy must evolve to make education more experiential,
holistic, integrated, inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-cent red, discussion-based, flexible,
and, of course, enjoyable. The curriculum must include basic arts, crafts, humanities, games, sports and
fitness, languages, literature, culture, and values, in addition to science and mathematics, to develop all
aspects and capabilities of learners; and make education more well-rounded, useful, and fulfilling to the
learner. Education must build character, enable learners to be ethical, rational, compassionate, and
caring, while at the same time prepare them for gainful, fulfilling employment. The teacher must be at
the center of the fundamental reforms in the education system. The new education policy must help re-
establish teachers, at all levels, as the most respected and essential members of our society, because
they truly shape our next generation of citizens. It must do everything to empower teachers and help
them to do their job as effectively as possible. The new education policy must help recruit the very best
and brightest to enter the teaching profession at all levels, by ensuring livelihood, respect, dignity, and
autonomy, while also instilling in the system basic methods of quality control and accountability.
</strike>
<big> the aim must be for India to have an education system by 2040 that is second to none,
with equitable access to the highest-quality education for all learners regardless of social or economic
background. The Vision of this Policy This National Education Policy envisions an education system
rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an
equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high-quality education to all, and thereby
making India a global knowledge superpower. The Policy envisages that the curriculum and pedagogy
of our institutions must develop among the students a deep sense of respect towards the Fundamental
Duties and Constitutional values, bonding with one’s country, and a conscious awareness of one’s roles
and responsibilities in a changing world. The vision of the Policy is to instill among the learners a
deep-rooted pride in being Indian, not only in thought, but also in spirit, intellect, and deeds, as well as
to develop knowledge, skills, values, and dispositions that support responsible commitment to human
rights, sustainable development and living, and global well-being, thereby reflecting a truly global
citizen. </big>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of html program to display text using text formatting tags
coding result:-
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HTML DISPLAY USING HEADER TAGS
3. HTML program to display header tags.
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> COVID 19 </title>
</head>
<Body>
<h1 align="centre"> The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing
pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization
declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in
March 2020. </h1>
<h2 align="right"> Symptoms of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from none to life-threatening illness.
The virus spreads mainly through the air when people are near each other. It leaves an infected person as they
breathe, cough, sneeze, or speak and enters another person via their mouth, nose, or eyes. It may also spread via
contaminated surfaces. Recommended preventive measures include social distancing, wearing face masks in
public, covering one's mouth when sneezing or coughing and monitoring and self-isolation for people exposed
or symptomatic. </h2>
<h3 align="left"> Although it is still unknown exactly where the outbreak first started, many early cases of
COVID-19 have been attributed to people who have visited the Hunan Seafood Wholesale Market, located in
Wuhan, Hubei, China. On 11 February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease
"COVID-19", which is short for coronavirus disease 2019. The virus that caused the outbreak is known as
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). </h3>
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<h4> Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms
include headache, loss of smell and taste, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea, cough, muscle pain, sore throat,
fever, diarrhoea, and breathing difficulties. Three common clusters of
symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and
fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of
digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea </h4>
<h5> the standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid tests, which detects the
presence of viral RNA fragments. As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine
duration of infectivity of patients is limited." The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a
nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. </h5>
<h6> Coronavirus disease 2019 Prevention, Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, and Social distancing
measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic </h6>
</body>
</html>
Screenshot of html program to display the header tag coding result:
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HTML DISPLAY USING PRE TAGS
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> use of prematted text </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="lightskyblue">
<pre>
#@*
$!* $!* $!*
#@* #@* #@* #@* #@*
$!* $!* $!* $!* $!* $!* $!*
</pre>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of html program to display the Pre tag coding result:-
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HTML UNORDERED LIST
 HTML program to display the unordered list of html.
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> B.COM HONORS SUBJECTS </title>
</head>
<Body>
<block quote> <big> <center>
B.COM HONORS SUBJECTS </center></big></block quote> 
<ul type="circle">
<li> B.com H 1st Semester
</li> 
<ul type="square">
<li > Business Communication 
<li > Micro Economics 
<li > Computer Applications 
<li > Financial Accounting 
<li > Management Process and
Organisational Behaviour 
</ul>
<li> B.com H 2nd Semester

<ul type="square">
<li> Business Law 
<li> Business mathematics 
<li > Macro Economics 
<li> Cost Accounting 
<li > Business studies 
</ul>
<li> B.com H 3rd Semester

<ul type="square">
<li> Marketing Management 
<li > Management Accounting 
<li > Human Resource Management 
<li> Business Statistics 
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<li> Business Ethics and Corporate social
responsibility 
</ul>
<li> B.com H 4th Semester

<ul type="square">
<li > Indian economy 
<li> Corporate accounting 
<li> financial management 
<li> auditing 
<li> research methodology 
<li> fundamental of financial management

</ul>
<li> B.com H 5th Semester

<ul type="square">
<li> Income tax and law practice 
<li> Management information system 
<li> Enterpreneurship development 
<li> MIS LAB 
<li> summer training project 
<li> financial market and institutes 
</ul>
<li> B.com H 6th Semester

<ul type="square">
<li> E-commerce 
<li> project management 
<li> goods and servies tax 
<li> environmental studies 
<li> service marketing 
<li> major project 
</ul>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of html display unordered list of html.
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HTML ORDERED LIST
 HTML program to display the ordered list of html.
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> INDEX </title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<blockquote> <big> <center> INDEX
</center></big></blockquote> 
<ol type="default">
<li> BUSINESS STUDIES

<ol type="i">
<li > Nature and Purpose of Business 
<li > Forms of Business Organisation 
<li > Private, Public and Global Enterprises 
<li > Emerging Modes of Business 
<li > Social Responsibilities of Business and Business
Ethics 
<li > Formation of a Company
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<li > Sources of Business Finance
<li > International Business
<li > Internal Trade 
</ol>
<li> MICRO ECONOMICS

<ol type="i">
<li> Introduction to Economics 
<li> Consumer Equilibrium 
<li > Demand 
<li> Elasticity of Demand 
<li > Perfect Competition 
<li > Cost 
<li > Supply 
<li > Non-Competitive Market 
<li > Producer Equilibrium 
</ol>
<li> ENTREPRENEURSHIP

<ol type="i">
<li> Entrepreneurial Opportunity 
<li > Entrepreneurial Planning 
<li > Enterprise Marketing 
<li> Enterprise Growth Strategies 
<li> Business Arithmetic 
<li> Resource Mobilization 
</ol>
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<li> MACRO ECONOMICS
<ol type="i">
<li > Introduction to Macroeconomics and its
Concepts
<li> National Income and Related Aggregates

<li> Money and Banking 
<li> Aggregate Demand and Its Related Concepts

<li> National Income Determination and Multiplier

<li> Excess Demand and Deficient Demand 
<li> Government Budget and the Economy 
<li> Foreign Exchange Rate 
</ol>
<li> ACCOUNTANCY

<ol type="i">
<li> Accounting for Partnership : Basic Concepts

<li> Accounting for Not for Profit Organisation

<li>Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission

of a Partner 
<li> Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm –

Retirement/Death of a Partner 
<li> Dissolution of Partnership Firm 
<li> Accounting for Share Capital
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<li> Issue and Redemption of Debentures 
<li> Financial Statements of a Company 
<li> Analysis of Financial Statements 
</ol>
<li> MATHEMATICS

<ol type="i">
<li> Relations and Functions 
<li> Inverse Trigonometric Functions 
<li>Matrices and Determinants 
<li>Continuity and Differentiability 
<li> Application of Derivatives 
<li> Integrals 
<li> Application of Integrals 
<li> Differential Equations 
</ol>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of html display unordered list of html.
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HTML DEFINITION LIST
 HTML display using definition list.

CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> DEFINITION LIST </title>
</head>
<body>
<big> <center> E-COMMERCE

DEFINITION LIST </center></big> 
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=1> <li><dt> HTML

</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Hyper Text Markup Language

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=2><li><dt> E-

COM</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>E-Commerce Online Marketing

</dd>
</dl>
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<dl>
<ol type=1 start=3><li><dt>B2B E-

<dd>Business to business E-Commerce

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=4><li><dt>OTP</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Online transaction Processing

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=5><li><dt> URL

<dd> Uniform Resource Locator </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=6><li><dt>DIGITAL WALLET

<dd> digital wallet also known as "e-Wallet" is an
electronic device, online service</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=7><li><dt>ONLINE

BANKING</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> internet banking or web banking, is an
electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
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<ol type=1 start=8><li><dt> ORDER TRACKING
<dd>process of determining the current and past
locations </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start =9><li><dt> ONLINE OFFICE

SUITES</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> This allows people to work together
worldwide and at any time</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 satrt=10><li><dt> VIRTUAL

ASSISTANT</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> software agent that can perform tasks or
services for an individual based on commands or questions</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=11><li><dt> 3G

<dd>3rd Generation </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=12><li><dt>

USB</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Universal Serial Bus </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=13><li><dt> HTTP

<dd>Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

</dd>
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</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=14><li><dt> GIF

<dd>Graphic InterchangeableFormat

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=15><li><dt> JPEG

<dd>Joint Photographic ExpertGroup

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>

DOC</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> Document (Microsoft

Corporation)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>

PDF</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Portable Document Format</dd>
</dl>
<dl>

WML</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Wireless Markup Language </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
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<ol type=1 start=19><li><dt>DVD
<dd> Digital Versatile Disk</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=20><li><dt>SIM </dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Subscriber Identity Module </dd>
</dl>
<dl>

RTS</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Real Time Streaming </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=22><li><dt> MP4

<dd>MPEG-4 video file</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=23><li><dt> WAP

<dd>Wireless Application

Protocol</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=24><li><dt>TCP

<dd>Transmission Control

Protocol</dd>
</dl>
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<dl>

WLAN</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> Wireless Local Area

Network</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=26><li><dt> ELECTRONIC TICKETS

<dd> usually referred to as travel card or transit
pass</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=27><li><dt> B2C E-

<dd> Business to consumer Ecommerce

</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=28><li><dt> INTERNET

SECURITY</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>involving browser security and the World
Wide Web </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=29><li><dt>INSTANT MESSAGING

<dd>technology is a type of online chat that offers
real-time text transmission over the Internet </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
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<ol type=1 start=30><li><dt> SOCIAL
NETWORKING</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> is an online platform which people use to
build social networks or social relationships with other people</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=31><li><dt>PRETAIL

<dd> is a sub-category of e-commerce and online
retail for introducing new products, services, and brands to market by pre-launching online</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=32><li><dt>TELECONFERENCE

<dd> teleseminar is the live exchange and mass
articulation of information among several persons</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=33><li><dt> SHOPPING CART

SOFTWARE</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>is a piece of e-commerce software on a web
server that allows visitors to have an Internet site to select items for eventual purchase </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=34><li><dt> ONLINE

AUCTION</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>is an auction which is held over the internet
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=35><li><dt> SUPPLY

CHAIN</dt></li></ol> 
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<dd>supply chain is a system of organizations,
people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=36><li><dt> PRINT ON

DEMAND</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>is a printing technology and business process
in which book copies (or other documents) are not printed until the company receives an order
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>

HTTPS</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Secure</dd>
</dl>
<dl>

MP3</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> MPEG player lll</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=39><li><dt> CONVERSATIONAL

COMMERCE</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> is e-commerce done via various means of
conversation </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=40><li><dt>USENET USEGROUP

<dd> is a repository usually within the Usenet
system, for messages posted from users in different locations using Internet</dd>
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</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=41><li><dt>BOUNCE RATE

<dd> The bounce rate is the percentage of times a
visitor leaves your website from landing </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=42><li><dt>WANs

<dd> wide area network are computers that are too
far apart for a local area network</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=43><li><dt>SOHO

<dd> Small office is something called a virtual
office </dd>
</dl>
<dl>

IP</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>Internet Protocol. </dd>
</dl>
<dl>

C2C</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> Consumer to Consumer </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
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C2B</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> Consumer to Business</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=47><li><dt>DIGITAL CASH

<dd>Money, in the form of information, that can be
stored in electronic wallets or on smart cards </dd>
</dl>
<dl>

GATEWAY</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>A device that allows for the translation and
management of communication between networks that use different protocols or designs </dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<ol type=1 start=49><li><dt> IP

ADDRESS</dt></li></ol> 
<dd>A unique number that is assigned to any
device connected to the Internet </dd>
</dl>
<dl>

LINK</dt></li></ol> 
<dd> means a URL hidden behind a formatting
option that may take the form of a colored item of text, logo or image</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of html display definition list.
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HTML INSERTING INTERNAL HYPERLINKS
HTML display using internal hyperlinks:-

CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> RUSSIA </title>
</head>
<body>
<a name="top"><big><center> RUSSIA

</center></big></a> 
 
 
 Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country
spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world; covering over 17,125,191
square kilometres (6,612,073 sq mi), consisting of more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area,
extending to eleven time zones, and has borders with sixteen sovereign nations. Russia has a population of 146.7
million; and is the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. Moscow, the
capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and the country's cultural
centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; speaking Russian, the most spoken Slavic language,
and the most spoken native language in Europe.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval
state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,
beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.
Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states, until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy
of Moscow in the 15th century. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest,
annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which became a major European power, and the
third-largest empire in history. 
 
 
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<a name="top">

CONTENT</a> 
 
<ol>
<ol type=1 start=1><li>
<a href="#history">history</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Etymology">Etymology</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Geography">Geography</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Politics">Politics</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Economy">Economy</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Culture">Culture</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Tourism">Tourism</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="#Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li></ol>
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<a name="history"><big>history</big></a>
 
Early history Scythia, Ancient Greek colonies, Early Slavs, East Slavs, Huns, Turkic expansion, and Prehistory
of Siberia, Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic
Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic-Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. In classical
antiquity, the Pontic Steppe was known as Scythia. Beginning in the 8th century BC, Ancient Greek traders
brought their civilisation to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD a
semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by Huns. Between the
3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies, was
also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes, such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.A Turkic
people, the Khazars, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th
century.The ancestors of modern Russians are the Slavic tribes, whose original home is thought by some
scholars to have been the wooded areas of the Pinsk Marshes.The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in
two waves: one moving from Kiev toward present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk toward
Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in
Western Russia, and assimilated the native Finno-Ugric peoples, including the Merya, the Muromians, and the
Meshchera. The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of
Varangians, the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and
Caspian Seas. According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected
ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been
previously paying tribute to the Khazars. Oleg, Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued
all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate and launched several military
expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and
most prosperous states in Europe.The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise
(1019–1054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from
Byzantium and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda.The Baptism of
Kievans, by Klavdy Lebedev. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such
as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of the East Slavic populations to the safer,
heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as Zalesye;which led to intermingling with
the native Volga Finnic tribes.
 
 
 
<a name="Etymology"><big>Etymology</big></a>
 
The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. However, this
proper name became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants
"Русская земля" (Russkaya zemlya), which can be translated as "Russian land" or "land of Rus'". In order to
distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus' by modern historiography.
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The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, and Swedish merchants and warriors,who
relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'.
An old Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus'
that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the
Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία Rossía—spelled Ρωσία (Rosía pronounced [roˈsia]) in Modern
Greek.
 
 
 
<a name="Geography"><big>Geography</big></a>
 
Russia is the largest country in the world; covering a total area of 17,075,200 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq
mi). It is a transcontinental country spanning much of the landmass of Eurasia; in both Europe and Asia. Its
European part of roughly 4,000,000 km2, is around 40% of the total landmass of Europe, making Russia the
largest country in Europe; and its Asian part, which covers all of Northern Asia, is around 13,100,000 km2,
making Russia the largest country in Asia. It has the fourth-longest coastline in the world, at 37,653 km (23,396
mi).[e] It is larger, by size, than the continents of Oceania, Europe, and Antarctica; and lies between latitudes
41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W.
The two most widely separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (4,971 mi) apart along a geodesic line.[f]
Mountain ranges are found along the southern regions, which shares a portion of the Caucasus Mountains
(containing Mount Elbrus; which at 5,642 m (18,510 ft) is the highest and most prominent peak in both Russia
and Europe), the Altai Mountains in Siberia, and in the Russian Far East, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the
volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula. The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north–south range
that divides Europe and Asia.
The Volga, flowing through Central Russia and into the Caspian Sea; is the longest river in Europe.
The Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea,
Bering Sea, Sea of Azov, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan are linked to Russia via the Arctic, Pacific, and
the Atlantic. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the
Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede
Islands are just 3 km (1.9 mi) apart, and Kunashir Island is about 20 km (12.4 mi) from Hokkaido, Japan.
Mount Elbrus, a dormant volcano in Southern Russia, is the highest mountain in Russia and Europe.
Russia has one of the world's largest surface water resources; with its lakes containing approximately one-
quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is
Lake Baikal, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake; which alone contains over
one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Other major lakes include Ladoga and Onega, two of the largest
lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the total renewable water resources. Out of the
country's 100,000 rivers,the Volga is the most famous—it is the longest river in Europe. The Siberian rivers of
Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the world's longest rivers.
 
 
 
<a name="Politics"><big>Politics</big></a>
 
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According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is an asymmetric federation and semi-presidential republic,
wherein the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Russian
Federation is fundamentally structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government
composed of three branches: 
-Legislative: The bicameral Federal Assembly of Russia, made up of the 450-member State Duma and the 170-
member Federation Council, adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse and
the power of impeachment of the President. 
-Executive: The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, can veto legislative bills before they
become law, and appoints the Government of Russia (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce
federal laws and policies. 
-Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by
the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem
unconstitutional. 
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third
consecutive term). Ministries of the government are composed of the Premier and his deputies, ministers, and
selected other individuals; all are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister
(whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). The Russian Armed Forces are
divided into the Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force. There are also three independent arms of service:
Strategic Missile Troops, Aerospace Defence Forces, and the Airborne Troops. As of 2019, the military had
almost one million active duty personnel, the fourth-largest in the world. Additionally, there are over 2.5 million
reservists, with the total number of reserve troops possibly being as high as 20 million. It is mandatory for all
male citizens aged 18–27 to be drafted for a year of service in Armed Forces.
Russia boasts the world's second-most powerful military, and is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons
states, with the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world. More than half of the world's 14,000 nuclear
weapons are owned by Russia. The country possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,
and is one of the only three states operating strategic bombers, with the world's most powerful ground force, the
second-most powerful air force, and the third-most powerful navy fleet.Russia has the fourth-highest military
expenditure in the world, spending $65.1 billion in 2019.It has a large and fully indigenous arms industry,
producing most of its own military equipment. In 2019, Russia was the world's third-biggest exporter of arms,
behind only the United States and China.
 
 
 
<a name="Economy"><big>Economy</big></a>
 
Russia has an upper-middle income mixed and transition economy, with enormous natural resources,
particularly oil and natural gas. It has the world's eleventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-
largest by PPP. According to the World Bank, Russia's GDP per capita by PPP was $29,181 in 2019. The
average nominal salary in Russia was ₽47,867 per month in 2019,and approximately 12.9% of Russians lived
below the national poverty line in 2018. Unemployment in Russia was 4.5% in 2019, and officially more than
70% of the Russian population is categorised as middle class; though this is disputed.By the end of December
2019, Russian foreign trade turnover reached $666.6 billion. Russia's exports totalled over $422.8 billion, while
its imported goods were worth over $243.8 billion. As of August 2020, foreign reserves in Russia are $438
billion.
Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of Russian exports abroad. In 2016, the oil-and-
gas sector accounted for 36% of federal budget revenues. In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment
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Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to 60% of the country's GDP. Russia has one of the lowest
foreign debts among major economies. It ranked 28th of 190 countries in the 2019 Ease of Doing Business
Index. Russia has a flat tax rate of 13%; with the world's second most attractive personal tax system for single
managers after the United Arab Emirates.Inequality of household income and wealth has also been noted, with
Credit Suisse finding Russian wealth distribution so much more extreme than other countries studied it
"deserves to be placed in a separate category.
 
 
 
<a name="Demographics"><big>Demographics</big></a>
 
Russia is one of the most sparsely populated and urbanised countries in the world; it had a population of 142.8
million according to the 2010 census,which rose to 146.7 million as of 2021. It is the most populous country in
Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world; with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square
kilometre (23 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 72.4 years (66.9 years for males
and 77.6 years for females)
Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. In 2018, the total fertility rate across Russia was
estimated to be 1.6 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest
fertility rates in the world. Subsequently, the country has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an
average age of 40.3 years. In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; since
the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and
increased immigration.
Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the
population were ethnic Russians, while rest of the 19% of the population were minorities; while around 84.93%
of the Russia's population was of European descent, of which the vast majority were Slavs, with minorities of
Germanic, Baltic-Finns and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own
ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist a minority. According to the United
Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of
which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.
 
 
 
<a name="Culture"><big>Culture</big></a>
 
Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. As Moscow rose to power, Theophanes the
Greek, Dionisius and Andrei Rublev became vital names in Russian art. The Russian Academy of Arts was
created in 1757. In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky
became influential. The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander
Ivanov. In the mid-19th century, the group of mostly realists Peredvizhniki broke with the Academy. Leading
Russian realists include Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Polenov, Isaac Levitan, Vasily
Surikov, Viktor Vasnetsov, Ilya Repin, and Boris Kustodiev. The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of
symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, and Nicholas Roerich. The Russian avant-
garde flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; notable artists from this era were El Lissitzky, Kazimir
Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, and Marc Chagall. Some influential Soviet sculptures were Vera Mukhina,
Yevgeny Vuchetich and Ernst Neizvestny.
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Beginning with the woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs; since the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several
centuries Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. Aristotle Fioravanti and
other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. The 16th century saw the development of the
unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design. In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation
flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s. After
the reforms of Peter the Great; the country's architecture became influenced by Western Europe. The 18th-
century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers.
During the reign of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I, the city of Saint Petersburg was
transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. The second half of the 19th century was
dominated by the Byzantine and Russian Revival style. Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art
Nouveau (Fyodor Shekhtel), Constructivism (Moisei Ginzburg and Victor Vesnin), and Socialist Classicism
(Boris Iofan).
 
 
 
<a name="Cuisine"><big>Cuisine</big></a>
 
Russian cuisine widely uses fish, caviar, poultry, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, barley,
and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for kvass, beer and vodka
drinks. Black bread is very popular in Russia. Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka
and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) is often added to soups and salads. Pirozhki, blini and syrniki are
native types of pancakes. Chicken Kiev, pelmeni and shashlyk are popular meat dishes, the last two being of
Tatar and Caucasian origin respectively. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually
filled with meat. Salads include Olivier salad, vinegret and dressed herring.
 
 
 
<a name="Tourism"><big>Tourism</big></a>
 
According to a UNWTO report, Russia is the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most
visited country in Europe, as of 2018, with 24.6 million visits. Russia is ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2019. According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of
foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018
amounted to $11.6 billion.In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP. Major tourist routes in
Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the
Volga, and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia's most visited and popular landmarks
include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.
 
 
 
<a name="Science and Technology"><big>Science and Technology</big></a>
 
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Russia is a leading nation in scientific research; its research and development budget is the ninth-highest in the
world, with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development.In 2019,
Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications. Since 1904, Nobel Prize were
awarded to twenty-six Russian and Soviet people in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and
peace.
Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the energy conservation law. Since
the time of Nikolay Lobachevsky (the "Copernicus of Geometry" who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry)
and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, the Russian mathematical school became one of the most influential
in the world. Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. Nine
Soviet/Russian mathematicians were awarded with the Fields Medal.[184] Grigori Perelman was offered the
first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002. Russian
discoveries and inventions include the electric filament lamp, the aircraft, the safety parachute, sputnik, radio
receiver, electrical microscope, colour photos, caterpillar tracks, track assembly, electrically powered railway
wagons, videotape recorder, helicopter, solar cell, transformers, yogurt, television, petrol cracking, synthetic
rubber and grain harvester.
Mir, Soviet and Russian space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001.
Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency; while Russian achievements in the field of space technology and
space exploration are traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics. His works
had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who
contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.
In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched; in 1961 the first human trip into
space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records
ensued, including the first spacewalk performed by Alexei Leonov, Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to land on
the Moon, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon,
Venera 7 was the first to land on another planet (Venus), Mars 3 then the first to land on Mars, the first space
exploration rover Lunokhod 1, and the first space station Salyut 1 and Mir. Russia is the largest satellite
launcher.
Russia has completed the GLONASS satellite navigation system, and is developing its own fifth-generation jet
fighter and constructing the first serial mobile nuclear plant in the world. Soyuz rockets are the only provider of
transport for astronauts at the International Space Station. Luna-Glob is a Russian Moon exploration
programme, with first planned mission launch in 2021. Roscosmos is also developing the Orel spacecraft, to
replace the aging Soyuz, it could also conduct mission to lunar orbit as early as 2026. In February 2019, it was
announced that Russia is intending to conduct its first crewed mission to land on the Moon in 2031.
 
 
 
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Screenshot of display of HTML using internal hyperlinks on the topic
RUSSIA:-
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SIKKIM ASSIGNMENT:-
CODING:-
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<Head>
<Title> Sikkim </title>
</head>
 <h1 align="center"> SIKKIM

</h1> 
<center> LOCATION </center>

 
 Sikkim is a state in northeastern India. It

borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east,
Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to India's Siliguri Corridor
near Bangladesh. In the eastern Himalayas, Sikkim is a lovely state located in the unfathomable
mountains and abrupt valleys. Sikkim is placed between latitudes of
27°5' N to 20°9' N and longitudes of 87° 59' E to 88°56' E. Positioned in north-east, Sikkim is the
second smallest state of India. Sikkim is sandwiched between Nepal in the west and
Bhutan in the east, China in the north and West Bengal in the south. The Indian border of Sikkim
is shared only with the state of West Bengal. 
<center> FOOD

</center> 
 The food of the people of Sikkim indicates the culture
of this state which is a mélange of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. Sikkim food mainly comprises
 noodles, Gundruk and Sinki soups, thukpas, tomato achar pickle, traditional cottage cheese,
fermented soybean, Bamboo shoot, fermented rice product and some other fermented dishes owing
to its very cold climate . Rice is, however, the staple food of the state. Momos, also known as
dumplings and wantons are favorites among the Sikkimese people as well as the tourists. When it
comes to non-vegetarian food, they prefer fish, beef, and pork. People coming to explore Sikkim
would never miss the great opportunity to taste the very famous and delicious momos here which
have different fillings from beef to chicken to pork. 
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<center> CULTURE
 Sikkim is like a beautiful cultural

bouquet that is adorned with attractive folk dances, traditions and customs of different tribes and
castes. These myriad cultures have given birth to a quintessential Sikkimese culture that
encompasses all walks and ways of life. Having said that, it has also managed to retain its own
identity.
Sikkim is a beautiful land of manifold tribes and races of people living together. All these diverse
tribes and communities have their unique features in addition to their particular dance forms,
festivals, languages, culture, and craft forms. The miscellany of ethnic groups, religion, and
languages is seen all over Sikkim. 
<center> FESTIVALS

 The Sikkim festivals are celebrated with a
lot of pomp and show and as per the Buddhist calendar. Throughout all these festivals the citizens
of Sikkim indulge in vibrant and lively dances and music. Chaam, one of the most fascinating type
of ritual dance performed by the Lamas, which involves brightly colored masks and fascinating
musical instruments and takes place at the different monasteries across Sikkim while these
festivals are on. Some of the most popular festivals, notable in Sikkim are Losoong, Drupka Teshi,
Bumchu, Saga Dawa, Dassin and Phang Lhabsol. 
<center> TOURIST SPOTS

 The Goecha-La trek is one of the most
challenging treks and many trekkers come to Sikkim to experience this adrenaline-fueled
activity. Your next adventure attraction in Sikkim is River Rafting at the Teesta River. 
Then there is the Buddha Park, situated on the way to Ralong Monastery. It is located just around
another very famous attraction in Sikkim, the Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary. There is also the
Temi Tea Garden that stretches across 440 acres of slope land. In fact, the lake is considered
sacred by the locals. Another great attraction in Sikkim is the Nathula Pass. It is a mountain
pass in the North Eastern Himalayas and also the Indo-Chinese border is nestled there.It is said
that the Nathula Pass is among the highest passes accessible by tourists via road. 
<center> FAMOUS

PERSONALITY </center> 
 Danny Denzongpa is a famous Actor, Businessman,

and Singer who was born on February 25, 1948, in Gangtok, Kingdom of Sikkim with the birth
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name as Tshering Phintso Denzongpa. Nirmal Chettri was born on 21-10-1990 in Melli in the
state of Sikkim, India. He is an Indian Football Player.
 Bhaichung Bhutia aka Baichung Bhutia was born on 15-12-1976 in Tinkitam, South Sikkim
in the state of Sikkim, India. He is a former Indian Football Player & Activisit. Keepu Tsering
Lepcha was born on 1942 in the state of Sikkim, India. She is an Indian Social Worker,
Educationist, Founder, Civil Servant, Government Officer, Scholar, Educators, Scientist &
Educational theorist. Bhim Bahadur was born on 1995 in Gangtok in the state of Sikkim,
India. He is an Indian Dancer, Army Officer & Television Personality. 
<center> CLIMATE

 Sikkim in northeastern India is a

popular tourist destination known for its infinite landscapes and year around welcoming weather.
Sikkim majorly experiences four seasons, i.e. Winter – December to February, Spring – March to
May, South-West Monsoon – June to September, and retreating Monsoon – October, and
November.
Sikkim climate is that of the subtropical type in the lower south parts while it is Tundra type in the
north.The northern cold desert of Sikkim is under snow for most of the year. It means that most of
the inhabited regions of Sikkim barely experience a temperature in excess of 28 degrees Celsius
even during the peak summer season. The close proximity with the Bay of Bengal makes Sikkim
faces the best of southern monsoon. Its geographical position makes Sikkim the most humid place
in the entire Himalayas. 
<center> VEGETATION

 Due to the altitude that varies from sea level to summits
that touch the skies, the flora and fauna naturally covers a wide spectrum. Nowhere in the world in
such a small area can one find flora and fauna of all varieties - Tropical to the Alpines. Sikkim's
botanical and zoological richness is awe-inspiring, boasting of more than 4000 species of plants
and 30% of all the birds found in the Indian sub-continent. No wonder Sikkim has been a dream of
naturalists. The diversity in the plant world is complemented by a similar variety in the animal
kingdom. Amongst the mammals of Sikkim are the rare Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear,
Red panda, Musk Deer and Blue Sheep. 
<center> HERBS USED FOR

MEDICINE PURPOSE </center> 
 1. Abies forrestii,Local name-

Bobresall,Ayurvedic name- Talisapatra. This is important drug of Ayurveda Pharmacopeias the
leaf is sweet in taste and used for bronchitis, cough, hiccough, vomiting, dyspepsia, anorexia,
indigestion. 
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2. Abies webiana, Local name- Sala, Ayurvedic name- Talisapatra.This plant also used as
Talisapatra. 
3.Aconitum ferox wall,Local name-Bikh, Bikhma, Ayurvedic name- Vatsnabha. The plant is
commonly found at lower alpine region during July-Aug. in Sikkim, it is found at North-East
Sikkim, Nathulla, Dzongu and Singatela ridges. It is used in Ayurveda in pain condition,
fever,diabetes, bronchitis and skin disorders. 
4.Aconitum hetrophyllum,Local name-Bikh, Paunkar, Ayurvedic name- Ativisha.There are about
24 species of aconites in the Himalayan region out of which the best known species is Aconitum
hetrophyllum. It is the best drug for child’s all types of problems like- Infant
diarrhea,cough,cold,fever etc . 
5.Acorus calamus,Local name -Bajao, Ayurvedic name- Vacha.It is found in the marshy land and
covers a large area. It also grows on the banks of lakes and ponds. The rhizomes give a bitter
tasting tonic which is much used against fever,cough, diarrhea, dyspepsia. It is used in
constipation, abdominal pain, epilepsy and insanity and it also increase the memory, strength and
intelligence of child. 
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Html program display using tags on Sikkim

assignment:-
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HTML EXTERNAL HYPERLINKS
GUJARAT ASSIGNMENT
HTML display using External hyperlinks:-
CODING:-
<!DOCTYPE ht
<html>
<head>
<title> GUJARAT HERITAGE </title>
</head>
<body>
 
<h1><center> GUJARAT HERITAGE

</center></h1> 
 
 Gujarat is a state on the western
coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km (990 mi) – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a
population of 60.4 million. It is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and the ninth-largest state by
population.Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and
Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the
Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is
Ahmedabad. The Gujarati people of India are indigenous to the state, and their language
Gujarati, is the state's official language. The economy of Gujarat is the third-largest in India, with a
gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹15.03 trillion (US$210 billion) and has the country's 11th-highest
GSDP per capita of ₹196,000 (US$2,700). Gujarat ranks 21st among Indian states in human development index.
The state traditionally has low unemployment and is widely considered one of the most industrially developed
states of India and a manufacturing hub.
The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Lothal, Dholavira and
Gola Dhoro. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first seaports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly
Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires, and during the
succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era. Along with Bihar and Nagaland, Gujarat is one
of the four Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol. The Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home to the
only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world.
 
 
 
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<a name="top">
CONTENT</a>
 
<ol>
<a href="location.html"> LOCATION </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="FOOD.html"> FOOD </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="culture.html"> CULTURE </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="festivals.html"> FESTIVALS </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="tourism.html"> TOURISM </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="famous personalities.html"> FAMOUS PERSONALITIES </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="climate.html"> CLIMATE </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="vegetation.html"> VEGETATION </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="infrastructure.html"> INFRASTRUCTURE </a></li></ol>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of display of HTML using external hyperlinks:-
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HTML LOCAL LINKS
INDIAN HERITAGE SITES ASSIGNMENT

HTML display using Local links:-
CODING:-
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> INDIAN HERITAGE SITES </title>
</head>
<body vlink="red" alink="yellow" link="00ff00">
 
<h1><big><center> INDIAN HERITAGE SITES

</center></big></h1> 
<center><img src="ih.jpg" width="600" height="250"></center>
 
 
 UNESCO World Heritage Convention which was
established in 1972, recognised various sites of cultural and natural importance around the world. After the
latest addition to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list, India has now 38 World Heritage Sites, and that makes
India with the 6th largest number of World Heritage Sites in the world! There are 30 cultural sites, 7
natural sites and 1 mixed as recognised by UNESCO.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural or natural heritage as
described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.
Presently, there are 38 World Heritage Sites located in India.India has the sixth largest
number of sites in the world.Indian heritage and culture are vast and vivid because of the large number
of religious groups residing in our country. Every community has its own set of customs and traditions which it
passes on to its younger generation.
However, some of our customs and traditions remain the same throughout IndiaOur traditions teach us to
inculcate good habits and make us a good human being. Our cultural heritage is thus a beautiful gift from our
older generation that will help us become a better human being and build a harmonious society. India is an
ancient country. We are blessed with a beautiful heritage. We are solely responsible to preserve the same so that
our future generations also get to see and experience the same.

 
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<h2> LIST OF INDIAN HERITAGE SITES </h2>
<ol>
<a href="taj mahal.html"> TAJ MAHAL </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="agra fort.html"> AGRA FORT </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="monuments of hampi.html"> MONUMENTS OF HAMPI </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="humayun's tomb.html"> HUMAYUN'S TOMB</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="qutb minar.html"> QUTB MINAR </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="red fort.html">RED FORT </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="jantar mantar.html">JANTAR MANTAR </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="churches of goa.html"> THE CHURCHES AND CONVENTS OF GOA </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="ellora caves.html"> ELLORA CAVES </a></li></ol>
 
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<a href="ajanta caves.html"> AJANTA CAVES </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="kaziranga national park.html"> KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="mountain railway.html"> THE MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS OF INDIA </a></li></ol>
 
</body>
</html>
Screenshot of output display of HTML using Local links:-
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HTML DISPLAY OF E-COMMERCE NOTES
USING NEXT, PREVIOUS AND BACK BUTTONS
CODING:-
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> E-COMMERCE NOTES </title>
<style>
a{
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
padding: 8px 16px;
a:hover {
background-color: #ddd;
color: #000;
.next {
background-color: #4caf50;
color: #fff;
.prev {
background-color: #f1f1f1;
color: #000;
</style>
</head>
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<body vlink="red" alink="yellow" link="00ff00" bgcolor="lavender">
<h1><big><center>E-COMMERCE

</center></big></h1>
<img src="ecom.jpg" heigth="200" width="1350">
 
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce,

refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to
execute these transactions. Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical products online, but it can
also describe any kind of commercial transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
Whereas e-business refers to all aspects of operating an online business, ecommerce refers specifically to the
transaction of goods and services.
The history of ecommerce begins with the first ever online sale: on the August 11, 1994 a man sold a CD by the
band Sting to his friend through his website NetMarket, an American retail platform. This is the first example of
a consumer purchasing a product from a business through the World Wide Web—or “ecommerce” as we
commonly know it today.
Since then, ecommerce has evolved to make products easier to discover and purchase through online retailers
and marketplaces. Independent freelancers, small businesses, and large corporations have all benefited from
ecommerce, which enables them to sell their goods and services at a scale that was not possible with traditional
offline retail.
Global retail ecommerce sales are projected to reach $27 trillion by 2020. 
 
<center> <a href="introduction.html" class ="next"> NEXT </a></center>
 
 
<big>
<img src="com.jpg" align="right" width="500" height="400"><h2> 

E-COMMERCE NOTES </h2>
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<ol>
<a href="introduction.html"> INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="diff.html"> DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-COMMERCE AND TRADITIONAL COMMERCE

</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="types.html"> TYPES OF E-COMMERCE </a></li></ol>
 
<a href="functions.html"> FUNCTIONS OF E-COMMERCE</a></li></ol>
 
<a href="app.html"> E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS </a></li></ol>
 
</big>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of output display of HTML using NEXT, PREVIOUS BUTTONS:-
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HTML DISPLAY OF LIST OF GIFTS AND
DECORATIVE ITEMS USING TABLES
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> LIST OF GIFTS AND DECORATIVE ITEMS </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="lightcoral">
<center><h1> LIST OF GIFTS AND DECORATIVE ITEMS 

 </h1></center>
<center><img src="shops.jpg" width="650" height="400"> <img src="gd.jpg" width="650"

height="400"></center> 
<center><table border=1 bgcolor="aliceblue" >
<tr bgcolor="mistyrose">
<th> PRODUCT NAME </th>
<th> PRODUCT PRICE </th>
<th> PRODUCT PICTURE </th>
<th> PRODUCT DISCRIPTION </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Black Dropping Handcrafted Smoke Backflow Fountain Showpiece </center></td>
<td><center> ₹599 </center></td>
<td> <img src="p1.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Colour: Black, Size: Small, Shape: Smoke Backflow Fountain, Material & Care
Polyresin, Wipe with a clean, dry cloth when needed. 
Disclaimer: As these products are handcrafted, there might be a slight colour variation, which is
natural, hence makes them unique. 
Size & Fit Dimensions: 7.62 cm x 7.62 cm x 12.7 cm (length x width x height)</center> </td>
</tr>
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<tr bgcolor="mistyrose">
<td><center>Tea Light Candle Holders</center></td>
<td><center> Each Votive in this set has 3.25” diameter (top) 
and 3ʺ height Works with regular tea-light candles, also with small LED flameless tea lights, votive
candle, pillar, tealight, floating, wick candles. </center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center>Kraftinn Decorative Bamboo Table Lamp </center> </td>
<td> <center>Material:Bamboo,Wood 
Shape:Cylindrical 
Size : Height - 16.5 inch, Diameter - 6.5 inch 
Holder & Plug Type: E27 Holder and 2 pin round plug with bedswitch 
Treated as per CBTC Guidelines:Yes </center> </td>
</tr>
<td><center> Set of 4 Buddha Monks Statues </center></td>
<td><center> The Package Contains:- 4 Cute Buddha Monk Set. 
This buddah figure is having detailed hand work, made of polyresin material and have beautiful hand work
of skilled indian artist 
Ideal for show cases in homes or chidren room/table décor/car dashboards. Perfect for display on shelf of
store.A nice gift.</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Tealight Candle Holder Pack of 2 pc (Umbrella Ladies Tealight) </center></td>
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<td><center>₹425 </center></td>
<td> <center>Color- Umbrella Ladies Tealight 
Material- Metal and Cane 
Brand- AADIT CRREATION 
Item Weight- 480 Grams 
Mounting Type- Tabletop</center> </td>
</tr>
<td><center> Webelkart Gold Colour Metal Iron Bird Cage Tea Light Holder with Flower Vine
</center> </td>
<td> <center> ₹179 </center></td>
<td><img src="p6.jpg" width="300" height="200"></td>
<td><center> Colour- Round 
Brand- Webelkart 
Item Dimensions LxWxH- 10.2 x 10.2 x 17.8 Centimeters 
Finish Type- Powder Coated 
Theme- Birds, Flowers 
Mounting Type- Ceiling Mount </center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Kaameri Bazaar Cushion Gift Set </center> </td>
<td><img src="i7.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Includes: Cushion 
Ideal For: Boys, Girls, Men, Women 
Occasion: Anniversary </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center> Beautiful Aralia Plant with Cute Ceramic Pot </center> </td>
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<td><img src="p8.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td> <center>This gift pack contains an Aralia plant with cute ceramic pot. 
Low maintenance plant. 
Best plant for table top. 
Hard to kill plant </center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Multicolor Metal Analog Antique Wall Clock </center> </td>
<td><center> Brand: Malik Design 
Dimensions: Length: 19.5, Width: 3, Height: 19.5 Inches 
Assembly: Self Assembly 
Material: Metal 
Weight: 4Kgs 
Colour: Multicolor 
Pack Content: 1 Metal Wall Art </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center> Printelligent Wood Photo Frame (Multicolor, 17 Photos) </center> </td>
<td><img src="i10.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td><center>
Wall Color-Multicolor 
Number of Photos-17 
Frame Material-Wood 
Dimensions- 8.9cm x 12.7cm, 12.7cm x 17.8cm, 20.3cm x 25.4cm </center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> soft and stuffed teddy bear, </center> </td>
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<td><center> Brand- ESTON 
Material- Cotton 
Number of Puzzle Pieces 1 </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center> Cadbury Square Shaped Mouthwatering Gift Hamper </center></td>
<td> <img src="pp12.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td><center>
Brand-Cadbury 
Model Name- Square Shaped Mouthwatering Gift Hamper Of Multiple Chocolates With A Darling Card
For Your Partner 
Primary Product Type-Chocolate 
quantity- Dairymilk Chocolates-24, Darling Card-1, Flower Pot-1, Keychains-2, Heart Box-1, Kitkat-
1, Lickables-1, Cadbury Fuse-2, toffees, 5 Star-2, 5 star 3d-1 
Maximum Shelf Life- 9 Months</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Silver Dial Blue Leather Strap Watches </center> </td>
<td><center> Women's Watch- Lexi Rosegold Mesh Strap White Dial Watch 
Men's Watch-Aimee Black Dial Mesh Watch 
Color- Rose gold & Gunmetal 
Dial Size 
Women's Watch: 30 mm 
Men's Watch: 40 mm </center></td>
</tr>
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<td><center> Aroma Decor Ceramic Windchime </center></td>
<td> <img src="i14.jpg" width="300" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Model Number-Wc03 
Sales Package-1 WindChime 
Generic Name- Wind Chimes 
Country of Origin-India</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> eCraftIndia Antique Music Decorative Canon Brass Showpiece </center> </td>
<td><center> Brand- ECraftIndia 
Material-Brass 
Collection Name Showpieces 
Item Dimensions LxWxH- 10.2 x 10.2 x 24.1 Centimeters 
Weight-230 Grams </center></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
</body>
</html>
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Screenshot of output display of HTML using TABLES:-
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HTML DISPLAY OF WORKSHOP SCHEDULE
OF USING TABLE TAG, ROWSPAN AND
COLSPAN
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> merge table </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="lightgray">
<center>
<h1> Workshop on "WEB DEVELOPMENT" </h1>
<h2> (12th April to 16th April 2021)</h2>
<table border=1 bgcolor="aliceblue">
<tr bgcolor="plum">
<th rowspan=3> DAY </th>
<th colspan=3> WORKSHOP</th>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="plum">
<th colspan=2> SCHEDULE</th>
<th rowspan=2> TOPIC</th>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="plum">
<th>TIME IN </th>
<th> TIME OUT</th>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td rowspan=5><center> MONDAY </center></td>
<td><center> 10:00 </td>
<td><center>Welcome! and Introductions (announcements; schedule; discussion of seminar -- areas to

be covered, goals, ideas) Windows orientation, continued (calling up topics in Help, using applications
such as Notepad, Calculator, Paintbrush)</td>
</tr>
<tr >
<td><center>12:00</td>
<td bgcolor="yellow"><center> BREAK TIME </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Microsoft Windows orientation (including hands-on practice with launching applications;
 mouse pointing and clicking, selecting menu items, clarifying Windows "parts"; using keyboard
shortcuts;file manipulation in File Manager) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="lightgreen"><center> LUNCH </td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td><center> Enter WinCALIS! Running prepared lessons from "student's point of view", noticing
windows, question types, feedback, response analysis, formatting, graphics, audio. Creation through
Modeling: Writing the "Manet" lesson. Opening new WinCALIS script, entering Directions, entering
Text (article.txt). </td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=5><center> TUESDAY </td>
<td> <center>10:00 </td>
<td><center> Creating Multiple Choice Question, entering Anticipated Responses, appropriate Feedback;
Saving and Naming Lesson. Creating Short Answer Question, including wild card characters in
Anticipated Responses. Discuss wild cards and their application, discuss range of response analysis.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<td><center> Scripting: constructing individual lessons using authentic material in target language, using
elements of WinCALIS discussed thusfar. Preview of next day's plans. Creating True/False Questions,
giving Feedback.</td>
</tr>
<td bgcolor="lightgreen"><center>LUNCH </td>
</tr>
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<td><center>Windows orientation, continued (calling up topics in Help, using applications such as

Notepad, Calculator, Paintbrush). Question&Answer Session; review previous day's material. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan=5><center> WEDNESDAY </td>
<td> <center>12:00 </td>
<td><center>Question & Answer session; Review of previous material. Show&Tell: Sharing of individual
lessons </td>
</tr>
<tr >
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center>Constructing a Cloze Exercise Question: Entering and Marking text, providing More
Anticipated Responses, adjusting Script Options, adding contextual and non-contextual clues. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td><center> Scripting: Including a cloze exercise question in individual lessons. Adding Tutorials:
Creating a text file of additional lesson information, linking it to the main lesson through the Tutorials
feature. Saving, labelling, and naming tutorial files. </td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=5><center> THRUSDAY </td>
<td><center>Graphics! Using Paintbrush to view Graphics. Scripting: adding "manet04.bmp" to the lesson.
 More Graphics! Opening graphic files in Arts & Letters program. Scripting: placing clip art in
individual lessons. Discuss placement of graphics in WinCALIS. </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<td><center>Screen Aesthetics: Formatting text, Sizing and Placing Windows, Setting the cursor. 
Enhancing the "manet" lesson with text formatting. Scripting: working on aesthetics and layout of
individual lessons. Question&Answer Session; Review of previous material </td>
</tr>
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</tr>
<td><center> Introduction to Multimedia Editor: Looking into audio and video clips, discuss .wav, .avi,
and .mmd files in WinCALIS. Scripting: Creating .wav files, using SoundMan audio device and
Multimedia Editor, grabbing clips from .wav files, implementing audio clips in individual lessons. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan=5><center> FRIDAY </td>
<td><center>Making and Pushing Buttons! Enhancing "Manet" to include buttons that bring up tutorials,
audio clips. Scripting: Including buttons in individual lessons, using the Short Answer question type
or the Pass_Through Window. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Scripting; catch up as needed. Scripting; preparing lessons for presentation.
Question&Answer Session: Review of previous material </td>
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</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center> Begin to wrap up Week 1: Complete Evaluations, secure return travel plan specifics. 
Show&Tell, Part I, with Question&Answer and Discussion. Show&Tell, Part II, with Question&Answer
and Discussion. </td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF LIST OF DIFFERENT
TREES USING TABLES
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> LIST OF TREES IN INDIA </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="seagreen">
<center><img src="11.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img src="12.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img

src="13.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img src="14.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img src="15.jpg"
width="200" height="200"><img src="16.jpg" width="200" height="200"><center><h1> LIST OF DIFFERENT TREES FOUND IN STATES OF INDIA 
</h1></center>
<center><h2><big> “Don’t make trees rare, keep them with
care.”</big></h2></center>
<img src="t.jpg" width="200" height="200"> <img src="tr.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img

src="211.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img src="22.jpg" width="200" height="200"><img src="23.jpg"
width="200" height="200"><img src="24.jpg" width="200" height="200"></center>
<center><table border=1 bgcolor="white" >
<tr bgcolor="blue">
<th colspan="5"> LIST OF TREES IN DIFFERENT STATES </th>
</tr>
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<tr bgcolor="lightskyblue">
<th> STATE </th>
<th> TREE </th>
<th colspan=2> CHARACTERISTICS </th>
<th> INFORMATION </th>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="mediumspringgreen">
<td rowspan=3><center> GUJARAT </center></td>
<td><center> BANYAN TREE </center></td>
<td><center>Lifespan:</center></td>
<td><center> possibly over a thousand years although the age of the Banyan Tree is difficult to determine
due to the fact that the original trunk is usually hidden by years of arial or support root growth.
</center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan"> Banyan Tree </a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="b.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Height: </center></td>
<td><center> up to 100 feet (30.5 meters)</center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> A banyan, also spelled "banian", is a fig that begins its life as an epiphyte, i.e. a
plant that grows on another plant, when its seed germinates in a crack or crevice of a host tree or
edifice. "Banyan" often specifically denominates Ficus benghalensis (the "Indian banyan"), which is
the national tree of India.</center></td>
</tr>
<td><center> Leaf type: </center> </td>
<td><center>The leaves are large, 8-25 cm long x 6-20 cm broad, stoutly petiolated. The lamina is coriaceous,
nerved, ovate to obovate in shape.</center></td>
</tr>
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<tr bgcolor="yellow">
<td rowspan=3><center> ANDHRA PRADESH </center></td>
<td><center> NEEM TREE </center></td>
<td><center> Lifespan: </center></td>
<td><center>It is estimated that a neem tree has a productive life span of 150 - 200 years. It will grow
where rainfall is only 18 inches per year and it thrives in areas of extreme heat up to 120 degrees. </center>
</td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica"> Neem Tree

</a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="n.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Neem trees are fast growers, and in three years may grow to 20 feet in height from seed
planting. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center>Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in
the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to the
Indian subcontinent. It is typically grown in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Neem trees also grow
in islands located in the southern part of Iran. Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil.
</center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>The neem tree is often confused with a similar looking tree called bakain. Bakain also has
toothed leaflets and similar looking fruit. One difference is that neem leaves are pinnate but bakain
leaves are twice- and thrice-pinnate. </center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> MAHARASTHRA </center></td>
<td><center> MANGO TREE </center></td>
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<td><center>The life span of a mango tree is 100 - 200 years. These three tree age groups are important for
mango crop as trees start to bear fruits at the age of 5–6 years and their productivity reaches at peak
between 15–18 years afterwards it enters into declining phase after 25–30 years.</center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"> Mango Tree </a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="m.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> A mango tree can grow quite large, reaching a height of 100 feet or more with a canopy of 35
feet or more. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> A mango is a stone fruit produced from numerous species of tropical trees
belonging to the flowering plant genus Mangifera, cultivated mostly for their edible fruit. Most of
these species are found in nature as wild mangoes. The genus belongs to the cashew family Anacardiaceae.
 Mangoes are native to South Asia.</center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>The leaves of the tree are are shiny and dark green. They are either elliptical or lanceolate
with long petioles and a leathery texture. The tree produces dense clusters of flowers with cream-pink
petals on branched panicles. The mango fruit is roughly oval in shape, with uneven sides. </center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> KERALA </center></td>
<td><center> COCONUT TREE </center></td>
<td><center> Tall coconut palms have longer economic lives than Dwarf trees, typically about 60-80
years, and can live up to 100 years old under favourable conditions.</center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"> Coconut Tree </a>
</tr>
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<td rowspan=2><img src="c.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m
(13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center>The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family
(Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos. The term "coconut" (or the archaic
"cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a
nut. </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m
(13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk
smooth. </center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> UTTAR PRADESH </center></td>
<td><center>ASHOKA TREE </center></td>
<td><center>The Ashoka tree life span is around 50 years.
This tree is highly rich in energy. The new leaves will appear within 25-30 days. After 2 months, you
can transplant this seedling in the garden soil. </center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_tree"> Ashoka Tree </a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="a.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> This evergreen tree is known to grow over 10 m. in height and is commonly planted due to
its effectiveness in alleviating noise pollution. It exhibits symmetrical pyramidal growth with willowy
weeping pendulous branches and long narrow lanceolate leaves with undulate margins. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center>Saraca asoca is a plant belonging to the Detarioideae subfamily of the legume
family. It is an important tree in the cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent and adjacent areas. It
is sometimes incorrectly known as Saraca indica. </center></td>
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</tr>
<td><center>The ashoka is prized for its beautiful foliage and fragrant flowers. It is a handsome, small,
erect evergreen tree, with deep green leaves growing in dense clusters. </center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> UTTARAKHAND </center></td>
<td><center>BURANS TREE </center></td>
<td><center>The species is very fast growing, but does not live long - it has a life span of about 20 years
.The life expectancy depends on the species and variety, but many types of rhodies can live for
hundreds of years. </center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_arboreum">Burans

Tree</a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="bu.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Botanical Description: An evergreen tree growing up to 20 m tall, having rough and pinkish
brown bark. Leaves crowded towards end of branches, oblong-lanceolate and narrowed at ends, 7.5 – 15 ×
2.5 – 5 cm, glabrous above, white or rusty brown-tomentose beneath. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> Rhododendron arboreum, the tree rhododendron, also known as Burans or
Laligurans or simply Gurans in Nepal, is an evergreen shrub or small tree with a showy display of bright
red flowers. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Thailand.
</center></td>
</tr>
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<td><center> It prefers moist but well-drained, leafy, humus-rich, acid soil, in dappled shade. It has broad,
dark green leaves, 7–19 cm (3–7 in) long, with a silvery, fawn or brown hairy coating beneath.
</center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> RAJASTHAN </center></td>
<td><center>KHEJRI TREE </center></td>
<td><center> A large and well-known example of the species is the Tree of Life in Bahrain – 
approximately 400 years old and growing in a desert devoid of any obvious sources of water.</center>
</td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria">Khejri Tree

</a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="k.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Khejri is a slow growing tree in its early stages, requiring 10-15 yrs to develop a height of 6
m, compared to 12-15 m in 4-5 yrs for Prosopis juliflora (Vilayti babool). An average tree yields 25-
30 kg of dry leaf forage per year. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> Prosopis cineraria, also known as ‘Ghaf, is a species of flowering tree in the pea
family, Fabaceae. It is native to arid portions of Western Asia and the Indian Subcontinent, including
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iran, India, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
</center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>Khejri Tree is a small moderate sized evergreen thorny tree, with slender branches armed
with conical thorns and with light bluish-green foliage. Leaves are double compound. The leaflets are dark
green, and have a tiny point. The tree is evergreen or nearly so </center></td>
</tr>
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<td rowspan=3><center> PUNJAB </center></td>
<td><center> INDIAN ROSEWOOD TREE</center></td>
<td><center> The seed germinates in the spring in 1-3 weeks. Trees reach maturity around 19-21 years of
age with a natural rotation of about 60 years </center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo"> Indian Rosewood Tree

</a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="ir.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> Also known as Indian Rosewood, Dalbergia latifolia or Black Rosewood is an evergreen or
deciduous tree native to southeast India. It grows to 40 m tall. Its bark is grey that peels in long fibres.
</center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> Dalbergia sissoo, known commonly as North Indian rosewood, is a fast-growing,
 hardy deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. D. Sissoo is a
large, crooked tree with long, leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers. </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>A handsome specimen, shade, framing, or street tree, easily-grown semi-evergreen Indian
Rosewood has delicate, light green, oval pointed leaflets and can quickly reach 60 feet in height with a 40-
foot spread. </center></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="mediumspringgreen" >
<td rowspan=3><center> HIMACHAL PRADESH </center></td>
<td><center> DEODAR TREE </center></td>
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<td><center>Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) is among the most magnificent trees in the world. It is found
growing in the western Himalayas at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet and may live for 1,000
years. </center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_deodara">Deodar Tree</a>
</tr>
<td rowspan=2><img src="d.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m (131–164 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m
(197 ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center> Cedrus deodara, the deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or deodar/ devdar/ devadar/
devadaru, is a species of cedar native to the western Himalayas in Eastern Afghanistan, Northern
Pakistan (especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and India (Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh </center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) long, occasionally up to 7 cm (2.8
in) long, slender (1 mm (0.039 in) thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20–30 on
short shoots; they vary from bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour. </center></td>
</tr>
<td rowspan=3><center> JHARKHAND </center></td>
<td><center>SAL TREE </center></td>
<td><center>Individuals of Shorea responded variously (leaf exchange or evergreenness to leaflessness or

deciduousness, but 1 year leaf lifespan) to microsite conditions, making it essentially a semi evergreen
species. </center> </td>
<td><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robusta"> Sal Tree </a>
</tr>
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<td rowspan=2><img src="s.jpg" width="200" height="200"> </td>
<td><center> sal is the state tree of two Indian states - Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Sal is moderate to slow
growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m. The leaves are
10–25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. </center></td>
<td rowspan=2><center>The sal tree is known also as sakhua in northern India, including Madhya Pradesh, 
Odisha and Jharkhand. It is the state tree of two Indian states - Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Sal is moderate
to slow growing, and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk diameter of up to 2-2.5 m.
</center></td>
</tr>
<td><center>The sal tree (Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn.) is a hardwood timber tree, up to 30-35 m tall. The
crown is spreading and spherical. Leaves are 20 cm long, simple, shiny and glabrous, delicate green, 
broadly oval at the base. Fruits are 1-1.5 cm large and ovoid </center></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
</body>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF CHESS BOARD USING
FRAMESET
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> chessboard</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%" cols="10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%,10%">
<frame src="wbr.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bbk.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="wbb.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bbq.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="wbkk.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bbb.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="wbk.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bbr.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bbp.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="wbp.html" scrolling=no>
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<frame src="w.html">
<frame src="b.html">
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<frame src="wwp.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bwp.html" scrolling=no>
<frame src="bwr.html">
<frame src="wwk.html">
<frame src="bwb.html">
<frame src="wwq.html">
<frame src="bwkk.html">
<frame src="wwb.html">
<frame src="bwk.html">
<frame src="wwr.html">
</frameset>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF FRAMES (MARY KOM)
CODING:-
<Title> frames</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="50%,50%" cols="25%,25%">
<frame src="gift items table.html">
<frame src="trees.html">
<frame src="merge table.html">
<frame src=" INDIAN HERITAGE.html">
</frameset>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF FLIPBOOK ON INTERIOR
DESIGNING
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> INTERIOR DESIGNS</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="50%,50%">
<frame src="id.html" name="interior" scrolling=no>
<frame src="catalogue.html" name="catalogue" scrolling=no>
</frameset>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF WEBSITE REPLICATE OF
PIZZA HUT
CODING:-
<Html>
<Head>
<Style>
.footer {
Left: 10px;
Bottom: 5px;
Right: 10px;
Width: 100%;
Background-color: black;
Color: white;
Text-align: centre;
</style>
<Title> PIZZA HUT </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<table border="0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width=20% align="center" bgcolor="white"><img src="hut.png" width="300" height="50"></td>
<td width=40% align="center" bgcolor="white"></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="white" class="links"><a href="cont.html"> Give us feedback </a></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="white"> 📞3988-3988</a></td>
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<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="white">‣Store Locator
</a></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="white" class="links"><a href="about us.html"> 🍕My Pizzahut </a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="red" class="links"><a hreF="pizza.html">PIZZA </a></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="red" class="links"><a href="sides.html"> SIDES</a></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="red" class="links"><a href="meals.html"> MEALS </a></td>
<td width=10% align="center" bgcolor="red" class="links"><a href="sides.html"> MORE </a></td>
<td width=10% align="center"bgcolor="red" class="links"><a href="meals.html"> OFFERS</a></td>
<td width=40% align="center"bgcolor="red" class="links"> START YOUR

ORDER NOW</td>
</tr>
</table>
<center><img src="hut1.jpg" width="1300" height="400"></center>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td width=55% bgcolor="white"></td>
<td width=35% bgcolor="red" class="links"><a href="ordernow.html"> ORDER

NOW </a></td>
<td width=10% bgcolor="white"></td>
</tr>
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</table>
 
<center>--------------------Our More Popular Deals---------------------

</center> 
 
<img src="deal1.jpg" width="50%" height="400"><img src="deal2.jpg" width="50%" height="400"> 
 
<div class="footer">
<center>
<pre>
 
 
Order Now About Our Polices Visit Pizza Hut
Deals About Us Terms & Conditions Visit a Store
Pizza Contactless Delivery Responsible Disclosure Global Blog
Sides Nutrition FAQs & Help Contact us
</pre></center>
<center> Follow Us <img src="logo.png" width="100" height="50">
</div>
</body>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF PERSONAL DETAILS
FORM USING RESET AND SUBMIT BUTTON
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> About Me </title>
</head>
<body background="bgg.jpg" background-repeat: no-repeat;>
<center><table border="0">
 Personal Information
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td rowspan=5><img src="student.jpg" width="250" height="200"></td>
<td> First Name:<input type="text" name="name" value="Rashi"></td>
<td> Last Name:<input type="text" name="name" value="Ramola"> </td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>Date Of Birth:<input type="date" value="2000-08-01"></td>
<td>Nationality:<input type="text" name="name" value="Indian"></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
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<td>Contact No:-<input type="number" maxlength="10" name="name" value="879450000"></td>
<td>Email Add:-<input type="email" name="name" value="Rashi12@xxxx"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Address:-<input type="text" name="name" value="C-21,Gaur City xxxxx, Greater Noida West,
Uttarpradesh, 201306"><td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gender:-<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female
<input type="radio">Male
<input type="radio">Other</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
 Educational Background 
 
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>Graduation</td>
<td>Course:-<input type="text" name="name" value="B.COM(H)"></td>
<td>College:-<input type="text" name="name" value="GNIM"></td>
<td>Percentage:-<input type="number" name="name" value="80"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12th</td>
<td>School:-<input type="text" name="name" value="KVS"></td>
<td>Board:-<input type="text" name="name" value="CBSE"></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td>10th</td>
<td> School:-<input type="text" name="name" value="KVS NOIDA"></td>
<td>Board:-<input type="text" name="name" value="CBSE"></td>
</tr>
 
</table>
 
Breif Introduction 
 
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td>About Me:- <textarea rows="5" cols="120" name="text" placeholder="Hello! Myself Rashi

Ramola i am basically from dehradun but currently live in noida. Talking about my educational qualification, I
am currently pursuing bachelor of commerce honors from indraprastha University delhi and I have done my
schooling from kvs. Talking about my family, my family consists of 4 members including me and my younger
brother. My father is been working for Gail ind Ltd and my mother is a homemaker.My hobbies are reading
novels, listening music and playing badminton. That's all about me thankyou." ></textarea></td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<tr>
<td><input type="reset">
<input type="submit"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF MCQ QUESTION PAPER
OF E-COMMERCE
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title> e-com mcqs </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="mistyrose">
 
<center><h1>E-COMMERCE QUESTION

PAPER</h1>
 
 
<tr>
<td>MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>Course:-<input type="text" name="course" value="B.Com (H)"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Subject Name:-<input type="text" name="subject" value="E-

Commerce"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Semester:-<input type="text" name="semester" value="6th

Semester"></td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> Name:<input type="text" name="name" value="Rashi Ramola"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Roll No:-<input type="number" name="roll no"

value="180040433"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-mail:-<input type="email" name="email"

value="[email protected]"></td>
</tr>
</table>
 
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<tr>
<td><a href="mcqs.html" class="next">NEXT</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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HTML DISPLAY OF IMAGES THROUGH
MARQUEE TAG
CODING:-
<html>
<head>
<title>events </title>
</head>
<body background="e11.jpg" background-repeat: no-repeat;>>
 
<center><h1> PEACH AND GOLDEN EVENTS

</h1>
<marquee><img src="e1.jpg" width="400" height="400"> <img src="e2.jpg" width="400"

height="400"> <img src="e3.jpg" width="400" height="400"> <img src="e4.jpg" width="400"
height="400"> <img src="e5.jpg" width="400" height="400"> <img src="e6.png" width="400"
height="400"></marquee>
</body>
</html>
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E Com 40113088818 Rashi Ramola

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E-COMMERCE LAB PRACTICAL

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

1. HTML program to display the basic tags of HTML.

<Title> My first page! </title>

Screenshot of html program to display the basic tag coding result:

<Title><big> NEP2020 </title>

<Big><marquee><b><u> National education policy 2020 </u></b></marquee></big>

With climate change, increasing pollution, and

3. HTML program to display header tags.

<Title> COVID 19 </title>

Screenshot of html program to display the header tag coding result:

<title> use of prematted text </title>

$!* $!* $!*

#@* #@* #@* #@* #@*

$!* $!* $!* $!* $!* $!* $!*

 HTML program to display the unordered list of html.

<Title> B.COM HONORS SUBJECTS </title>

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="orange" allign="left"><li> B.com H 2nd Semester

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="voilet" allign="left"><li> B.com H 3rd Semester

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="dark blue" allign="left"><li> B.com H 4th Semester

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="red" allign="left"><li> B.com H 5th Semester

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="dark pink" allign="left"><li> B.com H 6th Semester

 HTML program to display the ordered list of html.

<title> INDEX </title>

<ol type="i" start="4">

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="red" allign="left"><li> BUSINESS STUDIES

<li ><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="blue" > Formation of a Company</font>

<li ><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="blue" > International Business</font>

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="orange" allign="left"><li> MICRO ECONOMICS

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="voilet" allign="left"><li> ENTREPRENEURSHIP

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Entrepreneurial Opportunity </font>

<li ><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Enterprise Marketing </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green" > Business Arithmetic </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green" > Resource Mobilization </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="black"> Foreign Exchange Rate </font>

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="red" allign="left"><li> ACCOUNTANCY

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="blue">Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="blue"> Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm –

<u><b><font face="arial" size="4" color="dark pink" allign="left"><li> MATHEMATICS

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Inverse Trigonometric Functions </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green" >Matrices and Determinants </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green" >Continuity and Differentiability </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Application of Derivatives </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Integrals </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Application of Integrals </font>

<li><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="green"> Differential Equations </font>

 HTML display using definition list.

<title> DEFINITION LIST </title>

<b><u><big><font face="new times roman" color="navy blue" size="6"> <center> E-COMMERCE

<b><ol type=1 start=1> <li><font face="arial" size="4" color="black"><dt> HTML

<dd><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="red" ><i>Hyper Text Markup Language

<b><ol type=1 start=2><li><font face="arial" size="4" color="black"><dt> E-

<dd><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="red" ><i>E-Commerce Online Marketing

<b><ol type=1 start=3><li><font face="arial" size="4" color="black"><dt>B2B E-

<dd><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="red" ><i>Business to business E-Commerce

<b><ol type=1 start=4><li><font face="arial" size="4"

<dd><font face="Lucida Calligraphy" size="2" color="red" ><i>Online transaction Processing